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Archer L, Kunwar S, Alferez F, Batuman O, Albrecht U. Trunk Injection of Oxytetracycline for Huanglongbing Management in Mature Grapefruit and Sweet Orange Trees. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1010-1021. [PMID: 36474420 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0330-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating bacterial disease associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. The location of the pathogen within the vasculature of the tree has left growers with limited options for the effective management of the disease. Trunk injection is a crop protection technique that applies therapeutics directly into the xylem of woody tree species and allows for their systemic uptake and transport, which may provide more effective management of vascular diseases such as HLB. In this study, mature 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and 'Duncan' grapefruit (C. paradisi) trees were injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) in the spring and/or fall to evaluate the effects of injection timing and response to injection. In addition to seasonal evaluations of tree health and bacterial titer, preharvest fruit drop, yield, and fruit quality were measured at harvest to determine the effects of OTC injection. The benefits associated with injection included a reduction in fruit drop, an increase in fruit yield and fruit size, and improvements in juice quality. However, results varied due to the timing of injection and were not consistent across all three varieties. Residue analysis at different time points after injection suggests that trunk injection effectively delivers therapeutics to mature citrus trees. This study provides fundamental information on the short-term benefits associated with trunk injection of OTC for HLB management in citrus groves. The potential for use of trunk injection at the commercial scale and the possible risks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Archer
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Sanju Kunwar
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Fernando Alferez
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Ozgur Batuman
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
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2
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Castellano-Hinojosa A, Albrecht U, Strauss SL. Interactions between rootstocks and compost influence the active rhizosphere bacterial communities in citrus. Microbiome 2023; 11:79. [PMID: 37076924 PMCID: PMC10116748 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the rootstock genotype (belowground part of a plant) can impact rhizosphere microbial communities, few studies have examined the relationships between rootstock genotype-based recruitment of active rhizosphere bacterial communities and the availability of root nutrients for plant uptake. Rootstocks are developed to provide resistance to disease or tolerance of abiotic stresses, and compost application is a common practice to also control biotic and abiotic stresses in crops. In this field study, we examined: (i) the effect of four citrus rootstocks and/or compost application on the abundance, diversity, composition, and predicted functionality of active rhizosphere bacterial communities, and (ii) the relationships between active rhizosphere bacterial communities and root nutrient concentrations, with identification of bacterial taxa significantly correlated with changes in root nutrients in the rhizosphere. RESULTS The rootstock genotype determined differences in the diversity of active rhizosphere bacterial communities and also impacted how compost altered the abundance, diversity, composition, and predicted functions of these active communities. Variations in the active bacterial rhizobiome were strongly linked to root nutrient cycling, and these interactions were root-nutrient- and rootstock-specific. Direct positive relationships between enriched taxa in treated soils and specific root nutrients were detected, and potentially important taxa for root nutrient uptake were identified. Significant differences in specific predicted functions were related to soil nutrient cycling (carbon, nitrogen, and tryptophan metabolisms) in the active bacterial rhizobiome among rootstocks, particularly in soils treated with compost. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates that interactions between citrus rootstocks and compost can influence active rhizosphere bacterial communities, which impact root nutrient concentrations. In particular, the response of the rhizobiome bacterial abundance, diversity, and community composition to compost was determined by the rootstock. Specific bacterial taxa therefore appear to be driving changes in root nutrient concentrations in the active rhizobiome of different citrus rootstocks. Several potential functions of active bacterial rhizobiomes recruited by different citrus rootstocks did not appear to be redundant but rather rootstock-specific. Together, these findings have important agronomic implications as they indicate the potential for agricultural production systems to maximize benefits from rhizobiomes through the choice of selected rootstocks and the application of compost. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Castellano-Hinojosa
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2685 State Rd 29N, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA.
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2685 State Rd 29N, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA
| | - Sarah L Strauss
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2685 State Rd 29N, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA.
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3
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Albrecht U. The circadian system and mood related behavior in mice. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 2023; 137:269-291. [PMID: 37709379 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms on earth have evolved an internal clock in order to predict daily recurring events. This clock called circadian clock has a period of about 24 h and allows organisms to organize biochemical and physiological processes over one day. Changes in lighting conditions as they occur naturally over seasons, or man made by jet lag or shift work, advance or delay clock phase in order to synchronize an organism's physiology to the environment. A misalignment of the clock to its environment results in sleep disturbances and mood disorders. Although there are strong associations between the circadian clock and mood disorders such as depression, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. This review describes the currently known molecular links between circadian clock components and mood related behaviors in mice, which will help to understand the causal links between the clock and mood in humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Albrecht
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Rauchenzauner M, Schiller K, Honold M, Baldissera I, Biedermann R, Tschiderer B, Albrecht U, Arnold C, Rostasy K. Visual Impairment and Functional Classification in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Neuropediatrics 2021; 52:383-389. [PMID: 33511594 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor impairment in childhood and often accompanied by a broad spectrum of comorbidities. Data are sparse concerning visual impairment (VI) and functional classification among CP children. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of VI among children with CP and to investigate a possible association between VI and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Bimanual Fine Motor Function (BFMF). METHODS In this hospital-based study, records of 200 children with CP aged 2 to 17 years were reviewed. RESULTS Overall, VI was found in 59.5% of children with CP. Prevalence of VI was higher when compared with non-CP children. A correlation between GMFCS as well as BFMF and severity of VI was found. Children with severe CP were at greater risk for severe VI, especially cerebral VI compared with children with mild CP. CONCLUSION VI is a significant problem in children with CP and is correlated with motor function. Children with CP should undergo detailed ophthalmologic and orthoptic assessment to enable early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rauchenzauner
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Kliniken Ostallgäu-Kaufbeuren, Kaufbeuren, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Schiller
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Kliniken Ostallgäu-Kaufbeuren, Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - M Honold
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - I Baldissera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Biedermann
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Tschiderer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - U Albrecht
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Arnold
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Rostasy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
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Huang CY, Niu D, Kund G, Jones M, Albrecht U, Nguyen L, Bui C, Ramadugu C, Bowman KD, Trumble J, Jin H. Identification of citrus immune regulators involved in defence against Huanglongbing using a new functional screening system. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:757-766. [PMID: 33108698 PMCID: PMC8051609 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating citrus disease in the world. Almost all commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to the causal bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Currently, there are no effective management strategies to control HLB. HLB-tolerant traits have been reported in some citrus relatives and citrus hybrids, which offer a direct pathway for discovering natural defence regulators to combat HLB. Through comparative analysis of small RNA profiles and target gene expression between an HLB-tolerant citrus hybrid (Poncirus trifoliata × Citrus reticulata) and a susceptible citrus variety, we identified a panel of candidate defence regulators for HLB-tolerance. These regulators display similar expression patterns in another HLB-tolerant citrus relative, with a distinct genetic and geographic background, the Sydney hybrid (Microcitrus virgata). Because the functional validation of candidate regulators in tree crops is always challenging, we developed a novel rapid functional screening method, using a C. Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso)/potato psyllid/Nicotiana benthamiana interaction system to mimic the natural transmission and infection circuit of the HLB complex. When combined with efficient virus-induced gene silencing in N. benthamiana, this innovative and cost-effective screening method allows for rapid identification and functional characterization of regulators involved in plant immune responses against HLB, such as the positive regulator BRCA1-Associated Protein, and the negative regulator Vascular Associated Death Protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Yu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - DongDong Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- Department of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Horticultural Sciences DepartmentSouthwest Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida/IFASImmokaleeFLUSA
| | - Lincoln Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Christine Bui
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | | | - Kim D. Bowman
- US Horticultural Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceUSDAFort PierceFLUSA
| | | | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- Institute for Integrative Genome BiologyUCRCAUSA
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6
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Bowman KD, McCollum G, Albrecht U. SuperSour: A New Strategy for Breeding Superior Citrus Rootstocks. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:741009. [PMID: 34804088 PMCID: PMC8600239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Citrus crops have a long history of cultivation as grafted trees on selected rootstock cultivars, but all current rootstocks have significant limitations and traditional methods of rootstock breeding take at least 2-3 decades to develop and field test new rootstocks. Citrus production in the United States, and other parts of the world, is impaired by a wide range of biotic and abiotic problems, with especially severe damage caused by the disease huanglongbing (HLB) associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. All major commercial citrus scion cultivars are damaged by HLB, but tree tolerance is significantly improved by some rootstocks. To overcome these challenges, the USDA citrus breeding program has implemented a multi-pronged strategy for rootstock breeding that expands the diversity of germplasm utilized in rootstock breeding, significantly increases the number of new hybrids evaluated concurrently, and greatly reduces the time from cross to potential cultivar release. We describe the key components and methodologies of this new strategy, termed "SuperSour," along with reference to the historical favorite rootstock sour orange (Citrus aurantium), and previous methods employed in citrus rootstock breeding. Rootstock propagation by cuttings and tissue culture is one key to the new strategy, and by avoiding the need for nucellar seeds, eliminates the 6- to 15-year delay in testing while waiting for new hybrids to fruit. In addition, avoiding selection of parents and progeny based on nucellar polyembryony vastly expands the potential genepool for use in rootstock improvement. Fifteen new field trials with more than 350 new hybrid rootstocks have been established under the SuperSour strategy in the last 8 years. Detailed multi-year performance data from the trials will be used to identify superior rootstocks for commercial release, and to map important traits and develop molecular markers for the next generation of rootstock development. Results from two of these multi-year replicated field trials with sweet orange scion are presented to illustrate performance of 97 new hybrid rootstocks relative to four commercial rootstocks. Through the first 7 years in the field with endemic HLB, many of the new SuperSour hybrid rootstocks exhibit greatly superior fruit yield, yield efficiency, canopy health, and fruit quality, as compared with the standard rootstocks included in the trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D. Bowman
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Kim D. Bowman,
| | - Greg McCollum
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL, United States
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7
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Höller A, Zöggeler T, Meisinger B, Albrecht U, Karall D, Baumann M, Scholl-Bürgi S. Ketogene Ernährungstherapien: Grundlagen der Durchführung und Anwendung bei angeborenen Stoffwechselstörungen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-020-00932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Nuzzo A, Satpute A, Albrecht U, Strauss SL. Impact of Soil Microbial Amendments on Tomato Rhizosphere Microbiome and Plant Growth in Field Soil. Microb Ecol 2020; 80:398-409. [PMID: 32144464 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increased interest by the agricultural industry in microbial amendments that leverage natural beneficial interactions between plants and soil microbes to improve crop production. However, translating fundamental knowledge from laboratory experiments into efficient field application often has mixed results, and there is less clarity about the interaction between added microbes and the native microbial community, where microorganisms belonging to the same phylogenic clades often reside. In this study, four commercially available microbial amendments were examined in two greenhouse experiments using field soil to assess their impact on tomato plant growth and the native soil microbial communities. The amendments contained different formulations of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Lactobacilli, Rhizobia, etc.), yeasts, and mycorrhizal fungi. The application of the tested amendments in greenhouse conditions resulted in no significant impact on plant growth. A deeper statistical analysis detected variations in the microbial communities that accounted only for 0.25% of the total species, particularly in native taxa not related to the inoculated species and represented less than 1% of the total variance. This suggests that under commercial field conditions, additional confounding variables may play a role in the efficacy of soil microbial amendments. This study confirms the necessity of more in-depth validation requirements for the formulations of soil microbial amendments before delivery to the agricultural market in order to leverage their benefits for the producers, the consumers, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nuzzo
- University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline US, Human Genetics, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Aditi Satpute
- University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA
| | - Ute Albrecht
- University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA
| | - Sarah L Strauss
- University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA.
