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Elmi A, Said Mohamed A, Mérito A, Charneau S, Amina M, Grellier P, Bouachrine M, Lawson AM, Abdoul-Latif FM, Kordofani MAY. The ethnopharmacological study of plant drugs used traditionally in Djibouti for malaria treatment. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 325:117839. [PMID: 38310984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Djibouti was a country where malaria has been endemic for centuries. The local population use the plants as repellents or first aid for uncomplicated malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim was, for the first time, to collect and identify plants used by the local population to treat malaria and select the most interesting plants (those that are more commontly used, more available, and have fewer studies). These plants were evaluated for their antiplasmodial activity as well as their cytotoxicity on human cell lines for the most active ones. MATERIALS AND METHODS A semi-structured questionnaire was developed for this study to collect information about the use and identity of botanical drugs used to treat malaria. The use-reports (percentage) of each plant were recorded to determine their use importance. Also, the availability status of the plants was assessed; and those in critical condition were discarded excluded from further study. Fifteen plants, out of the 41 listed, were extracted with hydro alcohol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane for biological testing. Chloroquine-resistant strain FcB-1 of P. falciparum and a human diploid embryonic lung cell line were used for the antiplasmodial test, and to assess the cytotoxicity for human cells respectively. Preliminary analysis of extract constituents was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC). RESULTS This study identifies 41 plant taxa belonging to 32 families and records their use against malaria. Balanites rodunfolia, belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family, was the most commonly used plant, representing 44 % of use-reports. It was followed by Cadaba rodunfolia (15 %) from the Capparaceae family, and then the three species of Aloe: Aloe djiboutiensis (8.2 %), Aloe ericahenriettae (3.4 %), and Aloe rigens (3.4 %) from the Asphodelaceae family. The leaves are the most commonly used part of the plants to treat malaria, accounting for 76 % of usage. The preparation methods were decoction (52 %), maceration (29 %), and boiling (19 %). The administration routes were by oral (80 %), inhalation 19 %), and bathing (1 %). The best antiplasmodial activities were observed in the dichloromethane extracts of Cymbopogon commutatus and the ethyl acetate extracts of Aloe rigens and Terminalia brownii, with IC50 values of 9.8, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL, respectively. Their toxicity/activity levels were very favorable with selectivity indices of 5.6, 8.1, and 11.8 for C. commutatus, A. rigens, and T. Brownii, respectively. CONCLUSION Forty-one species of botanical drugs were listed as being used to treat malaria in Djibouti. All fifteen selected species showed antiplasmodial activity (IC50 < 50 μg/mL). This work will help guide the valorization of botanical drugs used to treat malaria in Djibouti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirahman Elmi
- Centre d'Étude et de Recherche de Djibouti, Institut de Recherche Médicinale, Route de l'aéroport, Djibouti.
| | - A Said Mohamed
- Centre d'Étude et de Recherche de Djibouti, Institut de Recherche Médicinale, Route de l'aéroport, Djibouti
| | - Ali Mérito
- Centre d'Étude et de Recherche de Djibouti, Institut de Recherche Médicinale, Route de l'aéroport, Djibouti
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Amina
- Centre d'Étude et de Recherche de Djibouti, Institut de Recherche Médicinale, Route de l'aéroport, Djibouti
| | - Philippe Grellier
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Bouachrine
- High School of Technology EST-Khenifra, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni mellal, Morocco
| | - Ata M Lawson
- Normandie Univ., UNILEHAVRE, URCOM, UR 3221, INC3M, FR-CNRS 3038, 76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Fatouma M Abdoul-Latif
- Centre d'Étude et de Recherche de Djibouti, Institut de Recherche Médicinale, Route de l'aéroport, Djibouti
| | - Maha A Y Kordofani
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan
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Ariefta NR, Sofian FF, Aboshi T, Kuncoro H, Dinata DI, Shiono Y, Nishikawa Y. Evaluation of the antiplasmodial and anti-Toxoplasma activities of several Indonesian medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 331:118269. [PMID: 38697409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. At the same time, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis has been reported to be 30% worldwide. Traditional medicines have long played a vital role in discovering and developing novel drugs, and this approach is essential in the face of increasing resistance to current antimalarial and anti-Toxoplasma drugs. In Indonesian traditional medicine, various plants are used for their therapeutic properties. This study focuses on eleven medicinal plants from which nineteen extracts were obtained and screened for their potential medicinal benefits against malaria and toxoplasmosis. AIMS OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extracts from Indonesian medicinal plants to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite responsible for malaria, and Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. METHODS Nineteen extracts from eleven plants were subjected to in vitro screening against P. falciparum 3D7 (a chloroquine-sensitive strain) and the T. gondii RH strain. In vitro treatments were conducted on P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 (multidrug-resistant strains) using the potent extracts, and in vivo assessments were carried out with mice infected with P. yoelii 17XNL. LCMS analysis was also conducted to identify the main components of the most effective extract. RESULTS Seven extracts showed significant antiplasmodial activity (>80% inhibition) at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. These extracts were obtained from Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., Elaeocarpus glaber (Bl.) Bijdr., Eleutherine americana Merr., Kleinhovia hospita L., Peronema canescens Jack, and Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. Notably, the D. parasiticum ethyl acetate extract exhibited high selectivity and efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the key active compounds oleamide and erucamide were identified, which had IC50 values (P. falciparum 3D7/K1) of 17.49/23.63 μM and 32.49/51.59 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the antimalarial potential of plant extracts collected from Indonesia. Particularly, extracts from D. parasiticum EtOH and EtOAc stood out for their low toxicity and strong antiplasmodial properties, with the EtOAc extract emerging as a notably promising antimalarial candidate. Key compounds identified within this extract demonstrate the complexity of extracts' action against malaria, potentially targeting both the parasite and the host. This suggests a promising approach for developing new antimalarial strategies that tackle the multifaceted challenges of drug resistance and disease management. Future investigations are necessary to unlock the full therapeutic potential of these extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanang Rudianto Ariefta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ferry Ferdiansyah Sofian
- Department of Life, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia.
| | - Takako Aboshi
- Department of Life, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Hadi Kuncoro
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development Laboratory of Farmaka Tropis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia.
| | - Deden Indra Dinata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhakti Kencana University, Soekarno-Hatta 754, Bandung, West Java, 40286, Indonesia.
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Life, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Ariefta NR, Narita K, Murata T, Nishikawa Y. Evaluation of the antiplasmodial efficacy of synthetic 2,5-diphenyloxazole analogs of compounds naturally derived from Oxytropis lanata. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100540. [PMID: 38676995 PMCID: PMC11067372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The persistent prevalence and dissemination of drug-resistant malaria parasites continue to challenge the progress of malaria eradication efforts. As a result, there is an urgent need to search for and develop innovative therapies. In this study, we screened synthetic 2,5-diphenyloxazole analogs from Oxytropis lanata. Among 48 compounds, 14 potently inhibited the proliferation of P. falciparum strains 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and K1 (multidrug-resistant) in vitro, exhibited IC50 values from 3.38 to 12.65 μM and 1.27-6.19 μM, respectively, and were toxic to human foreskin fibroblasts at 39.53-336.35 μM. Notably, Compounds 31 (2-(2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(2″-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole) and 32 (2-(2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(2″-benzyloxyphenyl)oxazole) exhibited the highest selectivity indices (SIs) against both P. falciparum strains (3D7/K1), with values > 40.20/>126.58 and > 41.27/> 59.06, respectively. In the IC50 speed and stage-specific assays, Compounds 31 and 32 showed slow action, along with distinct effects on the ring and trophozoite stages. Microscopy observations further revealed that both compounds impact the development and delay the progression of the trophozoite and schizont stages in P. falciparum 3D7, especially at concentrations 100 times their IC50 values. In a 72-h in vitro exposure experiment at their respective IC80 in P. falciparum 3D7, significant alterations in parasitemia levels were observed compared to the untreated group. In Compound 31-treated cultures, parasites shrank and were unable to reinvade red blood cells (RBCs) during an extended 144-h incubation period, even after compound removal from the culture. In vivo assessments were conducted on P. yoelii 17XNL-infected mice treated with Compounds 31 and 32 at 20 mg/kg administered once daily for ten days. The treated groups showed statistically significant lower peaks of parasitemia (Compound 31-treated: trial 1 12.7%, trial 2 15.8%; Compound 32-treated: trial 1 12.7%, trial 2 14.0%) compared to the untreated group (trial 1 21.7%, trial 2 28.3%). These results emphasize the potential of further developing 2,5-diphenyloxazoles as promising antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanang R Ariefta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan.
