Fabrication and evaluation of porous coatings doped with bioactive elements on titanium surfaces

OBJECTIVE

Although pure titanium (PT) and its alloys exhibit excellent mechanical properties, they lack biological activity as implants. The purpose of this study was to improve the biological activity of titanium implants through surface modification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Titanium was processed into titanium discs, where the titanium discs served as anodes and stainless steel served as cathodes, and a copper- and cobalt-doped porous coating [pure titanium model (PTM)] was prepared on the surface of titanium via plasma electrolytic oxidation. The surface characteristics of the coating were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and profilometry. The corrosion resistance of PTM was evaluated with an electrochemical workstation. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of coated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were evaluated through in vitro cell experiments.

RESULTS

A copper- and cobalt-doped porous coating was successfully prepared on the surface of titanium, and the doping of copper and cobalt did not change the surface topography of the coating. The porous coating increased the surface roughness of titanium and improved its resistance to corrosion. In addition, the porous coating doped with copper and cobalt promoted the adhesion and spreading of BMSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

A porous coating doped with copper and cobalt was prepared on the surface of titanium through plasma electrolytic oxidation. The coating not only improved the roughness and corrosion resistance of titanium but also exhibited good biological activity.

Continuous Flow Electrochemical Synthesis of Olivine-Structured NaFePO4 Cathode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries from Recycle LiFePO4

To mitigate the environmental impact of the improper disposal of spent LiFePO4 batteries and reduce resource waste, the development of LiFePO4 recycling technologies is of paramount importance. Meanwhile, olivine-structured NaFePO4 in sodium-ion batteries has received great attention, due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 154 mAh g-1 and excellent stability. However, olivine NaFePO4 only can be synthesized from olivine LiFePO4. Accordingly, in this proposal, developing the continuous flow electrochemical solid-liquid reactor-based metal ion insertion technology is to utilize the olivine FePO4, recycled from LiFePO4, and to synthesize NaFePO4. Additionally, by employing I- as the reducing agent, NaFePO4 is successfully synthesized with a discharge-specific capacity of 134 mAh g-1 at 0.1C and a remarkable capacity retention rate of 86.5% after 100 cycles at 0.2C. And the reasons for sodium deficiency in the synthesized NFP are elucidated through first-principles calculations. Furthermore, the kinetics of the solid-solution reaction 2 (Na2/3+βPO4→ Na1-αFePO4) mechanism improve with cycling and are sensitive to temperature. Utilizing a minimal amount of reducing agent in the electrochemical reactor, NaFePO4 synthesis is successfully achieved. This innovative approach offers a new, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly strategy for preparing NaFePO4 from recycling LiFePO4.

Effect of SIRT1 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms on susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in a Han Chinese population

AIMS

SIRT1 deficiency has been associated with diabetes, and a variant of the SIRT1 gene has been found to be involved in human autoimmune diabetes; however, it is unclear whether this genetic variation exists in Han Chinese with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and whether it contributes to development of T1D. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of the SIRT1 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs10997866 and rs3818292 in a Han Chinese population with T1D.

METHODS

This study recruited 2653 unrelated Han Chinese individuals, of whom 1289 had T1D and 1364 were healthy controls. Allelic and genotypic distributions of SIRT1 polymorphisms (rs10997866 and rs3818292) were determined by MassARRAY. Basic characteristics, genotype and allele frequencies of selected SNPs were compared between the T1D patients and healthy controls. Further genotype-phenotype association analysis of the SNPs was performed on the T1D patients divided into three groups according to genotype. Statistical analyses included the chi-square test, Mann‒Whitney U test, Kruskal‒Wallis H test and logistic regression.

RESULTS

The allelic (G vs. A) and genotypic (GA vs. AA) distributions of SIRT1 rs10997866 were significantly different in T1D patients and healthy controls (P = 0.039, P = 0.027), and rs10997866 was associated with T1D susceptibility under dominant, overdominant and additive models (P = 0.026, P = 0.030 and P = 0.027, respectively). Moreover, genotype-phenotype association analysis showed the GG genotype of rs10997866 and the GG genotype of rs3818292 to be associated with higher titers of IA-2A (P = 0.013 and P = 0.038, respectively).

CONCLUSION

SIRT1 rs10997866 is significantly associated with T1D susceptibility, with the minor allele G conferring a higher risk of T1D. Moreover, SIRT1 gene rs10997866 and rs3818292 correlate with the titer of IA-2A in Han Chinese individuals with T1D.

In Situ Construction of a Polymer Coating Layer on the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are known for their high energy density but exhibit poor cyclic stability and safety risks due to side reactions between the electrode and electrolyte. To address these issues, a novel approach involving construction of a polymer coating layer (PCL) via in situ self-polymerization using 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBM) as an electrolyte additive on the cathode is proposed. The PCL endows the electrolyte with a high onset oxidation potential (4.78 V) and lithium-ion transference number (0.52). The uniform and robust in situ constructed PCL can effectively inhibit the severe irreversible side reactions and suppress harmful reactions, thus providing a protective barrier against degradation. The resulting Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 batteries exhibit an improved discharge capacity retention of 80% at 1C over 100 cycles. These results demonstrate that the in situ self-polymerization strategy holds promising potential for enhancing LIB performance and long-term stability, especially when high-voltage cathode materials are used.

