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Shree T, Haebe S, Czerwinski DK, Eckhert E, Day G, Sathe A, Grimes S, Frank MJ, Maeda LS, Alizadeh AA, Advani R, Hoppe RT, Long SR, Martin B, Ozawa MG, Khodadoust MS, Ji HP, Levy R. A clinical trial of therapeutic vaccination in lymphoma with serial tumor sampling and single-cell analysis. Blood Adv 2024; 8:130-142. [PMID: 37939259 PMCID: PMC10787245 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In situ vaccination (ISV) triggers an immune response to tumor-associated antigens at 1 tumor site, which can then tackle the disease throughout the body. Here, we report clinical and biological results of a phase 1/2 ISV trial in patients with low-grade lymphoma, combining an intratumoral toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist with local low-dose radiation and ibrutinib (an inhibitor of B- and T-cell kinases). Adverse events were predominately low grade. The overall response rate was 50%, including 1 complete response. All patients experienced tumor reduction at distant sites. Single-cell analyses of serial fine needle aspirates from injected and uninjected tumors revealed correlates of clinical response, such as lower CD47 and higher major histocompatibility complex class II expression on tumor cells, enhanced T-cell and natural killer cell effector function, and reduced immune suppression from transforming growth factor β and inhibitory T regulatory 1 cells. Although changes at the local injected site were more pronounced, changes at distant uninjected sites were more often associated with clinical responses. Functional immune response assays and tracking of T-cell receptor sequences provided evidence of treatment-induced tumor-specific T-cell responses. Induction of immune effectors and reversal of negative regulators were both important in producing clinically meaningful tumor responses. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02927964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Sarah Haebe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
- Medical Department III, Ludwig Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Erik Eckhert
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Grady Day
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Susan Grimes
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Matthew J Frank
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Lauren S Maeda
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Ash A Alizadeh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Ranjana Advani
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Richard T Hoppe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Steven R Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Brock Martin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael G Ozawa
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael S Khodadoust
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Hanlee P Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
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Haebe S, Day G, Czerwinski DK, Sathe A, Grimes SM, Chen T, Long SR, Martin B, Ozawa MG, Ji HP, Shree T, Levy R. Follicular lymphoma evolves with a surmountable dependency on acquired glycosylation motifs in the B-cell receptor. Blood 2023; 142:2296-2304. [PMID: 37683139 PMCID: PMC10797552 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT An early event in the genesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) is the acquisition of new glycosylation motifs in the B-cell receptor (BCR) due to gene rearrangement and/or somatic hypermutation. These N-linked glycosylation motifs (N-motifs) contain mannose-terminated glycans and can interact with lectins in the tumor microenvironment, activating the tumor BCR pathway. N-motifs are stable during FL evolution, suggesting that FL tumor cells are dependent on them for their survival. Here, we investigated the dynamics and potential impact of N-motif prevalence in FL at the single-cell level across distinct tumor sites and over time in 17 patients. Although most patients had acquired at least 1 N-motif as an early event, we also found (1) cases without N-motifs in the heavy or light chains at any tumor site or time point and (2) cases with discordant N-motif patterns across different tumor sites. Inferring phylogenetic trees of the patients with discordant patterns, we observed that both N-motif-positive and N-motif-negative tumor subclones could be selected and expanded during tumor evolution. Comparing N-motif-positive with N-motif-negative tumor cells within a patient revealed higher expression of genes involved in the BCR pathway and inflammatory response, whereas tumor cells without N-motifs had higher activity of pathways involved in energy metabolism. In conclusion, although acquired N-motifs likely support FL pathogenesis through antigen-independent BCR signaling in most patients with FL, N-motif-negative tumor cells can also be selected and expanded and may depend more heavily on altered metabolism for competitive survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Haebe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Grady Day
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Debra K. Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Susan M. Grimes
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Tianqi Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Steven R. Long
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Brock Martin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael G. Ozawa
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Hanlee P. Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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3