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Chiamah OC, Atieno D, Karani L, Chepng'etich J, Osano M, Gachie B, Kipkoech G, Jepkorir M, Ndungu JW, Kuria J, Kimani F, Njeru SN, Gathirwa JW. Evaluation of the antimalarial properties of Solanum incanum L. leaf extract fractions and its ability to downregulate delta aminolevulinate dehydratase to prevent the establishment of malaria infection. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 323:117613. [PMID: 38185259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Solanum incanum L. is commonly used in traditional herbal medicine (THM) in Kenya for treating various ailments. Recent developments in disease treatment have introduced the concept of host-directed therapy (HDT). This approach involves targeting factors within the host cell that can impede the growth or replication of a pathogen. One such host factor is delta aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALAD), the second enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway utilized by Plasmodium for growth. Studies using mice models have shown an increase in δ-ALAD expression during Plasmodium berghei infection. Another plant in the Solanum genus, S. guaranticum, has been found to inhibit δ-ALAD in red blood cells in vitro and in the brain in vivo. Is it possible that the bioactive compounds in S. incanum extracts could also be effective in HDT for malaria treatment? AIM OF STUDY To better assess the effectiveness of S. incanum leaf extracts as a curative and prophylaxis in malaria parasite infection, and to test the plant's ability to decrease δ-ALAD expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The leaves of S. incanum were collected, dried, and pulverized before being subjected to a successive extraction protocol to obtain crude, hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extract fractions. Phytochemical analysis was conducted on all extract fractions, followed by GC-MS analysis of the fraction with the most potent antimalarial activity. An acute toxicity study was also performed on the extracted fractions. The potency of the extract fractions as curative and prophylactic antimalarial was then evaluated in THM using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The extract fraction with the highest activity was further evaluated at varying doses and its effect on δ-ALAD was measured using RT-qPCR. The percentage of parasitemia and chemosuppression, and mean survival time were used as indices of activity. RESULTS Phytochemical analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate and aqueous extract fractions contained high terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols levels. However, alkaloids were only present in moderate quantities in the aqueous extract, and quinones were found in high levels only in the crude extract. Additionally, all extract fractions contained saponins in high levels but lacked tannins. While the plant extracts were found to be non-toxic, they did not exhibit curative antimalarial activity. However, all extract fractions showed prophylactic antimalarial activity, with the ethyl acetate extract having the highest percentage of chemosuppression even at doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg. In the negative control, the expression of δ-ALAD was 5.4-fold, but this was significantly reduced to 2.3-fold when mice were treated with 250 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate fraction. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed high percentages of 2-methyloctacosane, tetracosane, and decane. CONCLUSION The fractions extracted from S. incanum leaves have been found to possess only antimalarial prophylactic properties, with the ethyl acetate extract fraction showing the most effective results. The activity of this fraction may be attributed to its ability to decrease the expression of δ-ALAD, as it contains an alkane compound implicated with enzyme-inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogocukwu Caroline Chiamah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Diana Atieno
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lewis Karani
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean Chepng'etich
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maureen Osano
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Gachie
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gilbert Kipkoech
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mercy Jepkorir
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jecinta Wanjiru Ndungu
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Kuria
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Kimani
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sospeter Ngoci Njeru
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeremiah Waweru Gathirwa
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Redway A, Spry C, Brown A, Wiedemann U, Fathoni I, Garnie LF, Qiu D, Egan TJ, Lehane AM, Jackson Y, Saliba KJ, Downer-Riley N. Discovery of antiplasmodial pyridine carboxamides and thiocarboxamides. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100536. [PMID: 38663046 PMCID: PMC11068522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a significant burden, particularly in Africa, which accounts for 95% of malaria deaths worldwide. Despite advances in malaria treatments, malaria eradication is hampered by insecticide and antimalarial drug resistance. Consequently, the need to discover new antimalarial lead compounds remains urgent. To help address this need, we evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of twenty-two amides and thioamides with pyridine cores and their non-pyridine analogues. Twelve of these compounds showed in vitro anti-proliferative activity against the intraerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent species of Plasmodium infecting humans. Thiopicolinamide 13i was found to possess submicromolar activity (IC50 = 142 nM) and was >88-fold less active against a human cell line. The compound was equally effective against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant parasites and did not inhibit β-hematin formation, pH regulation or PfATP4. Compound 13i may therefore possess a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Redway
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica; Chemistry Divison, University of Technology, 237 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6, Jamaica
| | - Christina Spry
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ainka Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Ursula Wiedemann
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Imam Fathoni
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Larnelle F Garnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Deyun Qiu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Adele M Lehane
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Yvette Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Kevin J Saliba
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nadale Downer-Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Arreola R, Quintero-Fabián S, Pérez-Sánchez G. Modified peptides and organic metabolites of cyanobacterial origin with antiplasmodial properties. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100530. [PMID: 38447332 PMCID: PMC10924210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
As etiological agents of malaria disease, Plasmodium spp. parasites are responsible for one of the most severe global health problems occurring in tropical regions of the world. This work involved compiling marine cyanobacteria metabolites reported in the scientific literature that exhibit antiplasmodial activity. Out of the 111 compounds mined and 106 tested, two showed antiplasmodial activity at very low concentrations, with IC50 at 0.1 and 1.5 nM (peptides: dolastatin 10 and lyngbyabellin A, 1.9% of total tested). Examples of chemical derivatives generated from natural cyanobacterial compounds to enhance antiplasmodial activity and Plasmodium selectivity can be found in successful findings from nostocarboline, eudistomin, and carmaphycin derivatives, while bastimolide derivatives have not yet been found. Overall, 57% of the reviewed compounds are peptides with modified residues producing interesting active moieties, such as α- and β-epoxyketone in camaphycins. The remaining compounds belong to diverse chemical groups such as alkaloids, macrolides, polycyclic compounds, and halogenated compounds. The Dolastatin 10 and lyngbyabellin A, compounds with antiplasmodial high activity, are cytoskeletal disruptors with different protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo 290, Col. Del Valle, 03100, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rodrigo Arreola
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Saray Quintero-Fabián
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Military School of Graduate of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Dawood WA, Fisher GM, Kinnen FJM, Anzenhofer C, Skinner-Adams T, Alves Avelar L, Asfaha Y, Kurz T, Andrews KT. Activity of alkoxyamide-based histone deacetylase inhibitors against Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Exp Parasitol 2024; 258:108716. [PMID: 38340779 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
There are more than 240 million cases of malaria and 600,000 associated deaths each year, most due to infection with Plasmodium falciparum parasites. While malaria treatment options exist, new drugs with novel modes of action are needed to address malaria parasite drug resistance. Protein lysine deacetylases (termed HDACs) are important epigenetic regulatory enzymes and prospective therapeutic targets for malaria. Here we report the antiplasmodial activity of a panel of 17 hydroxamate zinc binding group HDAC inhibitors with alkoxyamide linkers and different cap groups. The two most potent compounds (4a and 4b) were found to inhibit asexual P. falciparum growth with 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50's) of 0.07 μM and 0.09 μM, respectively, and demonstrated >200-fold more selectivity for P. falciparum parasites versus human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts (NFF). In situ hyperacetylation studies demonstrated that 4a, 4b and analogs caused P. falciparum histone H4 hyperacetylation, suggesting HDAC inhibition, with structure activity relationships providing information relevant to the design of new Plasmodium-specific aliphatic chain hydroxamate HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam A Dawood
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gillian M Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Franziska J M Kinnen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Germany
| | - Christian Anzenhofer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Germany
| | - Tina Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leandro Alves Avelar
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Germany
| | - Yodita Asfaha
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Germany.
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
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Abdel-Baki PM, El-Sherei MM, Khaleel AE, Abdel-Sattar E, Salem MA, Okba MM. Correlation between secondary metabolites of Iris confusa Sealy and Iris pseudacorus L. and their newly explored antiprotozoal potentials. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:465. [PMID: 38104072 PMCID: PMC10725014 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last few decades, the use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals as candidates for the management of parasitic diseases has increased tremendously. Irises are aromatic and medicinal plants that have long been employed in the treatment of different infectious diseases by traditional healers in many cultures. This study aims to explore the potential of three common Iris species (I. confusa Sealy, I. pseudacorus L. and I. germanica L.) against infectious diseases. Their in vitro antiprotozoal potency against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. cruzi and Leishmania infantum beside their cytotoxicity on MRC-5 fibroblasts and primary peritoneal murine macrophages were examined. METHODS The secondary metabolites of the tested extracts were characterized by UPLC-HRMS/MS and Pearsons correlation was used to correlate them with the antiprotozoal activity. RESULTS Overall, the non-polar fractions (NPF) showed a significant antiprotozoal activity (score: sc 2 to 5) in contrast to the polar fractions (PF). I. confusa NPF was the most active extract against P. falciparum [IC50 of 1.08 μg/mL, selectivity index (S.I. 26.11) and sc 5] and L. infantum (IC50 of 12.7 μg/mL, S.I. 2.22 and sc 2). I. pseudacorus NPF was the most potent fraction against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 of 8.17 μg/mL, S.I. 3.67 and sc 3). Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol glycolipid (18:3/18:3), triaceylglycerol (18:2/18:2/18:3), oleic acid, and triterpenoid irridals (spirioiridoconfal C and iso-iridobelamal A) were the top positively correlated metabolites with antiplasmodium and antileishmanial activities of I. confusa NPF. Tumulosic acid, ceramide sphingolipids, corosolic, maslinic, moreollic acids, pheophytin a, triaceylglycerols, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerol (22:6/18:3), phosphatidylcholines (18:1/18:2), and triterpenoid irridal iso-iridobelamal A, were highly correlated to I. pseudacorus NPF anti- T. b. rhodesiense activity. The ADME study revealed proper drug likeness properties for certain highly corelated secondary metabolites. CONCLUSION This study is the sole map correlating I. confusa and I. pseudacorus secondary metabolites to their newly explored antiprotozoal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Passent M Abdel-Baki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Moshera M El-Sherei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Amal E Khaleel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr St., Shibin Elkom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mona M Okba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Ezenyi IC, Chirawurah JD, Erhunse N, Agrawal P, Sahal D, Igoli JO. Marmesin isolated from Celtis durandii Engl. root bioactive fraction inhibits β-hematin formation and contributes to antiplasmodial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 317:116804. [PMID: 37352945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is a leading cause of death in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria is endowed with an abundance of medicinal plants, many of which are used to treat malaria. Celtis durandii Engl. is one such plant used as a traditional antimalarial remedy in southeast Nigeria. However, its antiplasmodial potential is poorly explored. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed at identifying the antiplasmodial components of C. durandii root extract through antiplasmodial activity-guided fractionation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dichloromethane/methanol mixture extract (1:1 v/v) of C. durandii root was prepared and partitioned against water to obtain the organic phase, which was further separated by column chromatography into nine (C1 - C9) fractions. The antiplasmodial activity was evaluated by in vitro screening of the different fractions against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Further purification of the active column fractions resulted in a potent anti-Plasmodial compound that was subsequently investigated for its effect on β-hematin formation. Additionally, the isolated compound was characterized and identified as marmesin using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Celtis durandii root extract exhibited promising antiplasmodial activity {IC50 (μg/ml) 5.92, 6.04, and 6.92} against PfW2mef, PfINDO, and Pf3D7 respectively. Pooled fractions with good antiplasmodial activity {IC50 (μg/ml) Pf3D7: 3.99; PfINDO: 2.24} and selectivity for the parasites (SI: 21) yielded a compound that was fourteen-fold potent in antiplasmodial activity against Pf3D7(IC50: 0.28 μg/ml). It also inhibited β-hematin formation with an IC50 = 150 μM. Further studies using spectral data, literature, and chemical databases identified the purified compound as marmesin. CONCLUSION This work has demonstrated that Celtis durandii root extract has good antiplasmodial activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant P. falciparum. The inhibition of β-hematin formation by marmesin accounts in part for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma C Ezenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Jersley D Chirawurah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nekpen Erhunse
- Malaria Drug Discovery Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - John O Igoli
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Centre for Medicinal Plants and Propolis Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, Pen Resource University, Gombe, Nigeria
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10
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Singh N, Chatterjee A, Chanu WK, Vaishalli PM, Singh CB, Nagaraj VA. Antimalarial activity of Toona ciliata MJ Roem aqueous methanolic leaf extract and its antioxidant and phytochemical properties. J Tradit Complement Med 2023; 13:550-560. [PMID: 38020553 PMCID: PMC10658347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Malaria is a global health issue causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Screening of various traditionally important medicinal plants is a key source for the discovery of new antimalarials. We evaluated the antimalarial and antioxidant activities, and performed detailed phytochemical analyses of Toona ciliata MJ Roem aqueous methanolic leaf extract (TcMLE). Experimental procedures In vitro antiplasmodial studies in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) 3D7 and PfCam3.IR539T strains were performed by [3H]-hypoxanthine uptake assays. In vitro cytotoxicity in HeLa and HEK293T cell lines was evaluated using MTT assays. Hemolysis assay was performed using RBCs. Phytochemical analysis by GC-MS and in vitro antioxidant studies by DPPH and ABTS assays were performed. In vivo antimalarial studies in Pb-infected mice were carried out using Rane's test and Peters' 4-day test. Results and conclusions TcMLE showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity and had phytochemicals reported for antimalarial activity. In vitro studies showed prominent antiplasmodial activity against Pf3D7 strain (IC50 ∼22 μg/ml) and PfCam3. IR539Tstrain (IC50 value ∼43 μg/ml). In vitro cytotoxicity studies, in vitro hemolytic assays, and in vivo acute toxicity studies further suggested that TcMLE is nontoxic. In vivo antimalarial studies using Rane's test showed a significant decrease in parasitemia by ∼70% at 1200 mg/kg doses and delayed the mortality of mice by ∼10-14 days. Peters' 4-day test also showed a similar pattern. The present study demonstrated the antimalarial potential of TcMLE. These findings deliver a platform for further studies to identify the active components of TcMLE and discover new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Wahengbam Kabita Chanu
- Plant Bioresources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Pradeep Mini Vaishalli
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Chingakham Brajakishor Singh
- Plant Bioresources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