[The characteristics and impact on prognosis of cytopenia after anti-BCMA-CAR-T therapy in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of cytopenia and its impact on prognosis in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) after B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy therapy. Methods: Clinical data of 36 RRMM patients received BCMA CAR-T therapy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from April 2017 to March 2023 were retrospectively collected. Among them, there were 17 males and 19 females, with an age [M (Q1, Q3)] of 62 (53, 67) years. The follow-up deadline was August 31, 2023, and the follow-up time [M (Q1, Q3)] was 33 (10, 30) months. The characteristics of cytopenia at different time points before lymphodepleting chemotherapy and after CAR-T cell infusion in all patients were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the differences in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with different clinical characteristics. Single-cell sequencing analysis was used to analyze the changes in hematopoietic stem cells in three patients after CAR-T cell therapy. Results: The incidence of cytopenia after BCMA CAR-T cell therapy in 36 RRMM patients reached 100%. The incidence of neutropenia peaked on the 7th and 28th day after cell infusion with a biphasic pattern of change.Patients with all grade neutropenia reached 61.1% (22/36) and grade 3 or higher reached 33.3% (12/36) on the 7th day, while patients with all grade neutropenia reached 67.9% (19/28) and grade 3 or higher reached 28.6% (8/28) on the 28th day (P<0.001),respectively. The occurrence rate of lymphopenia reached a peak on the day of CAR-T cell infusion [97.2% (35/36) patients showed lymphopenia, while 80.6% (29/36) patients showed grade 3 or higher lymphopenia] (P<0.001).The incidence of all grade of thrombocytopenia and severe thrombocytopenia (grade 3 or higher) peaked on the 14th day after cell infusion, with the rates of 69.4% (25/36) and 30.6% (11/36) respectively, which had a prolonged duration(P<0.001). Even after 12 months, 40% (8/20) of patients still experienced thrombocytopenia.The incidence of anemia peaked on the 7th and 14th day after cell infusion, with a rate of 100% (36/36) (P<0.001). 50% (10/20) of patients still had anemia even 12 months after cell infusion. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with thrombocytopenia < grade 3 had undefined OS, while patients with thrombocytopenia ≥grade 3 had shorter OS [17 (95%CI: 2-32) months, χ2=4.154, P=0.042], indicating a poorer prognosis. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the relationship between other cytopenia and survival (all P>0.05). Single-cell sequencing analysis of bone marrow cells revealed decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of hematopoietic stem cells after CAR-T cell infusion. Conclusions: All patients experienced varying degrees of cytopenia after receiving BCMA CAR-T cell infusion, and patients with thrombocytopenia ≥grade 3 had shorter OS and poorer prognosis.

Synergistic Effect of Dual Phases to Improve Lithium Storage Properties of Nb2O5

Niobium pentoxides (Nb2O5) present great potential as next-generation anode candidates due to exceptional lithium-ion intercalation kinetics, considerably high capacity, and reasonable redox potential. Although four phases of Nb2O5 including hexagonal, orthorhombic, tetragonal, and monoclinic polymorphs show diverse characteristics in electrochemical performance, stable lifetime, high specific capacity, and fast intercalation properties cannot be delivered simultaneously with a single phase. Herein, this issue is addressed by generating a homogeneous mixture of orthorhombic and monoclinic crystals at the nanoscale. Reversible lithium-ion intercalation/deintercalation of the monoclinic phase is achieved, and exceptional lithium storage sites are created at the interface of the two phases. As a result, electrochemical features of stable lifetime from the orthorhombic phase and high specific performance from the monoclinic phase are harmoniously combined. This dual-phase Nb2O5/C nanohybrids deliver as high as 380 mA h g-1 (0.01-3.0 V) and 184 mA h g-1 (1.0-3.0 V) after 200 cycles. The essential principle of property enhancement is further confirmed through in situ XRD measurements and DFT calculations. The dual-phase concept can be further applied on electrodes with multiphases to achieve high electrochemical performance.

[Biological characteristics and clinical significance of stereotyped B-cell receptor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia]

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the Western adults, although the incidence of CLL is relatively low in Asian populations. However, with the aging population, the incidence of CLL is increasing in China. The interaction between CLL cells and the microenvironment plays a crucial role in the recognition of antigens by the B-cell receptor immunoglobulin (BCR IG). The mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy variable region (IGHV) is a classical prognostic marker for CLL. Over 40% of CLL patients exhibit biased usage of IGHV and highly similar amino acid sequences in the heavy complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3), known as the BCR stereotypy. Different subgroups of stereotyped BCR exhibit distinct biological and clinical features. Among them, subset #2 with mutated IGHV and poor prognosis, as well as the subset #8 with a high risk of Richter transformation, have been recommended by the European Research Initiative on CLL to be included in clinical reports on IGHV mutational status. This review summarizes the definition, distribution, biological characteristics, and clinical significance of clonality patterns of the BCR in CLL.

In Situ Formation of a LiBO2 Coating Layer and Spinel Phase for Ni-Rich Cathode Materials from a Boric Acid-Etched Precursor

Ni-rich cathode materials exhibit superior energy densities and have attracted interest among both research and industrial fields; whereas, their practical application is hindered by the intrinsic drawbacks brought by the high nickel content such as structural instability and rapid capacity fading. Herein, in situ formation of a LiBO2 coating layer and spinel phase layer is achieved on the surface of a Ni-rich cathode material via a boric acid etching method at the precursor state. The spinel phase is considered to have a 3D lithium diffusion tunnel and hence faster diffusion kinetics. Moreover, the LiBO2 layer possesses excellent (electro)chemical inertness and can suppress electrolyte decomposition, resulting in a more inorganic and stable cathode-electrolyte interface. The surface reconstructed sample exhibits better cyclic stability (93.3% capacity retention vs 85.3% for the pristine sample at 1 C for 100 cycles) and rate performance. The superiority of this surface reconstruction is demonstrated by a series of electrochemical techniques and characterization methods including high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), post-mortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Defensive and Ion Conductive Surface Layer Enables High Rate and Durable O3-type NaNi1/3 Fe1/3 Mn1/3 O2 Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode

Na-based layered transition metal oxides with an O3-type structure are considered promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. However, rapid capacity fading, and poor rate performance caused by serious structural changes and interfacial degradation hamper their use. In this study, a NaPO3 surface modified O3-type layered NaNi1/3 Fe1/3 Mn1/3 O2 cathode is synthesized, with improved high-voltage stability through protecting layer against acid attack, which is achieved by a solid-gas reaction between the cathode particles and gaseous P2 O5 . The NaPO3 nanolayer on the surface effectively stabilizes the crystal structure by inhibiting surface parasitic reactions and increasing the observed average voltage. Superior cyclic stability is exhibited by the surface-modified cathode (80.1% vs 63.6%) after 150 cycles at 1 C in the wide voltage range of 2.0 V-4.2 V (vs Na+ /Na). Moreover, benefiting from the inherent ionic conduction of NaPO3 , the surface-modified cathode presents excellent rate capability (103 mAh g-1  vs 60 mAh g-1 ) at 10 C. The outcome of this study demonstrates a practically relevant approach to develop high rate and durable sodium-ion battery technology.

