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Gröger R, Heiler T, Schimmel T, Walheim S. Tip-Induced Nanopatterning of Ultrathin Polymer Brushes. Small 2023:e2204962. [PMID: 37026430 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Patterned, ultra-thin surface layers can serve as templates for positioning nanoparticlesor targeted self-assembly of molecular structures, for example, block-copolymers. This work investigates the high-resolution, atomic force microscopebased patterning of 2 nm thick vinyl-terminated polystyrene brush layers and evaluates the line broadening due to tip degradation. This work compares the patterning properties with those of a silane-based fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (SAM), using molecular heteropatterns generated by modified polymer blend lithography (brush/SAM-PBL). Stable line widths of 20 nm (FWHM) over lengths of over 20000 µm indicate greatly reduced tip wear, compared to expectations on uncoated SiOx surfaces. The polymer brush acts as a molecularly thin lubricating layer, thus enabling a 5000 fold increase in tip lifetime, and the brush is bonded weakly enough that it can be removed with surgical accuracy. On traditionally used SAMs, either the tip wear is very high or the molecules are not completely removed. Polymer Phase Amplified Brush Editing is presented, which uses directed self-assembly to amplify the aspect ratio of the molecular structures by a factor of 4. The structures thus amplified allow transfer into silicon/metal heterostructures, fabricating 30 nm deep, all-silicon diffraction gratings that could withstand focused high-power 405 nm laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Gröger
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Single-Atom Technologies (C.SAT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Strasse am Forum 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Heiler
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Single-Atom Technologies (C.SAT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Strasse am Forum 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Materials Research Center for Energy Systems (MZE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Strasse am Forum 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Single-Atom Technologies (C.SAT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Strasse am Forum 7, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Mail M, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Barthlott W, Gorb SN, Heepe L. Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2022; 13:1370-1379. [PMID: 36483637 PMCID: PMC9704008 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces are well known for most different functions in plants, animals, and thus for biomimetic technical applications. Beside the Lotus Effect, one of their features with great technical, economic and ecologic potential is the Salvinia Effect, the capability to keep a stable air layer when submerged under water. Such air layers are of great importance, e.g., for drag reduction (passive air lubrication), antifouling, sensor applications or oil-water separation. Some biological models, e.g., the floating fern Salvinia or the backswimmer Notonecta, show long term stable air retention even under hydrodynamic conditions. Therefore, they are ideal models for the development of technical biomimetic air retaining surfaces. Up to now, several prototypes of such surfaces have been developed, but none provides both, stable air retention and cost effective large scale production. Meanwhile, a novel biomimetic surface is commercially available and produced on a large scale: an adhesive elastomeric film with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures that mimic the adhesion system of animals. In this study, we show that these films, which have been initially developed for a different purpose, due to their specific geometry at the microscale, are capable of stable air retention under water. We present first results concerning the capabilities of mushroom-shaped surface microstructures and show that this elastomer foil is able to stabilize a permanent air layer under water for more than two weeks. Further, the stability of the air layer under pressure was investigated and these results are compared with the predicted theoretical values for air retention of microstructured surfaces. Here, we could show that they fit to the theoretical predictions and that the biomimetic elastomer foil is a promising base for the development of an economically and efficient biomimetic air retaining surface for a broad range of technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Heepe
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
- Gottlieb Binder GmbH & Co KG, Bahnhofstr. 19, D-71088 Holzgerlingen, Germany
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Gandyra D, Walheim S, Gorb S, Ditsche P, Barthlott W, Schimmel T. Air Retention under Water by the Floating Fern Salvinia: The Crucial Role of a Trapped Air Layer as a Pneumatic Spring. Small 2020; 16:e2003425. [PMID: 32996250 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability of floating ferns Salvinia to keep a permanent layer of air under water is of great interest, e.g., for drag-reducing ship coatings. The air-retaining hairs are superhydrophobic, but have hydrophilic tips at their ends, pinning the air-water interface. Here, experimental and theoretical approaches are used to examine the contribution of this pinning effect for air-layer stability under pressure changes. By applying the capillary adhesion technique, the adhesion forces of individual hairs to the water surface is determined to be about 20 µN per hair. Using confocal microscopy and fluorescence labeling, it is found that the leaves maintain a stable air layer up to an underpressure of 65 mbar. Combining both results, overall pinning forces are obtained, which account for only about 1% of the total air-retaining force. It is suggested that the restoring force of the entrapped air layer is responsible for the remaining 99%. This model of the entrapped air acting is verified as a pneumatic spring ("air-spring") by an experiment shortcircuiting the air layer, which results in immediate air loss. Thus, the plant enhances its air-layer stability against pressure fluctuations by a factor of 100 by utilizing the entrapped air volume as an elastic spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gandyra
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Petra Ditsche