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Ochora DO, Mogire RM, Masai RJ, Yeda RA, Mwakio EW, Amwoma JG, Wakoli DM, Yenesew A, Akala HM. Ex vivo and In vitro antiplasmodial activities of approved drugs predicted to have antimalarial activities using chemogenomics and drug repositioning approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18863. [PMID: 37583763 PMCID: PMC10424068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High malaria mortality coupled with increased emergence of resistant multi-drug resistant strains of Plasmodium parasite, warrants the development of new and effective antimalarial drugs. However, drug design and discovery are costly and time-consuming with many active antimalarial compounds failing to get approved due to safety reasons. To address these challenges, the current study aimed at testing the antiplasmodial activities of approved drugs that were predicted using a target-similarity approach. This approach is based on the fact that if an approved drug used to treat another disease targets a protein similar to Plasmodium falciparum protein, then the drug will have a comparable effect on P. falciparum. In a previous study, in vitro antiplasmodial activities of 10 approved drugs was reported of the total 28 approved drugs. In this study, six out of 18 drugs that were previously not tested, namely epirubicin, irinotecan, venlafaxine, palbociclib, pelitinib, and PD153035 were tested for antiplasmodial activity. The drug susceptibility in vitro assays against five P. falciparum reference strains (D6, 3D7, W2, DD2, and F32 ART) and ex vivo assays against fresh clinical isolates were done using the malaria SYBR Green I assay. Standard antimalarial drugs were included as controls. Epirubicin and irinotecan showed excellent antiplasmodial ex vivo activity against field isolates with mean IC50 values of 0.044 ± 0.033 μM and 0.085 ± 0.055 μM, respectively. Similar activity was observed against W2 strain where epirubicin had an IC50 value of 0.004 ± 0.0009 μM, palbociclib 0.056 ± 0.006 μM, and pelinitib 0.057 ± 0.013 μM. For the DD2 strain, epirubicin, irinotecan and PD 153035 displayed potent antiplasmodial activity (IC50 < 1 μM). Epirubicin and irinotecan showed potent antiplasmodial activities (IC50 < 1 μM) against DD2, D6, 3D7, and F32 ART strains and field isolates. This shows the potential use of these drugs as antimalarials. All the tested drugs showed antiplasmodial activities with IC50 values below 20 μM, which suggests that our target similarity-based strategy is successful at predicting antiplasmodial activity of compounds thereby circumventing challenges in antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas O. Ochora
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408-40200, Kisii, Kenya
- DSI/NWU, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa (USAMRD-A), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Reagan M. Mogire
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Kemri-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Rael J. Masai
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408-40200, Kisii, Kenya
| | - Redemptah A. Yeda
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa (USAMRD-A), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Edwin W. Mwakio
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa (USAMRD-A), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joseph G. Amwoma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu P. O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - Dancan M. Wakoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton-Njoro, Kenya
| | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hoseah M. Akala
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa (USAMRD-A), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)—Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
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Dongmo KJJ, Tali MBT, Fongang YSF, Taguimjeu PLKT, Kagho DUK, Bitchagno GT, Lenta BN, Boyom FF, Sewald N, Ngouela SA. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and toxicological profile of extracts, fractions and chemical constituents of leaves and stem bark from Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae). BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:211. [PMID: 37370061 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dacryodes edulis is a plant that belongs to the Burseraceae family. It is widely used traditionally alone or in association with other plants in Cameroonian folk medicine to cure wounds, fever, headaches, and malaria. The aim of this work was to investigate the leaves and stem bark of D. edulis with an emphasis on the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic effects of extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds. METHODS Extracts, fractions, and some isolated compounds were subjected to antiplasmodial activity screening in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 and multidrug resistant Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum using a SyBr Green fluorescence-based assay. The cytotoxicity of active extracts, fractions, and compounds was tested against mammalian Raw cell lines using an in vitro resazurin-based viability assay. The structures of the compounds were determined based on their NMR and MS data. The in vivo toxicity using female BALB/c mice was performed on the most active extract according to the protocol of OECD (2002), guideline 423. RESULTS The hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of D. edulis displayed good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 3.10 and 3.56 μg/mL respectively on sensitive (3D7) and multiresistant (Dd2) strains of P. falciparum. Of the sixteen compounds isolated, 3,3',4-tri-O-methylellagic acid (4) exhibited the highest antiplasmodial activity against PfDd2 strains with an IC50 value of 0.63 μg/mL. All extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds demonstrated no cytotoxicity against Raw cell lines with CC50 > 250 μg/mL. In addition, the most active extract on both strains of P. falciparum was nontoxic in vivo, with a LD50 greater than 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. A phytochemical investigation of the stem bark and leaves of D. edulis afforded sixteen compounds, including two xanthones (1-2), three ellagic acid derivatives (3-5), one phenolic compound (6), one depside (7), one triglyceride (8), one auranthiamide acetate (9), one gallic acid derivative (10), four triterpenoids (11-14), and two steroids (15-16). Compounds 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, and 9 were herein reported for the first time from the Burseraceae family. CONCLUSION This work highlights the good in vitro antiplasmodial potency of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of this plant and that of two isolated constituents (3,3',4-tri-O-methylellagic acid and ethylgallate) from the plant. These biological results support the use of D. edulis in traditional medicine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevine Johane Jumeta Dongmo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mariscal Brice Tchatat Tali
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Donald Ulrich Kenou Kagho
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Bruno Ndjakou Lenta
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Silvère Augustin Ngouela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Singh K, Tripathi RP. Carbohydrate derivatives fight against malaria parasite as anti-plasmodial agents. Carbohydr Res 2023; 531:108887. [PMID: 37399772 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, a prevalent fatal disease around the world is caused by Plasmodium sp. and is transmitted by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito. It is leading cause of death in this century among most infectious diseases. Drug resistance was reported for almost every front-line drug against the deadliest species of the malarial parasite, i.e., Plasmodium falciparum. In the evolutionary arms race between parasite and existing arsenals of drugs new molecules having novel mechanism of action is urgently needed to overcome the drug resistance. In this review, we have discussed the importance of carbohydrate derivatives of different class of compounds as possible antimalarials with emphasis on mode of action, rational design, and SAR with improved efficacy. Carbohydrate-protein interactions are increasingly important for medicinal chemists and chemical biologists to understand the pathogenicity of the parasite. Less is known about the carbohydrate-protein interactions and pathogenicity in the Plasmodium parasite. With the increased knowledge on protein-sugar interaction and glycomics of Plasmodium parasites, carbohydrate derivatives can surpass the existing biochemical pathways responsible for drug resistance. The new candidates with novel mode of action will prove to be a potent antimalarial drug candidate without any parasitic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikey Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States.
| | - Rama Pati Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bezerra JJL, Pinheiro AAV, Dourado D. Antimalarial potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae): A review of the ethnomedicinal, pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical evidence. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20220079. [PMID: 37266375 PMCID: PMC10231345 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2022-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several regions of the world frequently use the species Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in traditional medicine. This situation is even more common in African countries. Many literature reports point to the antimalarial potential of this species, indicating the efficacy of its chemical compounds against malaria-causing parasites of the genus Plasmodium. From this perspective, the present study reviews the ethnobotanical, pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical (flavonoids) evidence of M. oleifera, focusing on the treatment of malaria. Scientific articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO databases. Only articles published between 2002 and 2022 were selected. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this review used a total of 72 articles. These documents mention a large use of M. oleifera for the treatment of malaria in African and Asian countries. The leaves (63%) of this plant are the main parts used in the preparation of herbal medicines. The in vivo antimalarial activity of M. oleifera was confirmed through several studies using polar and nonpolar extracts, fractions obtained from the extracts, infusion, pellets, and oils obtained from this plant and tested in rodents infected by the following parasites of the genus Plasmodium: P. berghei, P. falciparum, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi. Extracts obtained from M. oleifera showed no toxicity in preclinical tests. A total of 46 flavonoids were identified in the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera by different chromatography and mass spectrometry methods. Despite the scarcity of research on the antimalarial potential of compounds isolated from M. oleifera, the positive effects against malaria-causing parasites in previous studies are likely to correlate with the flavonoids that occur in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Jailson Lima Bezerra
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Dourado
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology in Health, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz Institute, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Li J, Tajuddeen N, Feineis D, Mudogo V, Kaiser M, Seo EJ, Efferth T, Bringmann G. Jozibrevine D from Ancistrocladus ileboensis, the fifth alkaloid in a series of six possible atropo-diastereomeric naphthylisoquinoline dimers, showing antiparasitic and antileukemic activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 86:129258. [PMID: 36972793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A new dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid, jozibrevine D (4e), was isolated from the Central-African liana Ancistrocladus ileboensis. It is a Dioncophyllaceae-type metabolite, being R-configured at C-3 and lacking an oxygen function at C-6 in both isoquinoline moieties. The two identical monomers of jozibrevine D are symmetrically linked via the sterically constrained 3',3''-positions of the naphthalene units so that the central biaryl linkage is rotationally hindered and the alkaloid is, thus, C2-symmetric. With the two outer biaryl bonds being chiral, too, 4e possesses three consecutive stereogenic axes. The absolute stereostructure of the new compound was assigned by 1D and 2D NMR, ruthenium-mediated oxidative degradation, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. Jozibrevine D (4e) is the fifth discovered isomer in a series of six possible natural atropo-diastereomeric dimers. It shows potent, and selective, antiprotozoal activity against P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.14 μM), and it also exhibits good cytotoxic activities against drug-sensitive acute lymphoblastic CCRF-CEM leukemia cells (IC50 = 11.47 μM) and their multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 subline (IC50 = 16.61 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830011 Urumqui, People's Republic of China
| | - Nasir Tajuddeen
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, 810107 Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Virima Mudogo
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 202, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Kushwaha P, Kumar V, Saha B. Current development of β-carboline derived potential antimalarial scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115247. [PMID: 36931118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
β-Carboline alkaloids are an eminent class of nitrogen-based natural alkaloids and therapeutic molecules which exert various pharmacological activities through diverse mechanisms. A lot of attention has recently been directed towards this moiety in order to develop effective antimalarial drugs. "Malaria", an acute febrile illness caused by diverse Plasmodium parasites, is a continuing and escalating problem that devastates economically less developed countries by significantly increased morbidity and mortality rates. The mounting parasite resistance towards the antimalarial drugs and augmenting the 'habitat of the insect vector' are creating a catastrophe, indicating an urgent need for new efficacious therapeutics to combat this tropical disease. This article comprehensively encapsulates the clinical and preclinical antimalarial scaffolds comprising β-carboline moiety in their structure. Herein, various classes of natural and semi-synthetic analogues of β-carbolines reported in the last decade (2011-2021) have been extensively studied and illustrated. This review will help the readers to develop an insight into the β-carboline based antimalarials and molecular mechanisms lying behind their mode of action, which is anticipated to be beneficial for the future development of new β-carboline based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kushwaha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Biswajit Saha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ong HW, Truong A, Kwarcinski F, de Silva C, Avalani K, Havener TM, Chirgwin M, Galal KA, Willis C, Krämer A, Liu S, Knapp S, Derbyshire ER, Zutshi R, Drewry DH. Discovery of potent Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 6 (PfPK6) inhibitors with a type II inhibitor pharmacophore. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115043. [PMID: 36736152 PMCID: PMC10052868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating disease that causes significant global morbidity and mortality. The rise of drug resistance against artemisinin-based combination therapy demonstrates the necessity to develop alternative antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action. We report the discovery of Ki8751 as an inhibitor of essential kinase PfPK6. 79 derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for PfPK6 inhibition and antiplasmodial activity. Using group efficiency analyses, we established the importance of key groups on the scaffold consistent with a type II inhibitor pharmacophore. We highlight modifications on the tail group that contribute to antiplasmodial activity, cumulating in the discovery of compound 67, a PfPK6 inhibitor (IC50 = 13 nM) active against the P. falciparum blood stage (EC50 = 160 nM), and compound 79, a PfPK6 inhibitor (IC50 < 5 nM) with dual-stage antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum blood stage (EC50 = 39 nM) and against P. berghei liver stage (EC50 = 220 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Anna Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Frank Kwarcinski
- Luceome Biotechnologies, L.L.C, 1665 E. 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Chandi de Silva
- Luceome Biotechnologies, L.L.C, 1665 E. 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Krisha Avalani
- Luceome Biotechnologies, L.L.C, 1665 E. 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Tammy M Havener
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michael Chirgwin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kareem A Galal
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Caleb Willis
- Luceome Biotechnologies, L.L.C, 1665 E. 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3420, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3420, USA
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Reena Zutshi
- Luceome Biotechnologies, L.L.C, 1665 E. 18th Street, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Wahyuni DK, Wacharasindhu S, Bankeeree W, Wahyuningsih SPA, Ekasari W, Purnobasuki H, Punnapayak H, Prasongsuk S. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of leaf extracts from Sonchus arvensis L. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:47. [PMID: 36788545 PMCID: PMC9926696 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria continues to be a global problem due to the limited efficacy of current drugs and the natural products are a potential source for discovering new antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate phytochemical properties, cytotoxic effect, antioxidant, and antiplasmodial activities of Sonchus arvensis L. leaf extracts both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The extracts from S. arvensis L. leaf were prepared by successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and then subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. The antimalarial activities of crude extracts were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain while the Peter's 4-day suppressive test model with P. berghei-infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The cytotoxic tests were also carried out using human hepatic cell lines in [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay. RESULT The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts of S. arvensis L. leaf exhibited good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 5.119 ± 3.27, 2.916 ± 2.34, and 8.026 ± 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. Each of the extracts also exhibited high antioxidant with low cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract showed in vivo antiplasmodial activity with ED50 = 46.31 ± 9.36 mg/kg body weight, as well as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities in mice infected with P. berghei. CONCLUSION This study highlights the antiplasmodial activities of S. arvensis L. leaf ethyl acetate extract against P. falciparum and P. berghei as well as the antioxidant, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities with low toxicity. These results indicate the potential of Sonchus arvensis L. to be developed into a new antimalarial drug candidate. However, the compounds and transmission-blocking strategies for malaria control of S. arvensis L. extracts are essential for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Wichanee Bankeeree
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih
- grid.440745.60000 0001 0152 762XDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, East Java, 60115 Indonesia
| | - Wiwied Ekasari
- grid.440745.60000 0001 0152 762XDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115 Indonesia
| | - Hery Purnobasuki
- grid.440745.60000 0001 0152 762XDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, East Java, 60115 Indonesia
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia.
