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Cimino I, Rimmington D, Tung YCL, Lawler K, Larraufie P, Kay RG, Virtue S, Lam BYH, Fagnocchi L, Ma MKL, Saudek V, Zvetkova I, Vidal-Puig A, Yeo GSH, Farooqi IS, Pospisilik JA, Gribble FM, Reimann F, O'Rahilly S, Coll AP. Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17571. [PMID: 34475432 PMCID: PMC8413370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/-p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/-p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/-p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/-p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/-p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/-p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cimino
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Debra Rimmington
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Y C Loraine Tung
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Katherine Lawler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust‑MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard G Kay
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Luca Fagnocchi
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust‑MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - J Andrew Pospisilik
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Anthony P Coll
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.
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Chalmers J, Tung YCL, Liu CH, O'Kane CJ, O'Rahilly S, Yeo GSH. A multicomponent screen for feeding behaviour and nutritional status in Drosophila to interrogate mammalian appetite-related genes. Mol Metab 2021; 43:101127. [PMID: 33242659 PMCID: PMC7753202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More than 300 genetic variants have been robustly associated with measures of human adiposity. Highly penetrant mutations causing human obesity do so largely by disrupting satiety pathways in the brain and increasing food intake. Most of the common obesity-predisposing variants are in, or near, genes expressed highly in the brain, but little is known of their function. Exploring the biology of these genes at scale in mammalian systems is challenging. We sought to establish and validate the use of a multicomponent screen for feeding behaviour phenotypes, taking advantage of the tractable model organism Drosophila melanogaster. METHODS We validated a screen for feeding behaviour in Drosophila by comparing results after disrupting the expression of centrally expressed genes that influence energy balance in flies to those of 10 control genes. We then used this screen to explore the effects of disrupted expression of genes either a) implicated in energy homeostasis through human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or b) expressed and nutritionally responsive in specific populations of hypothalamic neurons with a known role in feeding/fasting. RESULTS Using data from the validation study to classify responses, we studied 53 Drosophila orthologues of genes implicated by human GWAS in body mass index and found that 15 significantly influenced feeding behaviour or energy homeostasis in the Drosophila screen. We then studied 50 Drosophila homologues of 47 murine genes reciprocally nutritionally regulated in POMC and agouti-related peptide neurons. Seven of these 50 genes were found by our screen to influence feeding behaviour in flies. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the utility of Drosophila as a tractable model organism in a high-throughput genetic screen for food intake phenotypes. This simple, cost-efficient strategy is ideal for high-throughput interrogation of genes implicated in feeding behaviour and obesity in mammals and will facilitate the process of reaching a functional understanding of obesity pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalmers
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Y C L Tung
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - C H Liu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - C J O'Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - S O'Rahilly
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - G S H Yeo
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, Rimmington D, Patel S, Tadross JA, Cimino I, Yang M, Welsh P, Virtue S, Goldspink DA, Miedzybrodzka EL, Konopka AR, Esponda RR, Huang JTJ, Tung YCL, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Tomaz RA, Harding HP, Melvin A, Yeo GSH, Preiss D, Vidal-Puig A, Vallier L, Nair KS, Wareham NJ, Ron D, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Sattar N, Savage DB, Allan BB, O'Rahilly S. Publisher Correction: GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance. Nature 2020; 578:E24. [PMID: 32051582 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Coll
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michael Chen
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Debra Rimmington
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Satish Patel
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Tadross
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Irene Cimino
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming Yang
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T-J Huang
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Y C Loraine Tung
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rute A Tomaz
- Wellcome -Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heather P Harding
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Audrey Melvin
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Preiss
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome -Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David B Savage
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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4