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Grimes SM, Kim HS, Roy S, Sathe A, Ayala C, Bai X, Almeda-Notestine A, Haebe S, Shree T, Levy R, Lau B, Ji H. Single-cell multi-gene identification of somatic mutations and gene rearrangements in cancer. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad034. [PMID: 37435532 PMCID: PMC10331933 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a single-cell method that provides genotypes of somatic alterations found in coding regions of messenger RNAs and integrates these transcript-based variants with their matching cell transcriptomes. We used nanopore adaptive sampling on single-cell complementary DNA libraries to validate coding variants in target gene transcripts, and short-read sequencing to characterize cell types harboring the mutations. CRISPR edits for 16 targets were identified using a cancer cell line, and known variants in the cell line were validated using a 352-gene panel. Variants in primary cancer samples were validated using target gene panels ranging from 161 to 529 genes. A gene rearrangement was also identified in one patient, with the rearrangement occurring in two distinct tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Grimes
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heon Seok Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sharmili Roy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carlos I Ayala
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiangqi Bai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alison F Almeda-Notestine
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah Haebe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Billy T Lau
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanlee P Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Barry-Hundeyin M, Carrot-Zhang J, Dayton T, Ghazanfar S, Guenther LM, Nguyen DTT, Pitarresi JR, Rajput S, Santana-Codina N, Shree T, Zeng Z, Zhang Y. The 2022 generation. Nat Cancer 2022; 3:1426-1431. [PMID: 36539504 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Carrot-Zhang
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Talya Dayton
- Tissue Biology and Disease Modeling Unit, European Molecular Biology Lab, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Shila Ghazanfar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | - Diu T T Nguyen
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Sheerien Rajput
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Tanaya Shree
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Zexian Zeng
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Mentz M, Keay W, Strobl CD, Antoniolli M, Adolph L, Heide M, Lechner A, Haebe S, Osterode E, Kridel R, Ziegenhain C, Wange LE, Hildebrand JA, Shree T, Silkenstedt E, Staiger AM, Ott G, Horn H, Szczepanowski M, Richter J, Levy R, Rosenwald A, Enard W, Zimber-Strobl U, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Hiddemann W, Klapper W, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rudelius M, Bararia D, Passerini V, Weigert O. PARP14 is a novel target in STAT6 mutant follicular lymphoma. Leukemia 2022; 36:2281-2292. [PMID: 35851155 PMCID: PMC9417990 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The variable clinical course of follicular lymphoma (FL) is determined by the molecular heterogeneity of tumor cells and complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). IL-4 producing follicular helper T cells (TFH) are critical components of the FL TME. Binding of IL-4 to IL-4R on FL cells activates JAK/STAT signaling. We identified STAT6 mutations (STAT6MUT) in 13% of FL (N = 33/258), all clustered within the DNA binding domain. Gene expression data and immunohistochemistry showed upregulation of IL-4/STAT6 target genes in STAT6MUT FL, including CCL17, CCL22, and FCER2 (CD23). Functionally, STAT6MUT was gain-of-function by serial replating phenotype in pre-B CFU assays. Expression of STAT6MUT enhanced IL-4 induced FCER2/CD23, CCL17 and CCL22 expression and was associated with nuclear accumulation of pSTAT6. RNA sequencing identified PARP14 -a transcriptional switch and co-activator of STAT6- among the top differentially upregulated genes in IL-4 stimulated STAT6MUT lymphoma cells and in STAT6MUT primary FL cells. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) demonstrated binding of STAT6MUT but not STAT6WT to the PARP14 promotor. Reporter assays showed increased IL-4 induced transactivation activity of STAT6MUT at the PARP14 promotor, suggesting a self-reinforcing regulatory circuit. Knock-down of PARP14 or PARP-inhibition abrogated the STAT6MUT gain-of-function phenotype. Thus, our results identify PARP14 as a novel therapeutic target in STAT6MUT FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mentz
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz- Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - William Keay
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Dorothea Strobl
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Antoniolli
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa Adolph
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Heide
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Lechner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Haebe
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisa Osterode
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kridel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christoph Ziegenhain
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas Esteban Wange
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Adrian Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Silkenstedt
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette M Staiger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heike Horn
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Szczepanowski