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Wahyuni DK, Wacharasindhu S, Bankeeree W, Punnapayak H, Prasongsuk S. In silico anti-SARS-CoV-2, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts and homopterocarpin from heartwood of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13644. [PMID: 36789389 PMCID: PMC9912040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products play an essential role in new drug discovery. In the present study, we determined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2), antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and antimicrobial activities of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. heartwood and structurally characterized the bioactive compounds. P. macrocarpus Kurz. heartwood was macerated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively, for 7 days, three times. The compounds were isolated by recrystallization with n-hexane and evaluated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Ethyl acetate, ethanol, n-hexane extracts, and homopterocarpin exhibited antiplasmodial activity at 1.78, 2.21, 7.11, and 0.52 μg/ml, respectively, against P. falciparum 3D7 with low toxicity (selectivity index/SI ≥ 28.46). GC-MS identified compound showed in silico anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding affinity with stigmasterol and SARS-CoV-2 helicase of -8.2 kcal/mol. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the best antioxidant activity against DPPH (0.76 ± 0.92 μg/ml) and ABTS (0.61 ± 0.46 μg/ml). They also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts against E. coli and C. albicans, and ethanol extract against S. aureus with diameter zone of inhibition of more than 1 cm. The results highlighted antiplasmodial activity of extracts and homopterocarpin from P. macrocarpus Kurz. heartwood and its potent binding in silico to anti-SARS-CoV-2 proteins with low toxicity. This study also confirmed that extracts exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Further studies are needed to assess the safety and clinical trial of P. macrocarpus Kurz. for development as new drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wichanee Bankeeree
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Mianda SM, Invernizzi L, van der Watt ME, Reader J, Moyo P, Birkholtz LM, Maharaj VJ. In vitro dual activity of Aloe marlothii roots and its chemical constituents against Plasmodium falciparum asexual and sexual stage parasites. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 297:115551. [PMID: 35850311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aloe marlothii A.Berger (Xanthorrhoeaceae) is indigenous to southern African countries where its aqueous preparations are used in traditional medicine to treat several ailments including hypertension, respiratory infections, venereal diseases, chest pain, sore throat and malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY The aims of this study were as follows: (i) isolate and identify the antiplasmodial active compounds in A. marlothii roots. As the water extract was previously inactive, the dichloromethane:methanol (DCM:MeOH) (1:1) was used, (ii) examine the activity of the isolated compounds against Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stage (ABS) parasites as well as for transmission-blocking activity against gametocytes and gametes, and (iii) to use in silico tools to predict the target(s) of the active molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude DCM:MeOH (1:1) extract of A. marlothii roots was fractionated on a reverse phase C8 column, using a positive pressure solid-phase extraction (ppSPE) workstation to produce seven fractions. The resulting fractions and the crude DCM:MeOH extract were tested in vitro against P. falciparum (NF54) ABS parasites using the malaria SYBR Green I based-fluorescence assay. Flash silica chromatography and mass-directed preparative high-performance liquid chromatography were utilised to isolate the active compounds. The isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro against P. falciparum asexual (NF54 and K1 strains) and sexual (gametocytes and gametes) stage parasites. Molecular docking was then used for the in silico prediction of targets for the isolated active compounds in P. falciparum. RESULTS The crude extract and two SPE fractions displayed good antiplasmodial activity with >97% and 100% inhibition of ABS parasites proliferation at 10 and 20 μg/mL, respectively. Following UPLC-MS analysis of these active fractions, a targeted purification resulted in the isolation of six compounds identified as aloesaponol I (1), aloesaponarin I (2), aloesaponol IV (3), β-sorigenin-1-O-methylether (4), emodin (5), and chrysophanol (6). Aloesaponarin I (2) was the most bioactive, compared to other isolated constituents, against P. falciparum ABS parasites exhibiting equipotency against the drug-sensitive (NF54) (IC50 = 1.54 μg/mL (5 μM)) and multidrug-resistant (K1) (IC50 = 1.58 μg/mL (5 μM)) strains. Aloesaponol IV (3) showed pronounced activity against late-stage (>90% stage IV/V) gametocytes (IC50 = 6.53 μg/mL (22.6 μM)) demonstrating a 3-fold selective potency towards these sexual stages compared to asexual forms of the parasite (IC50 = 19.77 ± 6.835 μg/mL (68 μM)). Transmission-blocking potential of aloesaponol IV (3) was validated by in vitro inhibition of exflagellation of male gametes (94% inhibition at 20 μg/mL). In silico studies identified β-hematin and DNA topoisomerase II as potential biological targets of compounds 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings from our study substantiate the traditional use of A. marlothii to treat malaria. To our knowledge, this study has provided the first report on the isolation and identification of antiplasmodial compounds from A. marlothii roots. Furthermore, our study has provided the first report on the transmission-blocking potential of one of the compounds from the genus Aloe, motivating for the investigation of other species within this genus for their potential P. falciparum transmission-blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephora Mutombo Mianda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Luke Invernizzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Mariëtte E van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa; Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa.
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Phanankosi Moyo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Lyn-Marié Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Vinesh J Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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Tali MBT, Dize D, Njonte Wouamba SC, Tsouh Fokou PV, Keumoe R, Ngansop CN, Nguembou Njionhou MS, Jiatsa Mbouna CD, Yamthe Tchokouaha LR, Maharaj V, Khorommbi NK, Naidoo-Maharaj D, Tchouankeu JC, Boyom FF. In vitro antiplasmodial activity-directed investigation and UPLC-MS fingerprint of promising extracts and fractions from Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. and Terminalia brownii Fresen. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 296:115512. [PMID: 35788037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Medicinal plants from the Terminalia genus are widely used as remedies against many infectious diseases, including malaria. As such, Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. and Terminalia brownii Fresen. are famous due to their usefulness in traditional medicines to treat malaria and yellow fever. However, further information is needed on the extent of anti-Plasmodium potency of extracts and fractions from these plants and their phytochemical profile. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to investigate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity and to determine the chemical profile of promising extracts and fractions from T. ivorensis and T. brownii stem bark. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crude aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic, hydroethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared by maceration from the stem barks of T. brownii and T. ivorensis. They were subsequently tested against chloroquine-sensitive (Pf3D7) and multidrug-resistant (PfDd2) strains of P. falciparum using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) assay. Extracts showing very good activity on both plasmodial strains were further fractionated using column chromatography guided by evidence of antiplasmodial activity. All bioactive extracts and fractions were screened for their cytotoxicity on Vero and Raw cell lines using the resazurin-based assay and on erythrocytes using the hemolysis assay. The phytochemical profiles of selected potent extracts and fractions were determined by UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. RESULTS Of the ten extracts obtained from both plant species, nine showed inhibitory activity against both P. falciparum strains (Pf3D7 and PfDd2), with median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.13 μg/ml to 10.59 μg/ml. Interestingly, the aqueous extract of T. ivorensis (TiW) and methanolic extract of T. brownii (TbM) displayed higher antiplasmodial activities against both strains (IC50 0.13-1.43 μg/ml) and high selectivity indices (SI > 100). Their fractionation led to two fractions from T. ivorensis and two from T. brownii that showed very promising antiplasmodial activity (IC50 0.15-1.73 μg/mL) and SI greater than 100. The hemolytic assay confirmed the safety of crude extracts and fractions on erythrocytes. UPLC-MS-based phytochemical analysis of the crude aqueous extract of T. ivorensis showed the presence of ellagic acid (1) and leucodelphidin (2), while analysis of the crude methanol extract of T. brownii showed the presence of ellagic acid (1), leucodelphinidin (2), papyriogenin D (3), dihydroactinidiolide (4) and miltiodiol (5). CONCLUSIONS The extracts and fractions from T. ivorensis and T. brownii showed very good antiplasmodial activity, thus supporting the traditional use of the two plants in the treatment of malaria. Chemical profiling of the extracts and fractions led to the identification of chemical markers and the known antimalarial compound ellagic acid. Further isolation and testing of other pure compounds from the active fractions could lead to the identification of potent antiplasmodial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariscal Brice Tchatat Tali
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Darline Dize
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Steven Collins Njonte Wouamba
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher's Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, PO Box 39, Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon.
