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Wu J, Shindo Y, Hotta K, Vu CQ, Lu K, Wazawa T, Nagai T, Oka K. Calcium-induced upregulation of energy metabolism heats neurons during neural activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 708:149799. [PMID: 38522401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cellular temperature affects every biochemical reaction, underscoring its critical role in cellular functions. In neurons, temperature not only modulates neurotransmission but is also a key determinant of neurodegenerative diseases. Considering that the brain consumes a disproportionately high amount of energy relative to its weight, neural circuits likely generate a lot of heat, which can increase cytosolic temperature. However, the changes in temperature within neurons and the mechanisms of heat generation during neural excitation remain unclear. In this study, we achieved simultaneous imaging of Ca2+ and temperature using the genetically encoded indicators, B-GECO and B-gTEMP. We then compared the spatiotemporal distributions of Ca2+ responses and temperature. Following neural excitation induced by veratridine, an activator of the voltage-gated Na+ channel, we observed an approximately 2 °C increase in cytosolic temperature occurring 30 s after the Ca2+ response. The temperature elevation was observed in the non-nuclear region, while Ca2+ increased throughout the cell body. Moreover, this temperature increase was suppressed under Ca2+-free conditions and by inhibitors of ATP synthesis. These results indicate that Ca2+-induced upregulation of energy metabolism serves as the heat source during neural excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Wu
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan; School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Cong Quang Vu
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kai Lu
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuichi Wazawa
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan; School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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2
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Nath S. Thermodynamic analysis of energy coupling by determination of the Onsager phenomenological coefficients for a 3×3 system of coupled chemical reactions and transport in ATP synthesis and its mechanistic implications. Biosystems 2024; 240:105228. [PMID: 38735525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The nonequilibrium coupled processes of oxidation and ATP synthesis in the fundamental process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are of vital importance in biosystems. These coupled chemical reaction and transport bioenergetic processes using the OXPHOS pathway meet >90% of the ATP demand in aerobic systems. On the basis of experimentally determined thermodynamic OXPHOS flux-force relationships and biochemical data for the ternary system of oxidation, ion transport, and ATP synthesis, the Onsager phenomenological coefficients have been computed, including an estimate of error. A new biothermokinetic theory of energy coupling has been formulated and on its basis the thermodynamic parameters, such as the overall degree of coupling, q and the phenomenological stoichiometry, Z of the coupled system have been evaluated. The amount of ATP produced per oxygen consumed, i.e. the actual, operating P/O ratio in the biosystem, the thermodynamic efficiency of the coupled reactions, η, and the Gibbs free energy dissipation, Φ have been calculated and shown to be in agreement with experimental data. At the concentration gradients of ADP and ATP prevailing under state 3 physiological conditions of OXPHOS that yield Vmax rates of ATP synthesis, a maximum in Φ of ∼0.5J(hmgprotein)-1, corresponding to a thermodynamic efficiency of ∼60% for oxidation on succinate, has been obtained. Novel mechanistic insights arising from the above have been discussed. This is the first report of a 3 × 3 system of coupled chemical reactions with transport in a biological context in which the phenomenological coefficients have been evaluated from experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Nath
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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3
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van Noorden CJF, Yetkin-Arik B, Serrano Martinez P, Bakker N, van Breest Smallenburg ME, Schlingemann RO, Klaassen I, Majc B, Habic A, Bogataj U, Galun SK, Vittori M, Erdani Kreft M, Novak M, Breznik B, Hira VVV. New Insights in ATP Synthesis as Therapeutic Target in Cancer and Angiogenic Ocular Diseases. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:329-352. [PMID: 38733294 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241249515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactate and ATP formation by aerobic glycolysis, the Warburg effect, is considered a hallmark of cancer. During angiogenesis in non-cancerous tissue, proliferating stalk endothelial cells (ECs) also produce lactate and ATP by aerobic glycolysis. In fact, all proliferating cells, both non-cancer and cancer cells, need lactate for the biosynthesis of building blocks for cell growth and tissue expansion. Moreover, both non-proliferating cancer stem cells in tumors and leader tip ECs during angiogenesis rely on glycolysis for pyruvate production, which is used for ATP synthesis in mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Therefore, aerobic glycolysis is not a specific hallmark of cancer but rather a hallmark of proliferating cells and limits its utility in cancer therapy. However, local treatment of angiogenic eye conditions with inhibitors of glycolysis may be a safe therapeutic option that warrants experimental investigation. Most types of cells in the eye such as photoreceptors and pericytes use OXPHOS for ATP production, whereas proliferating angiogenic stalk ECs rely on glycolysis for lactate and ATP production. (J Histochem Cytochem XX.XXX-XXX, XXXX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bahar Yetkin-Arik
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance TU/e, WUR, UU, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Serrano Martinez
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noëlle Bakker
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernarda Majc
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Habic
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bogataj
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Katrin Galun
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milos Vittori
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vashendriya V V Hira
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Amati A, Moning SU, Javor S, Schär S, Deutschmann S, Reymond JL, von Ballmoos C. Overcoming Protein Orientation Mismatch Enables Efficient Nanoscale Light-Driven ATP Production. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1355-1364. [PMID: 38569139 PMCID: PMC11036485 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing modules energized by light-driven proton pumps are powerful tools for the bottom-up assembly of artificial cell-like systems. However, the maximum efficiency of such modules is prohibited by the random orientation of the proton pumps during the reconstitution process into lipid-surrounded nanocontainers. Here, we overcome this limitation using a versatile approach to uniformly orient the light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin (pR) in liposomes. pR is post-translationally either covalently or noncovalently coupled to a membrane-impermeable protein domain guiding orientation during insertion into preformed liposomes. In the second scenario, we developed a novel bifunctional linker, trisNTA-SpyTag, that allows for the reversible connection of any SpyCatcher-containing protein and a HisTag-carrying protein. The desired protein orientations are verified by monitoring vectorial proton pumping and membrane potential generation. In conjunction with ATP synthase, highly efficient ATP production is energized by the inwardly pumping population. In comparison to other light-driven ATP-producing modules, the uniform orientation allows for maximal rates at economical protein concentrations. The presented technology is highly customizable and not limited to light-driven proton pumps but applicable to many membrane proteins and offers a general approach to overcome orientation mismatch during membrane reconstitution, requiring little to no genetic modification of the protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sacha Javor
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Schär
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Páli T, Feniouk B, Wilkens S. Editorial: Functions, working mechanisms, and regulation of rotary ATPases and Ductin proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1399421. [PMID: 38606286 PMCID: PMC11007226 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1399421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Páli
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Boris Feniouk
- A.N. Belozersky Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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6
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Ji S, Zhou Y, Chen J, Yang M, Li C, Liu M, Liu Y, Jiang L. An ATP "Synthase" Derived from a Single Structural Domain of Bacterial Histidine Kinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318503. [PMID: 38311597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a vital energy source for living organisms, and its biosynthesis and precise concentration regulation often depend on macromolecular machinery composed of protein complexes or complicated multidomain proteins. We have identified a single-domain protein HK853CA derived from bacterial histidine kinases (HK) that can catalyze ATP synthesis efficiently. Here, we explored the reaction mechanism and multiple factors that influence this catalysis through a combination of experimental techniques and molecular simulations. Moreover, we optimized its enzymatic activity and applied it as an ATP replenishment machinery to other ATP-dependent systems. Our results broaden the understanding of ATP biosynthesis and show that the single CA domain can be applied as a new biomolecular catalyst used for ATP supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Ji
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Conggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Maili Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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7
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Nath S. Coupling and biological free-energy transduction processes as a bridge between physics and life: Molecular-level instantiation of Ervin Bauer's pioneering concepts in biological thermodynamics. Biosystems 2024; 236:105134. [PMID: 38301737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The nonequilibrium coupled processes of oxidation and ATP synthesis in the biological process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are fundamental to all life on our planet. These steady-state energy transduction processes ‒ coupled by proton and anion/counter-cation concentration gradients in the OXPHOS pathway ‒ generate ∼95 % of the ATP requirement of aerobic systems for cellular function. The rapid energy cycling and homeostasis of metabolites involved in this coupling are shown to be responsible for maintenance and regulation of stable nonequilibrium states, the latter first postulated in pioneering biothermodynamics work by Ervin Bauer between 1920 and 1935. How exactly does this occur? This is shown to be answered by molecular considerations arising from Nath's torsional mechanism of ATP synthesis and two-ion theory of energy coupling developed in 25 years of research work on the subject. A fresh analysis of the biological thermodynamics of coupling that goes beyond the previous work of Stucki and others and shows how the system functions at the molecular level has been carried out. Thermodynamic parameters, such as the overall degree of coupling, q of the coupled system are evaluated for the state 4 to state 3 transition in animal mitochondria with succinate as substrate. The actual or operative P to O ratio, the efficiency of the coupled reactions, η, and the Gibbs energy dissipation, Φ have been calculated and shown to be in good agreement with experimental data. Novel mechanistic insights arising from the above have been discussed. A fourth law/principle of thermodynamics is formulated for a sub-class of physical and biological systems. The critical importance of constraints and time-varying boundary conditions for function and regulation is discussed in detail. Dynamic internal structural changes essential for torsional energy storage within the γ-subunit in a single molecule of the FOF1-ATP synthase and its transduction have been highlighted. These results provide a molecular-level instantiation of Ervin Bauer's pioneering concepts in biological thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Nath
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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8
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Ragunathan P, Sae-Lao P, Hamela C, Alcaraz M, Krah A, Poh WH, Ern Pee CJ, Hou Lim AY, Rice SA, Pethe K, Bond PJ, Dick T, Kremer L, Bates RW, Grüber G. High efficacy of the F-ATP synthase inhibitor TBAJ-5307 against nontuberculous mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105618. [PMID: 38176652 PMCID: PMC10840338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The F1FO-ATP synthase engine is essential for viability and growth of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) by providing the biological energy ATP and keeping ATP homeostasis under hypoxic stress conditions. Here, we report the discovery of the diarylquinoline TBAJ-5307 as a broad spectrum anti-NTM inhibitor, targeting the FO domain of the engine and preventing rotation and proton translocation. TBAJ-5307 is active at low nanomolar concentrations against fast- and slow-growing NTM as well as clinical isolates by depleting intrabacterial ATP. As demonstrated for the fast grower Mycobacterium abscessus, the compound is potent in vitro and in vivo, without inducing toxicity. Combining TBAJ-5307 with anti-NTM antibiotics or the oral tebipenem-avibactam pair showed attractive potentiation. Furthermore, the TBAJ-5307-tebipenem-avibactam cocktail kills the pathogen, suggesting a novel oral combination for the treatment of NTM lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae-Lao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Claire Hamela
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthéo Alcaraz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexander Krah
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Wee Han Poh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Carmen Jia Ern Pee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Albert Yick Hou Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Microbiomes for One Systems Health and Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, IRIM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Roderick W Bates
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore.