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz- Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hiddemann
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Deepak Bararia
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Passerini
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Antitumor T cell responses are the primary mediators of cancer immunotherapy. However, many other components of the immune system are needed for efficient T cell responses to be generated. Here, we developed a combinatorial approach where a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist (CpG) and Fc-fused IL-12 protein were injected together into just one of several tumor sites in a mouse. This combination led to body-wide (abscopal) therapeutic responses in multiple cancer models. These systemic responses were dependent not only on T cells but also on B cells. B cells were activated by the treatment and were required for optimal T cell activation. This cross-talk was dependent on MHC and was tumor antigen specific. The addition of an agonistic antibody against OX40 further enhanced T cell activation and therapeutic responses. Our data suggest that the combination of CpG, anti-OX40, and IL-12Fc may have success in patients with cancer and that B and T cell collaboration is crucial for the efficacy of this combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Sagiv-Barfi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julian J K Lohmeyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Shree T. Can B cell-deficient patients rely on COVID-19 vaccine-induced T cell immunity? Br J Haematol 2022; 197:659-661. [PMID: 35412649 PMCID: PMC9111762 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti‐CD20 antibody treatments prevent humoral responses to vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines, but the nature of T‐cell responses in this setting is less well understood. Riise et al. assess vaccine‐induced epitope‐specific CD8 T cell responses in patients with lymphoma recently treated with rituximab and find a wide range of responses, with the most recently treated patients frequently failing to respond, while others exhibit responses stronger than healthy controls. They suggest these epitopes among others could be used in a T cell‐targeted vaccine, and such strategies are indeed in clinical trials now. Commentary on: Riise J, et al. Rituximab‐treated patients with lymphoma develop strong CD8 T‐cell responses following COVID‐19 vaccination. Br J Haematol. 2022;197:697‐708
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Shree
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Mooney KL, Czerwinski DK, Shree T, Frank MJ, Haebe S, Martin BA, Testa S, Levy R, Long SR. Serial FNA allows direct sampling of malignant and infiltrating immune cells in patients with B-cell lymphoma receiving immunotherapy. Cancer Cytopathol 2022; 130:231-237. [PMID: 34780125 PMCID: PMC8897258 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is used to diagnose malignancies, recurrences, and metastases. The procedure is quick and well tolerated and can be facilitated by ultrasound guidance. METHODS This article describes the authors' experience in using serial FNA to harvest cellular material during 4 clinical trials of immunotherapy by in situ vaccination in patients with low-grade lymphoma. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-six FNA samples were collected from 44 patients over a span of approximately 6 weeks for each patient. Samples were sufficient in quantity and quality to be analyzed by flow cytometry and/or single-cell messenger RNA sequencing. FNA samples yielded an average of 12 × 106 cells with a mean cellular viability of 86%. Material collected from the tumor lymph nodes differed significantly in the proportions and phenotypes of cellular populations in comparison with matched peripheral blood samples. A comparison of flow cytometry results obtained by FNA directly from the patient and by FNA performed ex vivo and a dissociation of the same lymph node after surgical excision confirmed that FNA sampling of the patient accurately represented the tumor and the microenvironment. An analysis of the FNA samples from immunotherapy-treated target lymph nodes versus nodes from nontreated tumor sites provided insight into the impact of specific immunotherapy regimens. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study describing the use of serial FNA sampling to harvest cellular material during immunotherapy clinical trials. The success of this technique opens the door for FNA sampling to expand significantly future investigations of the dynamic effects of investigational agents, be they immunotherapies or targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanaya Shree
- Stanford University: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | - Matthew J. Frank
- Stanford University: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | - Sarah Haebe
- Stanford University: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | | | - Stefano Testa
- Stanford University: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | - Ronald Levy
- Stanford University: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | - Steven R. Long
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Pathology
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9