| | - Rodrigue Keumoe
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Cyrille Njanpa Ngansop
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Michelle Sidoine Nguembou Njionhou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Cedric Derick Jiatsa Mbouna
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lauve Rachel Yamthe Tchokouaha
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | | | - Dashnie Naidoo-Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council-Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Jean Claude Tchouankeu
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Aladesanmi, Joseph A, Odiba, Emmanuel O, Odediran, Akintunde S, Oriola, Olubunmi A. ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE STEM BARK EXTRACT OF ARTOCARPUS ALTILIS FORSBERG. Afr J Infect Dis 2022; 16:33-45. [PMID: 36124325 PMCID: PMC9480889 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v16i2s.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential of Artocarpus altilis stem bark as a safe antimalarial agent, and the identification of its antimalarial constituents was explored. Materials and Methods The air-dried stem bark was extracted with 70% ethanol, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to obtain the extract (EE). The extract was successively partitioned to give n-hexane (AAH), dichloromethane (AAD), ethyl acetate (AAE) n-butanol (AAB) and aqueous (AAQ) fractions respectively after determining the acute toxicity using Lorke's method. These were each evaluated for chemosuppressive antimalarial activities (0-200mg/kg) against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei-berghei-infected albino mice. Normal saline and chloroquine, 10 mg/kg were negative and positive control respectively.The survival times and percentage survivors of the mice in both experiments were determined after observation for twenty-eight days post-drug administration. The five (5) column chromatographic (CC) fractions, AAH1, AAH2, AAH3, AAH4 and AAH5 obtained from the most active AAH, were also evaluated for antimalarial activities (0-50mg/kg). Further column purification and repeated PTLC of AAH5 yielded three bands, which were finally subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results EE gave ED50 and LD50 values of 227.17and >5000 mg/kg while its partitioned fractions gave ED50 values as follows: AAH, 79.14; AAD, 215.59; AAE, 160.46, AAB, .42; and AAQ, 90.85 mg/kg respectively. The primary CC fractions also gave ED 50 values as follows: AAH1 21.95; AAH2, 26.96; AAH3, 21.30; AAH4, 20.92 and AAH5, 20.75 mg/kg respectively to identify AAH5 as the putative fraction. GC-MS analysis revealed eleven major compounds (1-11) in the three PTLC bands as the antiplasmodial constituents of the plant. Conclusion The stem bark of A. altilis is a potential agent in malaria control which is safe for oral use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladesanmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria,Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria
| | | | - Odiba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Odediran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria,Corresponding Author’s E-Mail:
| | | | - Oriola
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Jiatsa Mbouna CD, Tchatat Tali BM, Tsouh Fokou PV, Madiesse Kemgne EA, Keumoe R, Toghueo Kouipou RM, Yamthe Tchokouaha LR, Tchuente Tchuenmogne MA, Kenou DK, Sahal D, Boyom FF. Specific sub fractions from Terminalia mantaly (H. Perrier) extracts potently inhibit Plasmodium falciparum rings, merozoite egress and invasion. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 285:114909. [PMID: 34902534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia mantaly (H. Perrier) and Terminalia superba (Engl. & Diels) are sources of treatment for various diseases, including malaria and/or related symptoms in parts of Southwestern Cameroon. However, there is limited information on the extent of the antiplasmodial potential of their extracts. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the antiplasmodial potential of chromatographic sub fractions (SFs) from promising fractions of Terminalia mantaly (Tm) [TmsbwChl, the chloroform fraction from water extract of Tm, IC50 (μg/mL) PfINDO: 0.56, Pf3D7: 1.12; SI > 357 (HEK/PfINDO) & 178 (HEK/Pf3D7)] and Terminalia superba (Ts) [TsrmEA, the ethyl acetate fraction from methanolic extract of Ts, IC50 (μg/mL) PfINDO: 1.82, Pf3D7: 1.65; SI > 109 (HEK/PfINDO) & 121 (HEK/Pf3D7)] obtained from previous studies. The SFs were tested against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (Pf3D7-chloroquine sensitive) and INDO (PfINDO-chloroquine resistant) strains in culture. Also, the phytochemical profile of potent SFs was determined and finally, the inhibition of the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum by the SFs with the highest promise was assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Selected SFs were submitted to a second bio-guided fractionation using silica gel column chromatography. The partial phytochemical composition of potent antiplasmodial SFs was determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The SYBR Green I-based fluorescence microtiter plate assay was used to monitor the growth of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in culture in the presence or absence of extracts. Microscopy and flow cytometry counting was used to assess the Plasmodium falciparum stage-specific inhibition and post-drug exposure growth suppression by highly potent extracts. RESULTS Twenty-one of the 39 SFs afforded from TmsbwChl showed activity (IC50: 0.29-4.74 μg/mL) against both Pf3D7 and PfINDO strains. Of note, eight SFs namely, Tm25, Tm28-30, Tm34-36 and Tm38, exerted highly potent antiplasmodial activity (IC50 < 1 μg/mL) with IC50PfINDO: 0.41-0.84 μg/mL and IC50Pf3D7: 0.29-0.68 μg/mL. They also displayed very high selectivity (50 < SIPfINDO, SIPf3D7 > 344) on the two Plasmodial strains. On the other hand, 7 SFs (SFs Ts03, Ts04, Ts06, Ts09, Ts10, Ts12 and Ts13) from TsrmEA showed promising inhibitory potential against both parasite strains (IC50: 2.01-5.14 μg/mL). Sub fraction Tm36 (IC50PfINDO: 0.41 μg/mL, SIPfINDO > 243; IC50Pf3D7: 0.29 μg/mL, SIPf3D7 > 344) showed the highest promise. The GC-MS analysis of the 8 selected SFs led to the identification of 99 phytometabolites, with D-limonene (2), benzaldehyde (12), carvone (13), caryophyllene (35), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (74) and 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (82) being the main constituents. Sub fractions Tm28, Tm29, Tm30, Tm36 and Tm38 inhibited all the three intraerythrocytic stages of P. falciparum, with strong potency against ring stage development, merozoite egress and invasion processes. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified highly potent antiplasmodial SFs from Terminalia mantaly with significant activity on the intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum. These SFs qualify as promising sources of novel antiplasmodial lead compounds. Further purification and characterization studies are expected to unravel molecular targets in rings and merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Derick Jiatsa Mbouna
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Brice Mariscal Tchatat Tali
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bamenda, PO Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Eugenie Aimee Madiesse Kemgne
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rodrigue Keumoe
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rufin Marie Toghueo Kouipou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lauve Rachel Yamthe Tchokouaha
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marthe Aimée Tchuente Tchuenmogne
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry,Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Donald Kagho Kenou
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry,Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi -110067, India.
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Study, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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There Is No Last Name For This Author P, Kaur H, Persoons L, Andrei G, Singh K. Quinoline-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one hybrids: Synthesis, biological activity and mechanistic studies. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200031. [PMID: 35174629 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of quinoline-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (DHPM) hybrids was synthesized and in vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against chloroquine sensitive (D10) and chloroquine resistant (Dd2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the human malaria parasite. The antiplasmodial activity was compared to previously reported DHPM based molecular hybrids. Dual mode of antiplasmodial action of the most active member has been evaluated through heme binding study and in silico docking in the active site of dihydrofolate enzymes (wild-type as well as mutant). Favourable pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted in the ADMET evaluation. The new hybrids were also tested against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. No antiviral activity was found, except for one hybrid that showed mild inhibitory activity against two strains of cytomegalovirus (AD-169 and Davis), The most active hybrid was found to be a selective inhibitor of the growth of P. falciparum as well as a modest inhibitor of varicella zoster virus in HEL cells. Cytotoxicity of all hybrids was assessed in HEL, HeLa, Vero, MDCK, and CRFK cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leentje Persoons
- KU Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Microbiology, BELGIUM
| | - Graciela Andrei
- KU Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Microbiology, BELGIUM
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Guru Nanak Dev University, Chemistry, GT Road, 143005, Amritsar, INDIA
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Akampurira D, Akala HM, Derese S, Heydenreich M, Yenesew A. A new C-C linked benzophenathridine-2-quinoline dimer, and the antiplasmodial activity of alkaloids from Zanthoxylum holstzianum. Nat Prod Res 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35139708 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2034810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) extract of Zanthoxylum holstzianum stem bark showed good antiplasmodial activity (IC50 2.5 ± 0.3 and 2.6 ± 0.3 µg/mL against the W2 and D6 strains of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively). From the extract five benzophenanthridine alkaloids [8-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine (1), nitidine (2), dihydrochelerythine (3), norchelerythrine (5), arnottianamide (8)]; a 2-quinolone alkaloid [N-methylflindersine (4)]; a lignan [4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxylignan-9,9'-diyl diacetate (7)] and a dimer of a benzophenanthridine and 2-quinoline [holstzianoquinoline (6)] were isolated. The CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) extract of the root bark afforded 1, 3-6, 8, chelerythridimerine (9) and 9-demethyloxychelerythrine (10). Holstzianoquinoline (6) is new, and is the second dimer linked by a C-C bond of a benzophenanthridine and a 2-quinoline reported thus far. The compounds were identified based on spectroscopic evidence. Amongst five compounds (1-5) tested against two strains of P. falciparum, nitidine (IC50 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL against W2 and D6 strains) and norchelerythrine (IC50 value of 0.15 ± 0.01 µg/mL against D6 strain) were the most active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Akampurira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hoseah M Akala
- Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) Program, United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRD-A/K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Walter Reed Project, Kisumu and Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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26
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Ochora DO, Kakudidi E, Namukobe J, Heydenreich M, Coghi P, Yang LJ, Mwakio EW, Andagalu B, Roth A, Akala HM, Wong VKW, Yenesew A. A new benzophenone, and the antiplasmodial activities of the constituents of Securidaca longipedunculata fresen (Polygalaceae). Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:2758-2766. [PMID: 34000936 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1925272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from Securidaca longipedunculata showed antiplasmodial activities against reference clones and clinical isolates using SYBR Green I method. A new benzophenone, 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzophenone (1) was isolated and characterized along with seven known compounds: 4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethoxybenzophenone (2); 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybiphenyl (3), methyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoate (4), benzyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoate (5), 2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoic acid (6), 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzophenone (7) and 2-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzophenone (8). Compounds 1 and 2 showed ex vivo antiplasmodial activities (IC50 28.8 μM and 18.6 μM, respectively); while 5 and 8 showed in vivo activities (IC50 19.7 μM and 14.5 μM, respectively) against D6 strain. In a cytotoxicity assay, all the extracts (with an exception of the MeOH extract of the leaves) and pure compounds were not toxic to the normal LO2 and BEAS cell-lines, while the methanol roots extract (IC50 66.4 µg/mL against A549, and 77.4 µg/mL against HepG2), compounds 6 (IC50 22.2 µM against A549) and 7 (IC50 45.2 µM against HepG2) were weakly active against cancerous cell-lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas O Ochora
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esezah Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jane Namukobe
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li Jun Yang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Edwin W Mwakio
- United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRU-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ben Andagalu
- United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRU-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Amanda Roth
- United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRU-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Hoseah M Akala
- United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRU-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Vincent K W Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rani A, Sharma A, Legac J, Rosenthal PJ, Singh P, Kumar V. A trio of quinoline-isoniazid-phthalimide with promising antiplasmodial potential: Synthesis, in-vitro evaluation and heme-polymerization inhibition studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 39:116159. [PMID: 33895706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline-isoniazid-phthalimide triads have been synthesised to assess their antiplasmodial efficacy and cytotoxicity against chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of P. falciparum and Vero cells, respectively. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed IC50 in lower nM range and appeared to be approximately five to twelve fold more active than chloroquine. Heme-binding studies were also carried out to delineate the mode of action. The promising compounds with IC50s in range of 11-30 nM and selectivity index >2800, may act as promising template for the design of new antiplasmodials.
