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Wang R, Zhu Y, Zhao D. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Growth-Regulating Factors in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Du-Zhong). Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:1185. [PMID: 38732399 PMCID: PMC11085888 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Eucommia ulmoides contain a large amount of trans-polyisoprene (also known as Eu-rubber), which is considered to be an important laticiferous plant with valuable industrial applications. Eu-rubber used in industry is mainly extracted from leaves. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify genes related to regulating the leaf size of E. ulmoides. Plant growth-regulating factors (GRFs) play important roles in regulating leaf size, and their functions are highly conserved across different plant species. However, there have been very limited reports on EuGRFs until now. In this study, eight canonical EuGRFs with both QLQ and WRC domains and two putative eul-miR396s were identified in the chromosome-level genome of E. ulmoides. It is found that, unlike AtGRFs, all EuGRFs contain the miR396s binding site in the terminal of WRC domains. These EuGRFs were distributed on six chromosomes in the genome of E. ulmoides. Collinearity analysis of the E. ulmoides genome revealed that EuGRF1 and EuGRF3 exhibit collinear relationships with EuGRF2, suggesting that those three genes may have emerged via gene replication events. The collinear relationship between EuGRFs, AtGRFs, and OsGRFs showed that EuGRF5 and EuGRF8 had no collinear members in Arabidopsis and rice. Almost all EuGRFs show a higher expression level in growing and developing tissues, and most EuGRF promoters process phytohormone-response and stress-induced cis-elements. Moreover, we found the expression of EuGRFs was significantly induced by gibberellins (GA3) in three hours, and the height of E. ulmoides seedlings was significantly increased one week after GA3 treatment. The findings in this study provide potential candidate genes for further research and lay the foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanism underlying E. ulmoides development in response to GA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoruo Wang
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation in Karst Region, Guiyang 550006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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2
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Jabbour AA, Alzahrani A. The impact of chemical and hormonal treatments to improve seed germination and seedling growth of Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endi. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17236. [PMID: 38618572 PMCID: PMC11015829 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Juniper (Juniperus procera) is a common forest tree species in Saudi Arabia. The decline in many populations of J. procera in Saudi Arabia is mainly due to seed dormancy and loss of natural regeneration. This study assessed the effects of chemical and hormonal treatments on seed germination and seedling growth in juniper plants. Methods The seeds were subjected to either chemical scarification with 90% sulfuric acid and 20% acetic acid for 6 min or hormonal treatment by seed soaking in two concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) of three growth regulators, namely, indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA3), and kinetin, for 72 h. A control group without any seed treatment was also prepared. The experiments were performed in an incubator maintained at room temperature and under a light and dark period of 12 h for 6 w. The germinated seeds for each treatment were counted and removed from the dishes. The selected germinated seeds from different treatments were planted in a greenhouse and irrigated with tap water for another 6 weeks. The hormone-treated seedlings were sprayed with their corresponding hormone concentrations 1 w after planting. Results The highest percentage of seed germination was significantly recorded after seed soaking in 50 ppm GA3, whereas treatment with IAA (100 ppm) resulted in the best seedling growth. Seedlings treated with the three phytohormones showed a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars, proteins, percentage of oil, IAA, GA3, and kinetin contents of juniper seedlings compared with the control value, whereas abscisic acid content was decreased compared with chemical treatments. Conclusion The investigated different treatments had an effective role in breaking seed dormancy and improving seedling growth of J. procera, which is facing a notable decline in its population worldwide. Moreover, such an effect was more pronounced in the three phytohormones that succeeded in breaking dormancy and growth of the Juniperus plant than in the other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alae Ahmad Jabbour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Alaqiq, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Pinheiro UV, Wancura JHC, Brondani M, da Silva CM, Mainardi MA, Gai RM, Jahn SL. Production of Gibberellic Acid by Solid-State Fermentation Using Wastes from Rice Processing and Brewing Industry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1493-1508. [PMID: 37428388 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a natural hormone present in some plants used in agricultural formulations as a growth regulator. Currently, its production on an industrial scale is performed by submerged fermentation using the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, which is associated with low yields, leaving the purification stages with high costs. An alternative is solid-state fermentation (SSF), which makes it possible to obtain higher concentrations of product using low-cost substrates, such as agroindustrial by-products. This research investigated the use of raw rice bran (RRB) and barley malt residue (BMR) as substrates for GA3 production by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Through two statistical designs, the effect of moisture (50 to 70 wt.%) and medium composition (RRB content between 30 and 70 wt.% to a mass ratio between RRB and BMR) was first evaluated. Using the best conditions previously obtained, the effect of adding glucose (carbon source, between 0 and 80 g·L-1) and ammonium nitrate-NH4NO3-(nitrogen source, between 0 and 5 g·L-1) on GA3 productivity was analyzed. The best yield was obtained using 30 wt.% RRB and 70 wt.% BMR for a medium with 70 wt.% of moisture after 7 days of process. It was also found that higher concentrations of NH4NO3 favor the GA3 formation for intermediate values of glucose content (40 g·L-1). Finally, a kinetic investigation showed an increasing behavior in the GA3 production (10.1 g·kg of substrate-1 was obtained), with a peak on the seventh day and subsequent tendency to stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upiragibe V Pinheiro
- Pro-Rectory of Infrastructure, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - João H C Wancura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue, Building 9B, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Michel Brondani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue, Building 9B, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Camila M da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue, Building 9B, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marco A Mainardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue, Building 9B, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela M Gai
