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Pillay R, Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL, Horsnell WGC, Icke C, Henderson I, Selkirk ME, Berkachy R, Naidoo P, Niehaus AJ, Singh R, Cunningham AF, O'Shea MK. Excretory-secretory products from adult helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis have in vitro bactericidal activity. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37929930 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Intestinal helminths and microbiota share the same anatomical niche during infection and are likely to interact either directly or indirectly. Whether intestinal helminths employ bactericidal strategies that influence their microbial environment is not completely understood.Hypothesis. In the present study, the hypothesis that the adult hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produces molecules that impair bacterial growth in vitro, is tested.Aim. To investigate the in vitro bactericidal activity of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis against commensal and pathogenic bacteria.Methodology. The bactericidal effect of somatic extract and excretory-secretory products of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria was assessed using growth assays. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays were performed using excretory-secretory products released from the pathogen.Results. Broad-spectrum in vitro bactericidal activity in excretory-secretory products, but not somatic extract of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was detected. The bactericidal activity of excretory-secretory products was concentration-dependent, maintained after heat treatment, and preserved after repeated freezing and thawing.Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrate that helminths such as Nippostrongylus brasiliensis release molecules via their excretory-secretory pathway that have broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. The mechanisms responsible for this bactericidal activity remain to be determined and further studies aimed at isolating and identifying active bactericidal molecules are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Pillay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Research Capacity Development, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zilungile L Mkhize-Kwitshana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Research Capacity Development, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rita Berkachy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pragalathan Naidoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Research Capacity Development, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abraham J Niehaus
- Department of Microbiology, Ampath Laboratories, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Chetty A, Darby MG, Pillaye J, Taliep A, Cunningham AF, O’Shea MK, Katawa G, Layland LE, Ritter M, Horsnell WGC. Induction of Siglec-F hiCD101 hi eosinophils in the lungs following murine hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170807. [PMID: 37251384 PMCID: PMC10213982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth-induced eosinophils accumulate around the parasite at the site of infection, or in parasite-damaged tissues well after the helminth has left the site. The role of helminth-elicited eosinophils in mediating parasite control is complex. While they may contribute to direct parasite-killing and tissue repair, their involvement in long-term immunopathogenesis is a concern. In allergic Siglec-FhiCD101hi, eosinophils are associated with pathology. Research has not shown if equivalent subpopulations of eosinophils are a feature of helminth infection. In this study, we demonstrate that lung migration of rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) results in a long-term expansion of distinct Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophil subpopulations. Nb-elevated eosinophil populations in the bone marrow and circulation did not present this phenotype. Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils exhibited an activated morphology including nuclei hyper-segmentation and cytoplasm degranulation. Recruitment of ST2+ ILC2s and not CD4+ T cells to the lungs was associated with the expansion of Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophils. This data identifies a morphologically distinct and persistent subset of Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils induced following Nb infection. These eosinophils may contribute to long-term pathology following helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew G. Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A'ishah Taliep
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Laura E. Layland
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Omondi MA, Kamassa EH, Katawa G, Tchopba CN, Vogelbusch C, Parcina M, Tchadié EP, Amessoudji OM, Arndts K, Karou SD, Ameyapoh Y, Kolou M, Hoerauf A, Layland LE, Horsnell WGC, Ritter M. Hookworm infection associates with a vaginal Type 1/Type 2 immune signature and increased HPV load. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1009968. [PMID: 36330509 PMCID: PMC9623172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1009968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection-driven changes to immunity in the female reproductive tract (FRT) is an immune axis that is currently understudied but can have major implications for the control of FRT infections. Here we address how human hookworm infection associates with vaginal immune profile and risk of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Stool, blood, cervical swabs and vaginal flushes were collected from women from the Central region of Togo to screen for hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale) and high carcinogenic risk HPV types, via Kato Katz and PCR, respectively. Cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels were analysed in cervicovaginal lavages and plasma samples. A pronounced mixed Type 1/Type 2 immune response was detected in the vaginal fluids of women with hookworm infection and this immune signature was a notable feature in hookworm-HPV co-infected women. Moreover, hookworm infection is positively associated with increased risk and load of HPV infection. These findings highlight helminth infection as a significant risk factor for acquiring a sexually transmitted viral infection and potentially raising the risk of subsequent pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent A. Omondi
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eya H. Kamassa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- *Correspondence: Manuel Ritter, ; William G. C. Horsnell, ; Laura E. Layland, ; Gnatoulma Katawa,
| | - Christèle N. Tchopba
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Celina Vogelbusch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Edlom P. Tchadié
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Oukoe M. Amessoudji
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Simplice D. Karou
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Yaovi Ameyapoh
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Malewé Kolou
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Manuel Ritter, ; William G. C. Horsnell, ; Laura E. Layland, ; Gnatoulma Katawa,
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Manuel Ritter, ; William G. C. Horsnell, ; Laura E. Layland, ; Gnatoulma Katawa,
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Manuel Ritter, ; William G. C. Horsnell, ; Laura E. Layland, ; Gnatoulma Katawa,
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Roberts LB, Berkachy R, Wane M, Patel DF, Schnoeller C, Lord GM, Gounaris K, Ryffel B, Quesniaux V, Darby M, Horsnell WGC, Selkirk ME. Differential Regulation of Allergic Airway Inflammation by Acetylcholine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893844. [PMID: 35711456 PMCID: PMC9196131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) from neuronal and non-neuronal sources plays an important role in the regulation of immune responses and is associated with the development of several disease pathologies. We have previously demonstrated that group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2)-derived ACh is required for optimal type 2 responses to parasitic infection and therefore sought to determine whether this also plays a role in allergic inflammation. RoraCre+ChatLoxP mice (in which ILC2s cannot synthesize ACh) were exposed to an allergenic extract of the fungus Alternaria alternata, and immune responses in the airways and lung tissues were analyzed. Airway neutrophilia and expression of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2 were enhanced 24 h after exposure, suggesting that ILC2-derived ACh plays a role in limiting excessive pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation. The effect of non-selective depletion of ACh was examined by intranasal administration of a stable parasite-secreted acetylcholinesterase. Depletion of airway ACh in this manner resulted in a more profound enhancement of neutrophilia and chemokine expression, suggesting multiple cellular sources for the release of ACh. In contrast, depletion of ACh inhibited Alternaria-induced activation of ILC2s, suppressing the expression of IL-5, IL-13, and subsequent eosinophilia. Depletion of ACh reduced macrophages with an alternatively activated M2 phenotype and an increase in M1 macrophage marker expression. These data suggest that ACh regulates allergic airway inflammation in several ways, enhancing ILC2-driven eosinophilia but suppressing neutrophilia through reduced chemokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Roberts