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Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, Rimmington D, Patel S, Tadross JA, Cimino I, Yang M, Welsh P, Virtue S, Goldspink DA, Miedzybrodzka EL, Konopka AR, Esponda RR, Huang JTJ, Tung YCL, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Tomaz RA, Harding HP, Melvin A, Yeo GSH, Preiss D, Vidal-Puig A, Vallier L, Nair KS, Wareham NJ, Ron D, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Sattar N, Savage DB, Allan BB, O'Rahilly S. GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance. Nature 2019; 578:444-448. [PMID: 31875646 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, the world's most prescribed anti-diabetic drug, is also effective in preventing type 2 diabetes in people at high risk1,2. More than 60% of this effect is attributable to the ability of metformin to lower body weight in a sustained manner3. The molecular mechanisms by which metformin lowers body weight are unknown. Here we show-in two independent randomized controlled clinical trials-that metformin increases circulating levels of the peptide hormone growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which has been shown to reduce food intake and lower body weight through a brain-stem-restricted receptor. In wild-type mice, oral metformin increased circulating GDF15, with GDF15 expression increasing predominantly in the distal intestine and the kidney. Metformin prevented weight gain in response to a high-fat diet in wild-type mice but not in mice lacking GDF15 or its receptor GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL). In obese mice on a high-fat diet, the effects of metformin to reduce body weight were reversed by a GFRAL-antagonist antibody. Metformin had effects on both energy intake and energy expenditure that were dependent on GDF15, but retained its ability to lower circulating glucose levels in the absence of GDF15 activity. In summary, metformin elevates circulating levels of GDF15, which is necessary to obtain its beneficial effects on energy balance and body weight, major contributors to its action as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Coll
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michael Chen
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Debra Rimmington
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Satish Patel
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Tadross
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Irene Cimino
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming Yang
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T-J Huang
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Y C Loraine Tung
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rute A Tomaz
- Wellcome -Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heather P Harding
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Audrey Melvin
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Preiss
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome -Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David B Savage
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Martínez-Sánchez N, Seoane-Collazo P, Contreras C, Varela L, Villarroya J, Rial-Pensado E, Buqué X, Aurrekoetxea I, Delgado TC, Vázquez-Martínez R, González-García I, Roa J, Whittle AJ, Gomez-Santos B, Velagapudi V, Tung YCL, Morgan DA, Voshol PJ, Martínez de Morentin PB, López-González T, Liñares-Pose L, Gonzalez F, Chatterjee K, Sobrino T, Medina-Gómez G, Davis RJ, Casals N, Orešič M, Coll AP, Vidal-Puig A, Mittag J, Tena-Sempere M, Malagón MM, Diéguez C, Martínez-Chantar ML, Aspichueta P, Rahmouni K, Nogueiras R, Sabio G, Villarroya F, López M. Hypothalamic AMPK-ER Stress-JNK1 Axis Mediates the Central Actions of Thyroid Hormones on Energy Balance. Cell Metab 2017; 26:212-229.e12. [PMID: 28683288 PMCID: PMC5501726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) act in the brain to modulate energy balance. We show that central triiodothyronine (T3) regulates de novo lipogenesis in liver and lipid oxidation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) through the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), respectively. Central T3 promotes hepatic lipogenesis with parallel stimulation of the thermogenic program in BAT. The action of T3 depends on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-induced regulation of two signaling pathways in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH): decreased ceramide-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which promotes BAT thermogenesis, and increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, which controls hepatic lipid metabolism. Of note, ablation of AMPKα1 in steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) neurons of the VMH fully recapitulated the effect of central T3, pointing to this population in mediating the effect of central THs on metabolism. Overall, these findings uncover the underlying pathways through which central T3 modulates peripheral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Luis Varela
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona 08026, Spain
| | - Eva Rial-Pensado
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Xabier Buqué
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Biocruces Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Igor Aurrekoetxea
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Biocruces Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Teresa C Delgado
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Rafael Vázquez-Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Ismael González-García
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Juan Roa
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Andrew J Whittle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Beatriz Gomez-Santos
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Biocruces Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo FIN-02044, Finland; Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Y C Loraine Tung
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peter J Voshol
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pablo B Martínez de Morentin
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Tania López-González
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Laura Liñares-Pose
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Service of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, Madrid 28922, Spain
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Núria Casals
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona 08195, Spain