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Killiny N, Gonzalez-Blanco P, Santos-Ortega Y, Al-Rimawi F, Levy A, Hijaz F, Albrecht U, Batuman O. Tracing Penicillin Movement in Citrus Plants Using Fluorescence-Labeled Penicillin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040262. [PMID: 31842435 PMCID: PMC6963813 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huánglóngbìng (HLB), citrus greening, is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus plants worldwide. In North America, HLB is caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. No cure exists at present, and the use of antibiotics for the control of HLB has gained interest due to the significant losses to the citrus industry. Because of unsatisfactory results when using foliar applications of antibiotics, concerns were raised regarding the uptake and translocation of these materials within trees. We, therefore, investigated a method that allows us to study the movement of antibiotic materials in citrus plants. Herein, we utilized a fluorescence-labeled penicillin, BOCILLINTM FL-Penicillin (FL-penicillin), to study the uptake and translocation of penicillin in citrus plants. FL-penicillin was applied by puncture to the stem of young citrus seedlings and was traced by using fluorescence microscopy. After application, we detected FL-penicillin in the leaves and in the stem xylem and phloem tissues above and below the application site in both intact and partially bark-girdled citrus seedlings, indicating that it is easily taken up and transported through the plant vascular system. In addition, we detected FL-penicillin in the gut of D. citri, which were allowed to feed on the treated plants, suggesting translocation of this molecule into the vascular tissue. We propose that the use of fluorescent-labeled molecules could be an effective tool for understanding the uptake and translocation of antibiotics and other macromolecules in plants and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (P.G.-B.); (Y.S.-O.); (F.A.-R.); (A.L.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-863-956-8833
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Blanco
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (P.G.-B.); (Y.S.-O.); (F.A.-R.); (A.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Yulica Santos-Ortega
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (P.G.-B.); (Y.S.-O.); (F.A.-R.); (A.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Fuad Al-Rimawi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (P.G.-B.); (Y.S.-O.); (F.A.-R.); (A.L.); (F.H.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 90612, Palestine
| | - Amit Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (P.G.-B.); (Y.S.-O.); (F.A.-R.); (A.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (P.G.-B.); (Y.S.-O.); (F.A.-R.); (A.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA;
| | - Ozgur Batuman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA;
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Ehlting C, Rex J, Albrecht U, Deenen R, Tiedje C, Köhrer K, Sawodny O, Gaestel M, Häussinger D, Bode JG. Cooperative and distinct functions of MK2 and MK3 in the regulation of the macrophage transcriptional response to lipopolysaccharide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11021. [PMID: 31363109 PMCID: PMC6667695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38MAPK downstream targets MAPKAP kinases (MK) 2 and 3 are critical for the regulation of the macrophage response to LPS. The extents to which these two kinases act cooperatively and distinctly in regulating LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression are still unclear. To address this uncertainty, whole transcriptome analyses were performed using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) generated from MK2−/− or MK2/3−/− animals and their wild-type littermates. The results suggest that in BMDM, MK2 and MK3 not only cooperatively regulate the transcript expression of signaling intermediates, including IL-10, IL-19, CXCL2 and the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R)α subunit, they also exert distinct regulatory effects on the expression of specific transcripts. Based on the differential regulation of gene expression by MK2 and MK3, at least six regulatory patterns were identified. Importantly, we confirmed our previous finding, which showed that in the absence of MK2, MK3 negatively regulates IFN-β. Moreover, this genome-wide analysis identified the regulation of Cr1A, NOD1 and Serpina3f as similar to that of IFN-β. In the absence of MK2, MK3 also delayed the nuclear translocation of NFκB by delaying the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of IκBβ, reflecting the substantial plasticity of the response of BMDM to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehlting
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Rex
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Tiedje
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Sawodny
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Zafarnia S, Mrugalla A, Rix A, Doleschel D, Gremse F, Wolf SD, Buyel JF, Albrecht U, Bode JG, Kiessling F, Lederle W. Non-invasive Imaging and Modeling of Liver Regeneration After Partial Hepatectomy. Front Physiol 2019; 10:904. [PMID: 31379606 PMCID: PMC6652107 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has a unique regenerative capability upon injury or partial resection. The regeneration process comprises a complex interplay between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells and is tightly regulated at different scales. Thus, we investigated liver regeneration using multi-scale methods by combining non-invasive imaging with immunohistochemical analyses. In this context, non-invasive imaging can provide quantitative data of processes involved in liver regeneration at organ and body scale. We quantitatively measured liver volume recovery after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) by micro computed tomography (μCT) and investigated changes in the density of CD68+ macrophages by fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT) combined with μCT using a newly developed near-infrared fluorescent probe. In addition, angiogenesis and tissue-resident macrophages were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Based on the results, a model describing liver regeneration and the interactions between different cell types was established. In vivo analysis of liver volume regeneration over 21 days after PHx by μCT imaging demonstrated that the liver volume rapidly increased after PHx reaching a maximum at day 14 and normalizing until day 21. An increase in CD68+ macrophage density in the liver was detected from day 4 to day 8 by combined FMT-μCT imaging, followed by a decline towards control levels between day 14 and day 21. Immunohistochemistry revealed the highest angiogenic activity at day 4 after PHx that continuously declined thereafter, whereas the density of tissue-resident CD169+ macrophages was not altered. The simulated time courses for volume recovery, angiogenesis and macrophage density reflect the experimental data describing liver regeneration after PHx at organ and tissue scale. In this context, our study highlights the importance of non-invasive imaging for acquiring quantitative organ scale data that enable modeling of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zafarnia
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Mrugalla
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Rix
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dennis Doleschel
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie D Wolf
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes F Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Lederle
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Rex J, Lutz A, Faletti LE, Albrecht U, Thomas M, Bode JG, Borner C, Sawodny O, Merfort I. IL-1β and TNFα Differentially Influence NF-κB Activity and FasL-Induced Apoptosis in Primary Murine Hepatocytes During LPS-Induced Inflammation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:117. [PMID: 30842741 PMCID: PMC6391654 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-derived cytokines largely influence the behavior of hepatocytes during an inflammatory response. We previously reported that both TNFα and IL-1β, which are released by macrophages upon LPS stimulation, affect Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptotic signaling. Whereas TNFα preincubation leads to elevated levels of caspase-3 activity and cell death, pretreatment with IL-1β induces increased caspase-3 activity but keeps cells alive. We now report that IL-1β and TNFα differentially influence NF-κB activity resulting in a differential upregulation of target genes, which may contribute to the distinct effects on cell viability. A reduced NF-κB activation model was established to further investigate the molecular mechanisms which determine the distinct cell fate decisions after IL-1β and TNFα stimulation. To study this aspect in a more physiological setting, we used supernatants from LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The treatment of hepatocytes with the BMDM supernatant, which contains both IL-1β and TNFα, sensitized to FasL-induced caspase-3 activation and cell death. However, when TNFα action was blocked by neutralizing antibodies, cell viability after stimulation with the BMDM supernatant and FasL increased as compared to single FasL stimulation. This indicates the important role of TNFα in the sensitization of apoptosis in hepatocytes. These results give first insights into the complex interplay between macrophages and hepatocytes which may influence life/death decisions of hepatocytes during an inflammatory reaction of the liver in response to a bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rex
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura E Faletti
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infection Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infection Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Borner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sawodny
- Institute for System Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Groepper C, Rufinatscha K, Schröder N, Stindt S, Ehlting C, Albrecht U, Bock HH, Bartenschlager R, Häussinger D, Bode JG. HCV modifies EGF signalling and upregulates production of CXCR2 ligands: Role in inflammation and antiviral immune response. J Hepatol 2018; 69:594-602. [PMID: 29705238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To affect immune response and inflammation, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) substantially influences intercellular communication pathways that are decisive for immune cell recruitment. The present study investigates mechanisms by which HCV modulates chemokine-mediated intercellular communication from infected cells. METHODS Chemokine expression was studied in HCVcc-infected cell lines or cell lines harbouring a subgenomic replicon, as well as in serum samples from patients. Expression or activity of mediators and signalling intermediates was manipulated using knockdown approaches or specific inhibitors. RESULTS HCV enhances expression of CXCR2 ligands in its host cell via the induction of epidermal growth factor (EGF) production. Knockdown of EGF or of the p65 subunit of the NF-κB complex results in a substantial downregulation of HCV-induced CXCR2 ligand expression, supporting the involvement of an EGF-dependent mechanism as well as activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, HCV upregulates expression of CXCR2 ligands in response to EGF stimulation via downregulation of the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP [PTPN2]), activation of NF-κB, and enhancement of EGF-inducible signal transduction via MEK1 (MAP2K1). This results in the production of a cytokine/chemokine pattern by the HCV-infected cell that can recruit neutrophils but not monocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a novel EGF-dependent mechanism by which HCV influences chemokine-mediated intercellular communication. We propose that this mechanism contributes to modulation of the HCV-induced inflammation and the antiviral immune response. LAY SUMMARY In most cases hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in chronic infection and persistent viral replication, taking decades until development of overt disease. To achieve such a course, the respective virus must have developed mechanisms to circumvent antiviral response, to modulate the inflammatory response and to utilise the infrastructure of its host with moderate effect on its viability. The present study provides novel data indicating that HCV induces epidermal growth factor production in its host cell, enhancing epidermal growth factor-inducible expression of chemokines that bind to the CXCR2 receptor and recruit neutrophile granulocytes. Importantly, chemokines are critical mediators determining the pattern of immune cells recruited to the site of injury and thereby the local inflammatory and immunological milieu. These data strongly suggest that HCV triggers mechanisms that enable the virus to influence the inflammatory and immunological processes of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Groepper