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Luke B. Roberts, ; Murray E. Selkirk,
| | - Rita Berkachy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madina Wane
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dhiren F. Patel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corinna Schnoeller
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M. Lord
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kleoniki Gounaris
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, Orléans, France
| | - Valerie Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, Orléans, France
| | - Matthew Darby
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, Orléans, France,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Murray E. Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Luke B. Roberts, ; Murray E. Selkirk,
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Abstract
In recently published work, Hu, Zhang, and colleagues identify SPRR2A as a novel intestinal antimicrobial protein (AMP) that targets Gram-positive bacteria (Hu et al., 2021). Unexpectedly, the authors show that SPRR2A is induced by helminth-elicited type 2 immunity to restrict pathogenic bacteria translocation across the helminth-infection-damaged epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Jõgi NO, Kitaba N, Storaas T, Schlünssen V, Triebner K, Holloway JW, Horsnell WGC, Svanes C, Bertelsen RJ. Ascaris exposure and its association with lung function, asthma, and DNA methylation in Northern Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1960-1969. [PMID: 34996616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaris infections, with a worldwide prevalence above 10%, can cause respiratory pathology. However, long-term effects on lung function in humans are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of Ascaris exposure with lung function, asthma, and DNA methylation. METHODS Serum Ascaris IgG antibodies were measured in 671 adults aged 18 to 47 years (46% women) from Aarhus, Bergen, and Tartu RHINESSA study centers. Seropositivity was defined as IgG above the 90th percentile. Linear and logistic regressions were used to analyze Ascaris seropositivity as associated with lung function and asthma, adjusted for age, height, and smoking and clustered by center. DNA methylation in blood was profiled by a commercial methylation assay. RESULTS Ascaris seropositivity was associated with lower FEV1 (-247 mL; 95% CI, -460, -34) and higher odds for asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 5.84; 95% CI, 1.67, 20.37) among men but not women, also after further adjusting for house dust mite sensitivity, consistent across study centers. At a genome-wide level, Ascaris exposure was associated with 23 differentially methylated sites in men and 3 in women. We identified hypermethylation of the MYBPC1 gene, which can regulate airway muscle contraction. We also identified genes linked to asthma pathogenesis such as CRHR1 and GRK1, as well as a differentially methylated region in the PRSS22 gene linked to nematode infection. CONCLUSION Ascaris exposure was associated with substantially lower lung function and increased asthma risk among men. Seropositive participants had sex-specific differences in DNA methylation compared to the unexposed, thus suggesting that exposure may lead to sex-specific epigenetic changes associated with lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Jõgi
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Negusse Kitaba
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Torgeir Storaas
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Occupation, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kai Triebner
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine/Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS-University of Orléans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France.
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Randi J Bertelsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway, Bergen, Norway
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Chetty A, Darby MG, Vornewald PM, Martín-Alonso M, Filz A, Ritter M, McSorley HJ, Masson L, Smith K, Brombacher F, O'Shea MK, Cunningham AF, Ryffel B, Oudhoff MJ, Dewals BG, Layland LE, Horsnell WGC. Il4ra-independent vaginal eosinophil accumulation following helminth infection exacerbates epithelial ulcerative pathology of HSV-2 infection. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:579-593.e5. [PMID: 33857419 PMCID: PMC8062792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How helminths influence the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted viral infections is not comprehensively understood. Here, we show that an acute helminth infection (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis [Nb]) induced a type 2 immune profile in the female genital tract (FGT). This leads to heightened epithelial ulceration and pathology in subsequent herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 infection. This was IL-5-dependent but IL-4 receptor alpha (Il4ra) independent, associated with increased FGT eosinophils, raised vaginal IL-33, and enhanced epithelial necrosis. Vaginal eosinophil accumulation was promoted by IL-33 induction following targeted vaginal epithelium damage from a papain challenge. Inhibition of IL-33 protected against Nb-exacerbated HSV-2 pathology. Eosinophil depletion reduced IL-33 release and HSV-2 ulceration in Nb-infected mice. These findings demonstrate that Nb-initiated FGT eosinophil recruitment promotes an eosinophil, IL-33, and IL-5 inflammatory circuit that enhances vaginal epithelial necrosis and pathology following HSV-2 infection. These findings identify a mechanistic framework as to how helminth infections can exacerbate viral-induced vaginal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Matthew G Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Pia M Vornewald
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Filz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindi Masson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa; Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Katherine Smith
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 3XN, UK
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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8
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Darby M, Roberts LB, Mackowiak C, Chetty A, Tinelli S, Schnoeller C, Quesniaux V, Berrard S, Togbe D, Selkirk ME, Ryffel B, Horsnell WGC. ILC3-derived acetylcholine promotes protease-driven allergic lung pathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1513-1516.e4. [PMID: 33461747 PMCID: PMC8022224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luke B Roberts
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Mackowiak
- INEM UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS and University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Alisha Chetty
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sasha Tinelli
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Corinna Schnoeller
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Quesniaux
- INEM UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS and University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | | | - Dieudonnée Togbe
- INEM UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS and University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS and University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; INEM UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS and University of Orleans, Orleans, France; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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9