- Pro-Rectory of Infrastructure, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L Jahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue, Building 9B, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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Feng J, Zhang W, Wang W, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Atkinson RG, Gao L, Hu H, Zhao W, Ma R, Zheng H, Tao J. Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Identifies Novel Regulatory Genes Associated with Plant Growth Regulator-Induced Astringency in Grape Berries. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:4433-4447. [PMID: 38354220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Astringency influences the sensory characteristics and flavor quality of table grapes. We tested the astringency sensory attributes of berries and investigated the concentration of flavan-3-ols/proanthocyanidins (PAs) in skins after the application of the plant growth regulators CPPU and GA3 to the flowers and young berries of the "Summer Black" grape. Our results showed that CPPU and GA3 applications increase sensory astringency perception scores and flavan-3-ol/proanthocyanidin concentrations. Using integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, differentially expressed transcripts and proteins associated with growth regulator treatment were identified, including those for flavonoid biosynthesis that contribute to the changes in sensory astringency levels. Transient overexpression of candidate astringency-related regulatory genes in grape leaves revealed that VvWRKY71, in combination with VvMYBPA1 and VvMYC1, could promote the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins, while overexpression of VvNAC83 reduced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins. However, in transient promoter studies in Nicotiana benthamiana, VvWRKY71 repressed the promoter of VvMYBPA2, while VvNAC83 had no significant effect on the promoter activity of four PA-related genes, and VvMYBPA1 was shown to activate its own promoter. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of sensory astringency formation induced by plant growth regulators in grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Feng
- College of Horticulture, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi,Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Niels J Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland 92169, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland 92169, New Zealand
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Horticulture, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haipeng Hu
- College of Horticulture, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanli Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huan Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianmin Tao
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi,Xinjiang 830001, China
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Li Y, Cao Y, Fan Y, Fan G. Comprehensive Analysis of the GRAS Gene Family in Paulownia fortunei and the Response of DELLA Proteins to Paulownia Witches' Broom. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2425. [PMID: 38397102 PMCID: PMC10888722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The GRAS (GAI\RGA\SCL) gene family encodes plant-specific transcription factors that play crucial roles in plant growth and development, stress tolerance, and hormone network regulation. Plant dwarfing symptom is mainly regulated by DELLA proteins of the GRAS gene subfamily. In this study, the association between the GRAS gene family and Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) was investigated. A total of 79 PfGRAS genes were identified using bioinformatics methods and categorized into 11 groups based on amino acid sequences. Tandem duplication and fragment duplication were found to be the main modes of amplification of the PfGRAS gene family. Gene structure analysis showed that more than 72.1% of the PfGRASs had no introns. The genes PfGRAS12/18/58 also contained unique DELLA structural domains; only PfGRAS12, which showed significant response to PaWB phytoplasma infection in stems, showed significant tissue specificity and responded to gibberellin (GA3) in PaWB-infected plants. We found that the internodes were significantly elongated under 100 µmol·L-1 GA3 treatment for 30 days. The subcellular localization analysis indicated that PfGRAS12 is located in the nucleus and cell membrane. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays confirmed that PfGRAS12 interacted with PfJAZ3 in the nucleus. Our results will lay a foundation for further research on the functions of the PfGRAS gene family and for genetic improvement and breeding of PaWB-resistant trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yabing Cao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yujie Fan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.F.)
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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6
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Yu JJ, Cui J, Huang H, Cen DC, Liu F, Xu ZF, Wang Y. Identification of flowering genes in Camellia perpetua by comparative transcriptome analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 24:2. [PMID: 38066213 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Camellia perpetua has the excellent characteristic of flowering multiple times throughout the year, which is of great importance to solve the problem of "short flowering period" and "low fresh flower yield" in the yellow Camellia industry at present. Observations of flowering phenology have demonstrated that most floral buds of C. perpetua were formed by the differentiation of axillary buds in the scales at the base of the terminal buds of annual branches. However, the molecular mechanism of flowering in C. perpetua is still unclear. In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic study of the terminal buds and their basal flower buds in March (spring) and September (autumn) using RNA-seq and found that a total of 11,067 genes were significantly differentially expressed in these two periods. We identified 27 genes related to gibberellin acid (GA) synthesis, catabolism, and signal transduction during floral bud differentiation. However, treatment of the terminal buds and axillary buds of C. perpetua on annual branch with GA3 did not induce floral buds at the reproductive growth season (in August) but promoted shoot sprouting. Moreover, 203 flowering genes were identified from the C. perpetua transcriptome library through homology alignment, including flowering integrators LEAFY (LFY) and UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO), as well as MADS-box, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-box (SBP-box), and TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) genes, which were specifically upregulated in floral buds and were likely involved in flowering in C. perpetua. The floral inhibitor CperTFL1b was identified and cloned from C. perpetua, and its expression level was specifically regulated in terminal buds in autumn. Ectopic overexpression of CperTFL1b delayed flowering time and produced abnormal inflorescence and floral organs in Arabidopsis, suggesting that CperTFL1b inhibits flowering. In conclusion, this study deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanism of blooms throughout the year in C. perpetua and provides a helpful reference for cultivating new varieties of yellow Camellia with improved flowering traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Jia Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Han Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Dong-Can Cen
- Guangxi Yuanzhiyuan Ecological Agriculture Investment Co., Ltd., Nanning, 530212, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Nanning Tree Garden, Nanning, 530031, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China.