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Shree T, Shankar V, Lohmeyer JJ, Czerwinski DK, Schroers-Martin JG, Rodriguez GM, Beygi S, Kanegai AM, Corbelli KS, Gabriel E, Kurtz DM, Khodadoust MS, Gupta NK, Maeda LS, Advani RH, Alizadeh AA, Levy R. CD20-Targeted Therapy Ablates De Novo Antibody Response to Vaccination but Spares Preestablished Immunity. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:95-102. [PMID: 35015688 PMCID: PMC9610898 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain a deeper understanding of poor responses to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with lymphoma, we assessed blocking antibodies, total anti-spike IgG, and spike-specific memory B cells in the peripheral blood of 126 patients with lymphoma and 20 age-matched healthy controls 1 and 4 months after COVID-19 vaccination. Fifty-five percent of patients developed blocking antibodies postvaccination, compared with 100% of controls. When evaluating patients last treated from days to nearly 18 years prior to vaccination, time since last anti-CD20 was a significant independent predictor of vaccine response. None of 31 patients who had received anti-CD20 treatment within 6 months prior to vaccination developed blocking antibodies. In contrast, patients who initiated anti-CD20 treatment shortly after achieving a vaccine-induced antibody response tended to retain that response during treatment, suggesting a policy of immunizing prior to treatment whenever possible. SIGNIFICANCE In a large cohort of patients with B-cell lymphoma, time since anti-CD20 treatment was an independent predictor of neutralizing antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination. Comparing patients who received anti-CD20 treatment before or after vaccination, we demonstrate that vaccinating first can generate an antibody response that endures through anti-CD20-containing treatment. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Vishnu Shankar
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Julian J.K. Lohmeyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Debra K. Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Gladys M. Rodriguez
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sara Beygi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alyssa M. Kanegai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Karen S. Corbelli
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Etelka Gabriel
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - David M. Kurtz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael S. Khodadoust
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Neel K. Gupta
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lauren S. Maeda
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ranjana H. Advani
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ash A. Alizadeh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Corresponding Author: Ronald Levy, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305. Phone: 650-725-6452; Fax: 650-736-1454; E-mail:
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10
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Haebe S, Shree T, Sathe A, Day G, Czerwinski DK, Grimes SM, Lee H, Binkley MS, Long SR, Martin B, Ji HP, Levy R. Single-cell analysis can define distinct evolution of tumor sites in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2021; 137:2869-2880. [PMID: 33728464 PMCID: PMC8160505 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity complicates biomarker development and fosters drug resistance in solid malignancies. In lymphoma, our knowledge of site-to-site heterogeneity and its clinical implications is still limited. Here, we profiled 2 nodal, synchronously acquired tumor samples from 10 patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) using single-cell RNA, B-cell receptor (BCR) and T-cell receptor sequencing, and flow cytometry. By following the rapidly mutating tumor immunoglobulin genes, we discovered that BCR subclones were shared between the 2 tumor sites in some patients, but in many patients, the disease had evolved separately with limited tumor cell migration between the sites. Patients exhibiting divergent BCR evolution also exhibited divergent tumor gene-expression and cell-surface protein profiles. While the overall composition of the tumor microenvironment did not differ significantly between sites, we did detect a specific correlation between site-to-site tumor heterogeneity and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell abundance. We further observed enrichment of particular ligand-receptor pairs between tumor and Tfh cells, including CD40 and CD40LG, and a significant correlation between tumor CD40 expression and Tfh proliferation. Our study may explain discordant responses to systemic therapies, underscores the difficulty of capturing a patient's disease with a single biopsy, and furthers our understanding of tumor-immune networks in FL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Biopsy, Fine-Needle
- CD40 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- Clonal Evolution/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/chemistry
- Lymph Nodes/ultrastructure
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/chemistry
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Single-Cell Analysis
- T Follicular Helper Cells/immunology
- T Follicular Helper Cells/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Haebe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Grady Day
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | | | | | - HoJoon Lee
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | | | - Steven R Long
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Brock Martin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hanlee P Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
- Stanford Genome Technology Center
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
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11