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Roberts LB, Schnoeller C, Berkachy R, Darby M, Pillaye J, Oudhoff MJ, Parmar N, Mackowiak C, Sedda D, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Vaux R, Gounaris K, Berrard S, Withers DR, Horsnell WGC, Selkirk ME. Acetylcholine production by group 2 innate lymphoid cells promotes mucosal immunity to helminths. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/57/eabd0359. [PMID: 33674321 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical mediators of immunological and physiological responses at mucosal barrier sites. Whereas neurotransmitters can stimulate ILCs, the synthesis of small-molecule neurotransmitters by these cells has only recently been appreciated. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) are shown here to synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh) during parasitic nematode infection. The cholinergic phenotype of pulmonary ILC2s was associated with their activation state, could be induced by in vivo exposure to extracts of Alternaria alternata or the alarmin cytokines interleukin-33 (IL-33) and IL-25, and was augmented by IL-2 in vitro. Genetic disruption of ACh synthesis by murine ILC2s resulted in increased parasite burdens, lower numbers of ILC2s, and reduced lung and gut barrier responses to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. These data demonstrate a functional role for ILC2-derived ACh in the expansion of ILC2s for maximal induction of type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B Roberts
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Rita Berkachy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claire Mackowiak
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Delphine Sedda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Valerie Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Rachel Vaux
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sylvie Berrard
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, 75019 Paris, France
| | - David R Withers
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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10
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Coakley G, Volpe B, Bouchery T, Shah K, Butler A, Geldhof P, Hatherill M, Horsnell WGC, Esser-von Bieren J, Harris NL. Immune serum-activated human macrophages coordinate with eosinophils to immobilize Ascaris suum larvae. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12728. [PMID: 32394439 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infection represents a major health problem causing approximately 5 million disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Concerns that repeated anti-helminthic treatment may lead to drug resistance render it important that vaccines are developed but will require increased understanding of the immune-mediated cellular and antibody responses to helminth infection. IL-4 or antibody-activated murine macrophages are known to immobilize parasitic nematode larvae, but few studies have addressed whether this is translatable to human macrophages. In the current study, we investigated the capacity of human macrophages to recognize and attack larval stages of Ascaris suum, a natural porcine parasite that is genetically similar to the human helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Human macrophages were able to adhere to and trap A suum larvae in the presence of either human or pig serum containing Ascaris-specific antibodies and other factors. Gene expression analysis of serum-activated macrophages revealed that CCL24, a potent eosinophil attractant, was the most upregulated gene following culture with A suum larvae in vitro, and human eosinophils displayed even greater ability to adhere to, and trap, A suum larvae. These data suggest that immune serum-activated macrophages can recruit eosinophils to the site of infection, where they act in concert to immobilize tissue-migrating Ascaris larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen Shah
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alana Butler
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mark Hatherill
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola Laraine Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Darby MG, Chetty A, Mrjden D, Rolot M, Smith K, Mackowiak C, Sedda D, Nyangahu D, Jaspan H, Toellner KM, Waisman A, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Cunningham AF, Dewals BG, Brombacher F, Horsnell WGC. Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav3058. [PMID: 31236458 PMCID: PMC6587632 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immune transfer is the most significant source of protection from early-life infection, but whether maternal transfer of immunity by nursing permanently alters offspring immunity is poorly understood. Here, we identify maternal immune imprinting of offspring nursed by mothers who had a pre-conception helminth infection. Nursing of pups by helminth-exposed mothers transferred protective cellular immunity to these offspring against helminth infection. Enhanced control of infection was not dependent on maternal antibody. Protection associated with systemic development of protective type 2 immunity in T helper 2 (TH2) impaired IL-4Rα-/- offspring. This maternally acquired immunity was maintained into maturity and required transfer (via nursing) to the offspring of maternally derived TH2-competent CD4 T cells. Our data therefore reveal that maternal exposure to a globally prevalent source of infection before pregnancy provides long-term nursing-acquired immune benefits to offspring mediated by maternally derived pathogen-experienced lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Darby
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Alisha Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dunja Mrjden
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Marion Rolot
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Katherine Smith
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Claire Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Delphine Sedda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Donald Nyangahu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute and Departments of Paediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valerie Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
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12
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Logan E, Luabeya AKK, Mulenga H, Mrdjen D, Ontong C, Cunningham AF, Tameris M, McShane H, Scriba TJ, Horsnell WGC, Hatherill M. Elevated IgG Responses in Infants Are Associated With Reduced Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1529. [PMID: 30013573 PMCID: PMC6036805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether antibodies can prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this study, we examined the relationship between total plasma IgG levels, IgG elicited by childhood vaccines and soil-transmitted helminths, and Mtb infection prevalence, defined by positive QuantiFERON (QFT) test. Methods We studied 100 Mtb uninfected infants, aged 4–6 months. Ten infants (10%) converted to positive QFT test (QFT+) within 2 years of follow-up for Mtb infection. Antibody responses in plasma samples acquired at baseline and tuberculosis investigation were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ImmunoCAP® assay. Results QFT− infants displayed a significant increase in total IgG titers when re-tested, compared to IgG titers at baseline, which was not observed in QFT+ infants. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-specific IgG2 and live-attenuated measles vaccine-specific IgG were raised in QFT− infants, and infants who acquired an Mtb infection did not appear to launch a BCG-specific IgG2 response. IgG titers against the endemic helminth Ascaris lumbricoides increased from baseline to QFT re-testing in all infants. Conclusion These data show raised IgG associates with a QFT-status. Importantly, this effect was also associated with a trend showing raised IgG titers to BCG and measles vaccine. Our data suggest a possible protective association between raised antibody titers and acquisition of Mtb infection, potentially mediated by exposure to antigens both related and unrelated to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Logan
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angelique Kany Kany Luabeya
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Humphrey Mulenga
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dunja Mrdjen
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cynthia Ontong
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institutes of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Tameris
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institutes of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, CNRS-University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Mark Hatherill