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH) and Materials Research Center for Energy Systems (MZE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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Łojkowski M, Walheim S, Jokubauskas P, Schimmel T, Święszkowski W. Tuning the Wettability of a Thin Polymer Film by Gradually Changing the Geometry of Nanoscale Pore Edges. Langmuir 2019; 35:5987-5996. [PMID: 30946782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling wetting of solids by liquids attracts attention because of its scientific and technological importance. In this paper, the wettability of a highly uniform porous poly(methyl methacrylate) film on a silicon substrate containing a high density of randomly distributed self-similar pores was gradually tuned by changing the shape of nanometric crownlike structures around the pores. Fine-tuning the topography of these thin films was performed by isothermal annealing. The equilibrium contact angle of a water droplet placed on the surface of the films could be varied from 72 to 102°. The contact angle changes were assumed to be a consequence of changes in surface topography in the nanoscale. A simple method of a quantitative description of the change of the topography of these films was developed. Critical dimensions of these films were determined in horizontal and vertical directions relative to the surface plane. The slope coefficient (SC) describing how sharp the structures are, is defined as the ratio between the critical dimensions: the root-mean-square roughness σ and the autocorrelation length ξ. For SC > 0.08, the contact angle increased proportionally to the value of SC, whereas for SC < 0.08, the contact angle proportionally decreased. At the highest SC values, the contact angles were 6-10% higher than those predicted for flat porous surfaces using the Cassie-Baxter equation. We suggest that this discrepancy is due to the capillary tension caused by the submicron-scale undulation of the triple line, which was found to be proportional to the height of the crownlike pore edges and the value of SC. The same effect is responsible for the linear dependence of the contact angle on the SC value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Łojkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , Warsaw University of Technology , Wołoska 141 , 02-507 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , 76344 Baden-Württemberg, DE , Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 , Karlsruhe , 76131 DE , Germany
| | - Petras Jokubauskas
- Faculty of Geology, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology , University of Warsaw , Żwirki i Wigury 93 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , 76344 Baden-Württemberg, DE , Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 , Karlsruhe , 76131 DE , Germany
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , Warsaw University of Technology , Wołoska 141 , 02-507 Warsaw , Poland
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Abstract
Within the field of switchable surfaces, azobenzenes are an extensively studied group of molecules, known for reversibly changing conformation upon illumination with light of different wavelengths. Relying on the ability of the molecules to change properties and structure as a response to external stimuli, they have been incorporated in various devices, such as molecular switches and motors. In contrast to the well-documented switching by light irradiation, we report the discovery of mechanically triggered switching of self-assembled azobenzene monolayers, resulting in changes of surface wettability, adhesion, and friction. This mechanically induced cis-trans isomerization is triggered either locally and selectively by AFM or macroscopically by particle impact. The process is optically reversible, enabling consecutive switching cycles. Collective switching behavior was also observed, propagating from the original point of impact in a domino-like manner. Finally, local force application facilitated nondestructive and erasable nanopatterning, the cis-trans nanolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Berson
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Markus Moosmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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Bubendorf A, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Meyer E. A robust AFM-based method for locally measuring the elasticity of samples. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:1-10. [PMID: 29379694 PMCID: PMC5769082 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the local sample elasticity is of high importance in many scientific domains. In 2014, Herruzo et al. published a new method based on frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy to locally determine the elasticity of samples (Nat. Commun.2014, 5, 3126). This method gives evidence for the linearity of the relation between the frequency shift of the cantilever first flexural mode Δf1 and the square of the frequency shift of the second flexural mode Δf22. In the present work, we showed that a similar linear relation exists when measuring in contact mode with a certain load FN and propose a new method for determining the elastic modulus of samples from this relation. The measurements were performed in non-dry air at ambient temperature on three different polymers (polystyrene, polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene) and a self-assembled monolayer of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) on a silicon oxide substrate perforated with circular holes prepared by polymer blend lithography. For all samples the relation was evidenced by recording Δf1, Δf2 and FN as a function of the Z-displacement curves of the piezoelectric scanner. The occurence of a plastic deformation followed by an elastic deformation is shown and explained. The necessary load FN for measuring in the elastic domain was assessed for each sample, used for mapping the frequency shifts Δf1 and Δf2 and for determining the elastic modulus from Δf22/Δf1. The method was used to give an estimate of the Young's modulus of the FDTS thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bubendorf
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Institute of Applied Physics (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Institute of Applied Physics (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Blumenstein NJ, Streb F, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Burghard Z, Bill J. Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2017; 8:296-303. [PMID: 28243568 PMCID: PMC5301953 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials are used as model systems for the deposition of functional inorganic materials under mild reaction conditions where organic templates direct the deposition process. In this study, this principle was adapted for the formation of piezoelectric ZnO thin films. The influence of two different organic templates (namely, a carboxylate-terminated self-assembled monolayer and a sulfonate-terminated polyelectrolyte multilayer) on the deposition and therefore on the piezoelectric performance was investigated. While the low negative charge of the COOH-SAM is not able to support oriented attachment of the particles, the strongly negatively charged sulfonated polyelectrolyte leads to texturing of the ZnO film. This texture enables a piezoelectric performance of the material which was measured by piezoresponse force microscopy. This study shows that it is possible to tune the piezoelectric properties of ZnO by applying templates with different functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina J Blumenstein
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart, D-70569, Germany
| | - Fabian Streb
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart, D-70569, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - Zaklina Burghard
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart, D-70569, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart, D-70569, Germany
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Llevot A, Steinmüller SO, Bitterer B, Ridder B, Berson J, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Bräse S, Scheiba F, Meier MAR. Sequence-controlled molecular layers on surfaces by thiol–ene chemistry: synthesis and multitechnique characterization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicon surfaces were functionalized by thiol–ene chemistry using sequential reactions of different α,ω-dienes and α,ω-dithiols bearing marker moieties.