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rufinatscha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadja Schröder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Stindt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Ehlting
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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14
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Rawat N, Kumar B, Albrecht U, Du D, Huang M, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Duan YP, Bowman KD, Gmitter FG, Deng Z. Genome resequencing and transcriptome profiling reveal structural diversity and expression patterns of constitutive disease resistance genes in Huanglongbing-tolerant Poncirus trifoliata and its hybrids. Hortic Res 2017; 4:17064. [PMID: 29152310 PMCID: PMC5686287 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive bacterial disease of citrus worldwide. While most citrus varieties are susceptible to HLB, Poncirus trifoliata, a close relative of Citrus, and some of its hybrids with Citrus are tolerant to HLB. No specific HLB tolerance genes have been identified in P. trifoliata but recent studies have shown that constitutive disease resistance (CDR) genes were expressed at much higher levels in HLB-tolerant Poncirus hybrids and the expression of CDR genes was modulated by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the pathogen of HLB. The current study was undertaken to mine and characterize the CDR gene family in Citrus and Poncirus and to understand its association with HLB tolerance in Poncirus. We identified 17 CDR genes in two citrus genomes, deduced their structures, and investigated their phylogenetic relationships. We revealed that the expansion of the CDR family in Citrus seems to be due to segmental and tandem duplication events. Through genome resequencing and transcriptome sequencing, we identified eight CDR genes in the Poncirus genome (PtCDR1-PtCDR8). The number of SNPs was the highest in PtCDR2 and the lowest in PtCDR7. Most of the deletion and insertion events were observed in the UTR regions of Citrus and Poncirus CDR genes. PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 were in abundance in the leaf transcriptomes of two HLB-tolerant Poncirus genotypes and were also upregulated in HLB-tolerant, Poncirus hybrids as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. These two CDR genes seem to be good candidate genes for future studies of their role in citrus-CLas interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rawat
- University of Florida, IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Brajendra Kumar
- Ocimum BioSolutions Ltd., Royal Demeure, Plot no. 12/2, Sector- 1, HUDA Techno Enclave, Madhapur, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ute Albrecht
- University of Florida, IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, USA
| | - Dongliang Du
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Ming Huang
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Qibin Yu
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yong-Ping Duan
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Kim D Bowman
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Fred G Gmitter
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhanao Deng
- University of Florida, IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, USA
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15
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Sobotta S, Raue A, Huang X, Vanlier J, Jünger A, Bohl S, Albrecht U, Hahnel MJ, Wolf S, Mueller NS, D'Alessandro LA, Mueller-Bohl S, Boehm ME, Lucarelli P, Bonefas S, Damm G, Seehofer D, Lehmann WD, Rose-John S, van der Hoeven F, Gretz N, Theis FJ, Ehlting C, Bode JG, Timmer J, Schilling M, Klingmüller U. Model Based Targeting of IL-6-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Cultured Primary Hepatocytes to Improve Application of the JAK Inhibitor Ruxolitinib. Front Physiol 2017; 8:775. [PMID: 29062282 PMCID: PMC5640784 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 is a central mediator of the immediate induction of hepatic acute phase proteins (APP) in the liver during infection and after injury, but increased IL-6 activity has been associated with multiple pathological conditions. In hepatocytes, IL-6 activates JAK1-STAT3 signaling that induces the negative feedback regulator SOCS3 and expression of APPs. While different inhibitors of IL-6-induced JAK1-STAT3-signaling have been developed, understanding their precise impact on signaling dynamics requires a systems biology approach. Here we present a mathematical model of IL-6-induced JAK1-STAT3 signaling that quantitatively links physiological IL-6 concentrations to the dynamics of IL-6-induced signal transduction and expression of target genes in hepatocytes. The mathematical model consists of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODE) and the model parameters were estimated by a maximum likelihood approach, whereas identifiability of the dynamic model parameters was ensured by the Profile Likelihood. Using model simulations coupled with experimental validation we could optimize the long-term impact of the JAK-inhibitor Ruxolitinib, a therapeutic compound that is quickly metabolized. Model-predicted doses and timing of treatments helps to improve the reduction of inflammatory APP gene expression in primary mouse hepatocytes close to levels observed during regenerative conditions. The concept of improved efficacy of the inhibitor through multiple treatments at optimized time intervals was confirmed in primary human hepatocytes. Thus, combining quantitative data generation with mathematical modeling suggests that repetitive treatment with Ruxolitinib is required to effectively target excessive inflammatory responses without exceeding doses recommended by the clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svantje Sobotta
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Raue
- Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Huang
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joep Vanlier
- Institute of Physics, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Jünger
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohl
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Hahnel
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wolf
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikola S Mueller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lorenza A D'Alessandro
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Mueller-Bohl
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin E Boehm
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Lucarelli
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Bonefas
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf D Lehmann
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Frank van der Hoeven
- Transgenic Service, Center for Preclinical Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Ehlting
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute of Physics, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Kulawik A, Engesser R, Ehlting C, Raue A, Albrecht U, Hahn B, Lehmann WD, Gaestel M, Klingmüller U, Häussinger D, Timmer J, Bode JG. IL-1β-induced and p38 MAPK-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) in hepatocytes: Signal transduction with robust and concentration-independent signal amplification. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6291-6302. [PMID: 28223354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-1β induced activation of the p38MAPK/MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) pathway in hepatocytes is important for control of the acute phase response and regulation of liver regeneration. Many aspects of the regulatory relevance of this pathway have been investigated in immune cells in the context of inflammation. However, very little is known about concentration-dependent activation kinetics and signal propagation in hepatocytes and the role of MK2. We established a mathematical model for IL-1β-induced activation of the p38MAPK/MK2 pathway in hepatocytes that was calibrated to quantitative data on time- and IL-1β concentration-dependent phosphorylation of p38MAPK and MK2 in primary mouse hepatocytes. This analysis showed that, in hepatocytes, signal transduction from IL-1β via p38MAPK to MK2 is characterized by strong signal amplification. Quantification of p38MAPK and MK2 revealed that, in hepatocytes, at maximum, 11.3% of p38MAPK molecules and 36.5% of MK2 molecules are activated in response to IL-1β. The mathematical model was experimentally validated by employing phosphatase inhibitors and the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Model simulations predicted an IC50 of 1-1.2 μm for SB203580 in hepatocytes. In silico analyses and experimental validation demonstrated that the kinase activity of p38MAPK determines signal amplitude, whereas phosphatase activity affects both signal amplitude and duration. p38MAPK and MK2 concentrations and responsiveness toward IL-1β were quantitatively compared between hepatocytes and macrophages. In macrophages, the absolute p38MAPK and MK2 concentration was significantly higher. Finally, in line with experimental observations, the mathematical model predicted a significantly higher half-maximal effective concentration for IL-1β-induced pathway activation in macrophages compared with hepatocytes, underscoring the importance of cell type-specific differences in pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kulawik
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Disease, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphael Engesser
- the Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,the BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ehlting
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Disease, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Raue
- the Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Disease, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Gaestel
- the Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Disease, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- the Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,the BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Disease, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany,
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17
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Abstract