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9
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Kano T, Ishikawa K, Furuta K, Kaito C. Knockout of adenylosuccinate synthase purA increases susceptibility to colistin in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnae007. [PMID: 38305138 PMCID: PMC10876104 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Colistin is a cationic cyclic antimicrobial peptide used as a last resort against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. To understand the factors involved in colistin susceptibility, we screened colistin-sensitive mutants from an E. coli gene-knockout library (Keio collection). The knockout of purA, whose product catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from IMP in the de novo purine synthesis pathway, resulted in increased sensitivity to colistin. Adenylosuccinate is subsequently converted to AMP, which is phosphorylated to produce ADP, a substrate for ATP synthesis. The amount of ATP was lower in the purA-knockout mutant than that in the wild-type strain. ATP synthesis is coupled with proton transfer, and it contributes to the membrane potential. Using the membrane potential probe, 3,3'-diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC2(3)], we found that the membrane was hyperpolarized in the purA-knockout mutant compared to that in the wild-type strain. Treatment with the proton uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), abolished the hyperpolarization and colistin sensitivity in the mutant. The purA-knockout mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to aminoglycosides, kanamycin, and gentamicin; their uptake requires a membrane potential. Therefore, the knockout of purA, an adenylosuccinate synthase, decreases ATP synthesis concurrently with membrane hyperpolarization, resulting in increased sensitivity to colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700–8530, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700–8530, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700–8530, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700–8530, Japan
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10
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Belosludtseva NV, Pavlik LL, Mikheeva IB, Talanov EY, Serov DA, Khurtin DA, Belosludtsev KN, Mironova GD. Protective Effect of Uridine on Structural and Functional Rearrangements in Heart Mitochondria after a High-Dose Isoprenaline Exposure Modelling Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17300. [PMID: 38139129 PMCID: PMC10744270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrimidine nucleoside uridine and its phosphorylated derivates have been shown to be involved in the systemic regulation of energy and redox balance and promote the regeneration of many tissues, including the myocardium, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Moreover, rearrangements in mitochondrial structure and function within cardiomyocytes are the predominant signs of myocardial injury. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate whether uridine could alleviate acute myocardial injury induced by isoprenaline (ISO) exposure, a rat model of stress-induced cardiomyopathy, and to elucidate the mechanisms of its action related to mitochondrial dysfunction. For this purpose, a biochemical analysis of the relevant serum biomarkers and ECG monitoring were performed in combination with transmission electron microscopy and a comprehensive study of cardiac mitochondrial functions. The administration of ISO (150 mg/kg, twice with an interval of 24 h, s.c.) to rats caused myocardial degenerative changes, a sharp increase in the serum cardiospecific markers troponin I and the AST/ALT ratio, and a decline in the ATP level in the left ventricular myocardium. In parallel, alterations in the organization of sarcomeres with focal disorganization of myofibrils, and ultrastructural and morphological defects in mitochondria, including disturbances in the orientation and packing density of crista membranes, were detected. These malfunctions were improved by pretreatment with uridine (30 mg/kg, twice with an interval of 24 h, i.p.). Uridine also led to the normalization of the QT interval. Moreover, uridine effectively inhibited ISO-induced ROS overproduction and lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria. The administration of uridine partially recovered the protein level of the respiratory chain complex V, along with the rates of ATP synthesis and mitochondrial potassium transport, suggesting the activation of the potassium cycle through the mitoKATP channel. Taken together, these results indicate that uridine ameliorates acute ISO-induced myocardial injury and mitochondrial malfunction, which may be due to the activation of mitochondrial potassium recycling and a mild uncoupling leading to decreased ROS generation and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Belosludtseva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (E.Y.T.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Lubov L. Pavlik
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (E.Y.T.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Irina B. Mikheeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (E.Y.T.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Eugeny Yu. Talanov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (E.Y.T.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Dmitriy A. Serov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy A. Khurtin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia;
| | - Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (E.Y.T.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia;
| | - Galina D. Mironova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.L.P.); (I.B.M.); (E.Y.T.); (K.N.B.)
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11
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Lee JW. Transient protonic capacitor: Explaining the bacteriorhodopsin membrane experiment of Heberle et al. 1994. Biophys Chem 2023; 300:107072. [PMID: 37406610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane-electrostatically localized protons (TELP) theory can serve as a unified framework to explain experimental observations and elucidate bioenergetic systems including both delocalized and localized protonic coupling. With the TELP model as a unified framework, it is now better explained how the bacteriorhodopsin-purple membrane-ATPase system functions. The bacteriorhodopsin pumping of protons across the membrane results in the formation of TELP around the halobacterial extracellular membrane surface that is perfectly positioned to drive ATP synthase for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. The bacteriorhodopsin purple membrane sheet experiment of Heberle et al. 1994 is now better explained here as a transient "protonic capacitor". During the lifetime of a flashlight-induced protonic bacteriorhodopsin purple membrane capacitor activity, there is at least a transient non-zero membrane potential (Δψ ≠ 0). The experimental results demonstrated that "after proton release by an integral membrane protein, long-range proton transfer along the membrane surface is faster than proton exchange with the bulk water phase" exactly as predicted by the TELP theory, which is fundamentally important to the science of bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Weifu Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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12
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Ravera S, Tancreda G, Vezzulli L, Schito AM, Panfoli I. Cirsiliol and Quercetin Inhibit ATP Synthesis and Decrease the Energy Balance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) Strains Isolated from Patients. Molecules 2023; 28:6183. [PMID: 37687012 PMCID: PMC10488605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols have attracted attention in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, as they show antibacterial action. Considering that polyphenols inhibit F1Fo-ATP synthase (ATP synthase) and that bacteria need a constant energy production to maintain their homeostasis, we evaluated the effect of two flavones, cirsiliol (tri-hy-droxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone) and quercetin (3,3,4,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), on energy production and intracellular ATP content in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain and a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) strain isolated from patients, comparing the results to those obtained by treating the bacteria with oligomycin, a specific ATP synthase Fo moiety inhibitor. Real-time quantitative ATP synthesis and total ATP content of permeabilized Gram-positive bacteria were assayed by luminometry. The results showed that cirsiliol and quercetin inhibited ATP synthase and decreased the intracellular ATP levels in both strains, although the effect was higher in MRSE. In addition, while cirsiliol and quercetin acted immediately after the treatment, oligomycin inhibited ATP synthesis only after 30 min of incubation, suggesting that the different responses may depend on the different permeability of the bacterial wall to the three molecules. Thus, cirsiliol and quercetin could be considered potential additions to antibiotics due to their ability to target ATP synthase, against which bacteria cannot develop resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.R.)
| | - Gabriele Tancreda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.R.)