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Hartung V, Medebach I, Walheim S. Structural plastron in relict Gondwanan moss bugs (Hemiptera: Coleorrhyncha: Peloridiidae) and its possible implications for systematics, biogeography and for the standard definition of plastron. Arthropod Struct Dev 2016; 45:422-431. [PMID: 27531445 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Peloridiidae are a family of small hemipterans who live and feed on bryophytes of temperate forests in some regions of the Southern Hemisphere. They are often submerged in water and would require adaptations for respiration to tolerate periods of inundation. Here we report water-repelling cuticular structures on the tergites of thorax and abdomen and on the ventral surface of tegmina in Peloridiidae. Our observations show that these body parts can hold an air bubble or layer which is in contact with spiracles. Thus, the described structures comply with the definition of a structural plastron. The micromorphology of these structures was studied with a SEM on adults and nymphs of several species and their hydrophobicity was tested in two species with a contact angle goniometer. Possible implications for the standard plastron definition are discussed, as well as its significance for systematics, origin and biogeography of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hartung
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karslruhe, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz-Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ingo Medebach
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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10
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Koch C, Eber FJ, Azucena C, Förste A, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Bittner AM, Jeske H, Gliemann H, Eiben S, Geiger FC, Wege C. Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:613-29. [PMID: 27335751 PMCID: PMC4901926 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rod-shaped nanoparticles of the widespread plant pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) have been a matter of intense debates and cutting-edge research for more than a hundred years. During the late 19th century, their behavior in filtration tests applied to the agent causing the 'plant mosaic disease' eventually led to the discrimination of viruses from bacteria. Thereafter, they promoted the development of biophysical cornerstone techniques such as electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. Since the 1950s, the robust, helically arranged nucleoprotein complexes consisting of a single RNA and more than 2100 identical coat protein subunits have enabled molecular studies which have pioneered the understanding of viral replication and self-assembly, and elucidated major aspects of virus-host interplay, which can lead to agronomically relevant diseases. However, during the last decades, TMV has acquired a new reputation as a well-defined high-yield nanotemplate with multivalent protein surfaces, allowing for an ordered high-density presentation of multiple active molecules or synthetic compounds. Amino acid side chains exposed on the viral coat may be tailored genetically or biochemically to meet the demands for selective conjugation reactions, or to directly engineer novel functionality on TMV-derived nanosticks. The natural TMV size (length: 300 nm) in combination with functional ligands such as peptides, enzymes, dyes, drugs or inorganic materials is advantageous for applications ranging from biomedical imaging and therapy approaches over surface enlargement of battery electrodes to the immobilization of enzymes. TMV building blocks are also amenable to external control of in vitro assembly and re-organization into technically expedient new shapes or arrays, which bears a unique potential for the development of 'smart' functional 3D structures. Among those, materials designed for enzyme-based biodetection layouts, which are routinely applied, e.g., for monitoring blood sugar concentrations, might profit particularly from the presence of TMV rods: Their surfaces were recently shown to stabilize enzymatic activities upon repeated consecutive uses and over several weeks. This review gives the reader a ride through strikingly diverse achievements obtained with TMV-based particles, compares them to the progress with related viruses, and focuses on latest results revealing special advantages for enzyme-based biosensing formats, which might be of high interest for diagnostics employing 'systems-on-a-chip'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Koch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Fabian J Eber
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Carlos Azucena
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Chemistry of Oxidic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe, D-76344, Germany
| | - Alexander Förste
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), INT: Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany, and IAP/CFN: Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131 Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), INT: Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany, and IAP/CFN: Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131 Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), INT: Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany, and IAP/CFN: Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131 Germany
| | - Alexander M Bittner
- CIC Nanogune, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Ikerbasque, Maria Díaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Holger Jeske
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Chemistry of Oxidic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe, D-76344, Germany
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Fania C Geiger
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
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Blumenstein NJ, Hofmeister CG, Lindemann P, Huang C, Baier J, Leineweber A, Walheim S, Wöll C, Schimmel T, Bill J. Chemical bath deposition of textured and compact zinc oxide thin films on vinyl-terminated polystyrene brushes. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:102-10. [PMID: 26925358 PMCID: PMC4734420 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the influence of an organic polystyrene brush on the deposition of ZnO thin films under moderate conditions. On a non-modified SiO x surface, island growth is observed, whereas the polymer brush induces homogeneous film growth. A chemical modification of the polystyrene brushes during the mineralization process occurs, which enables stronger interaction between the then polar template and polar ZnO crystallites in solution. This may lead to oriented attachment of the crystallites so that the observed (002) texture arises. Characterization of the templates and the resulting ZnO films were performed with ζ-potential and contact angle measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Infrared spectroscopy (IR) measurements were used to investigate the polystyrene brushes before and after modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina J Blumenstein