Choline induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting the production of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in spontaneously hypertensive rats

To investigate the exact effects of dietary choline on hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and explore the potential mechanisms, male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were randomly divided into five groups as follows: WKY group, WKY + Choline group, SHR group, SHR + Choline group, and SHR + Choline + NaHS group. In choline treatment groups, rats were fed with 1.3% (w/v) choline in the drinking water for 3 months. The rats in the SHR + Choline + NaHS group were intraperitoneally injected with NaHS (100 micromol/kg/day, a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor) for 3 months. After 3 months, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening (LVFS), the indicators of cardiac function measured by echocardiography, were increased significantly in SHR as compared to WKY, although there was no significant difference in collagen volumes and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio between the two groups, indicating the early stage of cardiac hypertrophy. There was a significant decrease in LVEF and LVFS and an increase in collagen volumes and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in SHR fed with choline, meanwhile, plasma H2S levels were significantly decreased significantly in SHR fed with choline accompanying by the decrease of cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) activity. Three months of NaHS significantly increased plasma H2S levels, ameliorated cardiac dysfunction and inhibited cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis in SHR fed with choline. In conclusion, choline aggravated cardiac dysfunction in HHD through inhibiting the production of endogenous H2S, which was reversed by supplementation of exogenous H2S donor.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients with FGFR3 gene mutations]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of FGFR3 gene mutations on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) . Methods: A total of 198 patients with NDMM admitted to the Department of Hematology in Jiangsu Province Hospital between January 2016 and February 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Next-generation sequencing and cytoplasmic light chain immunofluorescence with fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed for all patients. The prognostic significance of FGFR3 mutation and clinical features were analyzed using the Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Among 198 patients, 28 carried the FGFR3 gene mutation. These patients had significantly lower serum albumin levels, higher β(2)-microglobulin levels, advanced Revised International Staging System stages, more frequent occurrence of t (4;14) , and shorter median progression-free survival (PFS) time (28 months vs 33 months, P=0.024) and overall survival (OS) time (54 months vs undefined, P=0.028) than patients without FGFR3 mutation. Additionally, patients carrying either FGFR3 mutation or t (4;14) had lower PFS (30 months vs 38 months, P=0.012) and OS (54 months vs undefined, P=0.017) than those without. The Cox proportional hazards model identified FGFR3 mutation as an independent risk factor for PFS and OS. Conclusion: FGFR3 gene mutation was an unfavorable independent prognostic predictor for NDMM.

[Clinical and molecular biological characterization of patients with accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia]

Objective: To investigate the clinical and molecular biological characteristics of patients with accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (aCLL) . Methods: From January 2020 to October 2022, the data of 13 patients diagnosed with aCLL at The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed to explore the clinical and molecular biological characteristics of aCLL. Results: The median age of the patients was 54 (35-72) years. Prior to aCLL, five patients received no treatment for CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), while the other patients received treatment, predominantly with BTK inhibitors. The patients were diagnosed with aCLL through pathological confirmation upon disease progression. Six patients exhibited bulky disease (lesions with a maximum diameter ≥5 cm). Positron emission tomography (PET) -computed tomography (CT) images revealed metabolic heterogeneity, both between and within lesions, and the median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the lesion with the most elevated metabolic activity was 6.96 (2.51-11.90). Patients with unmutated IGHV CLL accounted for 76.9% (10/13), and the most frequent genetic and molecular aberrations included +12 [3/7 (42.9% ) ], ATM mutation [6/12 (50% ) ], and NOTCH1 mutation [6/12 (50% ) ]. Twelve patients received subsequent treatment. The overall response rate was 91.7%, and the complete response rate was 58.3%. Five patients experienced disease progression, among which two patients developed Richter transformation. Patients with aCLL with KRAS mutation had worse progression-free survival (7.0 month vs 26.3 months, P=0.015) . Conclusion: Patients with aCLL exhibited a clinically aggressive course, often accompanied by unfavorable prognostic factors, including unmutated IGHV, +12, ATM mutation, and NOTCH1 mutation. Patients with CLL/SLL with clinical suspicion of disease progression, especially those with bulky disease and PET-CT SUVmax ≥5, should undergo biopsy at the site of highest metabolic uptake to establish a definitive pathological diagnosis.

[A single-center study on the oncological outcomes of active surveillance of thyroid nodules measuring≤1 cm with highly suspicious ultrasound features]

Objective: To investigate the oncological outcomes of active surveillance (AS) in patients showing thyroid nodules measuring≤1 cm with highly suspicious ultrasound features. Methods: A prospective single-center cohort study. A total of 534 patients with highly suspicious thyroid nodules (2015 American Thyroid Association Nodule Sonographic Patterns and Risk of Malignancy: High Suspicion) were enrolled in this study, the patients received AS at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2017 and November 2022 to assess oncological outcomes (disease progression, recurrence/metastasis rate, etc). The patients were followed up every 6 months for physical examination and neck ultrasound examination. And the value of tumor volume changes in evaluating tumor enlargement was explored too. Results: There were 413 females and 121 males in this cohort, with a mean age of (42.6±11.8) years. During a median follow-up period of 45.6 months (ranged from 3.5 to 176.0 months), disease progression occurred in 26 patients (4.9%) with highly suspicious thyroid nodules, characterized by a minimum 3-mm increase in tumor diameter in 19 patients (3.6%) and lymph node metastases in 7 patients (1.3%). Forty-seven (8.8%) patients opted for delayed surgery, with 29 patients due to a change in preference. There was no significant differences in pathologic and follow-up outcomes between patients with disease progression and preference change. Patients aged≤40 years had a higher cumulative incidence of 5-year disease progression than those aged>40 years (4.9% vs 1.9%, P=0.060). No patients experienced distant metastases or deaths. Among the 595 high-risk thyroid nodules with continuous volume assessment results and an increase in nodule diameter of less than 3 mm (including all high-risk nodules in patients with single or multiple nodules), 184 (30.9%) and 79 (13.3%) nodules exhibited volume increases of more than 50% and 100%, respectively, in multiple measurements. Among the nodules with volume changes exceeding 50% and 100%, the proportion of nodules with a baseline tumor diameter of≤0.5 cm was significantly higher than those with a diameter of>0.5 cm, at 69.0% vs 31.0% (P<0.001) and 77.2% vs 22.8% (P<0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Active surveillance in patients with highly suspicious subcentimeter thyroid nodules has good short-term oncological outcomes and can be considered a safe alternative to surgery. Due to the large variability in the measurement results of tumor volume, it is not suitable as an indicator for evaluating tumor enlargement.