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Bokosi FRB, Beteck RM, Mbaba M, Mtshare TE, Laming D, Hoppe HC, Khanye SD. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of mono- and bisquinoline methanamine derivatives as potential antiplasmodial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127855. [PMID: 33609655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of antimalarial drugs are currently available, although issues of toxicity and the emergence of drug resistant malaria parasites have reduced their overall therapeutic efficiency. Quinoline based antiplasmodial drugs have unequivocally been long-established and continue to inspire the design of new antimalarial agents. Herein, a series of mono- and bisquinoline methanamine derivatives were synthesised through sequential steps; Vilsmeier-Haack, reductive amination, and nucleophilic substitution, and obtained in low to excellent yields. The resulting compounds were investigated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the 3D7 chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum, and compounds 40 and 59 emerged as the most promising with IC50 values of 0.23 and 0.93 µM, respectively. The most promising compounds were also evaluated in silico by molecular docking protocols for binding affinity to the {001} fast-growing face of a hemozoin crystal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fostino R B Bokosi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Thanduxolo E Mtshare
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Dustin Laming
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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Kouipou Toghueo RM, Kemgne EAM, Sahal D, Yadav M, Kenou Kagho DU, Yang B, Baker BJ, Boyom FF. Specialized antiplasmodial secondary metabolites from Aspergillus niger 58, an endophytic fungus from Terminalia catappa. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 269:113672. [PMID: 33301916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia catappa L. (West Indian-Almond) is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Moreover, various organic extracts prepared from this plant have been reported to exhibit antiplasmodial activity. AIM OF THE STUDY The need for new antimalarials is still an urgency driven by the alarmingly high burden of malaria in endemic regions, with multitude of people dying annually. We have previously identified an endophytic fungus Aspergillus niger 58 harboured by T. catappa as having promising specialized secondary metabolites against the malaria parasites. In the present study, we report the antiplasmodial activity-guided chromatographic isolation of some metabolites secreted by this endophytic fungus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SYBR Green I-based fluorescence microtiter plate assay was used to monitor the growth of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in culture in the presence and absence of inhibitors and results were validated by microscopic analysis of Giemsa-stained culture smears. Giemsa-stain microscopy was also used to study the cell cycle stage-specific action of selected fractions. RESULTS The results revealed that the multidimensional purification of the crude extract (IC50: 4.03 μg/mL) provided RPHPLC F17 (IC50: 0.09 μg/mL) and RPHPLC F18 (IC50: 0.1 μg/mL) with activity against P. falciparum 3D7 (Pf3D7) strain. Moreover, both fractions at IC99 (0.5 μg/mL) exhibited multi-stages action by targeting all the three stages of the life cycle of blood-stage Pf3D7. Two compounds, flavasperone (1) and aurasperone A (2) were isolated, of which aurasperone A exhibited good potency against Pf3D7 (IC50: 4.17 μM) and P. falciparum INDO (PfINDO) (IC50: 3.08 μM). CONCLUSION Our study adds credence to the notion that endophytic extracts are potential storehouses for potent specialized secondary metabolites that can be harnessed to fight the malaria parasite and reduce the burden of this disease worldwide. An endophyte that can be cultured in laboratory with ability to secrete promising metabolites of medicinal value holds the promise of conserving Nature from the threat of annihilation of flora for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eugenie Aimée M Kemgne
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mamta Yadav
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Donald Ulrich Kenou Kagho
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bingjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-9951, USA
| | - Bill J Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-9951, USA
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Degotte G, Pirotte B, Francotte P, Frédérich M. Overview of natural antiplasmodials from the last decade to inspire medicinal chemistry. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:6199-6233. [PMID: 33781183 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210329112354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the major advances in the fight against this parasitic disease, malaria remains a major cause of concerns in 2020. This infection, mainly due to Plasmodium falciparum, causes every year more than 200 million of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths in developing regions, mostly in Africa. The last statistics show an increase of cases for the third consecutive year, from 211 million in 2015, it has reached 229 million in 2019. This trend could be partially explained by the appearance of resistances to all the used antimalarials, even to artemisinin. Thus, the design of new anti-Plasmodium compounds is an urgent need. For thousands of years, nature has offered to humans the medicines to cure their diseases or the inspiration for development of new active principles. It seems then logical to explore the natural sources to find new molecules to treat this parasitosis. METHOD Therefore, this review reports and analyzes the extracts (plants, bacteria, sponges, fungi) and the corresponding isolated compounds showing antiplasmodial properties between 2013 and 2019. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Nature remains a major source of active compounds. Indeed, 648 molecules from various origins, mostly plants, have been reported for their inhibitory effect on Plasmodium falciparum. Among them, 188 scaffolds were defined as highly active with IC50 ≤ 5 µM and have been reported here in details. Moreover, the most active compounds showed a large variety of structures: flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids... Therefore, these compounds could be an interesting source of inspiration for medicinal chemists. May-be several of these molecules should become the next leads for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Degotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège. Belgium
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège. Belgium
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège. Belgium
| | - Michel Frédérich
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège. Belgium
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Imran IZ, Elusiyan CA, Agbedahunsi JM, Omisore NO. Bioactivity-directed evaluation of fruit of Kigelia africana (Lam.) benth. Used in treatment of malaria in Iwo, Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 268:113680. [PMID: 33301913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The ancient people of Iwo communities consisting of Ile-Ogbo, Olupona, Iwo and Ogbagba continue to engage in the traditional use of medicinal plants for the treatment and management of common diseases especially malaria. AIMS OF THIS STUDY This study conducted an ethnomedicinal survey of plants used to treat malaria and feverish conditions by the people of Iwo, Nigeria. It also evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of the morphological parts of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth., and isolated, as well as characterised pure compounds from the semi-purified fractions of the fruit extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethnomedicinal survey was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires administered to only herb sellers in Iwo, Ile-Ogbo, Olupona, and Ogbagba areas of Osun State. Extracts of K. africana morphological parts; leaf, root, stem bark, and fruit were obtained by cold maceration in methanol, followed by assessment of acute toxicity (LD50) and antiplasmodial activity in Plasmodium berghei infected rats using the 4-day suppressive test model. The most active fruit extract was further subjected to activity-guided fractionation and purification using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and methanol (MeOH) in gradients to obtain the semi-purified fractions and two pure isolated compounds using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From the survey, thirty-one plant species were identified for treating malaria in Iwo area. Azadirachta indica leaf was the most frequently used (78.3% of the respondents) while Manihot esculenta leaf (3.33%) was the least. The identified plants are distributed among 24 families, with Anacardiaceae and Asteraceae (11.67% each) been the most occurring families. Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae) ranked the 6th position with 60% frequency of occurrence. The LD50 values obtained for the extracts were greater than 5000 mg/kg (p.o). The chemo-suppression activity of the extracts at 125 mg/kg was in the order of stem bark (26.59%), leaf (41.75%), root (43.95%), and fruit (54.54%). The semi-purified methanol fraction of the fruit showed the most antiplasmodial activity with a percent chemo-suppression of 69.94 and yielded 4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-5-methylfuran-2-one and sucrose. CONCLUSION The use of herbs and medicinal plants either singly or in combination for the treatment of malaria among the people of Iwo community in Nigeria is still well practised. Lack of formal education among most of the respondents and use of same local name for different plants species or plant parts; which often lead to wrong plant collection were among the constrains encountered. Kigelia africana has antiplasmodial activity in the order of fruit > root > leaf > stem bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa Zakirat Imran
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, 220005, Nigeria.
| | - Christianah Abimbola Elusiyan
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, 220005, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph Morohunfolu Agbedahunsi
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, 220005, Nigeria.
| | - Nusirat Omotayo Omisore
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, 220005, Nigeria.
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Chepkirui C, Ochieng PJ, Sarkar B, Hussain A, Pal C, Yang LJ, Coghi P, Akala HM, Derese S, Ndakala A, Heydenreich M, Wong VKW, Erdélyi M, Yenesew A. Antiplasmodial and antileishmanial flavonoids from Mundulea sericea. Fitoterapia 2020; 149:104796. [PMID: 33271256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Five known compounds (1-5) were isolated from the extract of Mundulea sericea leaves. Similar investigation of the roots of this plant afforded an additional three known compounds (6-8). The structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was established using ECD spectroscopy. In an antiplasmodial activity assay, compound 1 showed good activity with an IC50 of 2.0 μM against chloroquine-resistant W2, and 6.6 μM against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Some of the compounds were also tested for antileishmanial activity. Dehydrolupinifolinol (2) and sericetin (5) were active against drug-sensitive Leishmania donovani (MHOM/IN/83/AG83) with IC50 values of 9.0 and 5.0 μM, respectively. In a cytotoxicity assay, lupinifolin (3) showed significant activity on BEAS-2B (IC50 4.9 μM) and HePG2 (IC50 10.8 μM) human cell lines. All the other compounds showed low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 30 μM) against human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), human liver cancer cells (HepG2), lung/bronchus cells (epithelial virus transformed) (BEAS-2B) and immortal human hepatocytes (LO2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Chepkirui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Purity J Ochieng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Biswajyoti Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Aabid Hussain
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Li Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of science and technology, Macau, China
| | - Hoseah M Akala
- Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) Program, United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRU-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Albert Ndakala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matthias Heydenreich
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vincent K W Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Boechat N, Carvalho RCC, Ferreira MDLG, Coutinho JP, Sa PM, Seito LN, Rosas EC, Krettli AU, Bastos MM, Pinheiro LCS. Antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activities of new chloroquine and primaquine hybrids: Targeting the blockade of malaria parasite transmission. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115832. [PMID: 33166927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that requires new drugs not only to fight Plasmodium but also to reduce symptoms of infection such as fever and inflammation. A series of 21 hybrid compounds were designed from chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ) linked to the pharmacophoric group present in phenylacetic anti-inflammatory drugs. These compounds were designed to have dual activity: namely, to be capable of killing Plasmodium and still act on the inflammatory process caused by malaria infection. The compounds were assayed with nine different biological methods. The carbonylated CQ derivative 6 (n = 3; R1 = Cl) was more potent than CQ in vitro, and 8 (n = 4; R1 = H) reduced P. berghei parasitemia up to 37% on day 7. The carbonylated PQ derivative 17 (R = Br) was slightly less potent than PQ. The gem-difluoro PQ derivative 20 (R = Cl) exhibited high transmission blockade of the malaria sporogonic cycle in mosquitoes. Compounds 6 and 20 dose-dependently reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibited TNFα production by LPS-stimulated J774A.1 macrophages. Our results indicate a viable and interesting approach in planning new chemical entities that act as transmission-blocking drugs for treating malaria caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax and the anti-inflammatory process related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia Boechat
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-250, Brazil.