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7
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Guan P, Hu J, Sun L. Interaction of VvDELLA2 and VvCEB1 Mediates Expression of Expansion-Related Gene during GA-Induced Enlargement of Grape Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14870. [PMID: 37834318 PMCID: PMC10573625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous gibberellin treatment can promote early growth of grape fruit, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that VvDELLA2 directly regulates the activity of the VvCEB1 transcription factor, a key regulator in the control of cell expansion in grape fruit. Our results show that VvCEB1 binds directly to the promoters of cell expansion-related genes in grape fruit and acts as a transcriptional activator, while VvDELLA2 blocks VvCEB1 function by binding to its activating structural domain. The exogenous gibberellin treatment relieved this inhibition by promoting the degradation of VvDELLA2 protein, thus, allowing VvCEB1 to transcriptionally activate the expression of cell expansion-related genes. In conclusion, we conclude that exogenous GA3 treatment regulates early fruit expansion by affecting the VvDELLA-VvCEB1 interaction in grape fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Pingyin Guan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jianfang Hu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
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Saleem R, Campbell S, Fletcher MT, Kalaipandian S, Adkins S. Factors Affecting the Germination Ecology of Pimelea trichostachya and Its Relationship to Field Emergence. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12112112. [PMID: 37299091 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pimelea trichostachya Lindl is a little-understood Australian native plant, with irregular field emergence, causing significant poisoning to grazing livestock. The study aims to examine the form of dormancy exhibited by P. trichostachya and determine how key environmental conditions, such as alternating temperature and light conditions, moisture availability, substrate pH and burial depth, affect its germination and emergence. The study concludes that P. trichostachya has a complex dormancy mechanism. This comprises a physical component that can be partly removed by fruit scarification, a metabolic dormancy that can be overcome by gibberellic acid (GA3), and a suspected third mechanism based on a water-soluble germination inhibitor. The results showed that scarified single seeded fruit (hereafter seed) with GA3 treatment gave the highest germination percentage (86 ± 3%) at 25/15 °C, with good germination rates at other temperature regimes. Light exposure stimulated germination, but a significant proportion of seeds still germinated in the dark. The study also found that seeds could germinate under water-limited conditions and a wide range of pH levels (4 to 8). Seedling emergence was inhibited when seeds were buried below 3 cm in soil. Pimelea trichostachya emergence in the field commonly occurs from Autumn to Spring. Understanding its dormancy mechanism and recognizing its triggers for germination will enable better prediction of outbreaks. This can help landholders prepare for emergence and help manage seedbank build-up in pastures and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture Innovation, University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | | | - Steve Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Dong Y, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Cheng J, Gao Y, Wang W, Ma N, Wang Y. Transcriptomic analysis reveals GA 3 is involved in regulating flavonoid metabolism in grape development for facility cultivation. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:845-855. [PMID: 37069340 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin, as one of the pivotal plant growth regulators, can improve fruit quality by altering fruit size and secondary metabolite content. Flavonoids are the most abundant secondary metabolites in grapes, which influence the color and quality of the fruit. However, the molecular mechanism of whether and how GA3 affects flavonoid metabolism has not been reported, especially for the 'Red globe' grape with delayed cultivation in Hexi corridor. In the present study, the 'Red globe' grape grown in delayed facilities was sprayed with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L GA3 at berries pea size (BPS), veraison (V) and berries ripe (BR), respectively. The results showed that the berry weight, soluble sugar content and secondary metabolite content (the flavonoid content, anthocyanin content and polyphenol content) at BR under 80 mg/L GA3 treatment were remarkably increased compared with other concentration treatments. Therefore, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGS) and pathways under 80 mg/L GA3 treatment at three periods. GO analysis showed that DEGs were closely related to transporter activity, cofactor binding, photosynthetic membrane, thylakoid, ribosome biogenesis and other items. The KEGG enrichment analysis found that the DEGs were mainly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, indicating GA3 exerted an impact on the color and quality of berries through these pathways. In conclusion, GA3 significantly increased the expression of genes related to flavonoid synthesis, enhanced the production of secondary metabolites, and improved fruit quality. In addition, these findings can provide a theoretical basis for GA3 to modulate the accumulation and metabolism of flavonoids in grape fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhongxing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuangcheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiao Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanlong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wanxia Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Naiying Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanxiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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10
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Fu J, Li L, Wang S, Yu N, Shan H, Shi Z, Li F, Zhong X. Effect of gibberellic acid on photosynthesis and oxidative stress response in maize under weak light conditions. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1128780. [PMID: 36875610 PMCID: PMC9978513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is an important endogenous hormone involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses. Experiments were conducted at the Research and Education Center of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University (Shenyang, China) in 2021.We used a pair of near-isogenic inbred maize lines comprising, SN98A (light-sensitive inbred line) and SN98B (light-insensitive inbred line) to study the effects of exogenous gibberellin A3 (GA3) application on different light-sensitive inbred lines under weak light conditions. The concentration of GA3 was selected as 20, 40 and 60 mg L-1. After shade treatment, the photosynthetic physiological indexes of SN98A were always lower than SN98B, and the net photosynthetic rate of SN98A was 10.12% lower than SN98B on the 20th day after shade treatment. GA3 treatments significantly reduced the barren stalk ratios in SN98A and improved its seed setting rates by increasing the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), photosynthetic pigment contents, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), and antioxidant enzyme activities, where the most effective treatment was 60 mg L-1GA3. Compared with CK group, the seed setting rate increased by 33.87%. GA3 treatment also regulated the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the superoxide anion ( O 2 - ) production rate, H2O2 content, and malondialdehyde content. The superoxide anion ( O 2 - ) production rate, H2O2 content and malondialdehyde content of SN98A sprayed with 60 mg L-1 GA3 decreased by 17.32%,10.44% and 50.33% compared with CK group, respectively. Compared with the control, GA3 treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the expression levels of APX and GR in SN98A, and APX, Fe-SOD, and GR in SN98B. Weak light stress decreased the expression of GA20ox2, which was related to gibberellin synthesis, and the endogenous gibberellin synthesis of SN98A. Weak light stress accelerated leaf senescence, and exogenous GA3 application inhibited the ROS levels in the leaves and maintained normal physiological functions in the leaves. These results indicate that exogenous GA3 enhances the adaptability of plants to low light stress by regulating photosynthesis, ROS metabolism and protection mechanisms, as well as the expression of key genes, which may be an economical and environmentally friendly method to solve the low light stress problem in maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Fu
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Yu