Refining the TNM M1 Subcategory for De Novo Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

To refine oligometastatic disease (OMD) and construct M1 categories for de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (dmNPC) MATERIALS/METHODS: We included 504 patients who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy between 2010-2019 from two centers (training and validation cohort). Multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic value of OMD and metastatic organs, which were then used to construct M1 categories RESULTS: The median follow-up for the training and validation cohorts were 46 and 57 months, respectively. OMD (≤ 2 metastatic organs and ≤ 5 metastatic lesions) had the highest C-index compared to the other models in both cohorts. Multivariable analyses, in which both OMD and liver metastases did not coexist, revealed that OMD (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.110 and 1.598) and liver metastases (HR = 1.572 and 1.452) were prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in both cohorts. Based on OMD and liver metastases, patients with dmNPC were divided into M1a (OMD without liver metastases) and M1b (OMD with liver metastases or polymetastatic disease). The 3-year OS of the M1a patients was better than that of the M1b patients in both cohorts (both p < 0.001). In the anti-PD1 mAb and chemotherapy cohorts, patients with M1ahad a significantly better median progression-free survival than those with M1b (p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: OMD with ≤ 2 metastatic organs and ≤ 5 metastatic lesions is an appropriate definition for dmNPC. M1 subcategories constructed based on OMD and liver metastases improved prognostic evaluation for patients with dmNPC who received chemotherapy or antiPD1 mAb treatment.

Host response of Nicotiana benthamiana to the parasitism of five populations of root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae, from China

In a recent survey of nematodes associated with tobacco in Shandong, China, the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus coffeae was identified using a combination of morphology and molecular techniques. This nematode species is a serious parasite that damages a variety of plant species. The model plant benthi, Nicotiana benthamiana, is frequently used to study plant-disease interactions. However, it is not known whether this plant species is a host of P. coffeae. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the parasitism and pathogenicity of five populations of the root-lesion nematode P. coffeae on N. benthamiana.N. benthamiana seedlings with the same growth status were chosen and inoculated with 1,000 nematodes per pot. At 60 days after inoculation, the reproductive factors (Rf = final population densities (Pf)/initial population densities (Pi)) for P. coffeae in the rhizosphere of N. benthamiana were all more than 1, suggesting that N. benthamiana was a good host plant for P. coffeae.Nicotiana. benthamiana infected by P. coffeae showed weak growth, decreased tillering, high root reduction, and noticeable brown spots on the roots. Thus, we determined that the model plant N. benthamiana can be used to study plant-P. coffeae interactions.

Li2CO3 Nanocomposites as Cathode Lithium Replenishment Material for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Batteries

The irreversible capacity loss of lithium-ion batteries during initial cycling directly leads to a decrease in energy density, and promising lithium cathode replenishment can significantly alleviate this problem. In response to the problems of complex preparation, instability in air, and unfavorable residue of the conventional cathode lithium replenishment materials, a Li2CO3/carbon nanocomposite is prepared and utilized as the lithium replenishment material. With high-speed ball-milling, a nanocomposite with a tight embedment structured Li2CO3/Ketjen Black (KB) composite composed of nanosized Li2CO3 and KB is synthesized. The decomposition potential of Li2CO3 is effectively decreased to 3.8 V, and the amount of the active lithium ion being released is significantly increased, corresponding to a specific capacity of 645.2 mAh·g-1 during the initial charging cycle. It has been introduced into the full-cells composed of the NCM523 cathode and graphite anode, resulting in a capacity increase of 44 mAh·g-1 in the initial cycle and a 26.4% improvement in capacity retention over 100 cycles. The working mechanism of the Li2CO3/KB nanocomposite as the lithium replenishment agent has been discussed. The outcome of the work provides a practically feasible route to realize lithium-ion battery technology with improved energy density and cycling life.

[Clinical characteristics of sudden sensorineural hearing loss with acute cerebral infarction]

Objective: To analyze the clinical and imaging features of patients with sudden sensorineural deafness and acute cerebral infarction in order to provide evidence for early recognition of such diseases. Methods: This was a case series reporting study. A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical and imaging data of 29 patients with sudden hearing loss (SHL) who admitted to the Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of Beijing Tiantan Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 and diagnosed with acute cerebral infarction using MRI-DWI. Results: The patients were aged 31-71 years, with an average age of 56±12 years, and 82.8% (24/29) were men. In total, 82.8% (24/29) of the patients had three or more atherosclerotic risk factors, and 24.1% (7/29) had a history of SHL. The hearing types were flat and total deafness: 86.2% (25/29) of the patients had severe hearing loss, 27.6% (8/29) had bilateral SHL, 17.2% (5/29) had further hearing loss during hospitalization, and 82.8% (24/29) had dizziness or vertigo at the onset. The signs of central nervous system involvement mainly included speech impairment, diplopia, dysphagia, central facial paralysis, facial and limb hypoesthesia, ataxia, and decreased muscle strength. Imaging evaluation showed that 21 cases were located in the posterior circulation supply area and 8 cases in the anterior circulation supply area. Additionally, 82.8% (24/29) patients had vertebrobasilar artery stenosis, and 58.6% (17/29) patients had severe vertebrobasilar artery stenosis or occlusion. Conclusions: Patients with SHL who progress to cerebral infarction often have multiple atherosclerotic risk factors and SHL. Most of the patients are middle-aged and older men who often complain of dizziness or dizziness accompanied by severe flat and total deafness with unilateral or bilateral SHL. Imaging findings suggest that most patients have posterior circulation infarction, often accompanied by severe stenosis or occlusion of the vertebrobasilar artery.