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Jõgi NO, Svanes C, Siiak SP, Logan E, Holloway JW, Igland J, Johannessen A, Levin M, Real FG, Schlunssen V, Horsnell WGC, Bertelsen RJ. Zoonotic helminth exposure and risk of allergic diseases: A study of two generations in Norway. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 48:66-77. [PMID: 29117468 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and human studies indicate that definitive host helminth infections may confer protection from allergies. However, zoonotic helminths, such as Toxocara species (spp.), have been associated with increased allergies. OBJECTIVE We describe the prevalence of Toxocara spp. and Ascaris spp. seropositivity and associations with allergic diseases and sensitization, in 2 generations in Bergen, Norway. METHODS Serum levels of total IgG4, anti-Toxocara spp. IgG4 and Ascaris spp. IgG4 were established by ELISA in 2 cohorts: parents born 1945-1972 (n = 171) and their offspring born 1969-2003 (n = 264). Allergic outcomes and covariates were recorded through interviews and clinical examinations including serum IgEs and skin prick tests. RESULTS Anti-Ascaris spp. IgG4 was detected in 29.2% of parents and 10.3% of offspring, and anti-Toxocara spp. IgG4 in 17.5% and 8.0% of parents and offspring, respectively. Among offspring, anti-Toxocara spp. IgG4 was associated with pet keeping before age 15 (OR = 6.15; 95% CI = 1.37-27.5) and increasing BMI (1.16[1.06-1.25] per kg/m2 ). Toxocara spp. seropositivity was associated with wheeze (2.97[1.45- 7.76]), hayfever (4.03[1.63-9.95]), eczema (2.89[1.08-7.76]) and cat sensitization (5.65[1.92-16.6]) among offspring, but was not associated with allergic outcomes among parents. Adjustment for childhood or current pet keeping did not alter associations with allergies. Parental Toxocara spp. seropositivity was associated with increased offspring allergies following a sex-specific pattern. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE Zoonotic helminth exposure in Norway was less frequent in offspring than parents; however, Toxocara spp. seropositivity was associated with increased risk of allergic manifestations in the offspring generation, but not among parents. Changes in response to helminth exposure may provide insights into the increase in allergy incidence in affluent countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Jõgi
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - C Svanes
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - E Logan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J W Holloway
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Igland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Johannessen
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Levin
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F G Real
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - V Schlunssen
- Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine/Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
| | - R J Bertelsen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Hoving JC, Cutler AJ, Leeto M, Horsnell WGC, Dewals BG, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Brombacher F. Interleukin 13-mediated colitis in the absence of IL-4Rα signalling. Gut 2017; 66:2037-2039. [PMID: 28246312 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Hoving
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antony J Cutler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Mosiuoa Leeto
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G C Horsnell
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa.,Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Natalie E Nieuwenhuizen
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Ujma S, Horsnell WGC, Katz AA, Clark HW, Schäfer G. Non-Pulmonary Immune Functions of Surfactant Proteins A and D. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:3-11. [PMID: 27794581 DOI: 10.1159/000451026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are established as essential components of our innate immune system for protecting the lung from pathogens and allergens. They essentially exert their protective functions by regulating pulmonary homeostasis. Both proteins are however widely expressed throughout the body, including the female reproductive tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, the eye, ear, nasal compartment, central nervous system, the coronary artery and the skin. The functions of SP-A and SP-D at these sites are a relatively underinvestigated area, but it is emerging that both SP-A and SP-D contribute significantly to the regulation of inflammation and protection from infection at these sites. This review presents our current understanding of the roles of SP-A and SP-D in non-pulmonary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ujma
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Claassen-Weitz S, Wiysonge CS, Machingaidze S, Thabane L, Horsnell WGC, Zar HJ, Nicol MP, Kaba M. Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions on Fecal Bacterial Patterns and Their Association with Asthma. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:838. [PMID: 27445990 PMCID: PMC4925717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shantelle Claassen-Weitz
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles S Wiysonge
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch UniversityCape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research CouncilCape Town, South Africa
| | - Shingai Machingaidze
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster UniversityOntario, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'SulliVan Research CentreOntario, Canada
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Red Cross War Memorial Children's HospitalCape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur HospitalCape Town, South Africa
| | - Mamadou Kaba
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
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17
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Abstract
Resistin-like molecule (RELM) proteins are essential for immunity to helminths. Recently, Chen and collaborators identified a dominant role for RELMα over RELMβ in host immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis using a double knockout system. The study highlighted how important and yet divergent the contributions of these proteins are in the control of helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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18
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Thawer S, Auret J, Schnoeller C, Chetty A, Smith K, Darby M, Roberts L, Mackay RM, Whitwell HJ, Timms JF, Madsen J, Selkirk ME, Brombacher F, Clark HW, Horsnell WGC. Surfactant Protein-D Is Essential for Immunity to Helminth Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005461. [PMID: 26900854 PMCID: PMC4763345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary epithelial cell responses can enhance type 2 immunity and contribute to control of nematode infections. An important epithelial product is the collectin Surfactant Protein D (SP-D). We found that SP-D concentrations increased in the lung following Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection; this increase was dependent on key components of the type 2 immune response. We carried out loss and gain of function studies of SP-D to establish if SP-D was required for optimal immunity to the parasite. N. brasiliensis infection of SP-D-/- mice resulted in profound impairment of host innate immunity and ability to resolve infection. Raising pulmonary SP-D levels prior to infection enhanced parasite expulsion and type 2 immune responses, including increased numbers of IL-13 producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), elevated expression of markers of alternative activation by alveolar macrophages (alvM) and increased production of the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Adoptive transfer of alvM from SP-D-treated parasite infected mice into naïve recipients enhanced immunity to N. brasiliensis. Protection was associated with selective binding by the SP-D carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) to L4 parasites to enhance their killing by alvM. These findings are the first demonstration that the collectin SP-D is an essential component of host innate immunity to helminths. Infections by parasitic worms are very common, and controlling them is a major medical and veterinary challenge. Very few drugs exist to treat them, and the parasites can develop resistance to these. In order to find new ways to control worm infections, understanding how our immune system responds to them is essential. Many important parasitic worm infections move through the host lung. In this study we show that a major secreted protein in the lung, Surfactant Protein D (SP-D), is essential for immunity to a parasitic worm infection. We found that this protein binds to worm larvae in the lung to help the immune system kill them. Infecting mice that do not express SP-D with worms demonstrates SP-D is important in this immune response. These mice are unable to launch an effective anti-worm immune response and have many more worms in their intestine compared to mice that do express SP-D. We also show that if we increase SP-D levels in the lung the mouse has better immunity to worms. Together this shows for the first time that SP-D is very important for immunity to worm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyya Thawer