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Caroline G Hofmeister
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Lindemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Cheng Huang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Johannes Baier
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Leineweber
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Liu J, Zhou W, Walheim S, Wang Z, Lindemann P, Heissler S, Liu J, Weidler PG, Schimmel T, Wöll C, Redel E. Electrochromic switching of monolithic Prussian blue thin film devices. Opt Express 2015; 23:13725-13733. [PMID: 26072745 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.013725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic, crystalline and highly oriented coordination network compound (CNC) Prussian blue (PB) thin films have been deposited though different routes on conductive substrates. Characterization of the monolithic thin films reveals a long-term stability, even after many redox cycles the crystallinity as well as the high orientation remain intact during the electrochromic switching process.
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13
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Huang C, Förste A, Walheim S, Schimmel T. Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch(2). Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:1205-1211. [PMID: 26171297 PMCID: PMC4464460 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymer blend lithography (PBL) is a spin-coating-based technique that makes use of the purely lateral phase separation between two immiscible polymers to fabricate large area nanoscale patterns. In our earlier work (Huang et al. 2012), PBL was demonstrated for the fabrication of patterned self-assembled monolayers. Here, we report a new method based on the technique of polymer blend lithography that allows for the fabrication of metal island arrays or perforated metal films on the nanometer scale, the metal PBL. As the polymer blend system in this work, a mixture of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is used. This system forms a purely lateral structure on the substrate at controlled humidity, which means that PS droplets are formed in a PMMA matrix, whereby both phases have direct contact both to the substrate and to the air interface. Therefore, a subsequent selective dissolution of either the PS or PMMA component leaves behind a nanostructured film which can be used as a lithographic mask. We use this lithographic mask for the fabrication of metal patterns by thermal evaporation of the metal, followed by a lift-off process. As a consequence, the resulting metal nanostructure is an exact replica of the pattern of the selectively removed polymer (either a perforated metal film or metal islands). The minimum diameter of these holes or metal islands demonstrated here is about 50 nm. Au, Pd, Cu, Cr and Al templates were fabricated in this work by metal PBL. The wavelength-selective optical transmission spectra due to the localized surface plasmonic effect of the holes in perforated Al films were investigated and compared to the respective hole diameter histograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Förste
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Petrosyan R, Bippes CA, Walheim S, Harder D, Fotiadis D, Schimmel T, Alsteens D, Müller DJ. Single-molecule force spectroscopy of membrane proteins from membranes freely spanning across nanoscopic pores. Nano Lett 2015; 15:3624-3633. [PMID: 25879249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) provides detailed insight into the mechanical (un)folding pathways and structural stability of membrane proteins. So far, SMFS could only be applied to membrane proteins embedded in native or synthetic membranes adsorbed to solid supports. This adsorption causes experimental limitations and raises the question to what extent the support influences the results obtained by SMFS. Therefore, we introduce here SMFS from native purple membrane freely spanning across nanopores. We show that correct analysis of the SMFS data requires extending the worm-like chain model, which describes the mechanical stretching of a polypeptide, by the cubic extension model, which describes the bending of a purple membrane exposed to mechanical stress. This new experimental and theoretical approach allows to characterize the stepwise (un)folding of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin and to assign the stability of single and grouped secondary structures. The (un)folding and stability of bacteriorhodopsin shows no significant difference between freely spanning and directly supported purple membranes. Importantly, the novel experimental SMFS setup opens an avenue to characterize any protein from freely spanning cellular or synthetic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafayel Petrosyan
- ‡Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Bippes
- ‡Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Walheim
- †Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) and Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Harder
- §Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- §Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- †Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) and Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Alsteens