| | - Rita C C Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes G Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Julia Penna Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, CPqRR - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Paula M Sa
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Leonardo N Seito
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Rosas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, CPqRR - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Monica M Bastos
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Luiz C S Pinheiro
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041-250, Brazil
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Petritsch M, Seebacher W, Mohsin NUA, Dolensky J, Hochegger P, Kaiser M, Mäser P, Belaj F, Saf R, Kretschmer N, Alajlani M, Brantner A, Bauer R, Schühly W, Weis R. Preparation of new 1,3-dibenzyl tetrahydropyridinylidene ammonium salts and their antimicrobial and anticellular activities. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112969. [PMID: 33148495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New 1,3 dibenzyl -tetrahydropyridinylidene ammonium salts have been prepared from unsubstituted or N-benzylated tetrahydropyridinylidene ammonium salts. The antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities as well as their cytotoxic effects were determined using microplate assays. In addition, their activities against two gram positive and two gram negative bacteria strains and a yeast strain were examined. Furthermore, anticancer effects against two cell lines were investigated. Physicochemical parameters were calculated and structure-activity-relationships discussed. One compound showed antiplasmodial activity against a multiresistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum in subnanomolar concentration. Antitrypanosomal activities were detected in low nanomolar concentrations. A single compound was active against grampositive and gramnegative bacteria, as well as yeast. One compound inhibited the growth of a HCT cell line in low concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Petritsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Seebacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Noor-Ul-Amin Mohsin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Johanna Dolensky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick Hochegger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Organic Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Muaaz Alajlani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Adelheid Brantner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schühly
- Institute of Zoology, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Weis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Nutmakul T, Pattanapanyasat K, Soonthornchareonnon N, Shiomi K, Mori M, Prathanturarug S. Speed of action and stage specificity of Bencha-loga-wichian, a Thai traditional antipyretic formulation, against Plasmodium falciparum and the chloroquine-potentiating activity of its active compounds, tiliacorinine and yanangcorinine. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 258:112909. [PMID: 32360802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bencha-loga-wichian (BLW), a Thai traditional antipyretic formulation, has been reported to have promising antiplasmodial activity, and it was previously revealed that tiliacorinine and yanangcorinine, isolated from Tiliacora triandra, were the active compounds. However, the mechanisms of action of BLW have not been investigated. In addition, these active compounds are bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, many compounds of which have been reported to potentiate the efficacy of chloroquine. AIMS OF THE STUDY To investigate the antiplasmodial mechanisms of action of BLW and evaluate the effects of chloroquine combined with tiliacorinine or yanangcorinine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (PfW2) strains at the ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages were exposed to the extracts or compounds for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 or 48 h. The percentages of parasitemia were determined by flow cytometry, and their morphologies were examined by Giemsa-stained smear to evaluate the speed of action and stage specificity. For the drug combination assay, a modified fixed-ratio isobologram method was used. RESULTS The antiplasmodial activity of BLW possessed a slow onset of action and was the most effective against ring-stage parasites. After 48 h of extracts or compounds exposure, most of the treated parasites, at all stages, turned to the pyknotic form and could not recover even after extracts or compounds removal. The results suggested that these extracts and compounds could kill the parasites or possess parasiticidal effects. In addition, the combination of chloroquine with tiliacorinine or yanangcorinine demonstrated a synergistic effect, indicating that these compounds could potentiate chloroquine efficacy against chloroquine-resistant parasites. CONCLUSION The antiplasmodial mechanisms of action of BLW appeared to differ from that of chloroquine and other current antimalarial drugs. In addition, tiliacorinine and yanangcorinine, the active compounds of BLW, could potentiate the efficacy of chloroquine. Accordingly, BLW was shown to be a good candidate for development as a new antimalarial and useful for drug combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanutchaporn Nutmakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Laboratory of Biological Functions, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Mihoko Mori
- Laboratory of Biological Functions, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Sompop Prathanturarug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Mbosso Teinkela JE, Siwe Noundou X, Zeh Mimba JE, Meyer F, Tabouguia OM, Assob Nguedia JC, Hoppe HC, Krause RWM, Wintjens R, Azebaze GAB. Compound isolation and biological activities of Piptadeniastrum africanum (hook.f.) Brennan roots. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 255:112716. [PMID: 32151754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The dicotyledonous plant Piptadeniastrum africanum (hook.f.) Brennan (Fabaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat various human complaints including bronchitis, coughing, urino-genital ailments, meningitis, abdominal pain, treatment of wounds, malaria and gastrointestinal ailments, and is used as a purgative and worm expeller. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study describes the phytochemical investigation and the determination of the antimicrobial, antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities of crude extract, fractions and compounds extracted from Piptadeniastrum africanum roots. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolated compounds were obtained using several chromatographic techniques. The structures of all compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR) and by comparing their NMR data with those found in literature. In vitro antimicrobial activity of samples was evaluated using the microdilution method on bacterial (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal (Candida krusei) strains, while in vitro cell-growth inhibition activities were assessed against two parasites (Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7). The cytotoxicity properties of samples were assayed against HeLa human cervical carcinoma. RESULTS Five compounds were isolated and identified as: tricosanol 1, 5α-stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-β-ol 2, betulinic acid 3, oleanolic acid 4 and piptadenamide 5. This is the first report of the isolation of these five compounds from the roots of P. africanum. The (Hex:EtOAc 50:50) fraction exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis (MIC 250 μg/mL), while the other fractions and isolated compounds had weak antimicrobial activities. Only the EtOAc fraction presented a moderate antimalarial activity with an IC50 of 16.5 μg/mL. The MeOH crude extract and three fractions (Hexane, Hexane-EtOAc 25% and EtOAc-MeOH 25%) exhibited significant trypanocidal activity with IC50 values of 3.0, 37.5, 3.8 and 9.5 μg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated a scientific rational of the traditional uses of P. africanum and indicate that this plant should be further investigated to identify some of the chemical components that exhibited the activities reported in this study and therefore may constitute new lead candidates in parasiticidal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Emmanuel Mbosso Teinkela
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Department RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Xavier Siwe Noundou
- University Institute of Wood Technology of Mbalmayo, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon; Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, South Africa
| | | | - Franck Meyer
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Department RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | | | | | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, South Africa
| | - Rui Werner Maçedo Krause
- Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, South Africa
| | - René Wintjens
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Department RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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Lulan TY, Fatmawati S, Santoso M, Ersam T. α-VINIFERIN as a potential antidiabetic and antiplasmodial extracted from Dipterocarpus littoralis. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04102. [PMID: 32509997 PMCID: PMC7264059 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, complementary medicine therapy using medicinal plants have been developed in healthcare. Phytochemical studies about medicinal plants have been conducted to verify their potency as medicinal remedies in modern therapeutics. Dipterocarpus littoralis commonly known as Meranti Jawa in Indonesia is traditionally used to treat diseases such as diarrhea, diabetic and malaria. This study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from D. littoralis using bioguided fractionation method. The bioactivity measured were antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiplasmodial activity. Alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase assays were applied to estimate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of D. littoralis. The antioxidant activities were determined by using the free radical scavenging assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2″-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents were expressed as Quercetin Equivalent (QE) and Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE), respectively. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity test of methanol extract of D. littoralis was also conducted against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. Purification of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of D. littoralis resulted in an oligostilbenes namely α-viniferin (1). The structure of the α-viniferin was characterized by comprehensive spectral analysis including IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and in comparison with the literature data. Compound 1 showed an alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 256.17 and 212.79 μg/mL, respectively. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity test against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 at a concentration of 100 μg/mL revealed a strong antiplasmodial inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 2.76 μg/mL. Our findings indicated that α-viniferin (1) which is isolated from D. littoralis extract could be regarded as potential antidiabetic and antiplasmodial resources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Y.K. Lulan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, 85000, Indonesia
| | - Sri Fatmawati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Mardi Santoso
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Taslim Ersam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
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Mongalo N, Mashele S, Makhafola T. Ziziphus mucronata Willd. (Rhamnaceae): it's botany, toxicity, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03708. [PMID: 32322712 PMCID: PMC7170964 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziziphus mucronata is an important multi-purpose plant species that has been used in African traditional medicine for ages in the treatment of various devastating human and animal infections. The current paper is aimed at providing an overview of uses, toxicology, pharmacological properties and phytochemistry of Z. mucronata. The information used in the current work was retrieved using various search engines, including Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scielo, SciFinder and Scopus. The key words used included Ziziphus mucronata, secondary metabolites, chemistry, biological activity and pharmacology, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, ethnobotanical survey, medicinal uses, safety, toxicology and other related words. Out of the 46 infections which the plant species is used to treat, the most common uses includes sexually transmitted infections, skin infections, diarrhoea and dysentery, respiratory and chest complaints and gynaecological complaints (citations ≥6). Pharmacologically, the plant species exhibited a potential antimicrobial activity yielding a minimum inhibitory concentration of <1 mg/ml against important pathogens which includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, Cryptoccoos neoformans amongst other microorganisms. Furthermore, the extracts and compounds from Z mucronata revealed potent antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other activities in vitro. Phytochemically, cyclo-peptide alkaloids (commonly called mucronines) dominates and in conjunction with triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthocyanins. Besides these compounds, the plant species exhibited the presence of important in minerals. These phytoconstituents may well explain the reported biological activities. Although the extracts revealed no cytotoxic effect to Vero cells, further toxicological characteristics of the plant species still needs to be explored. There is also a need to carry out the comprehensive safety profiles of the plant species, including heavy metal detection. Although the plant species revealed important biological activities, which includes antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-plasmodial, anthelmintic, and anti-anaemic activity in vitro, further research is needed to explore the in vivo studies, other compounds responsible for such activities and the mechanisms of action thereof. Such activities validates the use of the plant species in traditional medicine. The data on the possible use of the plant species in the treatment of diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections, skin related and gynaecological complaints are scant and still needs to be explored and validated both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the anticancer and anthelmintic activity of the plant species also needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.I. Mongalo
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Laboratories, Private Bag X06, Florida, 0610, South Africa
| | - S.S. Mashele
- Central University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - T.J. Makhafola
- Central University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Tayler NM, De Jesús R, Spadafora R, Coronado LM, Spadafora C. Antiplasmodial activity of Cocos nucifera leaves in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:305-13. [PMID: 32499668 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria presents serious public health problems worldwide. The parasite´s resistance to antimalarial drugs has proven to be a significant hurdle in the search for effective treatments against the disease. For this reason, the study of natural products to find new antimalarials remains a crucial step in the fight against malaria. In this study, we aimed to study the in vivo performance of the decoction of C. nucifera leaves in P. berghei-infected mice. We analyzed the effectiveness of different routes of administration and the acute toxicity of the extract. Additionally, we determined the suppressive, curative and prophylactic activity of the extract. The results showed that the decoction of leaves of C. nucifera is most effective when administered intramuscularly to mice in comparison to intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intragastric methods. We also found that organ signs of acute toxicity appear at 2000 mg/kg/day as evidenced by necropsy examination. Additionally, we found that the prophylactic effect of the extract is of 48% inhibition, however, there is no curative effect. Finally, in a 4-day suppressive assay, we found that the extract can inhibit the growth of the parasite by up to 54% at sub-toxic doses when administered intramuscularly.
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Rani A, Kumar S, Legac J, Adeniyi AA, Awolade P, Singh P, Rosenthal PJ, Kumar V. Design, synthesis, heme binding and density functional theory studies of isoindoline-dione-4-aminoquinolines as potential antiplasmodials. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:193-205. [PMID: 31802710 PMCID: PMC7099627 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: WHO Malaria report 2017 estimated 216 million cases of malaria and 445,000 deaths worldwide, with 91% of deaths affecting the African region. Results/methodology: Microwave promoted the synthesis of cycloalkyl amine substituted isoindoline-1,3-dione-4-aminoquinolines was urbanized for evaluating their antiplasmodial activities. Compound with the optimum combination of propyl chain length and hydroxyethyl piperazine proved to be the most potent among the synthesized scaffolds against chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value of 0.006 μM. Heme-binding along with density functional theory studies were further carried out in order to delineate the mechanism of action of the most active compound. Conclusion: The synthesized scaffold can act as a therapeutic template for further synthetic modifications toward the search for a new antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adebayo A Adeniyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Baartzes N, Stringer T, Seldon R, Warner DF, Taylor D, Wittlin S, Chibale K, Smith GS. Bioisosteric ferrocenyl aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrids: Antimicrobial evaluation and mechanistic insights. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:121-133. [PMID: 31301563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenyl- and bioisosteric ferrocenyl-derived aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrid compounds were synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54 and multi-drug resistant K1 strains of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. All compounds were active against the two strains, generally showing enhanced activity in the K1 strain, with resistance indices less than 1. Cytotoxicity studies using Chinese hamster ovarian cells revealed that the hybrids were relatively non-cytotoxic and demonstrated selective killing of the parasite. Based on favourable in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity data, the most active phenyl (4c) and ferrocenyl (5b) hybrids were tested in vivo against the rodent Plasmodium berghei mouse model. Both compounds caused a reduction in parasitemia relative to the control, with 5c displaying superior activity (92% reduction in parasitemia at 4 × 50 mg/kg oral doses). The most active phenyl and ferrocenyl derivatives showed inhibition of β-haematin formation in a NP-40 detergent-mediated assay, indicating a possible contributing mechanism of antiplasmodial action. The most active ferrocenyl hybrid did not display appreciable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a ROS-induced DNA cleavage gel electrophoresis study. The compounds were also screened for their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The hybrids containing a more hydrophobic substituent had enhanced activity (<32.7 μM) compared to those with a less hydrophobic substituent (>62.5 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baartzes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Stringer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Seldon
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - D Taylor
- H3D, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - G S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Rani A, Legac J, Rosenthal PJ, Kumar V. Substituted 1,3-dioxoisoindoline-4-aminoquinolines coupled via amide linkers: Synthesis, antiplasmodial and cytotoxic evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102912. [PMID: 30991190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of C-5-substituted 1,3-dioxoisoindoline-4-aminoquinolines having amide group as a spacer was developed with an intent to evaluate their antiplasmodial activities. The synthesized dioxoisoindoline-aminoquinolines tethered with β-alanine as a spacer and secondary amine as substituent displayed good anti-plasmodial activities. Compound 7j, with an optimum combination of β-alanine and an ethyl chain length as linker along with diethylamine as the secondary amine counterpart at dioxoisoindoline proved to be most potent and non-cytotoxic with IC50 of 0.097 µM against W2 strain of P. falciparum and a selective index of >2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
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Nair JJ, van Staden J. The Amaryllidaceae as a source of antiplasmodial crinane alkaloid constituents. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:305-313. [PMID: 30763721 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. With over 200 million cases reported annually, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, it is an unnecessary burden to already overworked and ailing healthcare structures. Traditional medicine (TM) remains vibrant in most of these regions wherein plants often serve as the first line of defense against malaria. Given this fact as well as the successes elsewhere of therapies such as Artemisia annua emanating from evidence-based TM, interest in plants as a source of new antimalarial drugs has been rejuvenated. The bulbous plant family Amaryllidaceae is recognized for its structurally-diverse alkaloid constituents which exhibit interesting biological properties. This review focuses on the in vitro activities demonstrated by its crinane alkaloids against various strains of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The survey embraces the twelve genera of the Amaryllidaceae whose nineteen representative species have been examined for antiplasmodial crinane alkaloid principles. A total of seventy-two compounds were screened against nine strains of P. falciparum, with the α-crinanes reflecting better overall activities than their corresponding β-crinane subgroup congeners. In terms of potency, an ED50 of 0.14 μg/mL (for augustine in the D-6 strain) and IC50 of 0.35 μg/mL (for haemanthidine in the K1 strain) were the lowest activity indices observed. Structure-activity relationship studies afforded useful insight on the antiplasmodial pharmacophore and the features supporting its efficacy. Overall, crinane alkaloids have provided a useful platform for the study of antiplasmodial effects, not only in terms of potency but also in terms of structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Chu XM, Wang C, Wang WL, Liang LL, Liu W, Gong KK, Sun KL. Triazole derivatives and their antiplasmodial and antimalarial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:206-23. [PMID: 30711831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium especially by the most prevalent parasite Plasmodium falciparum, represents one of the most devastating and common infectious disease globally. Nearly half of the world population is under the risk of being infected, and more than 200 million new clinical cases with around half a million deaths occur annually. Drug therapy is the mainstay of antimalarial therapy, yet current drugs are threatened by the development of resistance, so it's imperative to develop new antimalarials with great potency against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant malaria. Triazoles, bearing a five-membered heterocyclic ring with three nitrogen atoms, exhibit promising in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activities. Moreover, several triazole-based drugs have already used in clinics for the treatment of various diseases, demonstrating the excellent pharmaceutical profiles. Therefore, triazole derivatives have the potential for clinical deployment in the control and eradication of malaria. This review covers the recent advances of triazole derivatives especially triazole hybrids as potential antimalarials. The structure-activity relationship is also discussed to provide an insight for rational designs of more efficient antimalarial candidates.