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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13
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Fan F, Zhu YX, Wu MY, Yin WX, Li GQ, Hahn M, Hamada MS, Luo CX. Mitochondrial Inner Membrane ABC Transporter Bcmdl1 Is Involved in Conidial Germination, Virulence, and Resistance to Anilinopyrimidine Fungicides in Botrytis cinerea. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0010823. [PMID: 37318357 PMCID: PMC10434148 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00108-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on thousands of plants, leading to huge losses in production. Anilinopyrimidine (AP) fungicides have been applied to control B. cinerea since the 1990s. Although resistance to AP fungicides was detected soon after their application, the mechanism of AP resistance remains to be elucidated. In this study, a sexual cross between resistant and sensitive isolates was performed, and the genomes of parental isolates and progenies were sequenced to identify resistance-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After screening and verification, mutation E407K in the Bcmdl1 gene was identified and confirmed to confer resistance to AP fungicides in B. cinerea. Bcmdl1 was predicted to encode a mitochondrial protein that belonged to a half-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Although Bcmdl1 was a transporter, it did not mediate resistance to multiple fungicides but mediated resistance specifically to AP fungicides. On the other hand, reductions in conidial germination and virulence were observed in Bcmdl1 knockout transformants compared to the parental isolate and complemented transformants, illustrating the biological functions of Bcmdl1. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that Bcmdl1 was localized in mitochondria. Interestingly, the production of ATP was reduced after cyprodinil treatment in Bcmdl1 knockout transformants, suggesting that Bcmdl1 was involved in ATP synthesis. Since Mdl1 could interact with ATP synthase in yeast, we hypothesize that Bcmdl1 forms a complex with ATP synthase, which AP fungicides might target, thereby interfering with the metabolism of energy. IMPORTANCE Gray mold, caused by B. cinerea, causes huge losses in the production of many fruits and vegetables. AP fungicides have been largely adopted to control this disease since the 1990s, and the development of resistance to AP fungicides initiates new problems for disease control. Due to the unknown mode of action, information on the mechanism of AP resistance is also limited. Recently, mutations in mitochondrial genes were reported to be related to AP resistance. However, the mitochondrial process of these genes remains to be elucidated. In this study, we identified several AP resistance-related mutations by quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq) and confirmed that mutation E407K in Bcmdl1 conferred AP resistance. We further characterized the expression patterns, biological functions, subcellular localization, and mitochondrial processes of the Bcmdl1 gene. This study deepens our understanding of the mechanism of resistance to and mode of action of AP fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Xu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min-Yi Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mohamed S. Hamada
- Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Jin L, Chen X, Pang C, Zhou L, Liu Y, Sun Y, Xu L, Wang Y, Chen Y. Investigation of the antibacterial mechanism of the novel bactericide dioctyldiethylenetriamine (Xinjunan). Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:2780-2791. [PMID: 36924248 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical control is an important method for tackling crop diseases. Clarifying the antibacterial mechanisms of bactericides is useful for developing new bactericides and for continuous plant disease control. In this study, the antibacterial mechanism of a novel bactericide, dioctyldiethylenetriamine (Xinjunan), which affects adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, was investigated. RESULTS The results of an in vitro inhibition activity assay showed that dioctyldiethylenetriamine inhibited the growth of a variety of plant pathogenic bacteria, especially that of Xanthomonas spp. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that dioctyldiethylenetriamine caused cell distortion and rupture. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the antibacterial effect of dioctyldiethylenetriamine, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo, PXO99A) treated with dioctyldiethylenetriamine, which has strong antibacterial effects against xanthomonads. The results showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched mainly in the oxidative phosphorylation and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways after treatment. Moreover, the dioctyldiethylenetriamine treatment exhibited reduction in enzyme activities in the TCA cycle, decreased intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and ATP contents, and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, dioctyldiethylenetriamine exhibited an inhibitory effect on the growth of other bacterial pathogens by reducing ATP synthesis. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the mechanism by which dioctyldiethylenetriamine inhibits ATP synthesis by affecting oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle pathways in bacteria. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hefei Research Center, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Anhui Province, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hefei Research Center, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Anhui Province, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaoyue Pang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hefei Research Center, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Anhui Province, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hefei Research Center, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Anhui Province, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hefei Research Center, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Anhui Province, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hefei Research Center, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Anhui Province, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Shandong Vicome Greenland Chemical Co., Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Shandong Vicome Greenland Chemical Co., Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hefei Research Center, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Anhui Province, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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15
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Saw WG, Le KCM, Shin J, Kwek JHM, Wong CF, Ragunathan P, Fong TC, Müller V, Grüber G. Atomic insights of an up and down conformation of the Acinetobacter baumannii F 1 -ATPase subunit ε and deciphering the residues critical for ATP hydrolysis inhibition and ATP synthesis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23040. [PMID: 37318822 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300175rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Acinetobacter baumannii F1 FO -ATP synthase (α3 :β3 :γ:δ:ε:a:b2 :c10 ), which is essential for this strictly respiratory opportunistic human pathogen, is incapable of ATP-driven proton translocation due to its latent ATPase activity. Here, we generated and purified the first recombinant A. baumannii F1 -ATPase (AbF1 -ATPase) composed of subunits α3 :β3 :γ:ε, showing latent ATP hydrolysis. A 3.0 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure visualizes the architecture and regulatory element of this enzyme, in which the C-terminal domain of subunit ε (Abε) is present in an extended position. An ε-free AbF1 -ɑβγ complex generated showed a 21.5-fold ATP hydrolysis increase, demonstrating that Abε is the major regulator of AbF1 -ATPase's latent ATP hydrolysis. The recombinant system enabled mutational studies of single amino acid substitutions within Abε or its interacting subunits β and γ, respectively, as well as C-terminal truncated mutants of Abε, providing a detailed picture of Abε's main element for the self-inhibition mechanism of ATP hydrolysis. Using a heterologous expression system, the importance of Abε's C-terminus in ATP synthesis of inverted membrane vesicles, including AbF1 FO -ATP synthases, has been explored. In addition, we are presenting the first NMR solution structure of the compact form of Abε, revealing interaction of its N-terminal β-barrel and C-terminal ɑ-hairpin domain. A double mutant of Abε highlights critical residues for Abε's domain-domain formation which is important also for AbF1 -ATPase's stability. Abε does not bind MgATP, which is described to regulate the up and down movements in other bacterial counterparts. The data are compared to regulatory elements of F1 -ATPases in bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria to prevent wasting of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuan-Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khoa Cong Minh Le
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jes Hui Min Kwek
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chui Fann Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Choy Fong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Zhang Y, Westerhoff HV. Gear Shifting in Biological Energy Transduction. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:993. [PMID: 37509940 PMCID: PMC10378313 DOI: 10.3390/e25070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Confronted with thermodynamically adverse output processes, free-energy transducers may shift to lower gears, thereby reducing output per unit input. This option is well known for inanimate machines such as automobiles, but unappreciated in biology. The present study extends existing non-equilibrium thermodynamic principles to underpin biological gear shifting and identify possible mechanisms. It shows that gear shifting differs from altering the degree of coupling and that living systems may use it to optimize their performance: microbial growth is ultimately powered by the Gibbs energy of catabolism, which is partially transformed into Gibbs energy ('output force') in the ATP that is produced. If this output force is high, the cell may turn to a catabolic pathway with a lower ATP stoichiometry. Notwithstanding the reduced stoichiometry, the ATP synthesis flux may then actually increase as compared to that in a system without gear shift, in which growth might come to a halt. A 'variomatic' gear switching strategy should be optimal, explaining why organisms avail themselves of multiple catabolic pathways, as these enable them to shift gears when the growing gets tough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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17
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Abdalla N, Tobías-Baraja E, Gonzalez A, Garrabou G, Egea G, Campuzano V. Dysfunctional Mitochondria in the Cardiac Fibers of a Williams-Beuren Syndrome Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10071. [PMID: 37373217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that, together with a rather characteristic neurocognitive profile, presents a strong cardiovascular phenotype. The cardiovascular features of WBS are mainly related to a gene dosage effect due to hemizygosity of the elastin (ELN) gene; however, the phenotypic variability between WBS patients indicates the presence of important modulators of the clinical impact of elastin deficiency. Recently, two genes within the WBS region have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Numerous cardiovascular diseases are related to mitochondrial dysfunction; therefore, it could be a modulator of the phenotype present in WBS. Here, we analyze mitochondrial function and dynamics in cardiac tissue from a WBS complete deletion (CD) model. Our research reveals that cardiac fiber mitochondria from CD animals have altered mitochondrial dynamics, accompanied by respiratory chain dysfunction with decreased ATP production, reproducing alterations observed in fibroblasts from WBS patients. Our results highlight two major factors: on the one hand, that mitochondrial dysfunction is probably a relevant mechanism underlying several risk factors associated with WBS disease; on the other, the CD murine model mimics the mitochondrial phenotype of WBS and could be a great model for carrying out preclinical tests on drugs targeting the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Abdalla
- Department de Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Tobías-Baraja
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez
- Department de Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Egea
- Department de Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Victoria Campuzano
- Department de Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Yasuda S, Hayashi T, Murata T, Kinoshita M. Physical pictures of rotation mechanisms of F 1- and V 1-ATPases: Leading roles of translational, configurational entropy of water. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1159603. [PMID: 37363397 PMCID: PMC10288849 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1159603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to develop a theory based on a concept other than the chemo-mechanical coupling (transduction of chemical free energy of ATP to mechanical work) for an ATP-driven protein complex. Experimental results conflicting with the chemo-mechanical coupling have recently emerged. We claim that the system comprises not only the protein complex but also the aqueous solution in which the protein complex is immersed and the system performs essentially no mechanical work. We perform statistical-mechanical analyses on V1-ATPase (the A3B3DF complex) for which crystal structures in more different states are experimentally known than for F1-ATPase (the α3β3γ complex). Molecular and atomistic models are employed for water and the structure of V1-ATPase, respectively. The entropy originating from the translational displacement of water molecules in the system is treated as a pivotal factor. We find that the packing structure of the catalytic dwell state of V1-ATPase is constructed by the interplay of ATP bindings to two of the A subunits and incorporation of the DF subunit. The packing structure represents the nonuniformity with respect to the closeness of packing of the atoms in constituent proteins and protein interfaces. The physical picture of rotation mechanism of F1-ATPase recently constructed by Kinoshita is examined, and common points and differences between F1- and V1-ATPases are revealed. An ATP hydrolysis cycle comprises binding of ATP to the protein complex, hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi in it, and dissociation of ADP and Pi from it. During each cycle, the chemical compounds bound to the three A or β subunits and the packing structure of the A3B3 or α3β3 complex are sequentially changed, which induces the unidirectional rotation of the central shaft for retaining the packing structure of the A3B3DF or α3β3γ complex stabilized for almost maximizing the water entropy. The torque driving the rotation is generated by water with no input of chemical free energy. The presence of ATP is indispensable as a trigger of the torque generation. The ATP hydrolysis or synthesis reaction is tightly coupled to the rotation of the central shaft in the normal or inverse direction through the water-entropy effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Membrane Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Assistive Technology and Art and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Membrane Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Healy TM, Hargadon AC, Burton RS. Developmental rate displays effects of inheritance but not of sex in interpopulation hybrids of Tigriopus californicus. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37222025 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Coevolved genetic interactions within populations can be disrupted by hybridization resulting in loss of fitness in hybrid individuals (i.e., hybrid breakdown). However, the extent to which variation in fitness-related traits among hybrids is inherited across generations remains unclear, and variation in these traits may be sex-specific in hybrids due to differential effects of genetic incompatibilities in females and males. Here we present two experiments investigating variation in developmental rate among reciprocal interpopulation hybrids of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus. Developmental rate is a fitness-related trait in this species that is affected by interactions between mitochondrial-encoded and nuclear-encoded genes in hybrids that result in variation in mitochondrial ATP synthesis capacities. First, we show that F2 -hybrid developmental rate is equivalent in two reciprocal crosses and is unaffected by sex, suggesting that breakdown of developmental rate is likely experienced equally by females and males. Second, we demonstrate that variation in developmental rate among F3 hybrids is heritable; times to copepodid metamorphosis of F4 offspring of fast-developing F3 parents (12.25 ± 0.05 days, μ ± SEM) were significantly faster than those of F4 offspring of slow-developing parents (14.58 ± 0.05 days). Third, we find that ATP synthesis rates in these F4 hybrids are unaffected by the developmental rates of their parents, but that mitochondria from females synthesize ATP at faster rates than mitochondria from males. Taken together, these results suggest that sex-specific effects vary among fitness-related traits in these hybrids, and that effects likely associated with hybrid breakdown display substantial inheritance across hybrid generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Healy