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Shree T, Li Q, Glaser SL, Brunson A, Maecker HT, Haile RW, Levy R, Keegan THM. Impaired Immune Health in Survivors of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:1664-1675. [PMID: 32083991 PMCID: PMC7238489 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapeutic advances for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have led to an increasing number of survivors. Both DLBCL and its treatments perturb the immune system, yet little is known about immune health during extended survivorship. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we compared 21,690 survivors of DLBCL from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) to survivors of breast, prostate, head and neck, and melanoma cancers. We linked their CCR records to a statewide database documenting hospital, emergency room, and ambulatory surgery visits and investigated the incidence of autoimmune conditions, immune deficiencies, and infections 1-10 years after cancer diagnosis. RESULTS We found elevated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for many immune-related conditions in survivors of DLBCL compared with other cancer survivors, including significantly and consistently elevated IRRs for viral and fungal pneumonias (up to 10.8-fold), meningitis (up to 5.3-fold), as well as humoral deficiency (up to 17.6-fold) and autoimmune cytopenias (up to 12-fold). IRRs for most conditions remained high even in the late survivorship period (5-10 years after cancer diagnosis). The elevated risks could not be explained by exposure to chemotherapy, stem-cell transplantation, or rituximab, except for IRRs for humoral deficiency, which were consistently higher after the incorporation of rituximab into DLBCL treatments. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the largest cohort study with extended follow-up to demonstrate impaired immune health in survivors of DLBCL. The observed persistent, elevated risks for autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, and infectious conditions may reflect persistent immune dysregulation caused by lymphoma or treatment and may lead to excess morbidity and mortality during survivorship. Improved understanding of these risks could meaningfully improve long-term care of patients with DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT) and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Ann Brunson
- Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT) and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Robert W. Haile
- Center for Translational Population Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Theresa H. M. Keegan
- Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT) and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
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12
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Shree T, Sathe A, Ji H, Levy R. Abstract 4045: Single cell RNA sequencing of serial tumor and blood biopsies from lymphoma patients undergoing in situ vaccination. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The critical determinants of effective antitumor immune responses, whether pre-existing or induced by therapy, remain poorly understood due to the complexity and plasticity of the immune system. To better profile and track these responses, we have performed single cell RNA sequencing for paired gene expression and immune repertoire analysis on tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood of lymphoma patients undergoing immunotherapy on one of two clinical trials (NCT02927964, NCT03410901).
In these in situ vaccination studies, patients with low-grade lymphoma receive local low-dose radiation and a TLR9 agonist intratumorally to one site of disease, along with either ibrutinib or an OX40 agonist. Tumor fine needle aspirates (FNAs) and peripheral blood samples are obtained prior to treatment, and at one week and six weeks after treatment start. We performed single cell RNA-sequencing to an average targeted depth of 50,000 reads/cell for gene expression libraries and 5000 reads/cell for TCR sequencing. Identification of variable genes, principal component and/or canonical correlation analysis, graph-based clustering and differential expression analysis was performed using the Seurat algorithm. Single-cell TCR repertoires were analyzed using TCR-specific analysis software. Sequencing libraries have been prepared from 67 longitudinal samples from 9 patients thus far.
We have successfully generated single cell gene expression and TCR libraries from 3,000-10,000 cells per sample from tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood, with excellent sequencing quality metrics obtained. Analyzing 23 samples sequenced thus far, we consistently identify many B and T cell subsets of interest within tumors and reliably distinguish tumor B cells from normal B cells. In two responding patients, we confirm shrinkage of the tumor B cell compartment and find specific increases in CD8 and CD4 effector cells with decreases in T follicular helper cells and/or regulatory T cells at the treated site, results that are corroborated by multiparameter flow cytometry performed in parallel. Comparing pre-and post-treatment tumor FNAs from the same sites, we find evidence of increased cytotoxicity and interferon response following treatment. We also find distinct transcriptional shifts in tumor B cells both at the treated and at the distant untreated sites. Sample collection, sequencing, and analysis are ongoing.
Deep profiling of serial biopsies during immunotherapy using single cell RNA sequencing promises to illuminate underlying cellular dynamics, and paired with clinical outcome data, determinants of response. Ultimately, this may provide a roadmap for successful translation of single-cell genomics into the clinic for treatment monitoring and response prediction.
Citation Format: Tanaya Shree, Anuja Sathe, Hanlee Ji, Ronald Levy. Single cell RNA sequencing of serial tumor and blood biopsies from lymphoma patients undergoing in situ vaccination [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4045.