- ‡Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- ‡Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Förste A, Pfirrmann M, Sachs J, Gröger R, Walheim S, Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Schimmel T. Ultra-large scale AFM of lipid droplet arrays: investigating the ink transfer volume in dip pen nanolithography. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:175303. [PMID: 25854547 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/17/175303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There are only few quantitative studies commenting on the writing process in dip-pen nanolithography with lipids. Lipids are important carrier ink molecules for the delivery of bio-functional patters in bio-nanotechnology. In order to better understand and control the writing process, more information on the transfer of lipid material from the tip to the substrate is needed. The dependence of the transferred ink volume on the dwell time of the tip on the substrate was investigated by topography measurements with an atomic force microscope (AFM) that is characterized by an ultra-large scan range of 800 × 800 μm(2). For this purpose arrays of dots of the phospholipid1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were written onto planar glass substrates and the resulting pattern was imaged by large scan area AFM. Two writing regimes were identified, characterized of either a steady decline or a constant ink volume transfer per dot feature. For the steady state ink transfer, a linear relationship between the dwell time and the dot volume was determined, which is characterized by a flow rate of about 16 femtoliters per second. A dependence of the ink transport from the length of pauses before and in between writing the structures was observed and should be taken into account during pattern design when aiming at best writing homogeneity. The ultra-large scan range of the utilized AFM allowed for a simultaneous study of the entire preparation area of almost 1 mm(2), yielding good statistic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Förste
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Fuchise K, Lindemann P, Heißler S, Gliemann H, Trouillet V, Welle A, Berson J, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Meier MAR, Barner-Kowollik C. A photolithographic approach to spatially resolved cross-linked nanolayers. Langmuir 2015; 31:3242-3253. [PMID: 25705846 DOI: 10.1021/la505011j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of cross-linked nanosheets with 1-2 nm thickness and predefined shape was achieved by lithographic immobilization of trimethacryloyl thioalkanoates onto the surface of Si wafers, which were functionalized with 2-(phenacylthio)acetamido groups via a photoinduced reaction. Subsequent cross-linking via free radical polymerization as well as a phototriggered Diels-Alder reaction under mild conditions on the surface led to the desired nanosheets. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), as well as infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) confirmed the success of individual surface-modification and cross-linking reactions. The thickness and lateral size of the cross-linked structures were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) for samples prepared on Si wafers functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl groups bearing circular pores obtained via a polymer blend lithographic approach, which led to the cross-linking reactions occurring in circular nanoareas (diameter of 50-640 nm) yielding an average thickness of 1.2 nm (radical cross-linking), 1.8 nm (radical cross-linking in the presence of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate as a comonomer), and 1.1 nm (photochemical cross-linking) of the nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Fuchise
- †Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- ‡Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Lindemann
- §Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heißler
- §Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- §Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- ∥Institut für Angewandte Materialien (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- †Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- ⊥Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Berson
- #Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ∇Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- #Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ∇Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- #Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ∇Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael A R Meier
- ‡Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- †Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- ⊥Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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17
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Blumenstein NJ, Berson J, Walheim S, Atanasova P, Baier J, Bill J, Schimmel T. Template-controlled mineralization: Determining film granularity and structure by surface functionality patterns. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:1763-8. [PMID: 26425428 PMCID: PMC4578336 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a promising first example towards controlling the properties of a self-assembling mineral film by means of the functionality and polarity of a substrate template. In the presented case, a zinc oxide film is deposited by chemical bath deposition on a nearly topography-free template structure composed of a pattern of two self-assembled monolayers with different chemical functionality. We demonstrate the template-modulated morphological properties of the growing film, as the surface functionality dictates the granularity of the growing film. This, in turn, is a key property influencing other film properties such as conductivity, piezoelectric activity and the mechanical properties. A very pronounced contrast is observed between areas with an underlying fluorinated, low energy template surface, showing a much more (almost two orders of magnitude) coarse-grained film with a typical agglomerate size of around 75 nm. In contrast, amino-functionalized surface areas induce the growth of a very smooth, fine-grained surface with a roughness of around 1 nm. The observed influence of the template on the resulting clear contrast in morphology of the growing film could be explained by a contrast in surface adhesion energies and surface diffusion rates of the nanoparticles, which nucleate in solution and subsequently deposit on the functionalized substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina J Blumenstein
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonathan Berson
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Petia Atanasova
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Baier