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Anthony P Coll
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jens Mittag
- University of Lübeck, Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism (CBBM), Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku FIN-20520, Finland
| | - María M Malagón
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Biocruces Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Myocardial Pathophysiology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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6
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Abstract
The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene was placed center stage when common intronic variants within the gene were robustly associated with human obesity. Murine models of perturbed Fto expression have shown effects on body weight and composition. However, a clear understanding of the link between FTO intronic variants and FTO activity has remained elusive. Two recent reports now indicate that obesity-associated SNPs appear functionally connected not with FTO but with two neighboring genes: IRX3 and RPGRIP1L. Here, we review these new findings and consider the implications for future analysis of GWAS hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Loraine Tung
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Coll
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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7
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McMurray F, Church CD, Larder R, Nicholson G, Wells S, Teboul L, Tung YCL, Rimmington D, Bosch F, Jimenez V, Yeo GSH, O'Rahilly S, Ashcroft FM, Coll AP, Cox RD. Adult onset global loss of the fto gene alters body composition and metabolism in the mouse. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003166. [PMID: 23300482 PMCID: PMC3536712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The strongest BMI–associated GWAS locus in humans is the FTO gene. Rodent studies demonstrate a role for FTO in energy homeostasis and body composition. The phenotypes observed in loss of expression studies are complex with perinatal lethality, stunted growth from weaning, and significant alterations in body composition. Thus understanding how and where Fto regulates food intake, energy expenditure, and body composition is a challenge. To address this we generated a series of mice with distinct temporal and spatial loss of Fto expression. Global germline loss of Fto resulted in high perinatal lethality and a reduction in body length, fat mass, and lean mass. When ratio corrected for lean mass, mice had a significant increase in energy expenditure, but more appropriate multiple linear regression normalisation showed no difference in energy expenditure. Global deletion of Fto after the in utero and perinatal period, at 6 weeks of age, removed the high lethality of germline loss. However, there was a reduction in weight by 9 weeks, primarily as loss of lean mass. Over the subsequent 10 weeks, weight converged, driven by an increase in fat mass. There was a switch to a lower RER with no overall change in food intake or energy expenditure. To test if the phenotype can be explained by loss of Fto in the mediobasal hypothalamus, we sterotactically injected adeno-associated viral vectors encoding Cre recombinase to cause regional deletion. We observed a small reduction in food intake and weight gain with no effect on energy expenditure or body composition. Thus, although hypothalamic Fto can impact feeding, the effect of loss of Fto on body composition is brought about by its actions at sites elsewhere. Our data suggest that Fto may have a critical role in the control of lean mass, independent of its effect on food intake. The fat mass and obesity (FTO) gene has one of the strongest links with body mass index (BMI) in the human population. One in six people have the “risk” alteration and weigh 3 kg more than those with the unaltered gene, but it is not understood how this gene influences BMI and obesity. We set out to understand how and where in the body FTO affects food intake, energy expenditure, and body composition using a mouse model that can be manipulated to lack FTO at particular times and/or places. Removing FTO everywhere from conception had a dramatic effect on body composition and resulted in stunted growth and some lethality. Removing FTO everywhere but only in adult animals resulted in better viability and normal growth but, surprisingly, reduced lean mass and increased fat mass with a change in the type of metabolic fuel being used. Finally, we removed FTO from the hypothalamus of adult animals, an important brain region involved in energy metabolism. These animals showed a mild reduction in food intake and weight gain. Our experiments show that FTO has an important role in body composition and that other brain areas outside of the hypothalamus are also important in determining its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McMurray
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Chris D. Church
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Larder
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George Nicholson
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Teboul
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Y. C. Loraine Tung
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Rimmington
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giles S. H. Yeo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P. Coll
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
An understanding of the mechanisms underlying body-weight regulation is crucial to tackle the growing problem of obesity. Recent technological advances in the analysis of genetic variation have given novel insights into the molecular basis of common disease. In particular, genomic variants in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been consistently associated with human adiposity and metabolic disorders. Studies of the product of this previously mysterious gene have formed a vanguard in the quest to turn statistical association into hard biology. In this review, we examine data from human genetic and murine studies that explore the potential role of FTO, a member of the Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase superfamily, in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Larder