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Liaoning Dongya Seed Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Zhensheng Shi
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghai Li
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Sayed AEDH, Hamed M, El-Sayed AAA, Nunes B, Soliman HAM. The mitigating effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) on the hemotoxicity of gibberellic acid on juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:25701-25711. [PMID: 36346524 PMCID: PMC9995583 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant growth regulators has led to environmental contamination of water bodies that occur adjacent to agricultural areas. Some of these chemicals are bioactive, not only to plants, but also to non-target exposed biota, namely of the aquatic compartment. Previous work demonstrated the establishment of hepato- and nephrotoxic effects in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed via aquatic media to gibberellic acid (GA3), which is among the most used plant growth regulators, in agricultural practices. Here, we investigated the effect of GA3 on hematological indices, poikilocytosis, nuclear abnormalities, and genotoxic indices measured in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as well as the putative protective effects of dietary supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). Fish were evenly assorted into 5 groups: group I served as a control, and groups II-V were fed diets supplemented with Spirulina at rates of 0 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 20 g/kg, and 100 g/kg, respectively, for 2 months before being exposed to 150 mg/L GA3. The results revealed that GA3 exposure decreased significantly all hematological indices (P < 0.05), except leucocytes and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), compared to the control group (P > 0.05). GA3 exposure increased significantly the percentage of nuclear abnormalities, altered erythrocytes and the percentages of tail DNA, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Spirulina supplementation restored the hematological, poikilocytosis, nuclear abnormalities, and the percentages of tail DNA to near normal levels. The 100 g/kg SP treatment was the most effective in attaining such effect, showing concentration-dependency. The present study reinforces our findings of the toxicity of GA3 on O. niloticus and suggests that the addition of Spirulina to fish diet can mitigate the hemotoxic effects of GA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Hamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz A A El-Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Medina, 42238, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente E Do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hamdy A M Soliman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 8562, Egypt
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Mukherjee P, Suriyakumar P, Vanchinathan S, Krishnan V, Lal MK, Jha PK, Chinnusamy V, Anand A, Prasad PVV. Hydrogen Peroxide and GA(3) Levels Regulate the High Night Temperature Response in Pistils of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36829898 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High night temperature (HNT) impairs crop productivity through the reproductive failure of gametes (pollen and pistil). Though female gametophyte (pistil) is an equal partner in the seed-set, the knowledge of the antioxidant system(s) and hormonal control of HNT tolerance or susceptibility of pistils is limited and lacking. The objectives of this study were to determine the antioxidant mechanism for homeostatic control of free radicals, and the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) in HNT stress protection in the wheat pistils of contrasting wheat genotypes. We hypothesized that HNT tolerance is attributed to the homeostatic control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hormonal readjustment in pistils of the tolerant genotype. The ears of two contrasting wheat genotypes-HD 2329 (susceptible) and Raj 3765 (tolerant) were subjected to two HNTs (+5 °C and +8 °C) over ambient, in the absence and presence of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a chemical trap of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Results showed that HNTs significantly increased ROS in pistils of susceptible genotype HD 2329 to a relatively greater extent compared to tolerant genotype Raj 3765. The response was similar in the presence or absence of DMTU, but the H2O2 values were lower in the presence of DMTU. The ROS levels were balanced by increased activity of peroxidase under HNT to a greater extent in the tolerant genotype. Cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) activity was inversely related to H2O2 production within a critical range in Raj 3765, indicating its modulation by H2O2 levels as no change was observed at the transcriptional level. The hormonal status showed increased ABA and decreased GA3 contents with increasing temperature. Our study elucidates the role of H2O2 and GA3 in stress tolerance of pistils of tolerant genotype where GAPC acts as a ROS sensor due to H2O2-mediated decrease in its activity.
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Qin Y, Geng B, Yang LE, Peng D. Non-deep physiological dormancy and germination characteristics of Primula florindae (Primulaceae), a rare alpine plant in the Hengduan Mountains of southwest China. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15234. [PMID: 37138822 PMCID: PMC10150718 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Timing of seed germination is directly related to the survival probability of seedlings. For alpine plants, autumn-dispersal seeds should not germinate immediately because the cold temperature is not conducive to the survival of seedlings. Seed dormancy is a characteristic of the seed that prevents it from germinating after dispersal. Primula florindae is an alpine perennial forb endemic to eastern Tibet, SW China. We hypothesized that primary dormancy and environmental factors prevent seeds of P. florindae to germinate in autumn and allow them to germinate at the first opportunity in spring. We determined how GA3, light, temperature, dry after-ripening (DAR) and cold-wet stratification (CS) treatments affect seed germination by conducting a series of laboratory experiments. Firstly, the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3; 0, 20, and 200 mg L-1) on germination of freshly shed seeds at alternating temperatures (15/5 and 25/15 °C) were immediately investigated to characterize seed with a physiological dormancy component. Then, the fresh seeds treated with 0, 3, and 6 months of after-ripening (DAR) and cold-wet stratification (CS) were incubated at seven constant (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and two alternating temperatures (5/1, 15/5, and 25/15 °C) at light and dark conditions. Fresh seeds were dormant, which only germinated well (>60%) at 20, 25, and 25/15 °C in light but not at ≤15 °C and to higher percentages in light than in dark. GA3 increased germination percentage of fresh seeds, and DAR or CS treatments increased final germination percentage, germination rate (speed), and widened the temperature range for germination from high to low. Moreover, CS treatments reduced the light requirement for germination. Thus, after dormancy release, seeds germinated over a wide range of constant and alternating temperatures, regardless of light conditions. Our results demonstrated that P. florindae seeds have type 2 non-deep physiological dormancy. Timing of germination should be restricted to early spring, ensuring a sufficient length of the growing season for seedling recruitment. These dormancy/germination characteristics prevent seeds from germinating in autumn when temperatures are low but allow them to germinate after snowmelt in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Qin
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Boyang Geng
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-E Yang
- Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Deli Peng