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexis Cody Hargadon
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald S Burton
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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20
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Dick CF, Alcantara CL, Carvalho-Kelly LF, Lacerda-Abreu MA, Cunha-E-Silva NL, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Vieyra A. Iron Uptake Controls Trypanosoma cruzi Metabolic Shift and Cell Proliferation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12050984. [PMID: 37237850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ionic transport in Trypanosoma cruzi is the object of intense studies. T. cruzi expresses a Fe-reductase (TcFR) and a Fe transporter (TcIT). We investigated the effect of Fe depletion and Fe supplementation on different structures and functions of T. cruzi epimastigotes in culture. (2) Methods: We investigated growth and metacyclogenesis, variations of intracellular Fe, endocytosis of transferrin, hemoglobin, and albumin by cell cytometry, structural changes of organelles by transmission electron microscopy, O2 consumption by oximetry, mitochondrial membrane potential measuring JC-1 fluorescence at different wavelengths, intracellular ATP by bioluminescence, succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase following reduction of ferricytochrome c, production of H2O2 following oxidation of the Amplex® red probe, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity following the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, expression of SOD, elements of the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, TcFR and TcIT by quantitative PCR, PKA activity by luminescence, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase abundance and activity by Western blotting and NAD+ reduction, and glucokinase activity recording NADP+ reduction. (3) Results: Fe depletion increased oxidative stress, inhibited mitochondrial function and ATP formation, increased lipid accumulation in the reservosomes, and inhibited differentiation toward trypomastigotes, with the simultaneous metabolic shift from respiration to glycolysis. (4) Conclusion: The processes modulated for ionic Fe provide energy for the T. cruzi life cycle and the propagation of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia F Dick
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina L Alcantara
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Carvalho-Kelly
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Lacerda-Abreu
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Narcisa L Cunha-E-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - José R Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional /BIOTRANS, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Sokolova IM. Ectotherm mitochondrial economy and responses to global warming. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13950. [PMID: 36790303 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a key abiotic factor affecting ecology, biogeography, and evolution of species. Alterations of energy metabolism play an important role in adaptations and plastic responses to temperature shifts on different time scales. Mitochondrial metabolism affects cellular bioenergetics and redox balance making these organelles an important determinant of organismal performances such as growth, locomotion, or development. Here I analyze the impacts of environmental temperature on the mitochondrial functions (including oxidative phosphorylation, proton leak, production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and ATP synthesis) of ectotherms and discuss the mechanisms underlying negative shifts in the mitochondrial energy economy caused by supraoptimal temperatures. Owing to the differences in the thermal sensitivity of different mitochondrial processes, elevated temperatures (beyond the species- and population-specific optimal range) cause reallocation of the electron flux and the protonmotive force (Δp) in a way that decreases ATP synthesis efficiency, elevates the relative cost of the mitochondrial maintenance, causes excessive production of ROS and raises energy cost for antioxidant defense. These shifts in the mitochondrial energy economy might have negative consequences for the organismal fitness traits such as the thermal tolerance or growth. Correlation between the thermal sensitivity indices of the mitochondria and the whole organism indicate that these traits experience similar selective pressures but further investigations are needed to establish whether there is a cause-effect relationship between the mitochondrial failure and loss of organismal performance during temperature change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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22
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Liu L, Liang C, Fan W, Zhong J. Effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on aerobic metabolism of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:1325-1335. [PMID: 36195815 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of exosomes secreted by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSC-Exo) on aerobic metabolism of cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced oxidative damage in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19), and to explore the protective mechanism of HUCMSC-Exo on oxidative damage in ARPE-19 cells. METHODS HUCMSC-Exo were extracted and identified; CCK-8 assay was used to established the oxidative damage mode of ARPE-19 cells induced by CoCl2; JC-1 flow cytometry was used to detect the effects of exosomes with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL) on the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of oxidatively damaged ARPE-19 cells. The effects of exosomes with different concentrations on the activity of oxidative metabolic enzymes (oxidative respiratory chain complexes I, III, IV, and V) and ATP synthesis in oxidatively damaged ARPE-19 cells were detected by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Under transmission electron microscope, HUCMSC-Exo were round or oval membrane vesicles with diameters of about 40-100 nm. Western blot results showed that HUCMSC-Exo expressed specific marker proteins CD63 and CD81. CCK-8 dates showed that the cell viability of ARPE-19 cells was significantly decreased with increasing CoCl2 concentration, and the concentration of 400 μmol/L CoCl2 was chosen to be the optimal concentration for oxidative damage. MMP was increased in exosomes intervention group (25, 50 or 100 μg/mL), and the dates were statistically different from 0 μg/mL exosome intervention group (P < 0.05). The activities of mitochondrial complexes I, IV, and V in exosomes intervention groups (100 μg/mL) were higher than those in 0 μg/mL exosome intervention group. In 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL exosome intervention group, ATP synthesis was significantly different from the 0 μg/mL exosome intervention group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HUCMSC-Exo had a certain protective effect on ARPE-19 cells induced by CoCl2 in vitro. The protective mechanism of HUCMSC-Exo on oxidative damage ARPE-19 cells might be through saving its aerobic metabolic function, restoring cell ATP synthesis, and improving the ability of cells to repair damage and deal with the hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunlan Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, 189 Fenglin 3rd Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410006, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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23
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Naeini SH, Mavaddatiyan L, Kalkhoran ZR, Taherkhani S, Talkhabi M. Alpha-ketoglutarate as a potent regulator for lifespan and healthspan: Evidences and perspectives. Exp Gerontol 2023; 175:112154. [PMID: 36934991 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process that determined by a functional decline in cells and tissues as organisms are growing old, resulting in an increase at risk of disease and death. To this end, many efforts have been made to control aging and increase lifespan and healthspan. These efforts have led to the discovery of several anti-aging drugs and compounds such as rapamycin and metformin. Recently, alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) has been introduced as a potential anti-aging metabolite that can control several functions in organisms, thereby increases longevity and improves healthspan. Unlike other synthetic anti-aging drugs, AKG is one of the metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, and synthesized in the body. It plays a crucial role in the cell energy metabolism, amino acid/protein synthesis, epigenetic regulation, stemness and differentiation, fertility and reproductive health, and cancer cell behaviors. AKG exerts its effects through different mechanisms such as inhibiting mTOR and ATP-synthase, modulating DNA and histone demethylation and reducing ROS formation. Herein, we summarize the recent findings of AKG-related lifespan and healthspan studies and discuss AKG associated cell and molecular mechanisms involved in increasing longevity, improving reproduction, and modulating stem cells and cancer cells behavior. We also discuss the promises and limitations of AKG for delaying aging and other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Hakimi Naeini
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laleh Mavaddatiyan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rashid Kalkhoran
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Taherkhani
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Aragoneses-Cazorla G, Vallet-Regí M, Gómez-Gómez MM, González B, Luque-Garcia JL. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis reveals the biomolecular mechanisms associated to the antitumoral potential of a novel silver-based core@shell nanosystem. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:132. [PMID: 36914921 PMCID: PMC10011303 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
A combination of omics techniques (transcriptomics and metabolomics) has been used to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the antitumor action of a nanosystem based on a Ag core coated with mesoporous silica on which transferrin has been anchored as a targeting ligand against tumor cells (Ag@MSNs-Tf). Transcriptomics analysis has been carried out by gene microarrays and RT-qPCR, while high-resolution mass spectrometry has been used for metabolomics. This multi-omics strategy has enabled the discovery of the effect of this nanosystem on different key molecular pathways including the glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the oxidative phosphorylation and the synthesis of fatty acids, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Aragoneses-Cazorla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre (I+12), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Saragossa, Spain
| | - Ma Milagros Gómez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca González
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre (I+12), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Saragossa, Spain
| | - Jose L Luque-Garcia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Mikeli M, Fujikawa M, Tanabe T. GPD2: The relationship with cancer and neural stemness. Cells Dev 2023; 173:203824. [PMID: 36592694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2022.203824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that knocking down GPD2 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2), responsible for the glycerol-phosphate shuttle, causes human hepatocarcinoma-derived HuH-7 cells, lowering the cancer stemness. After examining whether GPD2 expression in the other cell lines could affect their cancer stemness, this study showed that human neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells also lower the ability of sphere formation by knocking down GPD2. This suggests that GPD2 relates to the common mechanism for maintaining cancer stem cells, as in the cases like SH-SY5Y and HuH-7 cells. In addition, knocking down GPD2 in SH-SY5Y cells showed a morphological change and increasing tendency of neuronal marker genes, including GAP43, NeuN, and TUBB3, indicating that GPD2 may contribute to not only cancer but also neural stem cell maintenance. After all, GPD2 may play a role in maintaining cancer and neural stemness, although further rigorous studies are essential to conclude this. It is expected that GPD2 will be a novel target gene for cancer therapy, stem cell research, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimaiti Mikeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujikawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Lee JW. Protonic conductor: Explaining the transient "excess protons" experiment of Pohl's group 2012. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:106983. [PMID: 36868162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane-electrostatically localized protons (TELP) theory can serve as a unified framework to explain experimental observations and elucidate bioenergetic systems including both delocalized and localized protonic coupling. With the TELP model as a unified framework, we can now better explain: the experimental results of Pohl's group (Zhang et al. 2012) as an effect of transient "excess protons" that can temporally form because of the difference between the fast protonic conduction in liquid water through the "hops and turns" mechanism and the relatively slow diffusion of chloride anions. This new understanding with the TELP theory agrees well with the independent analysis on the Pohl's lab group experiment results by Agmon and Gutman who also concluded that "the excess protons propagate as an advancing front".