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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9
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Abstract
Leptin plays a major role in coordinating the integrated response of the brain to changes in nutritional state. Leptin receptor expressing neurones within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus sense circulating leptin and densely innervate other regions of the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In the ARC, leptin is known to alter the expression of genes with important roles in the control of energy balance, and the aim of the present study was to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the action of leptin in these nuclei. Mice were ad libitum fed, or fasted for 48 h when receiving either sham or i.p. leptin treatment. We used laser capture microdissection and microarrays to identify leptin-regulated transcripts within the ARC. Expression of 639 genes are increased and 452 decreased within the fasted ARC. Leptin regulates 15% and 20% of these genes, respectively. In addition to expected changes in Pomc, Agrp, Npy and Cart, pathway analysis indicated that leptin regulated other genes concerned with energy homeostasis and endocrine function. As previously reported for the PVN, leptin also altered the expression of genes involved in nervous system development and synaptic function. However, aside from a small number of such genes (e.g. Gap43), leptin influenced the expression of different sets of neuronal developmental genes in the ARC and PVN. In conclusion, the present study identifies a set of genes that are regulated, at least in part, by leptin in the ARC, highlighting these as candidates for possible roles in leptin action and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jovanovic
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Corander MP, Challis BG, Thompson EL, Jovanovic Z, Loraine Tung YC, Rimmington D, Huhtaniemi IT, Murphy KG, Topaloglu AK, Yeo GSH, O'Rahilly S, Dhillo WS, Semple RK, Coll AP. The effects of neurokinin B upon gonadotrophin release in male rodents. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:181-7. [PMID: 20041982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests the tachykinin neurokinin B (NKB) may modulate gonadotrophin secretion and play a role in sex-steroid feedback within the reproductive axis. NKB signalling has recently been identified as being necessary for normal human reproductive function, although the precise mechanisms underpinning this role remain to be established. We have used rodents to explore further the role of NKB within the reproductive axis. In particular, we have studied its interactions with kisspeptin, a neuropeptide essential for reproductive function in rodent and human with close anatomical links to NKB within the hypothalamus. Intraperitoneal administration of NKB (50 nmol) to male mice had no effect on circulating luteinsing hormone (LH) levels and, although i.p. kisspeptin (15 nmol) increased LH five-fold, co-administration of NKB and kisspeptin was indistinguishable from kisspeptin alone. Intracerebroventricular administration of NKB (10 nmol) to male mice also had no effect on LH levels, with 1 nmol kisspeptin i.c.v. significantly increasing LH compared to control (0.37 +/- 0.18 versus 5.11 +/- 0.28 ng/ml, respectively). Interestingly, i.c.v. co-administration of NKB and kisspeptin caused a significant increase in LH concentrations compared to kisspeptin alone (8.96 +/- 1.82 versus 5.11 +/- 0.28 ng/ml respectively). We used hypothalamic explants from rats to assess the effect of NKB on gonadotrpohin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion ex vivo. Doses of NKB up to 1000 nm failed to stimulate GnRH secretion, whereas 100 nm kisspeptin robustly increased GnRH secretion. Of note, co-administration of NKB with kisspeptin abrogated the effect of kisspeptin, producing no GnRH release above basal state. Finally, we analysed the expression of Tac2/Tacr3 (genes encoding NKB and NK3R, respectively) within the arcuate nucleus in different nutritional states. After a 48-h fast, the expression of both Tac2 and Tacr3 showed a significant increase, in contrast to levels of Kiss1 and Kiss1r mRNA, which remained unchanged. In male rodent models, NKB and kisspeptin have different effects upon gonadotrophin release and appear to interact in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Corander
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Dash S, Sano H, Rochford JJ, Semple RK, Yeo G, Hyden CSS, Soos MA, Clark J, Rodin A, Langenberg C, Druet C, Fawcett KA, Tung YCL, Wareham NJ, Barroso I, Lienhard GE, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. A truncation mutation in TBC1D4 in a family with acanthosis nigricans and postprandial hyperinsulinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9350-5. [PMID: 19470471 PMCID: PMC2695078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900909106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tre-2, BUB2, CDC16, 1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4) (AS160) is a Rab-GTPase activating protein implicated in insulin-stimulated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation in adipocytes and myotubes. To determine whether loss-of-function mutations in TBC1D4 might impair GLUT4 translocation and cause insulin resistance in humans, we screened the coding regions of this gene in 156 severely insulin-resistant patients. A female presenting at age 11 years with acanthosis nigricans and extreme postprandial hyperinsulinemia was heterozygous for a premature stop mutation (R363X) in TBC1D4. After demonstrating reduced expression of wild-type TBC1D4 protein and expression of the truncated protein in lymphocytes from the proband, we further characterized the biological effects of the truncated protein in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Prematurely truncated TBC1D4 protein tended to increase basal cell membrane GLUT4 levels (P = 0.053) and significantly reduced insulin-stimulated GLUT4 cell membrane translocation (P < 0.05). When coexpressed with wild-type TBC1D4, the truncated protein dimerized with full-length TBC1D4, suggesting that the heterozygous truncated variant might interfere with its wild-type counterpart in a dominant negative fashion. Two overweight family members with the mutation also manifested normal fasting glucose and insulin levels but disproportionately elevated insulin levels following an oral glucose challenge. This family provides unique genetic evidence of TBC1D4 involvement in human insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Dash