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Zemicheal G, Mekonnen Y. Antiplasmodial activity of Vernonia adoensis aqueous, methanol and chloroform leaf extracts against chloroquine sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei in vivo in mice. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:736. [PMID: 30333060 PMCID: PMC6192321 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the antiplasmodial effects of the crude aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of the leaves of Vernonia adoensis in Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice using Peters' 4-day suppressive test. RESULTS The number of mice used for the toxicity test was 20 (5/group) and for each extract and control groups 5 mice per group was used. The aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of V. adoensis leaves indicated statistically significant (P < 0.05) suppression of parasitaemia in the treated mice. The highest inhibition was that of the methanol extract treated mice (83.36%) followed by aqueous (72.26%) and chloroform (54.34%) at an oral dose of 600 mg/kg b.wt. Each extract prevented body weight loss and packed cell volume (PCV) reduction as compared to the negative control groups. The survival time of the mice treated with chloroform based on Kaplan-Meir analysis was 12.53 ± 0.37 at 600 mg/kg b.wt, while the negative control was 7.93 ± 0.37 days. The LD50 of the extracts was greater than 3000 mg/kg body weight. In conclusion, the crude leaves extract of V. adoensis have demonstrated antiplasmodial effect in vivo. P. berghei infection is suppressed in a dose-dependent manner showing relevance of the traditional use of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebreyohannes Zemicheal
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yalemtsehay Mekonnen
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Ledoux A, Cao M, Jansen O, Mamede L, Campos PE, Payet B, Clerc P, Grondin I, Girard-Valenciennes E, Hermann T, Litaudon M, Vanderheydt C, Delang L, Neyts J, Leyssen P, Frédérich M, Smadja J. Antiplasmodial, anti-chikungunya virus and antioxidant activities of 64 endemic plants from the Mascarene Islands. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:622-628. [PMID: 30063998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases cause more than 1 million deaths annually. The research into new medicines is urgent, especially as there is currently no specific treatment. In this study, the authors have selected 64 endemic plants from the Mascarene Islands based on their endemism, their medicinal use and their registration in the French Pharmacopeia to evaluate the antiplasmodial, anti-chikungunya and antioxidant activities. The list of these 64 plants including their local name, population, data of collection and voucher number are available in the Supporting Information. Forty active extracts were identified from the 38 species: 22 responded positively to the antiplasmodial activity, 8 to the anti-chikungunya activity and 8 to the antioxidant activity. Six plants demonstrated high antiplasmodial activity (concentration inhibiting 50% of parasitic growth (IC50) <5 µg/mL): Casearia coriaceae, Monimia rotundifolia, Poupartia borbonica, Psiadia retusa, Vernonia fimbrillifera and Zanthoxylum heterophyllum; and five showed high anti-chikungunya activity (IC50<20 µg/mL): Aphloia theiformis, Stillingia lineata, Croton mauritianus, Indigofera ammoxylum, and Securinega durissima. Eight plants displayed an important antioxidant activity, with values of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) or oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) >2000 µM of Trolox equivalent per mg/mL of extract: Bertiera borbonica, Erythroxylon laurifolium, Erythroxylon sideroxyloides, I. ammoxylum, P. borbonica, Scolopia heterophylla, Sophora denudata, and Terminalia bentzoe. Some data obtained tend to corroborate the reported traditional use of the plant, such as Z. heterophyllum (antiplasmodial), A. theiformis (anti-chikungunya), and E. laurifolium (antioxidant).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ledoux
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Martine Cao
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technological and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivia Jansen
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lucia Mamede
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Eric Campos
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNA), University of Reunion Island, Avenue René Cassin 15, 97744 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Bertrand Payet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNA), University of Reunion Island, Avenue René Cassin 15, 97744 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Patricia Clerc
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNA), University of Reunion Island, Avenue René Cassin 15, 97744 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Isabelle Grondin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNA), University of Reunion Island, Avenue René Cassin 15, 97744 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Emmanuelle Girard-Valenciennes
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNA), University of Reunion Island, Avenue René Cassin 15, 97744 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Thomas Hermann
- Parc National de La Réunion - 112, rue Sainte-Marie - 97400 Saint-Denis
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charlotte Vanderheydt
- Rega Institute for Medical Research (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Frédérich
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacqueline Smadja
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technological and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Ngemenya MN, Abwenzoh GN, Ikome HN, Zofou D, Ntie-Kang F, Efange SMN. Structurally simple synthetic 1, 4-disubstituted piperidines with high selectivity for resistant Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:42. [PMID: 29973275 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emergence of resistance to artemisinins and some of their combinations in chemotherapy of clinical malaria has intensified the search for novel safe efficacious antimalarial molecules. Fourteen synthetic 1, 4-disubstituted piperidines with simple molecular structures were evaluated in this study. Methods Antiplasmodial activity were determined against cultured chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains of P. falciparum by in vitro parasite growth inhibition. A primary screen was done to identify active compounds by fluorescence microscopy followed by a secondary screen to determine IC50 and IC90 values of active compounds by the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cytotoxicity of active compounds was assessed using the MTT/formazan assay and selectivity indices (SIs) determined. Optical densities were analysed to obtain experimental results. Results The compounds produced 56 to 93% inhibition of parasite growth at 40 μg/mL. Eight compounds (2 ketone, 5 alcohol and one amine analogues) showed high activity (IC50s between 1 and 5 μg/mL). Nine compounds were highly selective for the parasite (SIs = 15 to 182). Three promising (alcohol) analogues were identified: [1-(4-fluorobenzyl) piperidin-4-yl] [4-fluorophenyl] methanol, (7), [1-(3, 4-dichlorobenzyl) piperidin-4-yl] [4- fluorophenyl] methanol (8) and [1-(4-bromobenzyl) piperidin-4-yl] [4- fluorophenyl] methanol (11) which were more active on the resistant strain (IC50 values between 1.03 to 2.52 μg/mL), than the sensitive strain (IC50 values between 2.51 to 4.43 μg/mL). Conclusions The alcohol analogues were the most active and most selective for the parasite with three promising hit molecules identified among them, suggesting the hydroxyl group at C-7’ in these alcohol analogues is contributing greatly to their antiplasmodial activity. Further exploration of the core structure using chemistry approaches and biological screening including in vivo studies in an animal model of malaria may yield important antimalarial leads.
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Saccoliti F, Madia VN, Tudino V, De Leo A, Pescatori L, Messore A, De Vita D, Scipione L, Brun R, Kaiser M, Mäser P, Calvet CM, Jennings GK, Podust LM, Costi R, Di Santo R. Biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships of imidazole-based compounds as antiprotozoal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:53-60. [PMID: 30006174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a series of azole antifungal compounds as effective antiprotozoal agents. They displayed promising inhibitory activities within the micromolar-submicromolar range against P. falciparum, L. donovani, and T. b. rhodesiense. Moreover, most of such compounds showed excellent nanomolar IC50 against T. cruzi, showing also very low cytotoxicity. Discussion of structure-activity relationships and biological data for these compounds are provided against the different parasites. To assess the mechanism of action against T. cruzi we proved that the most potent compounds (3b, 3j-l) inhibited the T. cruzi CYP51. Moreover, the most active derivative 3j dramatically reduced parasitemia in T. cruzi mouse model without acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saccoliti
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria Tudino
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro De Leo
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Pescatori
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Messore
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Magalhaes Calvet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gareth K Jennings
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Larissa M Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Roberta Costi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
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50
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Quiliano M, Pabón A, Moles E, Bonilla-Ramirez L, Fabing I, Fong KY, Nieto-Aco DA, Wright DW, Pizarro JC, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Deharo E, Fernández-Busquets X, Garavito G, Aldana I, Galiano S. Structure-activity relationship of new antimalarial 1-aryl-3-susbtituted propanol derivatives: Synthesis, preliminary toxicity profiling, parasite life cycle stage studies, target exploration, and targeted delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:489-514. [PMID: 29754074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship, cytotoxicity studies, in silico drug-likeness, genotoxicity screening, and in vivo studies of new 1-aryl-3-substituted propanol derivatives led to the identification of nine compounds with promising in vitro (55, 56, 61, 64, 66, and 70-73) and in vivo (66 and 72) antimalarial profiles against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. Compounds 55, 56, 61, 64, 66 and 70-73 exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant strain FCR-3 (IC50s < 0.28 μM), and compounds 55, 56, 64, 70, 71, and 72 showed potent biological activity in chloroquine-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains (IC50s < 0.7 μM for 3D7, D6, FCR-3 and C235). All of these compounds share appropriate drug-likeness profiles and adequate selectivity indexes (77 < SI < 184) as well as lack genotoxicity. In vivo efficacy tests in a mouse model showed compounds 66 and 72 to be promising candidates as they exhibited significant parasitemia reductions of 96.4% and 80.4%, respectively. Additional studies such as liver stage and sporogony inhibition, target exploration of heat shock protein 90 of P. falciparum, targeted delivery by immunoliposomes, and enantiomer characterization were performed and strongly reinforce the hypothesis of 1-aryl-3-substituted propanol derivatives as promising antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Quiliano
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adriana Pabón
- Grupo Malaria, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ernest Moles
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isabelle Fabing
- Laboratoire de Synthese et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intéret Biologique SPCMIB-UMR5068, CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Kim Y Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Diego A Nieto-Aco
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Juan C Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University USA; Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tulane University USA
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Fernández-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanny Garavito
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia (DFUNC), Grupo de investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina tradicional y popular), Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ignacio Aldana
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Galiano
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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