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Affiliation(s)
- James Weifu Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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27
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Healy TM, Burton RS. Loss of mitochondrial performance at high temperatures is correlated with upper thermal tolerance among populations of an intertidal copepod. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 266:110836. [PMID: 36801253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental temperatures have pervasive effects on the performance and tolerance of ectothermic organisms, and thermal tolerance limits likely play key roles underlying biogeographic ranges and responses to environmental change. Mitochondria are central to metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells, and these metabolic functions are thermally sensitive; however, potential relationships between mitochondrial function, thermal tolerance limits and local thermal adaptation in general remain unresolved. Loss of ATP synthesis capacity at high temperatures has recently been suggested as a mechanistic link between mitochondrial function and upper thermal tolerance limits. Here we use a common-garden experiment with seven locally adapted populations of intertidal copepods (Tigriopus californicus), spanning approximately 21.5° latitude, to assess genetically based variation in the thermal performance curves of maximal ATP synthesis rates in isolated mitochondria. These thermal performance curves displayed substantial variation among populations with higher ATP synthesis rates at lower temperatures (20-25 °C) in northern populations than in southern populations. In contrast, mitochondria from southern populations maintained ATP synthesis rates at higher temperatures than the temperatures that caused loss of ATP synthesis capacity in mitochondria from northern populations. Additionally, there was a tight correlation between the thermal limits of ATP synthesis and previously determined variation in upper thermal tolerance limits among populations. This suggests that mitochondria may play an important role in latitudinal thermal adaptation in T. californicus, and supports the hypothesis that loss of mitochondrial performance at high temperatures is linked to whole-organism thermal tolerance limits in this ectotherm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Healy
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0202, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ronald S Burton
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0202, La Jolla, CA, USA
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28
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Akiyama K, Ozawa SI, Takahashi Y, Yoshida K, Suzuki T, Kondo K, Wakabayashi KI, Hisabori T. Two specific domains of the γ subunit of chloroplast F(o)F(1) provide redox regulation of the ATP synthesis through conformational changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218187120. [PMID: 36716358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218187120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast FoF1-ATP synthase (CFoCF1) converts proton motive force into chemical energy during photosynthesis. Although many studies have been done to elucidate the catalytic reaction and its regulatory mechanisms, biochemical analyses using the CFoCF1 complex have been limited because of various technical barriers, such as the difficulty in generating mutants and a low purification efficiency from spinach chloroplasts. By taking advantage of the powerful genetics available in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we analyzed the ATP synthesis reaction and its regulation in CFoCF1. The domains in the γ subunit involved in the redox regulation of CFoCF1 were mutated based on the reported structure. An in vivo analysis of strains harboring these mutations revealed the structural determinants of the redox response during the light/dark transitions. In addition, we established a half day purification method for the entire CFoCF1 complex from C. reinhardtii and subsequently examined ATP synthesis activity by the acid-base transition method. We found that truncation of the β-hairpin domain resulted in a loss of redox regulation of ATP synthesis (i.e., constitutively active state) despite retaining redox-sensitive Cys residues. In contrast, truncation of the redox loop domain containing the Cys residues resulted in a marked decrease in the activity. Based on this mutation analysis, we propose a model of redox regulation of the ATP synthesis reaction by the cooperative function of the β-hairpin and the redox loop domains specific to CFoCF1.
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29
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Wang H, Li Z, Chen H, Jin J, Zhang P, Shen L, Hu S, Liu H. Metabolomic analysis reveals the impact of ketoprofen on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling leaves. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:21825-21837. [PMID: 36279067 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically active compounds (PACs) are becoming common pollutants in the natural environment, posing potential risks to crop quality; however, the toxic effects and metabolic changes that they cause in agricultural plants remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of ketoprofen on respiration rate, ATP synthesis, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and metabolomics in rice seedling leaves. The results showed that ketoprofen treatment adversely affected the respiration rate, ATP content, H+-ATPase activity and induced changes in the contents of carbon assimilation products (soluble sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose, and starch) and the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism (sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose invertase (InV)). The contents of nitrate, ammonium, and free amino acids, and the activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism (nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)) were also affected in a concentration-dependent manner. Metabolomics analysis showed that ketoprofen disturbed the type and content of metabolites (amino acids, carbohydrates, and secondary metabolites) to varying degrees and perturbed key metabolic pathways (substance synthesis and energy metabolism), ultimately resulting in the reduction of rice seedling biomass. This study provides important information and a useful reference for the accurate assessment of the environmental risks of PACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang, Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hanmei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jiaojun Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Luoqin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shuhao Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang, Gongshang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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30
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Xu H, Li W, Huang L, He X, Xu B, He X, Chen W, Wang Y, Xu W, Wang S, Kong Q, Xu Y, Lu W. Phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase ameliorates mitochondrial function and apoptosis in hepatocytes in T2DM in vitro. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100337. [PMID: 36716821 PMCID: PMC10033998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver function indicators are often impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who present higher concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase than individuals without diabetes. However, the mechanism of liver injury in patients with T2DM has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we performed a lipidomics analysis on the liver of T2DM mice, and we found that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels were low in T2DM, along with an increase in diglyceride, which may be due to a decrease in the levels of phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2), thus likely affecting the de novo synthesis of PE. The phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathway did not change significantly in the T2DM model, although both pathways are critical sources of PE. Supplementation with CDP-ethanolamine (CDP-etn) to increase the production of PE from the CDP-etn pathway reversed high glucose and FFA (HG&FFA)-induced mitochondrial damage including increased apoptosis, decreased ATP synthesis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased reactive oxygen species, whereas supplementation with lysophosphatidylethanolamine, which can increase PE production in the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathway, did not. Additionally, we found that overexpression of PCYT2 significantly ameliorated ATP synthesis and abnormal mitochondrial morphology induced by HG&FFA. Finally, the BAX/Bcl-2/caspase3 apoptosis pathway was activated in hepatocytes of the T2DM model, which could also be reversed by CDP-etn supplements and PCYT2 overexpression. In summary, in the liver of T2DM mice, Pcyt2 reduction may lead to a decrease in the levels of PE, whereas CDP-etn supplementation and PCYT2 overexpression ameliorate partial mitochondrial function and apoptosis in HG&FFA-stimulated L02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xu
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weizu Li
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu He
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bei Xu
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueqing He
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wentong Chen
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaoxing Wang
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Kong
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Youzhi Xu
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Wenjie Lu
- Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Niranjan V, Jayaprasad S, Uttarkar A, Kusanur R, Kumar J. Design of Novel Coumarin Derivatives as NUDT5 Antagonists That Act by Restricting ATP Synthesis in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 28. [PMID: 36615284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer, a heterogeneous disease, is among the most frequently diagnosed diseases and is the second leading cause of death due to cancer among women after lung cancer. Phytoactives (plant-based derivatives) and their derivatives are safer than synthetic compounds in combating chemoresistance. In the current work, a template-based design of the coumarin derivative was designed to target the ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase protein. The novel coumarin derivative (2R)-2-((S)-sec-butyl)-5-oxo-4-(2-oxochroman-4-yl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-olate was designed. Molecular docking studies provided a docking score of -6.574 kcal/mol and an MM-GBSA value of -29.15 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out for 500 ns, providing better insights into the interaction. An RMSD change of 2.4 Å proved that there was a stable interaction and that there was no conformational change induced to the receptor. Metadynamics studies were performed to calculate the unbinding energy of the principal compound with NUDT5, which was found to be -75.171 kcal/mol. In vitro validation via a cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) of the principal compound was carried out with quercetin as a positive control in the MCF7 cell line and with an IC50 value of 55.57 (+/-) 0.7 μg/mL. This work promoted the research of novel natural derivatives to discover their anticancer activity.
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Wong CF, Saw WG, Basak S, Sano M, Ueno H, Kerk HW, Litty D, Ragunathan P, Dick T, Müller V, Noji H, Grüber G. Structural Elements Involved in ATP Hydrolysis Inhibition and ATP Synthesis of Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial F-ATP Synthase Decipher New Targets for Inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0105622. [PMID: 36445139 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01056-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The F1FO-ATP synthase is required for the viability of tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and has been validated as a drug target. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of the Mycobacterium smegmatis F1-ATPase and the F1FO-ATP synthase with different nucleotide occupation within the catalytic sites and visualize critical elements for latent ATP hydrolysis and efficient ATP synthesis. Mutational studies reveal that the extended C-terminal domain (αCTD) of subunit α is the main element for the self-inhibition mechanism of ATP hydrolysis for TB and NTM bacteria. Rotational studies indicate that the transition between the inhibition state by the αCTD and the active state is a rapid process. We demonstrate that the unique mycobacterial γ-loop and subunit δ are critical elements required for ATP formation. The data underline that these mycobacterium-specific elements of α, γ, and δ are attractive targets, providing a platform for the discovery of species-specific inhibitors.