In the last decades, obesity has been on the rise becoming a burden for health care systems. The reasons behind this rise are most likely caused by lifestyle rather than by an increase in gene mutations, because manifestations of genetic alterations would take longer than just a few decades. Lifestyle has a great impact on the circadian system and therefore on the body internal organization of physiological and biochemical processes, regulating various aspects of behavior and metabolism. In the following, I will discuss recent studies delineating relationships between metabolic processes and the circadian system, how metabolites and nutrients regulate the circadian clock and how nuclear receptors can act as metabolic sensors and clock regulators. Finally, I will discuss how clock modulation and feeding patterns influence the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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18
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Beuke K, Schildberg FA, Pinna F, Albrecht U, Liebe R, Bissinger M, Schirmacher P, Dooley S, Bode JG, Knolle PA, Kummer U, Breuhahn K, Sahle S. Quantitative and integrative analysis of paracrine hepatocyte activation by nonparenchymal cells upon lipopolysaccharide induction. FEBS J 2017; 284:796-813. [PMID: 28109179 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulate the secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from liver macrophages (MCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which control the acute phase response in hepatocytes through activation of the NF-κB pathway. The individual and cooperative impact of nonparenchymal cells on this clinically relevant response has not been analysed in detail due to technical limitations. To gain an integrative view on this complex inter- and intracellular communication, we combined a multiscale mathematical model with quantitative, time-resolved experimental data of different primary murine liver cell types. We established a computational model for TNF-induced NF-κB signalling in hepatocytes, accurately describing dose-responsiveness for physiologically relevant cytokine concentrations. TNF secretion profiles were quantitatively measured for all nonparenchymal cell types upon LPS stimulation. This novel approach allowed the analysis of individual and collective paracrine TNF-mediated NF-κB induction in hepatocytes, revealing strongest effects of MCs and LSECs on hepatocellular NF-κB signalling. Simulations suggest that both cell types act together to maximize the NF-κB pathway response induced by low LPS concentrations (0.1 and 1 ng/mL). Higher LPS concentrations (≥ 5 ng/mL) induced sufficient TNF levels from MCs or LSECs to induce a strong and nonadjustable pathway response. Importantly, these simulations also revealed that the initial cytokine secretion (1-2 h after stimulation) rather than final TNF level (10 h after stimulation) defines the hepatocellular NF-κB response. This raises the question whether the current experimental standard of single high-dose cytokine administration is suitable to mimic in vivo cytokine exposure. DATABASE The computational models described in this manuscript are available in the JWS database via the following link: https://jjj.bio.vu.nl/database/beuke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beuke
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/BIOQUANT, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federico Pinna
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roman Liebe
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty at Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | | | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty at Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, München Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/BIOQUANT, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Sahle
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/BIOQUANT, Heidelberg University, Germany
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19
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Zhang S, Shi Q, Albrecht U, Shatters RG, Stange R, McCollum G, Zhang S, Fan C, Stover E. Comparative transcriptome analysis during early fruit development between three seedy citrus genotypes and their seedless mutants. Hortic Res 2017; 4:17041. [PMID: 28904803 PMCID: PMC5596110 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of genes with differential transcript abundance (GDTA) in seedless mutants may enhance understanding of seedless citrus development. Transcriptome analysis was conducted at three time points during early fruit development (Phase 1) of three seedy citrus genotypes: Fallglo (Bower citrus hybrid (Citrus reticulata×C. reticulata×C. paradisi)×Temple (C. reticulata×C. sinensis)), grapefruit (C. paradisi), Pineapple sweet orange (C. sinensis), and their seedless mutants. Seed abortion in seedless mutants was observed at 26 days post anthesis (Time point 2). Affymetrix transcriptomic analysis revealed 359 to 1077 probe sets with differential transcript abundance in the comparison of seedless versus seedy fruits for each citrus genotypes and time points. The GDTA identified by 18 microarray probe sets were validated by qPCR. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed a range of GDTA associated with development, hormone and protein metabolism, all of which may reflect genes associated with seedless fruit development. There were 14, 9 and 12 genes found exhibiting similar abundance ratios in all three seedless versus seedy genotype comparisons at time point 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among those genes were genes coding for an aspartic protease and a cysteine protease, which may play important roles in seedless fruit development. New insights into seedless citrus fruit development may contribute to biotech approaches to create seedless cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Zhang
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Qingchun Shi
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Ute Albrecht
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Robert G Shatters
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Ric Stange
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Greg McCollum
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Shuo Zhang
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Chengming Fan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ed Stover
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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Albrecht U, Fiehn O, Bowman KD. Metabolic variations in different citrus rootstock cultivars associated with different responses to Huanglongbing. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 107:33-44. [PMID: 27236226 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of citrus. No resistant cultivars have been identified, although tolerance has been observed in the genus Poncirus and some of its hybrids with Citrus that are commonly used as rootstocks. In this study we exploited this tolerance by comparing five different tolerant hybrids with a cultivar that shows pronounced HLB sensitivity to discern potential contributing metabolic factors. Whole leaves of infected and non-infected greenhouse-grown seedlings were extracted and subjected to untargeted GC-TOF MS based metabolomics. After BinBase data filtering, 342 (experiment 1) and 650 (experiment 2) unique metabolites were quantified, of which 122 and 195, respectively, were assigned by chemical structures. The number of metabolites found to be differently regulated in the infected state compared with the non-infected state varied between the cultivars and was largest (166) in the susceptible cultivar Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and lowest (3) in the tolerant cultivars US-897 (C. reticulata 'Cleopatra' × Poncirus trifoliata) and US-942 (C. reticulata 'Sunki' × P. trifoliata) from experiment 2. Tolerance to HLB did not appear to be associated with accumulation of higher amounts of protective metabolites in response to infection. Many metabolites were found in higher concentrations in the tolerant cultivars compared with susceptible Cleopatra mandarin and may play important roles in conferring tolerance to HLB. Lower availability of specific sugars necessary for survival of the pathogen may also be a contributing factor in the decreased disease severity observed for these cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Albrecht
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA; US Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center - Metabolomics, University of California, 451 Health Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; King Abdulaziz University, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kim D Bowman
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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Karababa A, Groos-Sahr K, Albrecht U, Keitel V, Shafigullina A, Görg B, Häussinger D. Ammonia Attenuates LPS-Induced Upregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine mRNA in Co-Cultured Astrocytes and Microglia. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:737-749. [PMID: 27655254 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with cerebral microglia activation. Ammonia, a major toxin of HE, activates microglia in vitro but does not trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In the present study we analysed effects of ammonia on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of microglia activation and cytokine mRNA as well as on cytokine secretion in mono-cultured microglia and co-cultured astrocytes and microglia. In mono-cultured microglia LPS (100 ng/ml, 18 h) strongly elevated mRNA levels of the microglia activation marker CD14 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α. NH4Cl (5 mmol/l) had no effect on LPS-induced upregulation of CD14, IL-1α/β and IL-6 mRNA but enhanced LPS-induced upregulation of TNF-α mRNA in mono-cultured microglia. In co-cultured astrocytes and microglia, however, LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, TNF-α, IL-6, CD14 but not of IL-10, IL-12A/B or TGFβ1-3 mRNA was attenuated by NH4Cl. LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α was also diminished by the TGR5-ligands allopregnanolone and taurolithocholic acid in mono-cultured microglia. NH4Cl also attenuated LPS-induced release of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in mono-cultured microglia. mRNA level of surrogate marker for microglia activation (CD14) and for the anti-inflammatory M2-type microglia (CD163, CXCL1, CXCL2) were also elevated in post mortem brain tissue taken from the fusiforme gyrus of patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. The findings suggest that ammonia attenuates LPS-induced microglia reactivity in an astrocyte-dependent way. One may speculate that these anti-inflammatory effects of ammonia may be triggered by neurosteroids derived from astrocytes and may account for absence of microglia reactivity in cerebral cortex of cirrhotic patients with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karababa
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katerina Groos-Sahr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aygul Shafigullina
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Sanwald J, Albrecht U, Wagenpfeil J, Thomas M, Sawodny O, Bode JG, Feuer R. Modeling the LPS-induced effects on transcription factor activation and gene expression in murine macrophages. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2015:3989-92. [PMID: 26737168 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages within the liver are of particular importance for a functional defense against bacterial infection. They exhibit a complex response to lipopolysaccharide and secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that both coordinate the immune response and regulate activity of the macrophages, themselves. In this context, the dynamic of pathway activation and gene expression is important for a better understanding of the role of activated macrophages in healthy and diseased states. Therefore, we present a representative model of LPS-induced macrophage activation that covers the principle regulatory motifs. Based on that, we propose a simplified model with a reduced number of states and parameters that allows estimation of transcription factor activity from gene expression data and can be easily extended to describe the full spectrum of gene regulation in LPS-activated macrophages.