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Gandyra D, Walheim S, Gorb S, Barthlott W, Schimmel T. The capillary adhesion technique: a versatile method for determining the liquid adhesion force and sample stiffness. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:11-8. [PMID: 25671147 PMCID: PMC4311649 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel, practical technique for the concerted, simultaneous determination of both the adhesion force of a small structure or structural unit (e.g., an individual filament, hair, micromechanical component or microsensor) to a liquid and its elastic properties. The method involves the creation and development of a liquid meniscus upon touching a liquid surface with the structure, and the subsequent disruption of this liquid meniscus upon removal. The evaluation of the meniscus shape immediately before snap-off of the meniscus allows the quantitative determination of the liquid adhesion force. Concurrently, by measuring and evaluating the deformation of the structure under investigation, its elastic properties can be determined. The sensitivity of the method is remarkably high, practically limited by the resolution of the camera capturing the process. Adhesion forces down to 10 µN and spring constants up to 2 N/m were measured. Three exemplary applications of this method are demonstrated: (1) determination of the water adhesion force and the elasticity of individual hairs (trichomes) of the floating fern Salvinia molesta. (2) The investigation of human head hairs both with and without functional surface coatings (a topic of high relevance in the field of hair cosmetics) was performed. The method also resulted in the measurement of an elastic modulus (Young's modulus) for individual hairs of 3.0 × 10(5) N/cm(2), which is within the typical range known for human hair. (3) Finally, the accuracy and validity of the capillary adhesion technique was proven by examining calibrated atomic force microscopy cantilevers, reproducing the spring constants calibrated using other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gandyra
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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19
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Zhong S, Koch T, Walheim S, Rösner H, Nold E, Kobler A, Scherer T, Wang D, Kübel C, Wang M, Hahn H, Schimmel T. Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2014; 5:1285-1290. [PMID: 25247112 PMCID: PMC4168863 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Long, straight mesoscale silver wires have been fabricated from AgNO3 electrolyte via electrodeposition without the help of templates, additives, and surfactants. Although the wire growth speed is very fast due to growth under non-equilibrium conditions, the wire morphology is regular and uniform in diameter. Structural studies reveal that the wires are single-crystalline, with the [112] direction as the growth direction. A possible growth mechanism is suggested. Auger depth profile measurements show that the wires are stable against oxidation under ambient conditions. This unique system provides a convenient way for the study of self-organization in electrochemical environments as well as for the fabrication of highly-ordered, single-crystalline metal nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Rösner
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eberhard Nold
- Institute for Materials Research I (IMF I) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aaron Kobler
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials (KIT and TUD), Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Petersenstr. 32, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials (KIT and TUD), Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Petersenstr. 32, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, NUST, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, NUST, Nanjing 21009, China
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Grünbacher A, Throm T, Seidel C, Gutt B, Röhrig J, Strunk T, Vincze P, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Wenzel W, Fischer R. Six hydrophobins are involved in hydrophobin rodlet formation in Aspergillus nidulans and contribute to hydrophobicity of the spore surface. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94546. [PMID: 24722460 PMCID: PMC3983194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are amphiphilic proteins able to self-assemble at water-air interphases and are only found in filamentous fungi. In Aspergillus nidulans two hydrophobins, RodA and DewA, have been characterized, which both localize on the conidiospore surface and contribute to its hydrophobicity. RodA is the constituent protein of very regularly arranged rodlets, 10 nm in diameter. Here we analyzed four more hydrophobins, DewB-E, in A. nidulans and found that all six hydrophobins contribute to the hydrophobic surface of the conidiospores but only deletion of rodA caused loss of the rodlet structure. Analysis of the rodlets in the dewB-E deletion strains with atomic force microscopy revealed that the rodlets appeared less robust. Expression of DewA and DewB driven from the rodA promoter and secreted with the RodA secretion signal in a strain lacking RodA, restored partly the hydrophobicity. DewA and B were able to form rodlets to some extent but never reached the rodlet structure of RodA. The rodlet-lacking rodA-deletion strain opens the possibility to systematically study rodlet formation of other natural or synthetic hydrophobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Grünbacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus South, Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Throm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus South, Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Constanze Seidel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus South, Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Beatrice Gutt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus South, Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Röhrig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus South, Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Strunk
- KIT - Campus North, Institute of Nanotechnolgy (INT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Paul Vincze