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Nath S. The Need for Consistency with Physical Laws and Logic in Choosing Between Competing Molecular Mechanisms in Biological Processes: A Case Study in Modeling ATP Synthesis. Function (Oxf) 2022; 3:zqac054. [PMID: 36340246 PMCID: PMC9629475 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, proposed molecular mechanisms of fundamental biological processes have been tested against experiment. However, owing to a plethora of reasons-difficulty in designing, carrying out, and interpreting key experiments, use of different experimental models and systems, conduct of studies under widely varying experimental conditions, fineness in distinctions between competing mechanisms, complexity of the scientific issues, and the resistance of some scientists to discoveries that are contrary to popularly held beliefs-this has not solved the problem despite decades of work in the field/s. The author would like to prescribe an alternative way: that of testing competing models/mechanisms for their adherence to scientific laws and principles, and checking for errors in logic. Such tests are fairly commonly carried out in the mathematics, physics, and engineering literature. Further, reported experimental measurements should not be smaller than minimum detectable values for the measurement technique employed and should truly reflect function of the actual system without inapplicable extrapolation. Progress in the biological fields would be greatly accelerated, and considerable scientific acrimony avoided by adopting this approach. Some examples from the fundamental field of ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) have been reviewed that also serve to illustrate the approach. The approach has never let the author down in his 35-yr-long experience on biological mechanisms. This change in thinking should lead to a considerable saving of both time and resources, help channel research efforts toward solution of the right problems, and hopefully provide new vistas to a younger generation of open-minded biological scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Nath
- Address correspondence to S.N. (e-mail: ; )
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Carvalho-de-Araújo AD, Carvalho-Kelly LF, Dick CF, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Inorganic phosphate transporter in Giardia duodenalis and its possible role in ATP synthesis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 251:111504. [PMID: 35843419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan that inhabits vertebrate host intestines, causing the disease known as giardiasis. Similar to other parasites, G. duodenalis must take advantage of environmental resources to survive, such as inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability. Pi is an anionic molecule and an essential nutrient for all organisms because it participates in the biosynthesis of biomolecules, energy storage, and cellular structure formation. The first step in Pi metabolism is its uptake through specific transporters on the plasma membrane. We identified a symporter H+:Pi-type ORF sequence in the G. duodenalis genome (GenBank ID: GL50803_5164), named GdPho84, which is homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO84. In trophozoites, Pi transport was linear for up to 15 min, and the cell density was 3 × 107 cells/ml. Physiological variations in pH (6.4-8.0) did not influence Pi uptake. This Pi transporter had a high affinity, with K0.5 = 67.7 ± 7.1 µM Pi. SCH28080 (inhibitor of H+, K+-ATPase), bafilomycin A1 (inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPase), and FCCP (H+ ionophore) were able to inhibit Pi transport, indicating that an H+ gradient in the cell powered uphill Pi movement. PAA, an H+-dependent Pi transport inhibitor, reduced cell proliferation, Pi transport activity, and GdPHO48 mRNA levels. Pi starvation stimulated membrane potential-sensitive Pi uptake coupled to H+ fluxes, increased GdPho84 expression, and reduced intracellular ATP levels. These events indicate that these cells had an increased capacity to internalize Pi as a compensatory mechanism compared to cells maintained in control medium conditions. Internalized Pi can be used in glycolytic metabolism once iodoacetamide (GAPDH inhibitor) inhibits Pi influx. Together, these results reinforce the hypothesis that Pi is a crucial nutrient for G. duodenalis energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Fernando Carvalho-Kelly
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia F Dick
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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He K, Yan L, Lin SQ, Liu YY, Hu BH, Chang X, Zhao XR, He SY, Wei XH, Fan JY, Pan CS, Han JY. Implication of IGF1R signaling in the protective effect of Astragaloside IV on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cardiac microvascular endothelial hyperpermeability. Phytomedicine 2022; 100:154045. [PMID: 35338991 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) causes damage to coronary capillary endothelial barrier and microvascular leakage (MVL), aggravating tissue injury and heart dysfunction. However, the effective strategy for protecting endothelium barrier of cardiac vasculature remains limited. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the effect of Astragaloside IV (ASIV) on coronary MVL after cardiac I/R and the underlying mechanism. STUDY DESIGN Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used for assessment of the efficacy of Astragaloside IV in protection of myocardial I/R injury, while human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells were applied to gain more insight into the underlying mechanism. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats with or without pretreatment by ASIV at 10 mg/kg were subjected to occlusion of left coronary anterior descending artery followed by reperfusion. Endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia and re-oxygenation (H/R). The distribution of junction proteins was detected by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscope, the content of junction proteins was detected by Western blot, the level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was detected by ELISA, and the signal pathway related to permeability was detected by siRNA infection. The fluorescence intensity of FITC-albumin and FITC-Dextran was measured to evaluate the permeability of endothelial cells. RESULTS ASIV exhibited protective effects on capillary damage, myocardium edema, albumin leakage, leucocyte infiltration, and the downregulated expression of endothelial junction proteins after I/R. Moreover, ASIV displayed ability to protect ATP from depletion after I/R or H/R, and the effect of ASIV on regulating vascular permeability and junction proteins was abolished once ATP synthase was inhibited. Notably, ASIV activated the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and downstream signaling after reoxygenation. Knocking IGF1R down abolished the effect of ASIV on restoration of ATP, junction proteins and endothelial barrier after H/R. CONCLUSION ASIV was potential to prevent MVL after I/R in heart. Moreover, the study for the first time demonstrated that the beneficial role of ASIV depended on promoting production of ATP through activating IGF1R signaling pathway. This result provided novel insight for better understanding the mechanism underlying the potential of ASIV to cope with cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, China
| | - Li Yan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Se-Qi Lin
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu-Ying Liu
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bai-He Hu
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin-Rong Zhao
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shu-Ya He
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wei
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Yu Fan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Shui Pan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Litty D, Müller V. ATP synthesis in an ancient ATP synthase at low driving forces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201921119. [PMID: 35512103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201921119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe ATP synthases of many anaerobic archaea have an unusual motor subunit c that otherwise is only found in eukaryotic V1VO ATPases. The evolutionary switch from synthase to hydrolase is thought to be caused by a doubling of the rotor subunit c, followed by a loss of the ion binding site. By purification and reconstitution of an ATP synthase with a V-type c subunit, we have unequivocally demonstrated, against expectations, the capability of such an enzyme to synthesize ATP at physiological relevant driving forces of 90 to 150 mV. This is the long-awaited answer to an eminent question in microbial energetics and physiology, especially for life near the thermodynamic limit of ATP synthesis.
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Ardalan A, Smith MD, Jelokhani-Niaraki M. Uncoupling Proteins and Regulated Proton Leak in Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1528. [PMID: 35163451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher concentration of protons in the mitochondrial intermembrane space compared to the matrix results in an electrochemical potential causing the back flux of protons to the matrix. This proton transport can take place through ATP synthase complex (leading to formation of ATP) or can occur via proton transporters of the mitochondrial carrier superfamily and/or membrane lipids. Some mitochondrial proton transporters, such as uncoupling proteins (UCPs), transport protons as their general regulating function; while others are symporters or antiporters, which use the proton gradient as a driving force to co-transport other substrates across the mitochondrial inner membrane (such as phosphate carrier, a symporter; or aspartate/glutamate transporter, an antiporter). Passage (or leakage) of protons across the inner membrane to matrix from any route other than ATP synthase negatively impacts ATP synthesis. The focus of this review is on regulated proton transport by UCPs. Recent findings on the structure and function of UCPs, and the related research methodologies, are also critically reviewed. Due to structural similarity of members of the mitochondrial carrier superfamily, several of the known structural features are potentially expandable to all members. Overall, this report provides a brief, yet comprehensive, overview of the current knowledge in the field.
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Zhang X, Tomar N, Kandel SM, Audi SH, Cowley AW, Dash RK. Substrate- and Calcium-Dependent Differential Regulation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Energy Production in the Heart and Kidney. Cells 2021; 11:131. [PMID: 35011693 PMCID: PMC8750792 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dehydrogenases are differentially stimulated by Ca2+. Ca2+ has also diverse regulatory effects on mitochondrial transporters and other enzymes. However, the consequences of these regulatory effects on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and ATP production, and the dependencies of these consequences on respiratory substrates, have not been investigated between the kidney and heart despite the fact that kidney energy requirements are second only to those of the heart. Our objective was, therefore, to elucidate these relationships in isolated mitochondria from the kidney outer medulla (OM) and heart. ADP-induced mitochondrial respiration was measured at different CaCl2 concentrations in the presence of various respiratory substrates, including pyruvate + malate (PM), glutamate + malate (GM), alpha-ketoglutarate + malate (AM), palmitoyl-carnitine + malate (PCM), and succinate + rotenone (SUC + ROT). The results showed that, in both heart and OM mitochondria, and for most complex I substrates, Ca2+ effects are biphasic: small increases in Ca2+ concentration stimulated, while large increases inhibited mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, significant differences in substrate- and Ca2+-dependent O2 utilization towards ATP production between heart and OM mitochondria were observed. With PM and PCM substrates, Ca2+ showed more prominent stimulatory effects in OM than in heart mitochondria, while with GM and AM substrates, Ca2+ had similar biphasic regulatory effects in both OM and heart mitochondria. In contrast, with complex II substrate SUC + ROT, only inhibitory effects on mitochondrial respiration was observed in both the heart and the OM. We conclude that the regulatory effects of Ca2+ on mitochondrial OxPhos and ATP synthesis are biphasic, substrate-dependent, and tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (X.Z.); (N.T.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Namrata Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (X.Z.); (N.T.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Sunil M. Kandel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (X.Z.); (N.T.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Said H. Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53223, USA;
| | - Allen W. Cowley
- Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (X.Z.); (N.T.); (S.M.K.)
- Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Juhaszova M, Kobrinsky E, Zorov DB, Nuss HB, Yaniv Y, Fishbein KW, de Cabo R, Montoliu L, Gabelli SB, Aon MA, Cortassa S, Sollott SJ. ATP Synthase K+- and H+-Fluxes Drive ATP Synthesis and Enable Mitochondrial K+-"Uniporter" Function: I. Characterization of Ion Fluxes. Function (Oxf) 2021; 3:zqab065. [PMID: 35229078 PMCID: PMC8867323 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP synthase (F1Fo) synthesizes daily our body's weight in ATP, whose production-rate can be transiently increased several-fold to meet changes in energy utilization. Using purified mammalian F1Fo-reconstituted proteoliposomes and isolated mitochondria, we show F1Fo can utilize both ΔΨm-driven H+- and K+-transport to synthesize ATP under physiological pH = 7.2 and K+ = 140 mEq/L conditions. Purely K+-driven ATP synthesis from single F1Fo molecules measured by bioluminescence photon detection could be directly demonstrated along with simultaneous measurements of unitary K+ currents by voltage clamp, both blocked by specific Fo inhibitors. In the presence of K+, compared to osmotically-matched conditions in which this cation is absent, isolated mitochondria display 3.5-fold higher rates of ATP synthesis, at the expense of 2.6-fold higher rates of oxygen consumption, these fluxes being driven by a 2.7:1 K+: H+ stoichiometry. The excellent agreement between the functional data obtained from purified F1Fo single molecule experiments and ATP synthase studied in the intact mitochondrion under unaltered OxPhos coupling by K+ presence, is entirely consistent with K+ transport through the ATP synthase driving the observed increase in ATP synthesis. Thus, both K+ (harnessing ΔΨm) and H+ (harnessing its chemical potential energy, ΔμH) drive ATP generation during normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth W Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Miguel A Aon
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sonia Cortassa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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da Costa-Silva TA, Silva ML, Antar GM, Tempone AG, Lago JHG. Ent-kaurane diterpenes isolated from n-hexane extract of Baccharis sphenophylla by bioactivity-guided fractionation target the acidocalcisomes in Trypanosoma cruzi. Phytomedicine 2021; 93:153748. [PMID: 34628240 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present work the bioactivity-guided fractionation of n-hexane extract from aerial parts of Baccharis sphenophylla (Asteraceae) against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi was performed. PURPOSE To evaluate the antitrypanosomal potential of diterpenes ent‑kaurenoic (1), grandifloric (2). and 15β-tiglinoyloxy‑ent-kaurenoic (3) acids, isolated from n-hexane extract from aerial parts of B. sphenophylla, and elucidate their mechanism of action against T. cruzi. METHODS/STUDY DESIGN: n-Hexane and MeOH extracts from aerial parts of B. sphenophylla were prepared and caused, respectively, 100% and 50% of death of trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. Based on these results, the n-hexane extract was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation procedures to afford three related ent‑kaurane diterpenoids (1-3). Based on spectrofluorometric assays and flow cytometry analysis, the mechanism of action of compounds 1 and 3 was investigated. RESULTS Compounds 1 and 3, isolated from n-hexane extract from aerial parts of B. sphenophylla, showed potent activity against parasites with EC50 values of 10.6 μM (SI > 18.8) and 2.4 μM (SI = 34.8), respectively. On the other hand, compound 2 was inactive against trypomastigotes. In mechanism of action studies using the fluorescent probe SYTOX Green, the plasma membrane permeability was unaltered after treatment with compounds 1 and 3, but compound 1 induced a depolarization of the plasma membrane electric potential (ΔΨp). No substantial alterations were observed in the mitochondria after treatment with compound 3, but a transient hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) by compound 1. Despite the increased ATP levels induced by compounds 1 and 3, no alterations of ROS and Ca2+ levels were registered. However, both compounds promoted a time-dependent alkalinization of the acidocalcisomes, probably contributing to an osmotic imbalance of the cell. In silico physicochemical studies of compounds 1-3 suggested that lipophilicity and molecular complexity may play an important role in the antitrypanosomal activity. Moreover, no pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) alerts were detected for compounds 1-3. CONCLUSION Obtained data indicated that the isolated ent‑kaurane diterpenes from n-hexane extract from aerial parts of B. sphenophylla, especially compound 3, could be considered interesting prototypes for further modifications aiming the discovery of new hits against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A da Costa-Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo 09210-180, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo 09210-180, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Antar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Center for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo 09210-180, Brazil.
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Zhang Y, Lu L, Li C, Shao G, Chen X. Transcriptome analysis revealed multiple immune processes and energy metabolism pathways involved in the defense response of the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea against Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2021; 40:100886. [PMID: 34418783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) aquaculture industry is suffering substantial financial losses caused by visceral white nodules disease resulting from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection. However, how L. crocea responds to P. plecoglossicida infection remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the changes in the mRNA profile in the spleen of L. crocea upon P. plecoglossicida infection and explored the related defensive strategies. Sample clustering analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that P. plecoglossicida induced profound and reproducible transcriptome remodeling in the L. crocea spleen. Many innate immune-related genes, such as IL-17 signaling molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors, complement components, TLR5 signaling molecules, and antimicrobial peptide hepcidins (Hamps), were upregulated by P. plecoglossicida and may play important roles in the L. crocea defense against P. plecoglossicida. The antibacterial activity of Hamp2-5 against P. plecoglossicida was further confirmed by using synthetic mature peptide of Hamp2-5. Additionally, significant enrichment of "Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis", "Citrate cycle" and "Oxidative phosphorylation" pathways and a significant upregulation of all 6 rate-limiting enzyme genes (HK1, PFK, PKM, CS, IDH2, DLST) in the Glycolysis and Citrate cycle pathways in P. plecoglossicida-infected fish suggested that ATP synthesis may be accelerated to ensure energy supply in response to pathogenic infection. Altogether, our results not only identified the key immune-related genes and immune pathways that participated in the defense response of L. crocea against P. plecoglossicida, but also revealed a novel defensive strategy involving ATP synthesis in this species.
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Yan G, Li X, Yang J, Li Z, Hou J, Rao B, Hu Y, Ma L, Wang Y. Cost-Effective Production of ATP and S-Adenosylmethionine Using Engineered Multidomain Scaffold Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111706. [PMID: 34827704 PMCID: PMC8616028 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) are important intermediates that are widely present in living organisms. Large-scale preparation and application of ATP or SAM is limited by expensive raw materials. To lower the production costs for ATP/SAM, in this study we used strategies applying engineered multidomain scaffold proteins to synthesize ATP and SAM. An artificial scaffold protein containing CBM3 domain, IM proteins and CL-labeled proteins was assembled to form complex 1 for catalytic reactions to increase ATP production. The ATP synthesis system produced approximately 25 g/L of ATP with approximately 15 g/L of ADP and 5 g/L of AMP using 12.5 g/L of adenosine and 40 g/L of sodium hexametaphosphate reaction at 35 °C and a pH of 8.5 for 6 h. Based on the above ATP synthesis system, two CL-labeled methionine adenosyltransferases (CL9-MAT4 and CL9-MAT5) were applied to construct scaffold protein complex 2 to achieve SAM synthesis. Approximately 25 μg of MAT4 in a reaction system with 0.3 M MgCl2 catalyzed at 20 °C and a pH of 8 catalyzed 0.5 g/L of l-Met to produce approximately 0.9 g/L of SAM. Approximately 25 μg of MAT5 in a reaction system with 0.7 M MgCl2 catalyzed at 35 °C and a pH of 8 catalyzed 0.5 g/L of l-Met to produce approximately 1.2 g/L of SAM. Here, we showed that low-cost substrates can be efficiently converted into high-value additional ATP and SAM via multi-enzyme catalytic reactions by engineered multidomain scaffold proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Zhongchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Jia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Ben Rao
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biopesticide Branch of Hubei Innovation Centre of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhao X, Ma R, Zhang X, Wang B, Rong B, Jiang N, Feng W, Chen M, Huo Z, Li S, Xia T. Transcriptomic study of the mechanism by which the Kai Yu Zhong Yu recipe improves oocyte quality in a stressed mouse model. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114298. [PMID: 34090913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Kai Yu Zhong Yu recipe (KYZY) is a classic herbal formula in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used to treat infertility associated with psychological stress for more than three hundred years. AIM OF THE STUDY Psychological stress has major impacts on fertility, with variable outcomes depending on the nature, strength, and duration of the stress. Stress can directly disturb ovulation, oocyte quality, maturation, and embryo development. The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism by which KYZY improves oocyte developmental potential under psychological stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR female mice aged 4-5 weeks were randomly divided into five groups: control, stressed in the chronic unpredictable stress model (CUSM), and stressed plus KYZY treatment at 38.2 g/kg (KYZYH), 19.1 g/kg (KYZYM), or 9.6 g/kg (KYZYL). Ovary function was assessed by measuring serum levels of estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Oocyte quality was evaluated in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, apoptotic DNA fragmentation, and mitochondria distribution. We used RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups and then further analyzed the DEGs for gene ontology (GO) term enrichment and protein-protein interactions. RESULTS Mice in the stressed group had reduced serum E2, LH, and FSH as well as increased ROS levels, increased apoptosis, and disturbed mitochondria distribution in oocytes. Treatment with KYZY at all three doses reversed or ameliorated these negative effects of stress. DEG analysis identified 187 common genes between the two comparisons (stressed vs. control and KYZYM vs. stressed), 33 of which were annotated with six gene ontology (GO)'s biological process (BP) terms: cell differentiation, apoptosis, ATP synthesis, protein homo-oligomerization, neuron migration, and negative regulation of peptidase activity. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEGs identified key hub genes. Notably, the genes Atp5o and Cyc1 were both involved in the ATP synthesis and among the top three hub genes, suggesting that regulation of oocyte mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis is important in the response to stress and also is a possible mechanism of action for KYZY. CONCLUSIONS KYZY was effective in ameliorating the adverse effects of stress on oocyte competence, possibly by targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain and ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Ruihong Ma
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Baojuan Wang
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Beilei Rong
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Weihua Feng
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Mingli Chen
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shuming Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Reproductive Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, And National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China.