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Hall DG, Albrecht U, Bowman KD. Transmission Rates of ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ by Asian Citrus Psyllid Are Enhanced by the Presence and Developmental Stage of Citrus Flush. J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:558-63. [PMID: 26884596 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) transmits a bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) putatively responsible for a devastating citrus disease known as Asiatic huanglongbing (HLB) (citrus greening disease). The psyllid and disease have invaded many citrus-growing regions including the United States, where the disease is seriously jeopardizing the Florida citrus industry. We recently concluded research that showed CLas transmission rates are increased when citrus flush is present. Flush is any new leaf growth ranging in development from first emergence up until the leaves are fully expanded yet still tender. In an experiment with seedlings of a rootstock cultivar ‘US-942’, a 1-wk infestation of 20 Asian citrus psyllids from an infected colony resulted in 53–60% of seedlings becoming infected when flush was present compared with only 7% when no flush was present. In a second experiment with ‘US-942’, 77–97% of seedlings became infected when flush was present compared with 40% when no flush was present. A similar experiment with ‘Valencia’ sweet orange resulted in 23, 80, and 3% seedlings becoming infected when young, older, or no flush was present, respectively. Young plants are therefore more likely to contract HLB if flush is present, with older flush promoting higher infection rates under the conditions of this study. Based on this finding, healthy citrus should be protected from Asian citrus psyllid infestations throughout a flush. To evaluate germplasm for CLas resistance, inoculations using infected Asian citrus psyllid would best be achieved if flush is present.
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Stindt S, Cebula P, Albrecht U, Keitel V, Schulte am Esch J, Knoefel WT, Bartenschlager R, Häussinger D, Bode JG. Hepatitis C Virus Activates a Neuregulin-Driven Circuit to Modify Surface Expression of Growth Factor Receptors of the ErbB Family. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148711. [PMID: 26886748 PMCID: PMC4757098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), a member of the ErbB receptor family, and its down-stream signalling have been identified as co-factors for HCV entry and replication. Since EGFR also functions as a heterodimer with other ErbB receptor family members, the subject of the present study was to investigate a possible viral interference with these cellular components. By using genotype 1b replicon cells as well as an infection-based system we found that while transcript and protein levels of EGFR and ErbB2 were up-regulated or unaffected, respectively, HCV induced a substantial reduction of ErbB3 and ErbB4 expression. Down-regulation of ErbB3 expression by HCV involves specificity protein (Sp)1-mediated induction of Neuregulin (NRG)1 expression as well as activation of Akt. Consistently, at transcript level disruption of ErbB3 expression by HCV can be prevented by knockdown of NRG1 or Sp1 expression, whereas reconstitution of ErbB3 protein levels requires inhibition of HCV-induced NRG1 expression and of Akt activity. Interestingly, the NRG1-mediated suppression of ErbB3 expression by HCV results in an enhanced expression of EGFR and ErbB2 on the cell surface, which can be mimicked by siRNA-mediated knockdown of ErbB3 expression. These data delineate a novel mechanism enabling HCV to sway the composition of the ErbB family members on the surface of its host cell by an NRG1-driven circuit and unravels a yet unknown cross-regulation between ErbB3 and the two other family members ErbB2 and EGFR. The shift of the receptor surface expression of the ErbB family towards enhanced expression of ErbB2 and EGFR triggered by HCV was found to promote viral RNA replication and infectivity. This suggests that HCV rearranges expression of ErbB family members to adapt the cellular environment to its requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Stindt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patricia Cebula
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Schulte am Esch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfram T. Knoefel
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division for Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ehlting C, Trilling M, Tiedje C, Le-Trilling VTK, Albrecht U, Kluge S, Zimmermann A, Graf D, Gaestel M, Hengel H, Häussinger D, Bode JG. MAPKAP kinase 2 regulates IL-10 expression and prevents formation of intrahepatic myeloid cell aggregates during cytomegalovirus infections. J Hepatol 2016; 64:380-389. [PMID: 26299622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The kinase p38(MAPK) and its downstream target MAPKAP kinase (MK) 2 are critical regulators of inflammatory responses towards pathogens. To date, the relevance of MK2 for regulating IL-10 expression and other cytokine responses towards cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the impact of this pathway on viral replication in vitro and in vivo is unknown and the subject of this study. METHODS The effect of MK2, interferon-α receptor (IFNAR)1, tristetraprolin (TTP) and IL-10 on mouse (M)CMV virus titres, cytokine expression, signal transduction, transcript stability, liver enzymes release, immune cell recruitment and aggregation in response to MCMV infection were studied ex vivo in hepatocytes and macrophages, as well as in vivo. RESULTS MK2 is critical for MCMV-induced production of IL-10, IFN-α2 and 4, IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α but not for IFN-γ. The MCMV-induced IL-10 production requires activation of IFNAR1 and is further regulated by MK2 and TTP-dependent stabilization of IL-10 transcripts. MK2(-/-) mice are able to control acute MCMV replication, despite deregulated cytokine production. This may be related to the observation that MCMV-infected MK2(-/-) mice show enhanced formation of focal intrahepatic lymphocyte infiltrates resembling intrahepatic myeloid cell aggregates of T cell expansion (iMATEs), which were also observed in MCMV-infected IL-10(-/-) mice but are almost absent in MCMV-infected wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that MK2 is critical for regulating cytokine responses towards acute MCMV infection, including that of IL-10 via IFNARI-mediated circuits. MCMV stimulates expression of MK2-dependent cytokines, in particular IL-10 and thereby prevents enhanced formation of intrahepatic iMATE-like cellular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehlting
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Tiedje
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kluge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Zimmermann
- Institute for Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Graf
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Astani A, Albrecht U, Schnitzler P. Piroxicam inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro. Pharmazie 2015; 70:331-336. [PMID: 26062303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Piroxicam is a potent, nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) which also exhibits antipyretic activity. The antiviral effect of piroxicam against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was examined in vitro on RC-37 monkey kidney cells using a plaque reduction assay. Piroxicam was dissolved in ethanol or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined at 4 μg/ml and 75 μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 for the standard antiherpetic drug acyclovir was determined at 1.6 μM. At non-cytotoxic concentrations of these piroxicam solutions, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 62.4% for ethanolic piroxicam and 72.8% for piroxicam in DMSO. The mode of antiviral action of these drugs was assessed by time-on-addition assays. No antiviral effect was observed when cells were incubated with piroxicam prior to infection with HSV-1 or when HSV-1 infected cells were treated with dissolved piroxicam. Herpesvirus infection was, however, significantly inhibited when HSV-1 was incubated with piroxicam prior to the infection of cells. These results indicate that piroxicam affected the virus before adsorption, but not after penetration into the host cell, suggesting that piroxicam exerts a direct antiviral effect on HSV-1. Free herpesvirus was sensitive to piroxicam in a concentration-dependent manner and the inhibition of HSV-1 appears to occur before entering the cell but not after penetration of the virus into the cell. Considering the lipophilic nature of piroxicam, which enables it to penetrate the skin, it might be suitable for topical treatment of herpetic infections.