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, 7200 Vail Building, Hanover, NH 03755-3844
| | - Justin J. Rochford
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K. Semple
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Yeo
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. S. Hyden
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A. Soos
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - James Clark
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Helier's Hospital, Wrythe Lane, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rodin
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Helier's Hospital, Wrythe Lane, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Druet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (C.D.), U690, FR-75019 Paris, France; and
| | - Katherine A. Fawcett
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Y. C. Loraine Tung
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gustav E. Lienhard
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, 7200 Vail Building, Hanover, NH 03755-3844
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Savage
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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12
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Coll AP, Loraine Tung YC. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:147-51. [PMID: 18840502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic data indicate impaired synthesis or processing of POMC results in obesity. We have used a mouse model of POMC deficiency (Pomc null) to explore the role of POMC-derived peptides in energy homeostasis. The phenotype of Pomc null mice recapitulates the clinical syndrome seen in humans congenitally lacking POMC. Loss of only one copy of the Pomc gene is sufficient to render mice susceptible to the effects of high fat feeding, emphasizing an important gene-environment interaction predisposing to obesity. Our studies indicate that POMC-derived peptides have influences on the response to a high fat diet, including a major influence on the dietary preference for fat. Pomc null mice are unusual in that obesity and hyperphagia develop in the absence of circulating glucocorticoid (GC). To investigate the interaction between GCs and the melanocortin system, we administered corticosterone to Pomc null mice. They appear hypersensitive to the adverse metabolic effects of GCs, developing hypertension, an exacerbation of both hyperphagia and obesity and a profound insulin resistance. GC treatment of Pomc null mice significantly increases the expression of the melanocortin antagonist agouti-related protein (AgRP). On-going studies in mice lacking both AgRP and Pomc will determine whether the metabolic phenotype seen with this GC therapy is due to a lack of melanocortin peptide, the unopposed action of AgRP or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Coll
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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13
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Abstract
The metabolic effects of leptin may involve both centrally and peripherally mediated actions with a component of the central actions potentially independent of alterations in food intake. Ob/ob mice have significant abnormalities in lipid metabolism, correctable by leptin administration. We used ob/ob mice to study the relative importance of the subtypes of actions of leptin (central vs. peripheral; food intake dependent vs. independent) on lipid metabolism. Mice were treated for 3 d with leptin, either centrally [intracerebroventricular (icv)] or peripherally (ip), and compared with mice pair-fed to the leptin-treated mice (PF) and with ad libitum-fed controls (C). All treatment groups (icv, ip, PF) showed indistinguishable changes in liver weight; hepatic steatosis; hepatic lipidemic profile; and circulating free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol lipoprotein profile. Changes in the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in liver, muscle, and white fat were broadly similar in ip, icv, and PF groups. Leptin (both icv and ip) stimulated expression of both mitochondrial and peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (liver) and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (skeletal muscle) to an extent not replicated by pair feeding. Leptin had profound effects on peripheral lipid metabolism, but the majority were explained by its effects on food intake. Leptin had additional centrally mediated effects to increase the expression of a limited number of genes concerned with fatty acid oxidation. Whereas we cannot exclude direct peripheral effects of leptin on certain aspects of lipid metabolism, we were unable to detect any such effects on the parameters measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Prieur
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, United Kingdom
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14