[Study on F9 gene expression downregulation and its clinical value in hepatocellular carcinoma]

Objective: To analyze the expression levels of the F9 gene and F9 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma by combining multiple gene chip data, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT qPCR), and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, explore their correlation with the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as with various clinical indicators and prognosis. Methods: The mRNA microarray dataset from the GEO database was analyzed to identify the F9 gene with significant expression differences associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver cancer and adjacent tissues were collected from 18 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. RT-qPCR method was used to detect the F9 gene expression level. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the F9 protein level. Combined with the TCGA database information, the correlation between F9 gene expression level and prognostic and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. The biological function of F9 co-expressed genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma was analyzed by the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism software. Results: Meta-analysis results showed that the expression of the F9 gene was lower in HCC tissues than in non-cancerous tissues. Immunohistochemistry results were basically consistent with those of RT-qPCR. The data obtained from TCGA showed that the F9 gene had lower expression values in stages III-IV, T3-T4, and patients with vascular invasion. A total of 127 genes were selected for bioinformatics analysis as co-expressed genes of F9, which were highly enriched in redox processes and metabolic pathways. Conclusion: This study validates that the F9 gene and F9 protein are lower in HCC. The down-regulation of the F9 gene predicts adverse outcomes, which may provide a new therapeutic target for HCC.

[Analysis of the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effect of refractory juvenile dermatomyositis to tofacitinib]

Objective: To elucidate the clinical features of patients with refractory juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), and to explore the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of refractory JDM. Methods: A total of 75 JDM patients admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology in Shenzhen Children's Hospital from January 2012 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and to analyze the clinical manifestations, efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of refractory JDM. Patients were divided into refractory group with using of glucocorticoids in combination with two or more anti-rheumatic drugs for treatment, and the presence of disease activity or steroid dependence after a one-year follow-up. The non-refractory group is defined as clinical symptoms disappeared, laboratory indicators were normal, and clinical remission was achieved after initial treatment, and the clinical manifestations and laboratory indexes of the two groups were compared. The Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's precision probability test was used for intergroup comparison. Binary Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for refractory JDM. Results: Among the 75 children with JDM, 41 were males and 34 were females with a age of onset of 5.3 (2.3, 7.8) years. The refractory group consisted of 27 cases with a age of onset of 4.4 (1.5, 6.8) years, while the non-refractory group consisted of 48 cases with a age of onset of 5.9 (2.5, 8.0) years. Compared with 48 cases in the non-refractory group, the proportion of interstitial lesions and calcinosis in the refractory group was higher than that in the non-refractory group (6 cases (22%) vs. 2 cases (4%), 8 cases (30%) vs. 4 cases (8%), both P<0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that observation group were more likely to be associated with to interstitial lung disease (OR=6.57, 95%CI 1.22-35.31, P=0.028) and calcinosis (OR=4.63, 95%CI 1.24-17.25, P=0.022). Among the 27 patients in the refractory group, 22 cases were treated with tofacitinib, after treatment with tofacitinib, 15 of 19 cases (86%) children with rashes showed improvement, and 6 cases (27%) with myositis evaluation table score less than 48 score both were improved, 3 of 6 cases (27%) had calcinosis were relieved, and 2 cases (9%) had glucocorticoid-dependence children were successfully weaned off. During the tofacitinib treatment, there was no increase in recurrent infection, blood lipids, liver enzymes, and creatinine were all normal in the 22 cases. Conclusions: Children with JDM with calcinosis and interstitial lung disease are more likely to develop refractory JDM. Tofacitinib is safe and effective for refractory JDM.

Salvage camrelizumab for an intractable NK/T cell lymphoma patient with two instances of intestinal perforation: a case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) with multifocal small intestine involvement complicated by intestinal perforation is extremely poor. There is no evidence-based treatment strategy for this intractable condition.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 30-year-old male was admitted to our hospital in April 2017 and presented with recurrent fever for three months and multiple painless subcutaneous nodules in the abdominal wall. An excision biopsy of the subcutaneous nodules in the abdominal wall revealed NKTCL. The patient was diagnosed with stage IVB NKTCL with skin and multifocal small intestinal involvement according to the imaging results. The first intestinal perforation occurred due to tumor infiltration before the initial treatment. The second intestinal perforation occurred after receiving two cycles of chemotherapy with a modified SMILE regimen. The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) chidamide was administered as a single-agent therapy after recovery from the second intestinal perforation. Complete remission was achieved. Unfortunately, five months later, the patient was confirmed to have relapsed and received the salvage chemotherapy. The patient suffered from disease progression again after the fourth cycle of chemotherapy. At this point, from May 29, 2018, the patient started to receive injections of the anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibody camrelizumab as a salvage treatment. Two months after the initial anti-PD-1 antibody camrelizumab injection, the response was partial remission. Disease progression was confirmed in March 2021, with a progression-free survival time of 34 months.

CONCLUSIONS

NKTCL patients with multifocal small intestine involvement have a high risk of intestinal perforation. The possible etiologies of bowel perforation include tumor infiltration, tumor necrosis in response to therapy, and acute inflammation. The anti-PD-1 antibody camrelizumab may be a new candidate agent for treating this type of intractable NKTCL. Further observations are necessary to identify the efficacy and safety of new agents in the future.

[HSDL2 overexpression promotes rectal cancer progression by regulating cancer cell cycle and promoting cell proliferation]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the expression of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 2 (HSDL2) in rectal cancer tissues and the effect of changes in HSDL2 expression level on proliferation of rectal cancer cells.

METHODS

Clinical data and tissue samples of 90 patients with rectal cancer admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to June 2022 were collected from the prospective clinical database and biological specimen database. The expression level of HSDL2 in rectal cancer and adjacent tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry, and based on the median level of HSDL2 expression, the patients were divided into high expression group (n=45) and low expression group (n=45) for analysis the correlation between HSDL2 expression level and the clinicopathological parameters. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to explore the role of HSDL2 in rectal cancer progression. The effects of changes in HSDL2 expression levels on rectal cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle and protein expressions were investigated in SW480 cells with lentivirus-mediated HSDL2 silencing or HSDL2 overexpression using CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting.