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Karall D, Mair G, Albrecht U, Niedermayr K, Karall T, Schobersberger W, Scholl-Bürgi S. Sports in LCHAD Deficiency: Maximal Incremental and Endurance Exercise Tests in a 13-Year-Old Patient with Long-Chain 3-Hydroxy Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCHADD) and Heptanoate Treatment. JIMD Rep 2014; 17:7-12. [PMID: 24997711 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and subsequent catabolism is a potential trigger for creatine kinase (CK) concentration increase (rhabdomyolysis) in patients with LCHADD, therefore we evaluated the clinical and biochemical stability under physical exertion conditions at the age of 13 years in a currently 14-year-old LCHADD patient treated with heptanoate.LCHADD was diagnosed during first decompensation at age 20 months. In the following 2 years, the patient had several episodes of rhabdomyolysis. Heptanoate 0.5-1 g/kg/day was started at 4 years, with no further CK elevations since. He is clinically stable, has retinopathy without vision impairment or polyneuropathy. Maximal incremental and endurance exercise tests were performed to evaluate both clinical and metabolic stability during and after exertion.Physical fitness was adequate for age (maximum blood lactate 7.0 mmol/L, appropriate lactate performance curve, maximum heart rate of 196 bpm, maximum power 139 Watt = 2.68 Watt/kg body weight). There were no signs of clinical (muscle pain, dark urine) or metabolic derangement (stable CK, acyl carnitine profiles, blood gas analyses) - neither after maximal incremental nor endurance exertion.This case illustrates that both under maximal incremental and endurance exertion, clinical and biochemical parameters remained stable in this currently 14-year-old LCHADD patient receiving heptanoate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karall
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University Innsbruck, Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Innsbruck, Austria,
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Albrecht U. S44: Molecular biology of the circadian clock. Clin Neurophysiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(14)50043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Martinelli F, Reagan RL, Uratsu SL, Phu ML, Albrecht U, Zhao W, Davis CE, Bowman KD, Dandekar AM. Gene regulatory networks elucidating huanglongbing disease mechanisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74256. [PMID: 24086326 PMCID: PMC3783430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing was exploited to gain deeper insight into the response to infection by Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas), especially the immune disregulation and metabolic dysfunction caused by source-sink disruption. Previous fruit transcriptome data were compared with additional RNA-Seq data in three tissues: immature fruit, and young and mature leaves. Four categories of orchard trees were studied: symptomatic, asymptomatic, apparently healthy, and healthy. Principal component analysis found distinct expression patterns between immature and mature fruits and leaf samples for all four categories of trees. A predicted protein - protein interaction network identified HLB-regulated genes for sugar transporters playing key roles in the overall plant responses. Gene set and pathway enrichment analyses highlight the role of sucrose and starch metabolism in disease symptom development in all tissues. HLB-regulated genes (glucose-phosphate-transporter, invertase, starch-related genes) would likely determine the source-sink relationship disruption. In infected leaves, transcriptomic changes were observed for light reactions genes (downregulation), sucrose metabolism (upregulation), and starch biosynthesis (upregulation). In parallel, symptomatic fruits over-expressed genes involved in photosynthesis, sucrose and raffinose metabolism, and downregulated starch biosynthesis. We visualized gene networks between tissues inducing a source-sink shift. CaLas alters the hormone crosstalk, resulting in weak and ineffective tissue-specific plant immune responses necessary for bacterial clearance. Accordingly, expression of WRKYs (including WRKY70) was higher in fruits than in leaves. Systemic acquired responses were inadequately activated in young leaves, generally considered the sites where most new infections occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinelli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Dipartimento di Sistemi Agro-ambientali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Russell L. Reagan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Uratsu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - My L. Phu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Albrecht
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Weixiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Bowman
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Langhorst J, Varnhagen I, Schneider SB, Albrecht U, Rueffer A, Stange R, Michalsen A, Dobos GJ. Randomised clinical trial: a herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis--a double-blind, double-dummy study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:490-500. [PMID: 23826890 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The herbal treatment with myrrh, dry extract of chamomile flowers and coffee charcoal has anti-inflammatory and antidiarrhoeal potential and might benefit patients with UC. Aminosalicylates are used as standard treatment for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM To compare the efficacy of the two treatments in maintaining remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS We performed a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy study over a 12-month period in patients with UC. Primary endpoint was non-inferiority of the herbal preparation as defined by mean Clinical Colitis Activity Index (CAI-Rachmilewitz). Secondary endpoints were relapse rates, safety profile, relapse-free times, endoscopic activity and faecal biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 96 patients (51 female) with inactive UC were included. Mean CAI demonstrated no significant difference between the two treatment groups in the intention-to-treat (P = 0.121) or per-protocol (P = 0.251) analysis. Relapse rates in total were 22/49 patients (45%) in the mesalazine treatment group and 25/47 patients (53%) in the herbal treatment group (P = 0.540). Safety profile and tolerability were good and no significant differences were shown in relapse-free time, endoscopy and faecal biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile extract and coffee charcoal is well tolerated and shows a good safety profile. We found first evidence for a potential efficacy non-inferior to the gold standard therapy mesalazine, which merits further study of its clinical usefulness in maintenance therapy of patients with ulcerative colitis. EudraCT-Number 2007-007928-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Langhorst
- Department for Integrative Gastroenterology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1042] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Lu H, Zhang C, Albrecht U, Shimizu R, Wang G, Bowman KD. Overexpression of a citrus NDR1 ortholog increases disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:157. [PMID: 23761797 PMCID: PMC3669760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Emerging devastating diseases, such as Huanglongbing (HLB) and citrus canker, have caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry worldwide. Genetic engineering is a powerful approach that could allow us to increase citrus resistance against these diseases. The key to the success of this approach relies on a thorough understanding of defense mechanisms of citrus. Studies of Arabidopsis and other plants have provided a framework for us to better understand defense mechanisms of citrus. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signaling molecule involved in basal defense and resistance (R) gene-mediated defense against broad-spectrum pathogens. The Arabidopsis gene NDR1 (NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1) is a positive regulator of SA accumulation and is specifically required for signaling mediated by a subset of R genes upon recognition of their cognate pathogen effectors. Our bioinformatic analysis identified an ortholog of NDR1 from citrus, CsNDR1. Overexpression of CsNDR1 complemented susceptibility conferred by the Arabidopsis ndr1-1 mutant to Pseudomonas syringae strains and also led to enhanced resistance to an oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Such heightened resistance is associated with increased SA production and expression of the defense marker gene PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (PR1). In addition, we found that expression of PR1 and accumulation of SA were induced to modest levels in citrus infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterial pathogen associated with HLB disease. Thus, our data suggest that CsNDR1 is a functional ortholog of Arabidopsis NDR1. Since Ca. L. asiaticus infection only activates modest levels of defense responses in citrus, we propose that genetically increasing SA/NDR1-mediated pathways could potentially lead to enhanced resistance against HLB, citrus canker, and other destructive diseases challenging global citrus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ute Albrecht
- United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Rena Shimizu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guanfeng Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim D. Bowman
- United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort Pierce, FL, USA
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Lu H, Zhang C, Albrecht U, Shimizu R, Wang G, Bowman KD. Overexpression of a citrus NDR1 ortholog increases disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:157. [PMID: 23761797 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00157.4:157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Emerging devastating diseases, such as Huanglongbing (HLB) and citrus canker, have caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry worldwide. Genetic engineering is a powerful approach that could allow us to increase citrus resistance against these diseases. The key to the success of this approach relies on a thorough understanding of defense mechanisms of citrus. Studies of Arabidopsis and other plants have provided a framework for us to better understand defense mechanisms of citrus. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signaling molecule involved in basal defense and resistance (R) gene-mediated defense against broad-spectrum pathogens. The Arabidopsis gene NDR1 (NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1) is a positive regulator of SA accumulation and is specifically required for signaling mediated by a subset of R genes upon recognition of their cognate pathogen effectors. Our bioinformatic analysis identified an ortholog of NDR1 from citrus, CsNDR1. Overexpression of CsNDR1 complemented susceptibility conferred by the Arabidopsis ndr1-1 mutant to Pseudomonas syringae strains and also led to enhanced resistance to an oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Such heightened resistance is associated with increased SA production and expression of the defense marker gene PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (PR1). In addition, we found that expression of PR1 and accumulation of SA were induced to modest levels in citrus infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterial pathogen associated with HLB disease. Thus, our data suggest that CsNDR1 is a functional ortholog of Arabidopsis NDR1. Since Ca. L. asiaticus infection only activates modest levels of defense responses in citrus, we propose that genetically increasing SA/NDR1-mediated pathways could potentially lead to enhanced resistance against HLB, citrus canker, and other destructive diseases challenging global citrus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore, MD, USA
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Erzberger A, Hampp G, Granada AE, Albrecht U, Herzel H. Genetic redundancy strengthens the circadian clock leading to a narrow entrainment range. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130221. [PMID: 23676895 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are internal timekeepers present in almost all organisms. Driven by a genetic network of highly conserved structure, they generate self-sustained oscillations that entrain to periodic external signals such as the 24 h light-dark cycle. Vertebrates possess multiple, functionally overlapping homologues of the core clock genes. Furthermore, vertebrate clocks entrain to a range of periods three times as narrow as that of other organisms. We asked whether genetic redundancies play a role in governing entrainment properties and analysed locomotor activity rhythms of genetically modified mice lacking one set of clock homologues. Exposing them to non-24 h light-dark cycles, we found that the mutant mice have a wider entrainment range than the wild types. Spectral analysis furthermore revealed nonlinear phenomena of periodically forced self-sustained oscillators for which the entrainment range relates inversely to oscillator amplitude. Using the forced oscillator model to explain the observed differences in entrainment range between mutant and wild-type mice, we sought to quantify the overall oscillator amplitude of their clocks from the activity rhythms and found that mutant mice have weaker circadian clocks than wild types. Our results suggest that genetic redundancy strengthens the circadian clock leading to a narrow entrainment range in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erzberger
- Department of Biological Physics, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.