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13
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Shree T, Li Q, Brunson A, Glaser S, Maecker H, Haile R, Levy R, Keegan T. IMPAIRED IMMUNE HEALTH IN SURVIVORS OF DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (DLBCL): A LARGE POPULATION-BASED STUDY. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.50_2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Shree
- Department of Medicine; Division of Oncology, Stanford University; Stanford United States
| | - Q. Li
- School of Medicine; University of California Davis; Sacramento United States
| | - A.M. Brunson
- School of Medicine; University of California Davis; Sacramento United States
| | - S. Glaser
- CPIC; Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Fremont United States
| | - H.T. Maecker
- Microbiology & Immunology; Stanford University; Stanford United States
| | - R. Haile
- Population Health Sciences; Cedars-Sinai; Los Angeles United States
| | - R. Levy
- Department of Medicine; Division of Oncology, Stanford University; Stanford United States
| | - T.H. Keegan
- School of Medicine; University of California Davis; Sacramento United States
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14
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Khodadoust MS, Olsson N, Chen B, Sworder B, Shree T, Liu CL, Zhang L, Czerwinski DK, Davis MM, Levy R, Elias JE, Alizadeh AA. B-cell lymphomas present immunoglobulin neoantigens. Blood 2019; 133:878-881. [PMID: 30545830 PMCID: PMC6384186 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-06-845156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Binbin Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Genetics
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Ash A Alizadeh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, and
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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15
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Shree T, Olson OC, Elie BT, Kester JC, Garfall AL, Simpson K, Bell-McGuinn KM, Zabor EC, Brogi E, Joyce JA. Macrophages and cathepsin proteases blunt chemotherapeutic response in breast cancer. Genes Dev 2012; 25:2465-79. [PMID: 22156207 DOI: 10.1101/gad.180331.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment is known to critically modulate tumor progression, yet its role in regulating treatment response is poorly understood. Here we found increased macrophage infiltration and cathepsin protease levels in mammary tumors following paclitaxel (Taxol) chemotherapy. Cathepsin-expressing macrophages protected against Taxol-induced tumor cell death in coculture, an effect fully reversed by cathepsin inhibition and mediated partially by cathepsins B and S. Macrophages were also found to protect against tumor cell death induced by additional chemotherapeutics, specifically etoposide and doxorubicin. Combining Taxol with cathepsin inhibition in vivo significantly enhanced efficacy against primary and metastatic tumors, supporting the therapeutic relevance of this effect. Additionally incorporating continuous low-dose cyclophosphamide dramatically impaired tumor growth and metastasis and improved survival. This study highlights the importance of integrated targeting of the tumor and its microenvironment and implicates macrophages and cathepsins in blunting chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Shree
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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16
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Olson OC, Shree T, Elie BT, Garfall AL, Bell-McGuinn KM, Simpson K, Brogi E, Zabor EC, Joyce JA. Abstract 549: Sensitization to chemotherapy by inhibition of cathepsin proteases in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the role of the tumor microenvironment in promoting malignant progression and modulating the response to anti-cancer therapy. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) have been established as an important component of the tumor microenvironment, contributing to angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, invasion and metastasis. We and others have identified cysteine cathepsin proteases as key effectors of these pro-tumorigenic functions of TAMs. These same processes, which are integral to tumor progression, may also aid tumors in recovering from cytotoxic insults, thereby blunting our therapeutic efforts. There is thus a strong rationale for combinatorial targeting of both the tumor and the supporting stroma. We have uncovered such a phenomenon in a mouse model of metastatic mammary carcinogenesis (MMTV-PyMT). Following maximum tolerated dose paclitaxel treatment (TaxMTD), we observed an elevation in levels of circulating cathepsin-activity+ myeloid cells and a subsequent increase in macrophages and cathepsin activity levels in the tumor. In co-cultures, cathepsin-activity+ macrophages reduced paclitaxel-induced tumor cell death. Furthermore, the use of primary macrophages from various cathepsin null genetic backgrounds identified cathepsins B and S as mediators of this effect.