RESULTS

The expressions of HSDL2 and Ki67 were significantly higher in rectal cancer tissues than in the adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of HSDL2 protein was positively correlated with Ki67, CEA and CA19-9 expressions (P < 0.01). The rectal cancer patients with high HSDL2 expressions had significantly higher likelihood of having CEA ≥5 μg/L, CA19-9 ≥37 kU/L, T3-4 stage, and N2-3 stage than those with a low HSDL2 expression (P < 0.05). GO and KEGG analysis showed that HSDL2 was mainly enriched in DNA replication and cell cycle. In SW480 cells, HSDL2 overexpression significantly promoted cell proliferation, increased cell percentage in S phase, and enhanced the expression levels of CDK6 and cyclinD1 (P < 0.05), and HSDL2 silencing produced the opposite effects (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The high expression of HSDL2 in rectal cancer participates in malignant progression of the tumor by promoting the proliferation and cell cycle progress of the cancer cells.

[Silencing RAB27a inhibits proliferation, invasion and adhesion of triple-negative breast cancer cells]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of inhibition of RAB27 protein family, which plays a pivotal role in exosome secretion, on biological behaviors of triple-negative breast cancer cells.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to examine the expressions of RAB27 family and exosome secretion in 3 triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and Hs578T) and a normal breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A). The effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of RAB27a and RAB27b on exosome secretion in the 3 breast cancer cell lines was detected using Western blotting, and the changes in cell proliferation, invasion and adhesion were evaluated.

RESULTS

Compared with normal breast epithelial cells, the 3 triple-negative breast cancer cell lines exhibited more active exosome secretion (P < 0.001) and showed significantly higher expressions of RAB27a and RAB27b at both the mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.01). Silencing of RAB27a in the breast cancer cells significantly down-regulated exosome secretion (P < 0.001), while silencing of RAB27b did not significantly affect exosome secretion. The 3 breast cancer cell lines with RAB27a silencing-induced down-regulation of exosome secretion showed obvious inhibition of proliferation, invasion and adhesion (P < 0.01) as compared with the cell lines with RAB27b silencing.

CONCLUSION

RAB27a plays central role in the exosome secretion in triple-negative breast cancer cells, and inhibiting RAB27a can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and adhesion of the cells.

Having Your Cake and Eating It Too: Electrode Processing Approach Improves Safety and Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

A layered Li[Ni_xCo_yMn_1-x-y]O₂ (NCM)-based cathode is preferred for its high theoretical specific capacity. However, the two main issues that limit its practical application are severe safety issues and excessive capacity decay. A new electrode processing approach is proposed to synergistically enhance the electrochemical and safety performance. The polyimide's (PI) precursor is spin-coated on the LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ (NCM523) electrode sheet, and the homogeneous sulfonated PI layer is in situ produced by thermal imidization reaction. The PI-spin coated (PSC) layer provides improvements in capacity retention (86.47% vs 53.77% after 150 cycles at 1 C) and rate performance (99.21% enhancement at 5 C) as demonstrated by the NCM523-PSC||Li half-cell. The NCM523-PSC||graphite pouch full cell proves enhanced capacity retention (76.62% vs 58.58% after 500 cycles at 0.5 C) as well. The thermal safety of the NCM523-PSC cathode-based pouch cell is also significantly improved, with the critical temperature of thermal safety T₁ (the beginning temperature of obvious self-heating temperature) and thermal runaway temperature T₂ increased by 60.18 and 44.59 °C, respectively. Mechanistic studies show that the PSC layer has multiple effects as a passivation layer such as isolation of electrode-electrolyte contact, oxygen release suppression, solvation structure tuning, and the decomposition of carbonate solvents as well as LiPF₆ inhibition. This work provides a new path for a cost-effective and scalable design of electrode decoration with synergistic safety-electrochemical kinetics enhancement.

Synergistic effect of alloying on thermoelectric properties of two-dimensional PdPQ (Q = S, Se)

Hosts of 2D materials exist, yet few allow compositional and structural tailoring as the MQ₂ (M = Mo, W; Q = S, Se) family does, for which various structural superlattices have been synthesized. Using thorough first-principles calculations, we show how bonding hierarchy contributes to the structural resilience of 2D PdPQ and allows for full-range alloying of sulfur and selenium. Within the structural unit of Pd₂P₂Q₂, the covalently-bonded [P₂Q₂]^4- polyanions hold the structure together with their molecular-like P-P bonds while ionically bonded Pd-Qs allow the S/Se substitution. Here, the bonding hierarchy imparts superior electronic and structural features to the PdPQ monolayers. As such, the flat-and-dispersive valence band and the eight degenerate valleys of the conduction band benefit the p-type and n-type thermoelectricity of pristine PdPQ, which can be further enhanced by alloying. The high-entropy alloying synergistically suppresses the lattice heat transport from 75 to 30 W m^-1 K^-1 and increases the band degeneracy of PdPQ monolayers, resulting in an overall improvement in zT. Combining these features, in a naïve approach, results in a large zT approaching two for both p-type and n-type doping. However, accurate fully-fledged electron-phonon calculations rebut this promise, showing that at high temperatures, the increased electron scattering results in a stagnant power factor in the flat-and-dispersive valence band. Using a realistic first-principles scattering, we finally calculate the thermoelectric efficiency of PdPQ (Q = S, Se) and highlight the importance of an accurate estimation of electron relaxation time for thermoelectric predictions.

[The impact of low T3 syndrome on the prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between low T3 syndrome (LT3S) and the prognosis of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. Methods: A retrospective examination of 211 NDMM patients treated at the Department of Hematology, Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital from July 2009 to December 2020 was performed, and all patients received thyroid function testing to determine if they had LT3S. We investigated the relationship between LT3S and clinical features, as well as its impact on MM prognosis. Results: Of the 211 patients, 119 were males, and 92 were females, with a median age of 60 (33-86) years. Patients with LT3S had significantly higher levels of β(2)-microglobulin, C-reactive protein, and blood creatinine compared to those with normal T3 levels. They also had lower levels of hemoglobin, platelets, and serum albumin, as well as more advanced ISS stages (P<0.001) . Patients with LT3S had shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (16 months vs 30 months, P=0.003) and overall survival (OS) (57 months vs 75 months, P=0.004) than patients without LT3S. LT3S was found to be a standalone unfavorable factor in multivariate analysis, LT3S was an independent unfavorable factor in predicting both PFS (HR=2.114, 95% CI 1.271-3.516, P=0.004) and OS (HR=2.231, 95% CI 1.088-4.577, P=0.029) . Conclusions: Low T3 syndrome was an independent unfavorable prognostic predictor for NDMM.