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Zhao H, Sun R, Albrecht U, Padmanabhan C, Wang A, Coffey MD, Girke T, Wang Z, Close TJ, Roose M, Yokomi RK, Folimonova S, Vidalakis G, Rouse R, Bowman KD, Jin H. Small RNA profiling reveals phosphorus deficiency as a contributing factor in symptom expression for citrus huanglongbing disease. Mol Plant 2013; 6:301-10. [PMID: 23292880 PMCID: PMC3716302 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease that is associated with bacteria of the genus 'Candidatus Liberibacter' (Ca. L.). Powerful diagnostic tools and management strategies are desired to control HLB. Host small RNAs (sRNA) play a vital role in regulating host responses to pathogen infection and are used as early diagnostic markers for many human diseases, including cancers. To determine whether citrus sRNAs regulate host responses to HLB, sRNAs were profiled from Citrus sinensis 10 and 14 weeks post grafting with Ca. L. asiaticus (Las)-positive or healthy tissue. Ten new microRNAs (miRNAs), 76 conserved miRNAs, and many small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were discovered. Several miRNAs and siRNAs were highly induced by Las infection, and can be potentially developed into early diagnosis markers of HLB. miR399, which is induced by phosphorus starvation in other plant species, was induced specifically by infection of Las but not Spiroplasma citri that causes citrus stubborn-a disease with symptoms similar to HLB. We found a 35% reduction of phosphorus in Las-positive citrus trees compared to healthy trees. Applying phosphorus oxyanion solutions to HLB-positive sweet orange trees reduced HLB symptom severity and significantly improved fruit production during a 3-year field trial in south-west Florida. Our molecular, physiological, and field data suggest that phosphorus deficiency is linked to HLB disease symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruobai Sun
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ute Albrecht
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Chellappan Padmanabhan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Airong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Michael D. Coffey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas Girke
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Timothy J. Close
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mikeal Roose
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Raymond K. Yokomi
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
| | - Svetlana Folimonova
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Robert Rouse
- University of Florida, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
| | - Kim D. Bowman
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Langhorst J, Westendorf A, Knopp M, Schneider S, Goos K, Albrecht U, Rueffer A, Stange R, Michalsen A, Dobos G. OA07.03. Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial of myrrh, chamomile, coffee charcoal compared to mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Altern Ther Health Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3373729 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-s1-o27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Martinelli F, Uratsu SL, Albrecht U, Reagan RL, Phu ML, Britton M, Buffalo V, Fass J, Leicht E, Zhao W, Lin D, D'Souza R, Davis CE, Bowman KD, Dandekar AM. Transcriptome profiling of citrus fruit response to huanglongbing disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38039. [PMID: 22675433 PMCID: PMC3364978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) or “citrus greening” is the most destructive citrus disease worldwide. In this work, we studied host responses of citrus to infection with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) using next-generation sequencing technologies. A deep mRNA profile was obtained from peel of healthy and HLB-affected fruit. It was followed by pathway and protein-protein network analysis and quantitative real time PCR analysis of highly regulated genes. We identified differentially regulated pathways and constructed networks that provide a deep insight into the metabolism of affected fruit. Data mining revealed that HLB enhanced transcription of genes involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis and in ATP synthesis. Activation of protein degradation and misfolding processes were observed at the transcriptomic level. Transcripts for heat shock proteins were down-regulated at all disease stages, resulting in further protein misfolding. HLB strongly affected pathways involved in source-sink communication, including sucrose and starch metabolism and hormone synthesis and signaling. Transcription of several genes involved in the synthesis and signal transduction of cytokinins and gibberellins was repressed while that of genes involved in ethylene pathways was induced. CaLas infection triggered a response via both the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways and increased the transcript abundance of several members of the WRKY family of transcription factors. Findings focused on the fruit provide valuable insight to understanding the mechanisms of the HLB-induced fruit disorder and eventually developing methods based on small molecule applications to mitigate its devastating effects on fruit production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinelli
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Dipartimento di Sistemi Agro-Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sandra L. Uratsu
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Albrecht
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Russell L. Reagan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - My L. Phu
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Britton
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent Buffalo
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Fass
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Leicht
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Weixiang Zhao
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dawei Lin
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Raissa D'Souza
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Bowman
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lametschwandtner A, Albrecht U, Adam H. The Vascularization of the Anuran Brain: Olfactory Bulb and Telencephalon: A scanning electron microscopical study of vascular corrosion casts. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1980.tb01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Albrecht U, Lametschwandtner A, Adam H. The Vascularization of the Anuran Brain Rhombencephalon and Medulla spinalis: A scanning electron microscopical study of vascular corrosion casts. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1980.tb01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Albrecht U, Lametschwandtner A, Adam H. The Vascularization of the Anuran Brain Diencephalon and Choroid Plexus: A scanning electron microscopical study of vascular corrosion casts. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1980.tb01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Albrecht U, Bowman KD. Transcriptional response of susceptible and tolerant citrus to infection with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Plant Sci 2012; 185-186:118-30. [PMID: 22325873 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), a non-culturable phloem-limited bacterium, is the suspected causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) in Florida. HLB is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus and no resistant cultivars have been identified to date, though tolerance has been observed in the genus Poncirus and some of its hybrids. This study compares transcriptional changes in tolerant US-897 (Citrus reticulata Blanco×Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) and susceptible 'Cleopatra' mandarin (C. reticulata) seedlings in response to infection with Las using the Affymetrix GeneChip citrus array, with the main objective of identifying genes associated with tolerance to HLB. Microarray analysis identified 326 genes which were significantly upregulated by at least 4-fold in the susceptible genotype, compared with only 17 genes in US-897. Exclusively upregulated in US-897 was a gene for a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependant oxygenase, an important enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. More than eight hundred genes were expressed at much higher levels in US-897 independent of infection with Las. Among these, genes for a constitutive disease resistance protein (CDR1) were notable. The possible involvement of these and other detected genes in tolerance to HLB and their possible use for biotechnology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Albrecht
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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42
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Schmutz I, Albrecht U, Ripperger JA. The role of clock genes and rhythmicity in the liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:38-44. [PMID: 21664421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the important organ to maintain energy homeostasis of an organism. To achieve this, many biochemical reactions run in this organ in a rhythmic fashion. An elegant way to coordinate the temporal expression of genes for metabolic enzymes relies in the link to the circadian timing system. In this fashion not only a maximum of synchronization is achieved, but also anticipation of daily recurring events is possible. Here we will focus on the input and output pathways of the hepatic circadian oscillator and discuss the recently found flexibility of its circadian transcriptional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schmutz
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Dittrich A, Khouri C, Sackett SD, Ehlting C, Böhmer O, Albrecht U, Bode JG, Trautwein C, Schaper F. Glucocorticoids increase interleukin-6-dependent gene induction by interfering with the expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 feedback inhibitor. Hepatology 2012; 55:256-66. [PMID: 21898505 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glucocorticoids are known to be potent regulators of inflammation and have been used pharmacologically against inflammatory, immune, and lymphoproliferative diseases for more than 50 years. Due to their possible and well-documented side effects, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms and targets of glucocorticoid action in detail. Several modes of action have been discussed; nevertheless, none of them fully explain all the functions of glucocorticoids. Therefore, we analyzed the cross-talk between glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the liver. IL-6 exerts pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory properties and is a main inducer of the acute-phase response. The balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities of IL-6 is tightly regulated by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a well-known feedback inhibitor of IL-6 signaling. Here, it is demonstrated that glucocorticoids enhance IL-6-dependent γ-fibrinogen expression. Studying of the underlying mechanism revealed prolonged activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) caused by down-regulation of SOCS3 protein expression. Consequently, in SOCS3-deficient cells glucocorticoids do not affect IL-6-induced signal transduction. Moreover, in hepatocytes lacking the SOCS3 recruiting motif within gp130, IL-6-dependent γ-fibrinogen expression is not influenced by glucocorticoid treatment. CONCLUSION Glucocorticoids interfere with IL-6-induced expression of the feedback inhibitor SOCS3, thereby leading to enhanced expression of acute-phase genes in hepatocytes. This mechanism contributes to the explanation of how glucocorticoids affect inflammation and acute-phase gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dittrich
- Department of Systems Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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44