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Nelson MAM, Fisher-Wellman KH. Mitochondrial Diagnostics: A Discovery-Based Biochemical Platform for Phenotyping Human Peripheral Blood Cell Mitochondria. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2277:371-389. [PMID: 34080163 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro experiments using permeabilized cells and/or isolated mitochondria represent a powerful biochemical tool for elucidating the role of the mitochondrion in driving disease. Such analyses have routinely been utilized across multiple scientific fields to shed valuable insight on mitochondrial-linked pathologies. The present chapter is intended to serve as a methodological blueprint for comprehensively phenotyping peripheral blood cell mitochondria. While primarily adapted for peripheral blood cells, the protocols outlined herein could easily be made amenable to most all cell types with minimal modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A M Nelson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. .,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Bandara AB, Drake JC, Brown DA. Complex II subunit SDHD is critical for cell growth and metabolism, which can be partially restored with a synthetic ubiquinone analog. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:35. [PMID: 34118887 PMCID: PMC8196461 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) plays a dual role in respiration by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Mutations in Complex II are associated with a number of pathologies. SDHD, one of the four subunits of Complex II, serves by anchoring the complex to the inner-membrane and transferring electrons from the complex to ubiquinone. Thus, modeling SDHD dysfunction could be a valuable tool for understanding its importance in metabolism and developing novel therapeutics, however no suitable models exist. Results Via CRISPR/Cas9, we mutated SDHD in HEK293 cells and investigated the in vitro role of SDHD in metabolism. Compared to the parent HEK293, the knockout mutant HEK293ΔSDHD produced significantly less number of cells in culture. The mutant cells predictably had suppressed Complex II-mediated mitochondrial respiration, but also Complex I-mediated respiration. SDHD mutation also adversely affected glycolytic capacity and ATP synthesis. Mutant cells were more apoptotic and susceptible to necrosis. Treatment with the mitochondrial therapeutic idebenone partially improved oxygen consumption and growth of mutant cells. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that SDHD is vital for growth and metabolism of mammalian cells, and that respiratory and growth defects can be partially restored with treatment of a ubiquinone analog. This is the first report to use CRISPR/Cas9 approach to construct a knockout SDHD cell line and evaluate the efficacy of an established mitochondrial therapeutic candidate to improve bioenergetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloka B Bandara
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0913, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0342, USA.
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0913, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Mitochondrial Solutions, LLC, 800 Draper Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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Fuchs C, Schenk MS, Pham L, Cui L, Anderson RR, Tam J. Photobiomodulation Response From 660 nm is Different and More Durable Than That From 980 nm. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1279-1293. [PMID: 33998008 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy uses light at various wavelengths to stimulate wound healing, grow hair, relieve pain, and more-but there is no consensus about optimal wavelengths or dosimetry. PBM therapy works through putative, wavelength-dependent mechanisms including direct stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, and/or activation of transmembrane signaling channels by changes in water activity. A common wavelength used in the visible red spectrum is ~660 nm, whereas recently ~980 nm is being explored and both have been proposed to work via different mechanisms. We aimed to gain more insight into identifying treatment parameters and the putative mechanisms involved. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluence-response curves were measured in cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to 660 or 980 nm from LED sources. Metabolic activity was assessed using the MTT assay for reductases. ATP production, a major event triggered by PBM therapy, was assessed using a luminescence assay. To measure the role of mitochondria, we used an ELISA to measure COX-1 and SDH-A protein levels. The respective contributions of cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase to the PBM effects were gauged using specific inhibitors. RESULTS Keratinocytes and fibroblasts responded differently to exposures at 660 nm (red) and 980 nm (NIR). Although 980 nm required much lower fluence for cell stimulation, the resulting increase in ATP levels was short-term, whereas 660 nm stimulation elevated ATP levels for at least 24 hours. COX-1 protein levels were increased following 660 nm treatment but were unaffected by 980 nm. In fibroblasts, SDH-A levels were affected by both wavelengths, whereas in keratinocytes only 660 nm light impacted SDH-A levels. Inhibition of ATP synthase nearly completely abolished the effects of both wavelengths on ATP synthesis. Interestingly, inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase did not prevent the rise in ATP levels in response to PBM treatment. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of differing kinetics in response to PBM therapy at red versus NIR wavelength. We also found cell-type-specific differences in PBM therapy response to the two wavelengths studied. These findings confirm that different response pathways are involved after 660 and 980 nm exposures and suggest that 660 nm causes a more durable response. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Merle Sophie Schenk
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Linh Pham
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Lian Cui
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Richard Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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de Souza BTL, Klosowski EM, Mito MS, Constantin RP, Mantovanelli GC, Mewes JM, Bizerra PFV, da Silva FSI, Menezes PVMDC, Gilglioni EH, Utsunomiya KS, Marchiosi R, Dos Santos WD, Ferrarese-Filho O, Caetano W, de Souza Pereira PC, Gonçalves RS, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin RP. The photosensitiser azure A disrupts mitochondrial bioenergetics through intrinsic and photodynamic effects. Toxicology 2021; 455:152766. [PMID: 33775737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Azure A (AA) is a cationic molecule of the class of phenothiazines that has been applied in vitro as a photosensitising agent in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. It is a di-demethylated analogue of methylene blue (MB), which has been demonstrated to be intrinsically and photodynamically highly active on mitochondrial bioenergetics. However, as far as we know, there are no studies about the photodynamic effects of AA on mammalian mitochondria. Therefore, this investigation aimed to characterise the intrinsic and photodynamic acute effects of AA (0.540 μM) on isolated rat liver mitochondria, isolated hepatocytes, and isolated perfused rat liver. The effects of AA were assessed by evaluating several parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, cell viability, and hepatic energy metabolism. The photodynamic effects of AA were assessed under simulated hypoxic conditions, a suitable way for mimicking the microenvironment of hypoxic solid tumour cells. AA interacted with the mitochondria and, upon photostimulation (10 min of light exposure), produced toxic amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damaged the organelle, as demonstrated by the high levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. The photostimulated AA also depleted the GSH pool, which could compromise the mitochondrial antioxidant defence. Bioenergetically, AA photoinactivated the complexes I, II, and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the F1FO-ATP synthase complex, sharply inhibiting the oxidative phosphorylation. Upon photostimulation (10 min of light exposure), AA reduced the efficiency of mitochondrial energy transduction and oxidatively damaged lipids in isolated hepatocytes but did not decrease the viability of cells. Despite the useful photobiological properties, AA presented noticeable dark toxicity on mitochondrial bioenergetics, functioning predominantly as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. This harmful effect of AA was evidenced in isolated hepatocytes, in which AA diminished the cellular ATP content. In this case, the cells exhibited signs of cell viability reduction in the presence of high AA concentrations, but only after a long time of incubation (at least 90 min). The impairments on mitochondrial bioenergetics were also clearly manifested in intact perfused rat liver, in which AA diminished the cellular ATP content and stimulated the oxygen uptake. Consequently, gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis were strongly inhibited, whereas glycogenolysis and glycolysis were stimulated. AA also promoted the release of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes into the perfusate concomitantly with inhibition of oxygen consumption. In general, the intrinsic and photodynamic effects of AA were similar to those of MB, but AA caused some distinct effects such as the photoinactivation of the complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and a diminution of the ATP levels in the liver. It is evident that AA has the potential to be used in mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy, even under low oxygen concentrations. However, the fact that AA directly disrupts mitochondrial bioenergetics and affects several hepatic pathways that are linked to ATP metabolism, along with its ability to perturb cellular membranes and its little potential to reduce cell viability, could result in significant adverse effects especially in long-term treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byanca Thais Lima de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Makiyama Klosowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Shigueaki Mito
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renato Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Cristiane Mantovanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Morais Mewes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Sayuri Itou da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Vinicius Moreira da Costa Menezes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Hideo Gilglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Karina Sayuri Utsunomiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley Dantas Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus in Photodynamic System, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Cesar de Souza Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus in Photodynamic System, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renato Sonchini Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus in Photodynamic System, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jorgete Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Emy Luiza Ishii-Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
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Eskaf J, Cleveland WJ, Riess ML. No Direct Postconditioning Effect of Poloxamer 188 on Mitochondrial Function after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rat Isolated Hearts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4879. [PMID: 34063028 PMCID: PMC8124240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a leading cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. The only viable treatment for the ischemic insult is timely reperfusion, which further exacerbates myocardial injury. Maintaining mitochondrial function is crucial in preserving cardiomyocyte function in ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Poloxamer (P) 188 has been shown to improve cardiac IR injury by improving cellular and mitochondrial function. The aim of this study was to show if P188 postconditioning has direct protective effects on mitochondrial function in the heart. Langendorff prepared rat hearts were subjected to IR injury ex-vivo and reperfused for 10 min with 1 mM P188 vs. vehicle. Cardiac mitochondria were isolated with 1 mM P188 vs. 1 mM polyethylene glycol (PEG) vs. vehicle by differential centrifugation. Mitochondrial function was assessed by adenosine triphosphate synthesis, oxygen consumption, and calcium retention capacity. Mitochondrial function decreased significantly after ischemia and showed mild improvement with reperfusion. P188 did not improve mitochondrial function in the ex-vivo heart, and neither further P188 nor PEG induced direct mitochondrial protection after IR injury in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Eskaf
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.E.); (W.J.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - William J. Cleveland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.E.); (W.J.C.)
| | - Matthias L. Riess
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.E.); (W.J.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Anesthesiology, TVHS VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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Abstract
Textbooks of biochemistry will explain that the otherwise endergonic reactions of ATP synthesis can be driven by the exergonic reactions of respiratory electron transport, and that these two half-reactions are catalyzed by protein complexes embedded in the same, closed membrane. These views are correct. The textbooks also state that, according to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, a (or the) kinetically and thermodynamically competent intermediate linking the two half-reactions is the electrochemical difference of protons that is in equilibrium with that between the two bulk phases that the coupling membrane serves to separate. This gradient consists of a membrane potential term Δψ and a pH gradient term ΔpH, and is known colloquially as the protonmotive force or pmf. Artificial imposition of a pmf can drive phosphorylation, but only if the pmf exceeds some 150-170mV; to achieve in vivo rates the imposed pmf must reach 200mV. The key question then is 'does the pmf generated by electron transport exceed 200mV, or even 170mV?' The possibly surprising answer, from a great many kinds of experiment and sources of evidence, including direct measurements with microelectrodes, indicates it that it does not. Observable pH changes driven by electron transport are real, and they control various processes; however, compensating ion movements restrict the Δψ component to low values. A protet-based model, that I outline here, can account for all the necessary observations, including all of those inconsistent with chemiosmotic coupling, and provides for a variety of testable hypotheses by which it might be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative, Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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50
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Bhagwat M, Nagar S, Kaur P, Jassar S, Vancurova I, Vancura A. Synthesis of nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA regulates mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis in budding yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2021; 1868:119025. [PMID: 33862055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Bhagwat
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Shreya Nagar
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Pritpal Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Salony Jassar
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Ivana Vancurova
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Ales Vancura
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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