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Auret
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Corinna Schnoeller
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alisha Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine Smith
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Darby
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luke Roberts
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie-Marie Mackay
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J. Whitwell
- Cancer Proteomics, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Timms
- Cancer Proteomics, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Madsen
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Murray E. Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Howard William Clark
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HWC); (WGCH)
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail: (HWC); (WGCH)
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19
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Darby M, Schnoeller C, Vira A, Culley FJ, Culley F, Bobat S, Logan E, Kirstein F, Wess J, Cunningham AF, Brombacher F, Selkirk ME, Horsnell WGC. The M3 muscarinic receptor is required for optimal adaptive immunity to helminth and bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004636. [PMID: 25629518 PMCID: PMC4309615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is regulated by cholinergic signalling through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We show here that signalling through the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) plays an important role in adaptive immunity to both Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, as M3R-/- mice were impaired in their ability to resolve infection with either pathogen. CD4 T cell activation and cytokine production were reduced in M3R-/- mice. Immunity to secondary infection with N. brasiliensis was severely impaired, with reduced cytokine responses in M3R-/- mice accompanied by lower numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells and alternatively activated macrophages in the lungs. Ex vivo lymphocyte stimulation of cells from intact BALB/c mice infected with N. brasiliensis and S. typhimurium with muscarinic agonists resulted in enhanced production of IL-13 and IFN-γ respectively, which was blocked by an M3R-selective antagonist. Our data therefore indicate that cholinergic signalling via the M3R is essential for optimal Th1 and Th2 adaptive immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Darby
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Corinna Schnoeller
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alykhan Vira
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fiona Jane Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St.Mary's Campus, Praed Street, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St.Mary's Campus, Praed Street, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Logan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Kirstein
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Thawer SG, Horsnell WGC, Darby M, Hoving JC, Dewals B, Cutler AJ, Lang D, Brombacher F. Lung-resident CD4⁺ T cells are sufficient for IL-4Rα-dependent recall immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:239-48. [PMID: 23778354 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis reinfection requires pulmonary CD4⁺ T-cell responses. We examined whether secondary lymphoid recruited or pre-existing lung CD4⁺ T-cell populations coordinated this immunity. To do this, we blocked T-cell egress from lymph nodes using Fingolimod (FTY720). This impaired host ability to resolve a primary infection but did not change effectiveness of recall immunity. Associated with this effective recall immunity was the expansion and T helper type 2 polarization of a pre-existing pulmonary CD4⁺ T-cell population. LTβR-Ig (lymphotoxin beta-receptor fusion protein)-mediated disruption of stromal cell organization of immune cells did not disrupt this recall immunity, suggesting that protection was mediated by a pulmonary interstitial residing CD4⁺ T-cell population. Adoptive transfer of N. brasiliensis-experienced pulmonary CD4⁺ T cells from FTY720-treated wild-type or T-cell interleukin (IL)-4Rα-deficient mice demonstrated protection to be IL-4Rα dependent. These results show that pre-existing CD4⁺ T cells can drive effective recall immunity to N. brasiliensis infection independently of T-cell recruitment from secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Thawer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W G C Horsnell
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Darby
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J C Hoving
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Dewals
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A J Cutler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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du Plessis N, Kleynhans L, Thiart L, van Helden PD, Brombacher F, Horsnell WGC, Walzl G. Acute helminth infection enhances early macrophage mediated control of mycobacterial infection. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:931-41. [PMID: 23250274 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Co-infection with mycobacteria and helminths is widespread in developing countries, but how this alters host immunological control of each pathogen is not comprehensively understood. In this study, we demonstrate that acute Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) murine infection reduce early pulmonary mycobacterial colonization. This Nb-associated reduction in pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis colony-forming units was associated with early and increased activation of pulmonary CD4 T cells and increased T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine secretion. An accelerated and transient augmentation of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages (AMs) was also observed in co-infected animals. AMs displayed markers of both classical and alternative activation. Intranasal transfer of pulmonary macrophages obtained from donor mice 5 days after Nb infection significantly reduced pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin clearance in recipient mice. These data demonstrate that early stage Nb infection elicits a macrophage response, which is protective during the early stages of subsequent mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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22
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kirstein F, Jayakumar J, Emedi B, Hurdayal R, Horsnell WGC, Lopata AL, Brombacher F. Allergic airway disease is unaffected by the absence of IL-4Rα-dependent alternatively activated macrophages. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:743-750.e8. [PMID: 22552110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Markers of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are upregulated in the lungs of asthmatic patients and in mice with allergic airway disease. AAMs are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic airway disease by virtue of their decreased NO production and increased production of proline and polyamines, which are important in the synthesis of connective tissues such as collagen. OBJECTIVE We aimed to define the role of AAMs in the pathogenesis of allergic airway disease. METHODS The IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) gene is genetically abrogated in macrophages in LysM(cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice, which therefore have impaired IL-4/IL-13 activation of AAMs through IL-4R types 1 and 2. Responses of LysM(cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice and IL-4Rα(-/lox) littermate controls were examined in ovalbumin- and house dust mite-induced allergic airway disease. RESULTS IL-4Rα expression was shown to be efficiently depleted from alveolar macrophages, interstitial macrophages, and CD11b(+)MHCII(+) inflammatory macrophages. Although the expression of markers of AAMs such as Ym-1, arginase and found in inflammatory zone 1 was decreased in macrophages of LysM(cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice in chronic ovalbumin-induced allergic airway disease, airway hyperreactivity, T(H)2 responses, mucus hypersecretion, eosinophil infiltration, and collagen deposition were not significantly reduced. LysM(cre)IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice and littermate controls also developed similar responses in acute ovalbumin- and house dust mite-induced allergic airway disease. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the presence of AAMs in allergic airway disease may be only an association, as a result of the increased T(H)2 responses present during disease, and that IL-4Rα-dependent AAMs do not play an important role in the pathology of disease.