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Bode JG, Albrecht U, Häussinger D, Heinrich PC, Schaper F. Hepatic acute phase proteins--regulation by IL-6- and IL-1-type cytokines involving STAT3 and its crosstalk with NF-κB-dependent signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:496-505. [PMID: 22093287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the liver as an important constituent of the immune system involved in innate as well as adaptive immunity is warranted by different highly specialized cell populations. As the major source of acute phase proteins, including secreted pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), short pentraxins, components of the complement system or regulators of iron metabolism, hepatocytes are essential constituents of innate immunity and largely contribute to the control of a systemic inflammatory response. The production of acute phase proteins in hepatocytes is controlled by a variety of different cytokines released during the inflammatory process with IL-1- and IL-6-type cytokines as the leading regulators operating both as a cascade and as a network having additive, inhibitory, or synergistic regulatory effects on acute phase protein expression. Hence, IL-1β substantially modifies IL-6-induced acute phase protein production as it almost completely abrogates production of acute phase proteins such as γ-fibrinogen, α(2)-macroglobulin or α(1)-antichymotrypsin, whereas production of for example hepcidin, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A is strongly up-regulated. This switch-like regulation of IL-6-induced acute phase protein production by IL-1β is due to a complex processing of the intracellular signaling events activated in response to IL-6 and/or IL-1β, with the crosstalk between STAT3- and NF-κB-mediated signal transduction being of particular importance. Recent data suggest that in this context complex formation between STAT3 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB might be of key importance. The present review summarizes the regulation of acute phase protein production focusing on the role of the crosstalk of STAT3- and NF-κB-driven pathways for transcriptional control of acute phase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Karall D, Haberlandt E, Schimmel M, Schocke M, Gautsch K, Albrecht U, Baumgartner Sigl S, Scholl-Bürgi S. Cytotoxic not vasogenic edema is the cause for stroke-like episodes in propionic acidemia. Neuropediatrics 2011; 42:210. [PMID: 21959745 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1287772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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Ehlting C, Ronkina N, Böhmer O, Albrecht U, Bode KA, Lang KS, Kotlyarov A, Radzioch D, Gaestel M, Häussinger D, Bode JG. Distinct functions of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinases MK2 and MK3: MK2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation by preventing negative regulatory effects of MK3. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24113-24. [PMID: 21586572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In LPS-treated macrophages, activation of STAT3 is considered to be crucial for terminating the production of inflammatory cytokines. By analyzing the role of MAPK-activated protein kinase (MK) 2 and MK3 for LPS-induced STAT3 activation in macrophages, the present study provides evidence that MK2 is crucial for STAT3 activation in response to LPS because it prevents MK3 from impeding IFNβ gene expression. Accordingly, LPS-induced IFNβ gene expression is down-regulated in MK2-deficient macrophages and can be reconstituted by additional ablation of the MK3 gene in MK2/3(-/-) macrophages. This is in contrast to LPS-induced IL-10 expression, which essentially requires the presence of MK2. Further analysis of downstream signaling events involved in the transcriptional regulation of IFNβ gene expression suggests that, in the absence of MK2, MK3 impairs interferon regulatory factor 3 protein expression and activation and inhibits nuclear translocation of p65. This inhibition of p65 nuclear translocation coincides with enhanced expression and delayed degradation of IκBβ, whereas expression of IκBα mRNA and protein is impaired in the absence of MK2. The observation that siRNA directed against IκBβ is able to reconstitute IκBα expression in MK2(-/-) macrophages suggests that enhanced expression and delayed degradation of IκBβ and impaired NFκB-dependent IκBα expression are functionally linked. In summary, evidence is provided that MK2 regulates LPS-induced IFNβ expression and downstream STAT3 activation as it restrains MK3 from mediating negative regulatory effects on NFκB- and interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent LPS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehlting
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Forssmann WG, The YH, Stoll M, Adermann K, Albrecht U, Tillmann HC, Barlos K, Busmann A, Canales-Mayordomo A, Gimenez-Gallego G, Hirsch J, Jimenez-Barbero J, Meyer-Olson D, Munch J, Perez-Castells J, Standker L, Kirchhoff F, Schmidt RE. Short-Term Monotherapy in HIV-Infected Patients with a Virus Entry Inhibitor Against the gp41 Fusion Peptide. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:63re3. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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48
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Sparna T, Rétey J, Schmich K, Albrecht U, Naumann K, Gretz N, Fischer HP, Bode JG, Merfort I. Genome-wide comparison between IL-17 and combined TNF-alpha/IL-17 induced genes in primary murine hepatocytes. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:226. [PMID: 20374638 PMCID: PMC2858152 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are known for their contribution to inflammatory processes in liver. In contrast, the cytokine IL-17 has not yet been assigned a role in liver diseases. IL-17 can cooperate with TNF-alpha to induce a synergistic response on several target genes in different cell lines, but no data exist for primary hepatocytes. To enhance our knowledge on the impact of IL-17 alone and combined with TNF-alpha in primary murine hepatocytes a comprehensive microarray study was designed. IL-1beta was included as this cytokine is suggested to act in a similar manner as the combination of TNF-alpha and IL-17, especially with respect to its role in mRNA stabilization. Results The present microarray analysis demonstrates that primary murine hepatocytes responded to IL-17 stimulation by upregulation of chemokines and genes, which are functionally responsible to increase and sustain inflammation. Cxcl2, Nfkbiz and Zc3h12a were strongly induced, whereas the majority of the genes were only very moderately up-regulated. Promoter analysis revealed involvement of NF-kappaB in the activation of many genes. Combined stimulation of TNF-alpha/IL-17 resulted in enhanced induction of gene expression, but significantly synergistic effects could be applied only to a few genes, such as Nfkbiz, Cxcl2, Zc3h12 and Steap4. Comparison of the gene expression profile obtained after stimulation of TNF-alpha/IL-17 versus IL-1beta proposed an "IL-1beta-like effect" of the latter cytokine combination. Moreover, evidence was provided that modulation of mRNA stability may be a major mechanism by which IL-17 regulates gene expression in primary hepatocytes. This assumption was exemplarily proven for Nfkbiz mRNA for the first time in hepatocytes. Our studies also suggest that RNA stability can partially be correlated to the existence of AU rich elements, but further mechanisms like the RNase activity of the up-regulated Zc3h12a have to be considered. Conclusions Our microarray analysis gives new insights in IL-17 induced gene expression in primary hepatocytes highlighting the crosstalk with the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Gene expression profile suggests IL-17 alone and in concert with TNF-alpha a role in sustaining liver inflammatory processes. IL-17 might exceed this function by RNA stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Sparna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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49
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Mendoza J, Albrecht U, Challet E. Behavioural food anticipation in clock genes deficient mice: confirming old phenotypes, describing new phenotypes. Genes Brain Behav 2010; 9:467-77. [PMID: 20180860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Animals fed daily at the same time exhibit circadian food-anticipatory activity (FAA), which has been suggested to be driven by one or several food-entrainable oscillators (FEOs). FAA is altered in mice lacking some circadian genes essential for timekeeping in the main suprachiasmatic clock (SCN). Here, we confirmed that single mutations of clock genes Per1(-/-) and Per2(Brdm1) alter FAA expression in constant darkness (DD) or under a light-dark cycle (LD). Furthermore, we found that Per1(-/-);Per2(Brdm1) and Per2(Brdm1);Cry1(-/-) double mutant animals did not display a stable and significant FAA either in DD or LD. Interestingly, rescued behavioural rhythms in Per2(Brdm1);Cry2(-/-) mice in DD were totally entrained to feeding time and re-synchronized after phase-shifts of mealtime, indicating a higher SCN sensitivity to feeding cues. However, under an LD cycle and restricted feeding at midday, FAA in double Per2(Brdm1);Cry2(-/-) mutant mice was absent. These results indicate that shutting down one or two clock genes results in altered circadian meal anticipation. Moreover, we show that in a genetically rescued SCN clock (Per2(Brdm1);Cry2(-/-)), food is a powerful zeitgeber to entrain behavioural rhythms, leading the SCN to be more sensitive to feeding cues than in wild-type littermates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mendoza
- Institut de Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Département de Neurobiologie des Rythmes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR3212 associée à l'Université de Strasbourg, France.
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50
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Scholl-Bürgi S, Haberlandt E, Gotwald T, Albrecht U, Baumgartner Sigl S, Rauchenzauner M, Rostásy K, Karall D. Stroke-like episodes in propionic acidemia caused by central focal metabolic decompensation. Neuropediatrics 2009; 40:76-81. [PMID: 19809936 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1231065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acidemia caused by propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency frequently leads to neurologic complications. Herein we report an eleven-year-old patient with propionic acidemia having three stroke-like episodes during a period of 13 months characterized by acute reversible hemiplegia and vegetative symptoms like bradycardia or drowsiness. No biochemical signs of severe metabolic decompensation were detectable in plasma. At all three episodes, EEG was not indicative for status epilepticus, but in the acute episode it showed slowing of background activity emphasized on one side. MRI revealed reversible hyperintensities in cortical grey matter and basal ganglia. During the third episode a lumbar puncture was done in parallel with venous puncture. Concentrations of glutamine (902 micromol/L), glycine (24 micromol/L) and alanine (78 micromol/L) were elevated in CSF. In plasma glycine (1 859 micromol/L) and alanine (608 micromol/L) concentrations were also elevated, whereas the glutamine (458 micromol/L) concentration was normal. CSF/plasma ratios were elevated for glutamine (1.97) and alanine (0.13) and normal for glycine (0.01). We assume that the stroke-like episodes in our patient may be caused by an acute focal cerebral metabolic decompensation, which is detectable by unspecific changes in MRI and by measuring amino acids and lactate in CSF versus plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scholl-Bürgi
- Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Pediatrics IV, Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Innsbruck, Austria.
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