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Li J, Bai Y, Xie Y, Gao J. Ultrastructure change and transcriptome analysis of GA3 treatment on seed germination of moso bamboo( Phyllostachys edulis). Plant Signal Behav 2022; 17:2091305. [PMID: 35796326 PMCID: PMC9272834 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the mechanism of Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on seed germination of moso bamboo can lay a foundation for its future breeding and research. In this study, the germination-related indicators (germination rate, germination potential, vigor index, respiration rate) with different content of GA3 treatment were measured, and the ultrastructure of moso bamboo seeds treated with low and high GA3 concentrations was observed during the germination process. In addition, the transcriptome data of the germination seeds, with and without GA3 treatment were analyzed. The results showed that the low GA3 concentration (10 mol/L) increased the germination rate, germination potential, vigor index and respiration rate, thus promoting the germination of moso bamboo seeds, but a high concentration of GA3 (50 mol/L) inhibited the seed germination. The low GA3 concentration accelerated the decomposition of starch and fat and promoted the vacuole formation of cells, but the high GA3 concentration damaged organelles and increased the endocytosis of cells. Compared with untreated moso bamboo seeds, the seeds had fewer genes expressed after GA3 treatment. Starch and carbon metabolism play a very important role in seed development and embryo viability, whether the seed is treated with GA3 or not. After hormone treatment, GID1 and DELLA-related genes homologous to rice genes is not expressed, but the expression of PIF4, PIF5, GA3ox2, GA2oxs, etc., were up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Gene Science and Gene Industrialization Institution, International center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yucong Bai
- Gene Science and Gene Industrialization Institution, International center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Xie
- Gene Science and Gene Industrialization Institution, International center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Gene Science and Gene Industrialization Institution, International center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
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Cisse EHM, Zhang J, Li DD, Miao LF, Yin LY, Yang F. Exogenous ABA and IAA modulate physiological and hormonal adaptation strategies in Cleistocalyx operculatus and Syzygium jambos under long-term waterlogging conditions. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:523. [PMID: 36357840 PMCID: PMC9648000 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) in inducing adventitious root (AR) formation, biomass accumulation, and plant development under long-term waterlogging (LT-WL) conditions are largely unexplored. This study aimed to determine the roles of exogenous application of ABA and IAA in two woody plants (Cleistocalyx operculatus and Syzygium jambos) under LT-WL conditions. A pot experiment was conducted using a complete randomized design with two factors: (i) LT-WL and (ii) application of exogenous phytohormones (ABA and IAA) for 120 d. RESULTS Results revealed that exogenous ABA and IAA promoted LT-WL tolerance in both species. In C. operculatus and S. jambos, plant height, the number of blades, leaf area, and fresh shoot weight were increased by exogenous IAA under LT-WL. However, exogenous ABA affected more the adventitious and primary root in C. operculatus compared to S. jambos. LT-WL decreased drastically the photosynthetic activities in both species, but adding moderate amounts of exogenous ABA or IAA protected the photosynthesis apparatus under LT-WL. Exogenous phytohormones at certain levels decreased the superoxide anion level and malondialdehyde accumulation in plants under LT-WL. Also, the increase of the peroxidases and superoxide dismutase activities by exogenous phytohormones was more marked in C. operculatus compared to S. jambos. Meanwhile, the catalase activity was down-regulated in both species by exogenous phytohormones. Exogenous ABA or IAA positively regulated the jasmonic acid content in ARs under LT-WL. Moderate application of exogenous ABA or IAA in plants under LT-WL decreased the ABA content in the leaves. Lower accumulation of IAA and ABA in the leaves of C. operculatus under LT-WL was positively correlated with a decrease in antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS Lastly, C. operculatus which has greater morphology indexes was more tolerant to waterlogging than S. jambos. Moreover, the adaptive strategies via exogenous ABA were more built around the below-ground biomass indexes particularly in C. operculatus, while exogenous IAA backed the above-ground biomass in both species. Overall, the exogenous hormones applied (spraying or watering) influenced differentially the plant's responses to LT-WL. The phytohormonal profile of plants exposed to waterlogging stress varied depending on the species' tolerance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Hadji Malick Cisse
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Da-Dong Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ling-Feng Miao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Li-Yan Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Yang X, Wang K, Bu Y, Niu F, Ge L, Zhang L, Song X. The transcription factor TaGAMYB modulates tapetum and pollen development of TGMS wheat YanZhan 4110S via the gibberellin signaling. Plant Sci 2022; 324:111447. [PMID: 36041563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Male reproductive development in higher plants experienced a series of complex biological processes, which can be regulated by Gibberellins (GA). The transcriptional factor GAMYB is a crucial component of GA signaling in anther development. However, the mechanism of GAMYB in wheat male reproduction is less understood. Here, we found that the thermo-sensitive genic male sterilitywheat line YanZhan 4110S displayed delayed tapetum programmed cell death and pollen abortive under the hot temperature stress. Combined with RNA-Sequencing data analysis, TaGAMYB associated with fertility conversion was isolated, which was located in the nucleus and highly expressed in fertility anthers. The silencing of TaGAMYB in wheat displayed fertility decline, defects in tapetum, pollen and exine formation, where the abortion characteristics were the same as YanZhan 4110S. In addition, either hot temperature or GA3 treatment in YanZhan 4110S caused the downregulation of TaGAMYB at binucleate stage and trinucleate stage, as well as fertility decrease. Further, the transcription factor TaWRKY2 significantly changed under GA3-treatment and directly interacted with the TaGAMYB promoter by W-box cis-element. Therefore, we suggested that TaGAMYB may be essential for anther development and male fertility, and GA3 activates TaGAMYB by TaWRKY2 to regulate fertility in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yaning Bu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fuqiang Niu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| | - Limeng Ge
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
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Jie H, Ma Y, Xie DY, Jie Y. Transcriptional and Metabolic Characterization of Feeding Ramie Growth Enhanced by a Combined Application of Gibberellin and Ethrel. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12025. [PMID: 36233324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding ramie cultivars (Boehmaria nivea L.) are an important feedstock for livestock. Increasing their biomass and improving their nutritional values are essential for animal feeding. Gibberellin (GA3) and ethylene (ETH) are two plant hormones that regulate the growth, development, and metabolism of plants. Herein, we report effects of the GA3 and ETH application on the growth and plant metabolism of feeding ramie in the field. A combination of GA3 and ETH was designed to spray new plants. The two hormones enhanced the growth of plants to produce more biomass. Meanwhile, the two hormones reduced the contents of lignin in leaves and stems, while increased the content of flavonoids in leaves. To understand the potential mechanisms behind these results, we used RNA-seq-based transcriptomics and UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics to characterize gene expression and metabolite profiles associated with the treatment of GA3 and ETH. 1562 and 2364 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from leaves and stems (treated versus control), respectively. Meanwhile, 99 and 88 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were annotated from treated versus control leaves and treated versus control stems, respectively. Data mining revealed that both DEGs and DAMs were associated with multiple plant metabolisms, especially plant secondary metabolism. A specific focus on the plant phenylpropanoid pathway identified candidates of DEGs and DEMs that were associated with lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis. Shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) is a key enzyme that is involved in the lignin biosynthesis. The gene encoding B. nivea HCT was downregulated in the treated leaves and stems. In addition, genes encoding 4-coumaryl CoA ligase (4CL) and trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (CYP73A), two lignin pathway enzymes, were downregulated in the treated stems. Meanwhile, the reduction in lignin in the treated leaves led to an increase in cinnamic acid and p-coumaryl CoA, two shared substrates of flavonoids that are enhanced in contents. Taken together, these findings indicated that an appropriate combination of GA3 and ETH is an effective strategy to enhance plant growth via altering gene expression and plant secondary metabolism for biomass-enhanced and value-improved feeding ramie.