Hydrogen sulfide alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial injury through TLR4-NLRP3 pathway

To investigate the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on myocardial injury in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD), male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce cardiac dysfunction without or with the H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) (50 µmol/kg, i.p.) administration 3 h after LPS injection. Six hours after the LPS injection, echocardiography, cardiac hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, myocardial damage and inflammatory biomarkers and Western blot results were analyzed. In mice, the administration of LPS decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by 30 % along with lowered H2S levels (35 % reduction). It was observed that cardiac troponin I (cTnI), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) levels were all increased (by 0.22-fold, 2000-fold and 0.66-fold respectively). HE staining revealed structural damage and inflammatory cell infiltration in the myocardial tissue after LPS administration. Moreover, after 6 h of LPS treatment, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) expressions were up-regulated 2.7-fold and 1.6-fold respectively. When compared to the septic mice, NaHS enhanced ventricular function (by 0.19-fold), decreased cTnI, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta levels (by 11 %, 33 %, and 16 % respectively) and downregulated TLR4 and NLRP3 expressions (by 64 % and 31 % respectively). Furthermore, NaHS did not further improve cardiac function and inflammation in TLR4-/- mice or mice in which NLRP3 activation was inhibited by MCC950, after LPS injection. In conclusion, these findings imply that decreased endogenous H2S promotes the progression of SIMD, whereas exogenous H2S alleviates SIMD by inhibiting inflammation via the TLR4-NLRP3 pathway suppression.

High prevalence of vertebral deformity in tumor-induced osteomalacia associated with impaired bone microstructure

PURPOSE

Patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) often suffer from irreversible height loss due to vertebral deformity. However, the prevalence of vertebral deformity in TIO patients varies among limited studies. In addition, the distribution and type of vertebral deformity, as well as its risk factors, remain unknown. This study aimed to identify the prevalence, distribution, type and risk factors for vertebral deformity in a large cohort of TIO patients.

METHODS

A total of 164 TIO patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Deformity in vertebrae T4-L4 by lateral thoracolumbar spine radiographs was evaluated according to the semiquantitative method of Genant. Bone microstructure was evaluated by trabecular bone score (TBS) and high-resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT).

RESULTS

Ninety-nine (99/164, 60.4%) patients had 517 deformed vertebrae with a bimodal pattern of distribution (T7-9 and T11-L1), and biconcave deformity was the most common type (267/517, 51.6%). Compared with patients without vertebral deformity, those with vertebral deformity had a higher male/female ratio, longer disease duration, more height loss, lower serum phosphate, higher bone turnover markers, lower TBS, lower areal bone mineral density (aBMD), lower peripheral volumetric BMD (vBMD) and worse microstructure. Lower trabecular vBMD and worse trabecular microstructure in the peripheral bone and lower spine TBS were associated with an increased risk of vertebral deformity independently of aBMD. After adjusting for the number of deformed vertebrae, we found little difference in clinical indexes among the patients with different types of vertebral deformity. However, we found significant correlations of clinical indexes with the number of deformed vertebrae and the spinal deformity index.

CONCLUSION

We reported a high prevalence of vertebral deformity in the largest cohort of TIO patients and described the vertebral deformity in detail for the first time. Risk factors for vertebral deformity included male sex, long disease duration, height loss, abnormal biochemical indexes and bone impairment. Clinical manifestation, biochemical indexes and bone impairment were correlated with the number of deformed vertebrae and degree of deformity, but not the type of deformity.

Phosphonate-Functionalized Ionic Liquid Gel Polymer Electrolyte with High Safety for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Batteries

The conventional lithium-ion battery technology relies on the liquid carbonate-based electrolyte solution, which causes excessive side reactions, serious risk of electrolyte leakage, high flammability, and significant safety hazards. In this work, phosphonate-functionalized imidazolium ionic liquid (PFIL) is synthesized and used as a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) to replace the organic carbonate-based electrolyte solution. The as-prepared ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte (IL-GPE) shows low crystallinity, flame retardance, and excellent electrochemical performance. Thanks to the fast double channel transport of lithium ions in the IL-GPE electrolyte, a high ionic conductivity of 0.48 mS cm^-1 and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.37 are exhibited. Symmetrical lithium cells with IL-GPE retain stable cycling even after 3000 h under 0.1 mA cm^-2. IL-GPE exhibits good compatibility toward lithium metal, yielding excellent long-term electrochemical kinetic stability. IL-GPE induces the formation of a uniform and robust SEI layer, inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites and improving the rate performance and cycle stability. Furthermore, Li/LiFePO₄ cells exhibit a specific capacity of 63 mA h g^-1 after 150 cycles at 5.0 C, with a capacity retention of 90.2%. It is foreseen that this GPE is a promising candidate to enhance the safety of high-performance lithium metal batteries.

Fluid shear stress-induced down-regulation of miR-146a-5p inhibits osteoblast apoptosis via targeting SMAD4

Fluid shear stress (FSS) plays an important role in osteoblast apoptosis. However, the role of miRNA in osteoblast apoptosis under FSS and possible molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Our aim of the study was to explore whether miR-146a-5p regulates osteoblast apoptosis under FSS and its molecular mechanisms. FSS could down-regulate the expression of miR-146a-5p in MC3T3-E1 cells. We confirm that up-regulation of miR-146a-5p promotes osteoblasts apoptosis and down-regulation of miR-146a-5p inhibits osteoblasts apoptosis. We further demonstrated that FSS inhibits osteoblast apoptosis by down-regulated miR-146a-5p. Dual-luciferase reporter assay validated that SMAD4 is a direct target gene of miR-146a-5p. In addition, mimic-146a-5p suppressed FSS-induced up-regulation of SMAD4 protein levels, which suggests that FSS elevated SMAD4 protein expression levels via regulation miR-146a-5p. Further investigations showed that SMAD4 could inhibit osteoblast apoptosis. We demonstrated that miR-146a-5p regulates osteoblast apoptosis via targeting SMAD4. Taken together, our present study showed that FSS-induced down-regulation miR-146a-5p inhibits osteoblast apoptosis via target SMAD4. These findings may provide novel mechanisms for FSS to inhibit osteoblast apoptosis, and also may provide a potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis.