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Tung YCL, Piper SJ, Yeung D, O'Rahilly S, Coll AP. A comparative study of the central effects of specific proopiomelancortin (POMC)-derived melanocortin peptides on food intake and body weight in pomc null mice. Endocrinology 2006; 147:5940-7. [PMID: 16959830 PMCID: PMC2204083 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional disruption of either MC3R or MC4R results in obesity, implicating both in the control of energy homeostasis. The ligands for these receptors are derived from the prohormone proopiomelancortin (POMC), which is posttranslationally processed to produce a set of melanocortin peptides with a range of activities at the MC3R and MC4R. The relative importance of each of these peptides alpha-MSH, gamma3-MSH, gamma2-MSH, gamma-lipotropin (gamma-LPH) and, in man but not in rodents, beta-MSH] in the maintenance of energy homeostasis is, as yet, unclear. To investigate this further, equimolar amounts (2 nmol) of each peptide were centrally administered to freely feeding, corticosterone-supplemented, Pomc null (Pomc-/-) mice. After a single dose at the onset of the dark cycle, alpha-MSH had the most potent anorexigenic effect, reducing food intake to 35% of sham-treated animals. beta-MSH, gamma-LPH, and gamma3- and gamma2-MSH all reduced food intake but to a lesser degree. The effects of peptide administration over 3 d were also assessed. Only alpha-MSH significantly reduced body weight, affecting both fat and lean mass. Other peptides had no significant effect on body weight. Pair-feeding of sham-treated mice to those treated with alpha-MSH resulted in identical changes in total weight, fat and lean mass indicating that the effects of alpha-MSH were primarily due to reduced food intake rather than increased energy expenditure. Although other melanocortins can reduce food intake in the short-term, only alpha-MSH can reduce the excess fat and lean mass found in Pomc-/- mice, mediated largely through an effect on food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Loraine Tung
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QR, United Kingdom
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15
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Dornonville de la Cour C, Lindqvist A, Egecioglu E, Tung YCL, Surve V, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Dickson SL, Håkanson R. Ghrelin treatment reverses the reduction in weight gain and body fat in gastrectomised mice. Gut 2005; 54:907-13. [PMID: 15849166 PMCID: PMC1774616 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.058578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gastric hormone ghrelin has been reported to stimulate food intake, increase weight gain, and cause obesity but its precise physiological role remains unclear. We investigated the long term effects of gastrectomy evoked ghrelin deficiency and of daily ghrelin injections on daily food intake, body weight, fat mass, lean body mass, and bone mass in mice. METHODS Ghrelin was given by subcutaneous injections (12 nmol/mouse once daily) for eight weeks to young female mice subjected to gastrectomy or sham operation one week previously. RESULTS Gastrectomy reduced plasma concentrations of total ghrelin (octanoylated and des-octanoylated) and active (octanoylated) ghrelin by approximately 80%. Immediately after injection of ghrelin, the plasma concentration was supraphysiological and was still elevated 16 hours later. Daily food intake was not affected by either gastrectomy or ghrelin treatment. The effect of ghrelin on meal initiation was not studied. At the end point of the study, mean body weight was 15% lower in gastrectomised mice than in sham operated mice (p<0.001); daily ghrelin injections for eight weeks partially prevented this weight loss. In sham operated mice, ghrelin had no effect on body weight. The weight of fat was reduced in gastrectomised mice (-30%; p<0.01). This effect was reversed by ghrelin, enhancing the weight of fat in sham operated mice also (+20%; p<0.05). Gastrectomy reduced lean body mass (-10%; p<0.01) and bone mass (-20%; p<0.001) compared with sham operated mice. Ghrelin replacement prevented the gastrectomy induced decrease in lean body mass but did not affect bone. In sham operated mice, ghrelin affected neither of these two parameters. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin replacement partially reversed the gastrectomy induced reduction in body weight, lean body mass, and body fat but not in bone mass. In sham operated mice, ghrelin only increased fat mass. Our results suggest that ghrelin is mainly concerned with the control of fat metabolism and that ghrelin replacement therapy may alleviate the weight loss associated with gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dornonville de la Cour
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Physiological Sciences, University of Lund, BMC F13, S-221-84 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
The hypothalamus appears to be more responsive to ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) in fasting, as reflected by a two- to three-fold increase in the number of cells detected that express Fos protein in the arcuate nucleus, in 48-h fasted rats compared to fed controls. Moreover, this increased hypothalamic responsiveness to GHS in fasting is regulated by the central action of exogenous leptin and insulin, although it is unknown whether these hormones mediate the changes in hypothalamic responsiveness to GHS associated with the fasting/fed state. In the present study, we show that refeeding with normal rat chow for only 2 h at the end of a 48-h fast reversed the potentiation of the Fos response to GHRP-6 observed in fasted rats. Circulating leptin and insulin levels remained significantly lower in refed rats compared to ad lib-fed rats, suggesting that the change in the hypothalamic sensitivity brought about by refeeding was independent of these hormones. By contrast, 2 h of chow refeeding at the end of a fast restored plasma glucose levels to those of the fed state. Refeeding with sugar alone for 2 h at the end of a 48-h fast also reduced the potentiated Fos response in fasting, indicating that elevated blood glucose can influence the central responsiveness to ghrelin/GHS. By contrast, infusion of the ileal satiety factor, PYY(3-36) (known to increase postprandially) did not alter the central responsiveness to GHRP-6, although it suppressed feeding and body weight as expected. This study highlights the importance of nutritional status in regulating the action of exogenous GHS (and presumably endogenous ghrelin) on the hypothalamic circuits controlling food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C L Tung
- Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, UK
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