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Wang K, Zhang N, Fu X, Zhang H, Liu S, Pu X, Wang X, Si H. StTCP15 regulates potato tuber sprouting by modulating the dynamic balance between abscisic acid and gibberellic acid. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1009552. [PMID: 36186016 PMCID: PMC9523429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The major stages of the potato life cycle are tuber dormancy and sprouting, however, there is still known very little of the mechanisms that control these processes. TCP (Theosinte branch I, Cycloidea, proliferationcell factors 1 and 2) transcription factors play a key role in plant growth and dormancy related developmental processes. Previous researches demonstrated that TCP transcription factor StTCP15 had a function in the promotion of dormancy. To elucidate the function of StTCP15 gene, it was cloned from potato cultivar "Desiree," which encodes a polypeptide consisting of 414 amino acids and is mainly found in the nucleus. The potato tubers of StTCP15 overexpression lines sprouted in advance, while the potato tubers of StTCP15 down-regulated expression lines showed delayed sprouting. In addition, it was also found that overexpression lines of StTCP15 extremely significantly reduced the ratio of abscisic acid (ABA)/gibberellic acid (GA3), while the superoxide dismutase activity decreased, and the activity of peroxidase and catalase increased compared with the wild type. The opposite result was found in the down-regulated expression lines of StTCP15 gene. Three interacting proteins, StSnRK1, StF-Box and StGID1, were screened by Yeast two-hybrid, and verified by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation and Split-luciferase, indicating that StTCP15 could affect ABA and GA3 signaling pathways to regulate potato tuber dormancy and sprouting. Together, these results demonstrated that StTCP15 regulated potato tuber dormancy and sprouting by affecting the dynamic balance between ABA and GA3. The result could provide some information on the molecular mechanism of StTCP15 regulating potato tuber dormancy and sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Pu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaijun Si
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Majewska M, Szymczyk P, Gomulski J, Jeleń A, Grąbkowska R, Balcerczak E, Kuźma Ł. The Expression Profiles of the Salvia miltiorrhiza 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase 4 Gene and Its Influence on the Biosynthesis of Tanshinones. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144354. [PMID: 35889227 PMCID: PMC9317829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal plant that synthesises biologically-active tanshinones with numerous therapeutic properties. An important rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of their precursors is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). This study presents the organ-specific expression profile of the S. miltiorrhiza HMGR4 gene and its sensitivity to potential regulators, viz. gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA). In addition, it demonstrates the importance of the HMGR4 gene, the hormone used, the plant organ, and the culture environment for the biosynthesis of tanshinones. HMGR4 overexpression was found to significantly boost the accumulation of dihydrotanshinone I (DHTI), cryptotanshinone (CT), tanshinone I (TI) and tanshinone IIA (TIIA) in roots by 0.44 to 5.39 mg/g dry weight (DW), as well as TIIA in stems and leaves. S. miltiorrhiza roots cultivated in soil demonstrated higher concentrations of the examined metabolites than those grown in vitro. GA3 caused a considerable increase in the quantity of CT (by 794.2 µg/g DW) and TIIA (by 88.1 µg/g DW) in roots. In turn, IAA significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of the studied tanshinones in root material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Majewska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (Ł.K.)
| | - Piotr Szymczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Jan Gomulski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
| | - Renata Grąbkowska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
| | - Łukasz Kuźma
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (Ł.K.)
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20
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He YL, Lan LM, Zhao L, Cai BH, Qu SC, Wang SH. Comparative transcriptomics analysis reveals MdGRAS53 contributes to disease resistance against Alternaria blotch of apple. J Plant Physiol 2022; 273:153697. [PMID: 35487008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria blotch disease, caused by Alternaria alternata apple pathotype (AAAP), is one of the most prevalent diseases in apple production. To identify AAAP resistance-related genes and provide a theoretical basis for Alternaria blotch disease resistance breeding, we used two apple cultivars, 'Jonathan', a variety resistant to AAAP infection, and 'Starking Delicious', a variety susceptible to AAAP infection, as materials to perform transcriptome sequencing of apple leaves 72 h after AAAP infection. A Venn diagram showed that a total of 5229 DEGs of 'Jonathan' and 4326 DEGs of 'Starking Delicious' were identified. GO analysis showed that these DEGs were clustered into 25 GO terms, primarily "metabolic process" and "catalytic activity." Functional classification analyses of the DEGs indicated that "MAPK signaling pathway-plant pathway" is the most significant metabolic pathway among the top 15 KEGG pathways, followed by the "plant hormone signal transduction" pathway. There are more DEGs in 'Jonathan' that are significantly classified GO terms and KEGG pathways than in 'Starking Delicious'. Specifically, 13 DEGs were identified as involved in the GA-GID1-DELLA module, and the expression of MdGRAS53, a homologous gene of DELLA, was significantly upregulated in 'Jonathan' compared with 'Starking Delicious'. Phenotype analysis revealed that exogenous hormone GA3 suppressed apple resistance to AAAP infection and reduced the expression of MdGRAS53. The opposite result was observed for exogenous spraying of paclobutrazol (PAC), an inhibitor of gibberellin synthesis. Overexpression of MdGRAS53 in apple leaves by transient transformation decreased lesion area and the number of spores in leaves infected with AAAP, while silencing MdGRAS53 showed the opposite result. Meanwhile, SA/JA signaling pathway-related genes were upregulated significantly in MdGRAS53-overexpressed leaves and downregulated significantly in MdGRAS53-silenced leaves. The findings suggest that the GA-GID1-DELLA module is involved in apple resistance to AAAP, and MdGRAS53, a DELLA homologous gene, may play a positive role in this resistance by modulating cooperative JA- and SA-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lei He
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li-Ming Lan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai Region of Jiangsu, Xuzhou, 221131, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin-Hua Cai
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shen-Chun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - San-Hong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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21