The Therapeutic and Prognostic Role of Clusterin in Diverse Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Mini Review

This mini-review aims to introduce the association between Secretory clusterin/apolipoprotein J (sCLU) and diverse musculoskeletal diseases. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify basic science and clinical studies, which implied the therapeutic and prognostic role of sCLU in diverse musculoskeletal diseases. sCLU is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and is implicated in many pathophysiological processes. Dysregulated expression of sCLU had been reported to be assocaited with proliferative or apoptotic molecular processes and inflammatory responses, which participated in many pathophysiological processes such as degenerative musculoskeletal diseases including ischemic osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative cervical myelopathy (spinal cord injury), neoplastic musculoskeletal diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune musculoskeletal diseases including Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), joint damage induced by Brucella abortus, Sjogren's syndrome, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, muscle glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and traumatic musculoskeletal diseases. Recent findings of sCLU in these musculoskeletal diseases provides insights on the therapeutic and prognostic role of sCLU in these musculoskeletal diseases. sCLU may serve as a promising therapeutic target for ischemic osteonecrosis, OA and spinal cord injury as well as a potential prognostic biomarker for OA and RA. Moreover, sCLU could act as a prognostic biomarker for osteosarcoma (OS) and a promising therapeutic target for OS resistance. Although many studies support the potential therapeutic and prognostic role of sCLU in some inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated musculoskeletal diseases, more future researches are needed to explore the molecular pathogenic mechanism mediated by sCLU implied in these musculoskeletal diseases.

[Clinical follow-up analysis of multidisciplinary treatment of children with spinal muscular atrophy]

Objective: To analyze the follow-up and clinical effect of multidisciplinary treatment on the children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Methods: The clinical data including nutritional status, respiratory function, bone health and motor function of 45 children with SMA who received multidisciplinary management 1-year follow-up in the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from July 2019 to October 2021 were retrospectively collected. Comparisons before and after management were performed using paired-samples t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, etc. Results: The age of 45 patients (25 boys and 20 girls) was 50.4 (33.6, 84.0) months at the enrollment, with 6 cases of type 1, 22 cases of type 2, and 17 cases of type 3 respectively. After the multidisciplinary management, the cases of SMA patients with malnutrition decreased from 22 to 12 (P=0.030), the level of vitamin D were significantly increased ((45±17) vs. (48±14) nmol/L, t=-4.13, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the forced vital capacity %pred, the forced expiratory volume at 1 second %pred, and the peak expiratory flow %pred ((76±19)% and (76±21)%, (81±18)% and (79±18)%, (81±21)% and (78±17)%; t=-0.24, 1.36, 1.21; all P>0.05). The Cobbs angle of scoliosis also improved significantly (8.0°(0°, 13.0°) vs. 10.0°(0°, 18.5°), Z=-3.01, P=0.003). The Hammersmith functional motor scale expanded scores of children with SMA type 2 and type 3 both showed significant elevation (11.0 (8.0, 18.0) vs. 11.0 (5.0, 18.5) scores, 44.0 (36.5, 53.0) vs. 44.0 (34.0, 51.5) scores, Z=2.44, 3.11, P=0.015, 0.002). Conclusion: Multidisciplinary management is beneficial for delaying the progression of the multi-system impairments of SMA patients, such as malnutrition, restrictive ventilation dysfunction and scoliosis.

High-Temperature Magnesiothermic Reduction Enables HF-Free Synthesis of Porous Silicon with Enhanced Performance as Lithium-Ion Battery Anode

Porous silicon-based anode materials have gained much interest because the porous structure can effectively accommodate volume changes and release mechanical stress, leading to improved cycling performance. Magnesiothermic reduction has emerged as an effective way to convert silica into porous silicon with a good electrochemical performance. However, corrosive HF etching is normally a mandatory step to improve the electrochemical performance of the as-synthesized silicon, which significantly increases the safety risk. This has become one of the major issues that impedes practical application of the magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of the porous silicon anode. Here, a facile HF-free method is reported to synthesize macro-/mesoporous silicon with good cyclic and rate performance by simply increasing the reduction temperature from 700 °C to 800 °C and 900 °C. The mechanism for the structure change resulting from the increased temperature is elaborated. A finite element simulation indicated that the 3D continuous structure formed by the magnesiothermic reduction at 800 °C and 900 °C could undertake the mechanical stress effectively and was responsible for an improved cyclic stability compared to the silicon synthesized at 700 °C.

[Clonality relatedness and molecular characteristics of Richter transformation]

Objective: To investigate the clinical, genetic, and clonality related aspects of individuals with Richter transformation (RT) . Methods: From January 2019 to December 2021, 18 RT patients with diagnoses at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Pukou CLL center) were retrospectively examined. The immunoglobin heavy variable (IGHV) gene usage and IGHV-D-J rearrangement pattern of diagnosed CLL/SLL and transformed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were compared to determine the clonality relatedness. To investigate the risk factors of RT, Clinical and laboratory data from patients with newly diagnosed CLL/SLL and transformed DLBCL were gathered. Results: The median age of RT was 56.5 (41-75) years old. 17 patients transformed to DLBCL and 1 transformed to Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) . Of 17 individuals who had DLBCL transformation, 15 had CLL/SLL-related clonality and 2 had unrelated clonality. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of 11 paired initially diagnosed treatment-naive CLL/SLL and RT DLBCL found that EGR2、TP53 and NOTCH1 were among the most frequently mutated genes both in treatment-naive CLL/SLL and in RT DLBCL. In several cases, specific mutations were gained or lost throughout RT, indicating clonal evolution. Among 10 patients before exposure to BTK inhibitors before RT, four patients acquired BTK mutation. The aforementioned mutations should be considered high-risk variables for transformation; in addition, TP53 and EGR2 mutations could be linked to a poor prognosis following RT in patients receiving a cocktail of new medicines. Conclusion: Most RT DLBCL patients in our center are clonality related (15/17, 88.2% ) and we recommend all qualified centers to evaluate clonality relatedness of RT DLBCL patients. There was some variability in the mutational landscape between DLBCL that had undergone a transformation and initially diagnosed, treatment-naive CLL/SLL. The underlying molecular mechanism of RT needs more research.