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23
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Horsnell WGC, Vira A, Kirstein F, Mearns H, Hoving JC, Cutler AJ, Dewals B, Myburgh E, Kimberg M, Arendse B, White N, Lopata A, Burger PE, Brombacher F. IL-4Rα-responsive smooth muscle cells contribute to initiation of TH2 immunity and pulmonary pathology in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:83-92. [PMID: 20737001 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections generate pulmonary pathologies that can be associated with strong T(H)2 polarization of the host's immune response. We present data demonstrating N. brasiliensis-driven airway mucus production to be dependent on smooth muscle cell interleukin 4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) responsiveness. At days 7 and 10 post infection (PI), significant airway mucus production was found in IL-4Rα(-/lox) control mice, whereas global knockout (IL-4Rα(-/-)) and smooth muscle-specific IL-4Rα-deficient mice (SM-MHC(Cre) IL-4Rα(-/lox)) showed reduced airway mucus responses. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-5 cytokine production in SM-MHC(Cre) IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice was impaired along with a transient reduction in T-cell numbers in the lung. In vitro treatment of smooth muscle cells with secreted N. brasiliensis excretory-secretory antigen (NES) induced IL-6 production. Decreased protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent smooth muscle cell proliferation associated with cell cycle arrest was found in cells stimulated with NES. Together, these data demonstrate that both IL-4Rα and NES-driven responses by smooth muscle cells make important contributions in initiating T(H)2 responses against N. brasiliensis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Kirstein F, Horsnell WGC, Kuperman DA, Huang X, Erle DJ, Lopata AL, Brombacher F. Expression of IL-4 receptor alpha on smooth muscle cells is not necessary for development of experimental allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:347-54. [PMID: 20579713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airflow in the lungs of patients with allergic asthma is impaired by excessive mucus production and airway smooth muscle contractions. Elevated levels of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are associated with this pathology. In vitro studies have suggested that IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) signaling on smooth muscle cells is critical for airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. OBJECTIVE To define the contribution of IL-4 and IL-13 to the onset of asthmatic pathology, the role of their key receptor IL-4Ralpha in smooth muscle cells was examined in vivo. METHODS By using transgenic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox) mice deficient in IL-4Ralpha in smooth muscle cells, in vivo effects of impaired IL-4Ralpha signaling in smooth muscle cells on the outcome of asthmatic disease were investigated for the first time. Allergic asthma was introduced in mice by repeated sensitization with ovalbumin/aluminum hydroxide on days 0, 7, and 14, followed by intranasal allergen challenge on days 21 to 23. Mice were investigated for the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, allergen-specific antibody production, T(h)2-type cytokine responses, and lung pathology. RESULTS Airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, mucus production, T(h)2 cytokine production, and specific antibody responses were unaffected in smooth muscle myosin heavy chain(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox) mice compared with control animals. CONCLUSION The impairment of IL-4Ralpha on smooth muscle cells had no effect on major etiologic markers of allergic asthma. These findings suggest that IL-4Ralpha responsiveness in airway smooth muscle cells during the early phase of allergic asthma is not, as suggested, necessary for the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kirstein
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town and International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Marillier RG, Brombacher TM, Dewals B, Leeto M, Barkhuizen M, Govender D, Kellaway L, Horsnell WGC, Brombacher F. IL-4R{alpha}-responsive smooth muscle cells increase intestinal hypercontractility and contribute to resistance during acute Schistosomiasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G943-51. [PMID: 20360135 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00321.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-(IL)-4 and IL-13 signal through heterodimeric receptors containing a common IL-4 receptor-alpha (IL-4Ralpha) subunit, which is important for protection against helminth infections, including schistosomiasis. Previous studies demonstrated important roles for IL-4Ralpha-responsive hematopoietic cells, including T cells and macrophages in schistosomiasis. In this study, we examined the role of IL-4Ralpha responsiveness by nonhematopoietic smooth muscle cells during experimental acute murine schistosomiasis. Comparative Schistosoma mansoni infection studies with smooth muscle cell-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient (SM-MHC(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) mice, heterozygous control (IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) mice, and global IL-4Ralpha-deficient (IL-4Ralpha(-/-)) mice were conducted. S. mansoni-infected SM-MHC(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice showed increased weight loss and earlier mortalities compared with IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice, despite comparable T(H)2/type 2 immune responses. In contrast to highly susceptible IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice, increased susceptibility in SM-MHC(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice was not accompanied by intestinal tissue damage and subsequent sepsis. However, both susceptible mutant mouse strains failed to efficiently expel eggs, demonstrated by egg reduction in the feces compared with control mice. Reduced egg expulsion was accompanied by impaired IL-4/IL-13-mediated hypercontractile intestinal responses, which was present in the more resistant control mice. Together, we conclude that IL-4Ralpha responsiveness by smooth muscle cells and subsequent IL-4- and IL-13-mediated hypercontractility are required for host protection during acute schistosomiasis to efficiently expel S. mansoni eggs and to prevent premature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Marillier
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB Univ. of Cape Town Campus, Wernher Beit South, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
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26