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Jiang Y, Liu Y, Gao Y, Peng J, Su W, Yuan Y, Yang X, Zhao C, Wang M, Lin S, Peng Z, Xie F. Gibberellin Induced Transcriptome Profiles Reveal Gene Regulation of Loquat Flowering. Front Genet 2021; 12:703688. [PMID: 34567066 PMCID: PMC8460860 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.703688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering is an integral part of the life cycle of flowering plants, which is essential for plant survival and crop production. Most woody fruit trees such as apples and pears bloom in spring, but loquat blooms in autumn and winter. Gibberellin (GA) plays a key role in the regulation of plant flower formation. In this study, we sprayed loquat plants with exogenous GA3, which resulted in vigorous vegetative growth rather than floral bud formation. We then performed a comprehensive RNA-seq analysis on GA3-treated and control-treated leaves and buds over three time periods to observe the effects of exogenous GA3 application on floral initiation and development. The results showed that 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 563 DEGs were down-regulated, and 151 DEGs and 506 DEGs were up-regulated in buds and leaves, respectively, upon treatment with GA3. Among those that are homologs of the DELLA-mediated GA signal pathway genes, some may be involved in the positive regulation of flower development, including EjWRKY75, EjFT, EjSOC1, EjAGL24, EjSPL, EjLFY, EjFUL, and EjAP1; while some may be involved in the negative regulation of flower development, including EjDELLA, EjMYC3, EjWRKY12, and EjWRKY13. Finally, by analyzing the co-expression of DEGs and key floral genes EjSOC1s, EjLFYs, EjFULs, EjAP1s, 330 candidate genes that may be involved in the regulation of loquat flowering were screened. These genes belong to 74 gene families, including Cyclin_C, Histone, Kinesin, Lipase_GDSL, MYB, P450, Pkinase, Tubulin, and ZF-HD_dimer gene families. These findings provide new insights into the regulation mechanism of loquat flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yicun Liu
- College of Agriculture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Strawberry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Jan AU, Hadi F, Shah A, Ditta A, Nawaz MA, Tariq M. Plant growth regulators and EDTA improve phytoremediation potential and antioxidant response of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants in a Cd-spiked soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:43417-43430. [PMID: 33830421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution due to potentially toxic elements is a worldwide challenge for health and food security. Chelate-assisted phytoextraction along with the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) could increase the phytoremediation efficiency of metal-contaminated soils. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different PGRs [Gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA)] and synthetic chelator (EDTA) on growth parameters and Cd phytoextraction potential of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants grown under Cd-spiked soil. GA3 (10-7 M) and IAA (10-5 M) were applied four times with an interval of 10 days through a foliar spray, while EDTA (40 mg kg-1 soil) was once added to the soil. The results showed that Cd stress significantly decreased fresh biomass, dry biomass, total water contents, and photosynthetic pigments as compared to control. Application of PGRs significantly enhanced plant growth and Cd phytoextraction. The combined application of GA3 and IAA with EDTA significantly increased Cd accumulation (6.72 mg pot-1 dry biomass) and bioconcentration factor (15.21) as compared to C1 (Cd only). The same treatment significantly increased chlorophyll, proline, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities (CAT, SOD, and POD) while MDA contents were reduced. In roots, Cd accumulation showed a statistically significant and positive correlation with proline, phenolics, fresh biomass, and dry biomass. Similarly, Cd accumulation showed a positive correlation with antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves. D. ambrosioides showed hyperaccumulation potential for Cd, based on bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 1. In conclusion, exogenous application of GA3 and IAA reduces Cd stress while EDTA application enhances Cd phytoextraction and ultimately the phytoremediation potential of D. ambrosioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Hadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Malakand, KPK, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18000, Pakistan.
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Muhammad Asif Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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23
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Ahmad F, Kamal A, Singh A, Ashfaque F, Alamri S, Siddiqui MH, Khan MIR. Seed priming with gibberellic acid induces high salinity tolerance in Pisum sativum through antioxidants, secondary metabolites and up-regulation of antiporter genes. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:113-121. [PMID: 32989871 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit productivity of pulse crops all over the world. Seed priming with phytohormone(s) is one of the most promising, authentic and cost-effective methods to mitigate the deleterious effect of salinity. The study was conducted to investigate potential of seed priming with gibberellic acid (GA3 ) to cope up with the adverse effects of salinity (0, 100, 200 and 300 mm NaCl) in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. There were different responses to salinity, which induced oxidative stress, higher accumulation of Na+ in shoots and roots and inhibition of photosynthetic traits. However, seed priming with GA3 showed promising effects on physiological traits under salinity stress and alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by inducing the antioxidant system, proline production, total phenol and flavonoid content and regulating ion homeostasis, along with up-regulation of Na+ /H+ antiporters (SOS1 and NHX1). Plants adapt and prevent high salt accumulation by inducing expression of Na+ /H+ antiporter (SOS1 and NHX1) proteins that enhance Na+ sequestration. Thus, seed priming with GA3 is important in alleviation of high salinity stress and can be used as a criterion for developing salt-tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - A Kamal
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - A Singh
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - F Ashfaque
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - S Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M I R Khan
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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24
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Li B, Zhang P, Wang F, Li R, Liu J, Wang Q, Liu W, Wang B, Hu G. Integrated Analysis of the Transcriptome and Metabolome Revealed Candidate Genes Involved in GA 3-Induced Dormancy Release in Leymus chinensis Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4161. [PMID: 33920519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leymus chinensis is a perennial forage grass that has good palatability, high yield and high feed value, but seed dormancy is a major problem limiting the widespread cultivation of L. chinensis. Here, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of hulled and de-hulled seeds of L. chinensis treated with or without GA3 to investigate the changes in gene and metabolites associated with dormancy release induced by GA3. The germination test revealed that the optimum concentration of GA3 for disruption of L. chinensis seed dormancy was 577 μM. A total of 4327 and 11,919 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 871 and 650 differentially abundant metabolites were identified in de-hulled and hulled seeds treated with GA3, respectively, compared with seeds soaked in sterile water. Most of the DEGs were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, endocytosis and ribosomes. Furthermore, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism were significantly enriched pathways. Integrative analysis of the transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed that starch and sucrose metabolism is one of the most important pathways that may play a key role in providing carbon skeletons and energy supply for the transition of L. chinensis seeds from a dormant state to germination by suppressing the expression of Cel61a, egID, cel1, tpsA, SPAC2E11.16c and TPP2, enhancing the expression of AMY1.1, AMY1.2, AMY1.6 and GLIP5, and inhibiting the synthesis of cellobiose, cellodextrin, and trehalose while promoting the hydrolysis of sucrose, starch, cellobiose, cellodextrin, and trehalose to glucose. This study identified several key genes and provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of seed dormancy release induced by GA3 in L. chinensis. These putative genes will be valuable resources for improving the seed germination rate in future breeding studies.