- KIT - Campus North, Institute of Applied Physics and INT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- KIT - Campus North, Institute of Applied Physics and INT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- KIT - Campus North, Institute of Applied Physics and INT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- KIT - Campus North, Institute of Nanotechnolgy (INT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus South, Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Eisele R, Blumenstein NJ, Baier J, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Bill J. Synthesis and characterization of textured Al-doped zinc oxide films prepared by template-directed deposition. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41701h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang C, Moosmann M, Jin J, Heiler T, Walheim S, Schimmel T. Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2012; 3:620-8. [PMID: 23019558 PMCID: PMC3458608 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and cost-effective lithographic method, polymer blend lithography (PBL), is reported to produce patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on solid substrates featuring two or three different chemical functionalities. For the pattern generation we use the phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a blend solution during a spin-coating process. By controlling the spin-coating parameters and conditions, including the ambient atmosphere (humidity), the molar mass of the polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and the mass ratio between the two polymers in the blend solution, the formation of a purely lateral morphology (PS islands standing on the substrate while isolated in the PMMA matrix) can be reproducibly induced. Either of the formed phases (PS or PMMA) can be selectively dissolved afterwards, and the remaining phase can be used as a lift-off mask for the formation of a nanopatterned functional silane monolayer. This "monolayer copy" of the polymer phase morphology has a topographic contrast of about 1.3 nm. A demonstration of tuning of the PS island diameter is given by changing the molar mass of PS. Moreover, polymer blend lithography can provide the possibility of fabricating a surface with three different chemical components: This is demonstrated by inducing breath figures (evaporated condensed entity) at higher humidity during the spin-coating process. Here we demonstrate the formation of a lateral pattern consisting of regions covered with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and at the same time featuring regions of bare SiO(x). The patterning process could be applied even on meter-sized substrates with various functional SAM molecules, making this process suitable for the rapid preparation of quasi two-dimensional nanopatterned functional substrates, e.g., for the template-controlled growth of ZnO nanostructures [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Moosmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jiehong Jin
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Heiler
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Melikyan A, Lindenmann N, Walheim S, Leufke PM, Ulrich S, Ye J, Vincze P, Hahn H, Schimmel T, Koos C, Freude W, Leuthold J. Surface plasmon polariton absorption modulator. Opt Express 2011; 19:8855-8869. [PMID: 21643139 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.008855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An electrically controlled ultra-compact surface plasmon polariton absorption modulator (SPPAM) is proposed. The device can be as small as a few micrometers depending on the required extinction ratio and the acceptable loss. The device allows for operation far beyond 100 Gbit/s, being only limited by RC time constants. The absorption modulator comprises a stack of metal/insulator/metal-oxide/metal layers, which support a strongly confined asymmetric surface plasmon polariton (SPP) in the 1.55 μm telecommunication wavelength window. Absorption modulation is achieved by electrically modulating the free carrier density in the intermediate metal-oxide layer. The concept is supported by proof-of-principle experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Melikyan
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Barthlott W, Schimmel T, Wiersch S, Koch K, Brede M, Barczewski M, Walheim S, Weis A, Kaltenmaier A, Leder A, Bohn HF. The salvinia paradox: superhydrophobic surfaces with hydrophilic pins for air retention under water. Adv Mater 2010; 22:2325-8. [PMID: 20432410 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany.
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Lenhert S, Brinkmann F, Laue T, Walheim S, Vannahme C, Klinkhammer S, Xu M, Sekula S, Mappes T, Schimmel T, Fuchs H. Lipid multilayer gratings. Nat Nanotechnol 2010; 5:275-9. [PMID: 20190751 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter can be controlled by structuring the matter on the scale of the wavelength of light, and various photonic components have been made by structuring materials using top-down or bottom-up approaches. Dip-pen nanolithography is a scanning-probe-based fabrication technique that can be used to deposit materials on surfaces with high resolution and, when carried out in parallel, with high throughput. Here, we show that lyotropic optical diffraction gratings--composed of biofunctional lipid multilayers with controllable heights between approximately 5 and 100 nm--can be fabricated by lipid dip-pen nanolithography. Multiple materials can be simultaneously written into arbitrary patterns on pre-structured surfaces to generate complex structures and devices, allowing nanostructures to be interfaced by combinations of top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods. We also show that fluid and biocompatible lipid multilayer gratings allow label-free and specific detection of lipid-protein interactions in solution. This biosensing capability takes advantage of the adhesion properties of the phospholipid superstructures and the changes in the size and shape of the grating elements that take place in response to analyte binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lenhert
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Bauermann LP, Gerstel P, Bill J, Walheim S, Huang C, Pfeifer J, Schimmel T. Templated self-assembly of ZnO films on monolayer patterns with nanoscale resolution. Langmuir 2010; 26:3774-8. [PMID: 20151660 DOI: 10.1021/la903636k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lithographically defined self-growing ZnO films were prepared by a bioinspired chemical bath deposition technique (CBD). We observed a high selectivity of ZnO deposition: Teflon-like per-fluoro-decyl-trichlorosilane (FDTS) monolayers repelled ZnO primary particles, whereas amino-functionalized areas of the substrate were selectively covered by a highly anisotropic, oriented, and compact ZnO film with a thickness of 50 nm. The size of the primary particles in our methanol-based solution was approximately 2.5 nm. On the amino substrate they formed agglomerates not larger than 30 nm. Monolayer patterns made by polymer blend lithography were templated with an edge resolution of 30 nm. By using a specialized derivative of microcontact printing, we prepared layout-defined silane templates, which reliably determined the growth of a layout-defined, patterned oxide film with submicrometer lateral resolution.