To determine whether cathepsin inhibition could therefore enhance the effects of chemotherapy, we treated MMTV-PyMT mice with both TaxMTD and a pan-cathepsin inhibitor, JPM. While JPM alone had no effect on mammary tumor burden, it significantly impaired tumor growth when combined with TaxMTD, demonstrating that the TaxMTD-induced elevation in tumor cathepsin activity is functionally relevant. To further our goal of simultaneous targeting of tumor and stroma, we added a low-dose cyclophosphamide regimen, which has been shown to have both anti-angiogenic and immune-stimulatory properties. This triple combination treatment was substantially more effective than any double or single drug combination. Importantly, metastatic burden was also significantly reduced in triple-treated mice as compared to controls, and long-term survival was improved. These studies suggest cathepsin+ macrophages are recruited to the tumor after TaxMTD treatment to promote tumor survival and recovery. The efficacy of combining cathepsin inhibition with paclitaxel highlights both the importance of integrated therapeutic targeting of tumor and stroma, as well as the role of TAMs in modulating resistance to chemotherapy. The addition of cysteine cathepsin inhibition to chemotherapeutic regimens thus holds considerable promise for clinical translation.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 549. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-549
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17
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Hayley S, Crocker SJ, Smith PD, Shree T, Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S, Mount M, Slack R, Anisman H, Park DS. Regulation of dopaminergic loss by Fas in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2045-53. [PMID: 14985447 PMCID: PMC6730390 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4564-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that apoptotic and inflammatory factors contribute to the demise of dopaminergic neurons. In this respect, Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family with proapoptotic and inflammatory functions, was reported to be elevated within the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Accordingly, the present investigation evaluated the function of Fas in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD. Injection of MPTP increased nigral Fas expression, and mice lacking Fas displayed attenuated MPTP-induced SNc dopaminergic loss and microglial activation. In addition, Fas induction was blocked by expression of a dominant-negative c-Jun adenovirus that also protected dopamine neurons from MPTP-induced damage. Together, these data suggest the critical nature of the c-Jun-Fas signaling pathway in MPTP-induced neuronal loss. Although critical for degeneration of the soma, Fas deficiency did not significantly prevent the reduction of dopaminergic terminal fibers within the striatum or normalize the activation of striatal microglia and elevation of the postsynaptic activity marker DeltaFosB induced by denervation. Interestingly, Fas-deficient mice displayed a pre-existing reduction in striatal dopamine levels and locomotor behavior when compared with wild-type mice. Despite the reduced terminals, dopamine levels were not further suppressed by MPTP treatment in mutant mice, raising the possibility of a compensatory response in basal ganglia function in Fas-deficient mice.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/genetics
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/enzymology
- Corpus Striatum/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
- Parkinsonian Disorders/metabolism
- Parkinsonian Disorders/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/drug effects
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/pathology
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Hayley
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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18
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Ghahremani MH, Keramaris E, Shree T, Xia Z, Davis RJ, Flavell R, Slack RS, Park DS. Interaction of the c-Jun/JNK pathway and cyclin-dependent kinases in death of embryonic cortical neurons evoked by DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:35586-96. [PMID: 12091388 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204362200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, an important initiator of neuronal death, has been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative conditions. We previously delineated several pathways that control embryonic cortical neuronal death evoked by the DNA-damaging agent, camptothecin. In this model, the tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are activated independently and cooperate to mediate the conserved death pathway. To further our understanding, we presently examined whether the c-Jun/JNK pathway modulates death and whether this pathway is regulated by CDKs, p53, and Bax. We show that c-Jun/JNK is activated following DNA damage. Moreover, the c-Jun pathway is one mediator of death, because expression of dominant negative c-Jun and cdc42, and JNK pathway inhibitors are neuroprotective. Although previous evidences indicate that JNK3 is required for neuronal death under certain conditions, we show that JNK3 deficiency only partially mediates c-Jun phosphorylation and its deficiency does not protect neurons from death. Interestingly, we provide evidence that CDK activity regulates c-Jun but does not affect upstream pathways that lead to JNK phosphorylation. Finally, c-Jun activation is independent of p53 and Bax. Accordingly, we propose that c-Jun is regulated by the JNK and CDK pathways and that both must be activated for efficient c-Jun activation to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Ghahremani
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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