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Dewals B, Hoving JC, Leeto M, Marillier RG, Govender U, Cutler AJ, Horsnell WGC, Brombacher F. IL-4Ralpha responsiveness of non-CD4 T cells contributes to resistance in schistosoma mansoni infection in pan-T cell-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2009; 175:706-16. [PMID: 19628763 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are T helper 2 cytokines whose biological functions are induced through a common IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha). CD4(+) T cell-specific IL-4Ralpha-mediated signaling drives susceptibility to Leishmania major infection, but is not essential to host survival following Schistosoma mansoni infection. Here we generated a novel mouse model lacking IL-4Ralpha expression specifically on all T cells (iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox)), which was compared with CD4(+) T cell-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice (Lck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox)), to investigate the possible roles of IL-4Ralpha responsive non-CD4(+) T cells during either L. major or S. mansoni infection. Our results demonstrate a successful generation of transgene-bearing hemizygous iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) BALB/c mice that have effective deletion of IL-4Ralpha on all T-cell populations. We show that iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice infected with L. major developed a healing disease phenotype as previously observed in Lck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice, demonstrating that absence of IL-4Ralpha-responsive non-CD4(+) in addition to CD4(+) T cells does not further affect transformation of BALB/c to a healer phenotype. In acute schistosomiasis, however, iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice showed enhanced mortality compared with Il4ra(-/lox) and Lck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice. iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice died with similar kinetics to highly susceptible Il4ra(-/-) mice, despite controlling gut inflammation. In addition, iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice presented increased liver granuloma sizes, as compared with Lck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice, with similar eosinophils, fibrosis, and liver damage. In conclusion, IL-4Ralpha-responsive non-CD4(+) T cells prolong survival to acute schistosomiasis and contribute to the better control of hepatic granulomatous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dewals
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) University Campus, Room S1.27; Werner Beith South Wing, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
Any future development of effective vaccines against intestinal parasitic nematodes requires in-depth understanding of host-parasite interactions. In this issue, McCoy et al. (2008) demonstrate important protective roles for host antibody against parasitic nematodes. These findings are not only of great practical importance, but also highlight how little we understand these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G C Horsnell
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
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Marillier RG, Michels C, Smith EM, Fick LCE, Leeto M, Dewals B, Horsnell WGC, Brombacher F. IL-4/IL-13 independent goblet cell hyperplasia in experimental helminth infections. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:11. [PMID: 18373844 PMCID: PMC2329604 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal mucus production by hyperplasic goblet cells is a striking pathological feature of many parasitic helminth infections and is related to intestinal protection and worm expulsion. Induction of goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with TH2 immune responses, which in helminth infections are controlled primarily by IL-13, and also IL-4. In the study presented here we examine the goblet cell hyperplasic response to three experimental parasitic helminth infections; namely Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Syphacia obvelata and Schistosoma mansoni. RESULTS As expected N. brasiliensis infection induced a strong goblet cell hyperplasia dependent on IL-4/IL-13/IL-4Ralpha expression. In contrast, and despite previously published transiently elevated IL-4/IL-13 levels, S. obvelata infections did not increase goblet cell hyperplasia in the colon. Furthermore, induction of goblet cell hyperplasia in response to S. mansoni eggs traversing the intestine was equivalent between BALB/c, IL-4/IL-13-/- and IL-4Ralpha-/- mice. CONCLUSION Together these data demonstrate that intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia can be independent of TH2 immune responses associated with parasitic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Marillier
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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Myburgh E, Horsnell WGC, Cutler AJ, Arendse B, Kubo M, Brombacher F. Murine IL-4 is able to signal via chimeric human IL-4Ralpha/mouse gamma-chain receptor. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1327-36. [PMID: 18029018 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human IL-4Ralpha binds to mouse gammac resulting in a chimeric receptor specific for human IL-4 but not mouse IL-4, providing in principle an inducible hIL-4 system. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of human IL-4Ralpha transgenic mice on a mouse IL-4Ralpha-deficient background (hIL-4Ralpha Tg/mIL-4Ralpha(-/-)). The integrity of lymphocyte-specific hIL-4Ralpha expression in hIL-4Ralpha Tg/mIL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice was demonstrated by FACS analysis. This was confirmed in functional studies as lymphocytes responded to recombinant hIL-4 but not mIL-4 or mIL-13 in proliferation and T helper differentiation assays, demonstrating species-specificity and inducibility of the chimeric receptor in vitro. We then infected transgenic mice with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, known to induce a strong Type 2 response in wild-type mice. As expected hIL-4Ralpha Tg/mIL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice were unable to expel N. brasiliensis worms which confirms unresponsiveness in non-lymphocytes. However they developed a Th2 cytokine and IgE response in the absence of induction with hIL-4. These results suggested that lymphocyte-specific IL-4Ralpha responsiveness was still present in vivo. Neutralization of endogenous mIL-4 resulted in inhibition of N. brasiliensis-induced Th2 cytokine and total IgE production in hIL-4Ralpha Tg/mIL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice suggesting that mIL-4 was involved. Intercrossing hIL-4Ralpha Tg/mIL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice with mIL-4(-/-)/mIL-13(-/-) mice completely abrogated Type 2 responses in N. brasiliensis infections. Together, these data demonstrate that mIL-4 triggered the hIL-4Ralpha/mgammac chimeric receptor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmarie Myburgh
- University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division Immunology, Cape Town, South Africa
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Parsons S, Smith SGD, Martins Q, Horsnell WGC, Gous TA, Streicher EM, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Gey van Pittius NC. Pulmonary infection due to the dassie bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sp.) in a free-living dassie (rock hyrax-Procavia capensis) from South Africa. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 88:80-3. [PMID: 17933586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of extensive necrogranulomatous pneumonia due to infection with the dassie bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sp.) in a free-living pregnant adult female dassie (rock hyrax-Procavia capensis). A juvenile female dassie from the same colony also showed a focal lesion in the lungs suggestive of mycobacterial pneumonia. Our findings indicate the widespread occurrence of the dassie bacillus in free-living dassies and suggest very high infection rates in some populations. The introduction of South African dassies into novel environments should be considered in this light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Parsons