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Barczewski M, Walheim S, Heiler T, Blaszczyk A, Mayor M, Schimmel T. High aspect ratio constructive nanolithography with a photo-dimerizable molecule. Langmuir 2010; 26:3623-3628. [PMID: 20000798 DOI: 10.1021/la903028x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in constructive nanolithography is the preservation of the lateral resolution of a monolayer-thick template pattern while amplifying it to a structure with a thickness above 10 nm. So far, the most successful approach to achieve this is surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) from e-beam structured monolayer templates in a multistep process. However, spreading of the polymer on the substrate leads to a rapid line-widening. Therefore, structures with lateral resolutions well below 100 nm and thicknesses above 10 nm (aspect ratio: 0.1) were not reported yet. Our approach of photoinduced, constructive, reversible nanolithography, is based on nanografting within a coumarin-derivative thiol (CDT) solution using the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). By photodimerization and the formation of disulfide bonds, the CDT polymerizes in a single-step process. We demonstrate the highest lateral resolution in constructive nanolithography at thicknesses above 10 nm (40 nm lateral resolution at 12 nm thickness, aspect ratio: 0.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barczewski
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Zhang FZ, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Marti O. New laser apparatus to measure oscillation amplitude down to picometer at megahertz frequencies. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:035116. [PMID: 20370222 DOI: 10.1063/1.3368637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A laser setup to study shear oscillations at small amplitudes with resonance frequencies up to 3 MHz is presented. The new approach combines gauging of the Gaussian laser beam and a lock-in amplifier. The device is tested with a 3 MHz AT-cut quartz crystal. The oscillation amplitude at the edge of the electrode on the quartz crystal is measured with a resolution of 2 pm.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z Zhang
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Geldhauser T, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Leiderer P, Boneberg J. Influence of the Relative Humidity on the Demixing of Polymer Blends on Prepatterned Substrates. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9022058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Geldhauser
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - S. Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Universität Karlsruhe, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Th. Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Universität Karlsruhe, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Leiderer
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - J. Boneberg
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Zhong S, Koch T, Wang M, Scherer T, Walheim S, Hahn H, Schimmel T. Nanoscale twinned copper nanowire formation by direct electrodeposition. Small 2009; 5:2265-70. [PMID: 19670394 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Geldhauser T, Leiderer P, Boneberg J, Walheim S, Schimmel T. Generation of surface energy patterns by single pulse laser interference on self-assembled monolayers. Langmuir 2008; 24:13155-60. [PMID: 18950211 DOI: 10.1021/la801812j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Single pulse laser interference lithography is used to structure self-assembled monolayers of thiols on gold. This structuring process is investigated by attenuated total reflection measurements, and a demixing process of a binary polymer blend is used to visualize the produced surface energy pattern. The lithography can be realized with different wavelengths (266, 532, and 1064 nm) which shows that the structuring is a thermal process. As a first demonstration of this process, structures down to 800 nm period and 300 nm width are fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Geldhauser
- University of Konstanz, Universitatsstr, Konstanz, Germany.
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32
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Walheim S, Schäffer E, Steiner U. Self-organized organic nanostructures: structure formation in thin polymer blend films. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Müller M, Fiedler T, Gröger R, Koch T, Walheim S, Obermair C, Schimmel T. Controlled structuring of mica surfaces with the tip of an atomic force microscope by mechanically induced local etching. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heier J, Genzer J, Kramer EJ, Bates FS, Walheim S, Krausch G. Transfer of a chemical substrate pattern into an island-forming diblock copolymer film. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Optical surfaces coated with a thin layer to improve light transmission are ubiquitous in everyday optical applications as well as in industrial and scientific instruments. Discovered first in 1817 by Fraunhofer, the coating of lenses became standard practice in the 1930s. In spite of intensive research, broad-band antireflection coatings are still limited by the lack of materials with low refractive indices. A method based on the phase separation of a macromolecular liquid to generate nanoporous polymer films is demonstrated that creates surfaces with high optical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Walheim
- Fakultat fur Physik, Universitat Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany. www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Physik/Mlynek/Steiner/
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Böltau M, Walheim S, Mlynek J, Krausch G, Steiner U. Surface-induced structure formation of polymer blends on patterned substrates. Nature 1998. [DOI: 10.1038/36075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Walheim
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, FRG
| | - Martin Böltau
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, FRG
| | - Jürgen Mlynek
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, FRG
| | - Georg Krausch
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, FRG
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, FRG
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