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology/Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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31
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Schwegmann A, Guler R, Cutler AJ, Arendse B, Horsnell WGC, Flemming A, Kottmann AH, Ryan G, Hide W, Leitges M, Seoighe C, Brombacher F. Protein kinase C delta is essential for optimal macrophage-mediated phagosomal containment of Listeria monocytogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16251-6. [PMID: 17913887 PMCID: PMC2000452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703496104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of macrophages and subsequent "killing" effector functions against infectious pathogens are essential for the establishment of protective immunity. NF-IL6 is a transcription factor downstream of IFN-gamma and TNF in the macrophage activation pathway required for bacterial killing. Comparison of microarray expression profiles of Listeria monocytogenes (LM)-infected macrophages from WT and NF-IL6-deficient mice enabled us to identify candidate genes downstream of NF-IL6 involved in the unknown pathways of LM killing independent of reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates. One differentially expressed gene, PKCdelta, had higher mRNA levels in the LM-infected NF-IL6-deficient macrophages as compared with WT. To define the role of PKCdelta during listeriosis, we infected PKCdelta-deficient mice with LM. PKCdelta-deficient mice were highly susceptible to LM infection with increased bacterial burden and enhanced histopathology despite enhanced NF-IL6 mRNA expression. Subsequent studies in PKCdelta-deficient macrophages demonstrated that, despite elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and NO production, increased escape of LM from the phagosome into the cytoplasm and uncontrolled bacterial growth occurred. Taken together these data identified PKCdelta as a critical factor for confinement of LM within macrophage phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Schwegmann
- *Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Reto Guler
- *Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Antony J. Cutler
- *Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Berenice Arendse
- *Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and
| | | | - Alexandra Flemming
- *Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Andreas H. Kottmann
- Psychogenics Inc., Genome Center, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Gregory Ryan
- Intracellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY 10032
| | - Winston Hide
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; and
| | - Michael Leitges
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathal Seoighe
- National Bioinformatics Network Node, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- *Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. E-mail:
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32
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Horsnell WGC, Cutler AJ, Hoving CJ, Mearns H, Myburgh E, Arendse B, Finkelman FD, Owens GK, Erle D, Brombacher F. Delayed goblet cell hyperplasia, acetylcholine receptor expression, and worm expulsion in SMC-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e1. [PMID: 17222057 PMCID: PMC1769405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) is essential for effective clearance of gastrointestinal nematode infections. Smooth muscle cells are considered to play a role in the type 2 immune response-driven expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes. Previous studies have shown in vitro that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 signaling in response to parasitic nematode infection significantly increases smooth muscle cell contractility. Inhibition of the IL-4Ralpha pathway inhibits this response. How this response manifests itself in vivo is unknown. In this study, smooth muscle cell IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice (SM-MHC(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox)) were generated and characterized to uncover any role for IL-4/IL-13 in this non-immune cell type in response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. IL-4Ralpha was absent from alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells, while other cell types showed normal IL-4Ralpha expression, thus demonstrating efficient cell-type-specific deletion of the IL-4Ralpha gene. N. brasiliensis-infected SM-MHC(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox) mice showed delayed ability to resolve infection with significantly prolonged fecal egg recovery and delayed worm expulsion. The delayed expulsion was related to a delayed intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia, reduced T helper 2 cytokine production in the mesenteric lymph node, and reduced M3 muscarinic receptor expression during infection. Together, these results demonstrate that in vivo IL-4Ralpha-responsive smooth muscle cells are beneficial for N. brasiliensis expulsion by coordinating T helper 2 cytokine responses, goblet hyperplasia, and acetylcholine responsiveness, which drive smooth muscle cell contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antony J Cutler
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire J Hoving
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen Mearns
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Berenice Arendse
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gary K Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dave Erle
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and its yeast orthologue, Sec18, are cytoplasmic AAA(+) ATPases required for most intracellular membrane fusion events. The primary function of NSF is thought to be the disassembly of cis-SNARE complexes, thus allowing trans-SNARE complex formation and subsequent membrane fusion. The importance of NSF/Sec18 in intracellular membrane traffic in vivo is highlighted by the inhibition of neurotransmission in Drosophila comatose (NSF) mutants and of constitutive secretion in yeast sec18 mutants. However, the underlying biochemical defects in these mutant proteins are largely unknown. Here, we identify the sec18-1 mutation as a G89D substitution in the N domain of Sec18p. This mutation results in an inhibition of the mutant protein's ability to bind to Sec17p (yeast alpha-SNAP). In contrast, engineering the comatose(st53)() mutation (S483L) into mammalian NSF (S491L) has no effect on alpha-SNAP binding. Instead, the stimulation of ATPase activity by alpha-SNAP required for wild-type NSF to disassemble SNARE complexes does not occur in the mutant NSF(st53) protein. This biochemical phenotype predicts a dominant negative effect, which was confirmed by engineering the st53 mutation into Sec18 (A505L), resulting in a dominant lethal phenotype in vivo. These findings suggest a biochemical basis for the block in membrane fusion observed in the mutant organisms. Furthermore, the mutants characterized here define key residues involved in two essential, but mechanistically distinct, biochemical functions of NSF: SNAP binding and SNAP-dependent ATPase stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G C Horsnell
- The Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
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