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25
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Taş A, Berk SK, Orman E, Gundogdu M, Ercişli S, Karatas N, Jurikova T, Adamkova A, Nedomova S, Mlcek J. Influence of Pre-Harvest Gibberellic Acid and Post-Harvest 1-methyl Cyclopropane Treatments on Phenolic Compounds, Vitamin C and Organic Acid Contents during the Shelf Life of Strawberry Fruits. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:121. [PMID: 33435551 PMCID: PMC7827795 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, significant portions of the fresh fruits and vegetables produced worldwide have been decaying before reaching the consumer because of insufficient preservation after harvest. In this direction, we carried the study out to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 1-methyl cyclopropane (1-MCP) applications on phenolic compounds and organic acid contents of the strawberry fruits (cv. Albion) during shelf-life. Gibberellic acid treatments, which prepared in two different concentrations (50 and 100 ppm), were performed by spraying the leaves before harvest. 1-methyl cyclopropane applied after harvest. The results of the study showed a greater decrease in organic acids (except oxalic and succinic acid) in Gibberellic acid-applied fruits during shelf-life. Citric acid was recorded as the most abundant organic acid in the control group. In phenolic compounds, gallic acid (15.22 mg 100 g-1) and ellagic acid (9.38 mg 100 g-1) were recorded as the highest phenolic compounds on the third day. 1-MCP and GA3 (50 ppm) + 1-MCP treatment reduced the breakdown of vitamin C during the shelf-life of strawberry fruits compared to the control group. As a result, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and organic acids decreased during the shelf-life, and 1-MCP applications slowed down the breakdown of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akgül Taş
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Seben İzzet Baysal Vocational School, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14750 Seben Bolu, Turkey;
| | - Selma Kuru Berk
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Mudurnu Sureyya Astarcı Vocational School, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14800 Mudurnu Bolu, Turkey;
| | - Erdal Orman
- Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, 77100 Yalova, Turkey;
| | - Muttalip Gundogdu
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey;
| | - Sezai Ercişli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Neva Karatas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Tunde Jurikova
- Institute for Teacher Training, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Dražovská 4, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Anna Adamkova
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic;
| | - Sarka Nedomova
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiri Mlcek
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic;
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Tan H, Su W, Zhang W, Zhang J, Sattler M, Zou P. Albumin-binding domain extends half-life of glucagon-like peptide-1. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890:173650. [PMID: 33049303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is considered to be a promising peptide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the extremely short half-life of GLP-1 limits its clinical application. Albumin-binding domain (ABD) with high affinity for human serum albumin (HSA) has been used widely for half-life extension of therapeutic peptides and proteins. In the present study, novel GLP-1 receptor agonists were designed by genetic fusion of GLP-1 to three kinds of ABDs with different affinities for HSA: GA3, ABD035 and ABDCon. The bioactivities and half-lives of ABD-fusion GLP-1 proteins with different types and lengths of linkers were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that ABD-fusion GLP-1 proteins could bind to HSA with high affinity. The blood glucose-lowering effect of GLP-1 was significantly improved and sustained by fusion to ABD. Meanwhile, the fusion proteins significantly inhibited food intake, which was beneficial for T2DM and obesity treatment. The half-life of GLP-1 was substantially extended by virtue of ABD. The in vivo results also showed that a longer linker inserted between GLP-1 and ABD resulted in a higher blood glucose-lowering effect. The fusion proteins generated by fusion of GLP-1 to GA3, ABD035 and ABDCon exhibited similar bioactivities and pharmacokinetics in vivo. These findings demonstrate that ABD-fusion GLP-1 proteins retain the bioactivities of natural GLP-1 and can be further developed for T2DM treatment and weight loss. It also indicates that the ABD-fusion strategy can be generally applicable to any peptide or protein, to improve pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Tan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wencheng Su
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Sattler
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
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27
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Kuhn N, Ponce C, Arellano M, Time A, Sagredo B, Donoso JM, Meisel LA. Gibberellic Acid Modifies the Transcript Abundance of ABA Pathway Orthologs and Modulates Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium) Fruit Ripening in Early- and Mid-Season Varieties. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1796. [PMID: 33352825 PMCID: PMC7767171 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several phytohormones modulate ripening in non-climacteric fruits, which is triggered by abscisic acid (ABA). Gibberellins (GAs) are present during the onset of ripening in sweet cherry fruits, and exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) application delays ripening, though this effect is variety-dependent. Although an ABA accumulation delay has been reported following GA3 treatment, the mechanism by which GA modulates this process has not been investigated at the molecular level in sweet cherry. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyze the effect of GA3 on the fruit ripening process and the transcript levels of ABA pathway orthologs in two varieties having different maturity time phenotypes. The early-season variety had a rapid transition from yellow to pink fruit color, whereas pink color initiation took longer in the mid-season variety. GA3 increased the proportion of lighter colored fruits at ripeness in both varieties, but it produced a delay in IAD-a ripening index-only in the mid-season variety. This delay was accompanied by an increased transcript abundance of PavPP2Cs, which are putative negative regulators of the ABA pathway. On the other hand, the early-season variety had increased expression of PavCYP707A2-a putative ABA catabolic gene-, and reduced transcript levels of PavPP2Cs and SnRK2s after the GA3 treatment. Together these results show that GA modulates fruit ripening, exerting its action in part by interacting with the ABA pathway in sweet cherry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kuhn
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Claudio Ponce
- Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul 7830490, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Macarena Arellano
- Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul 7830490, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Alson Time
- Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul 7830490, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Boris Sagredo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Rayentué, Av. Salamanca s/n Sector Los Choapinos, Rengo 2940000, Chile; (B.S.); (J.M.D.)
| | - José Manuel Donoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Rayentué, Av. Salamanca s/n Sector Los Choapinos, Rengo 2940000, Chile; (B.S.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Lee A. Meisel
- Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul 7830490, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
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Skalicky M, Kubes J, Vachova P, Hajihashemi S, Martinkova J, Hejnak V. Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Growing-Point Development of Non-Vernalized Wheat Plants under Long-Day Conditions. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9121735. [PMID: 33316881 PMCID: PMC7763098 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to seeds of common wheat varieties with different vernalization and photoperiod requirements affects the transition from vegetative to generative stage. Three varieties of wheat with different photoperiod sensitivities and vernalization were selected for the experiment—the winter varieties, Mironovskaya and Bezostaya, and the spring variety, Sirael. Seeds were treated with different concentrations of GA3 and plants were grown under long-day conditions with monitoring of their photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm, Pn, E, gs). We monitored the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus by checking the plants to see if they were growing properly. The phenological stages of the wheat species were checked for indications of a transition from the vegetative to the generative stage. Selected concentrations of GA3 had no effect on the compensation of the vernalization process (transition to the generative phase). Chlorophyll fluorescence was one of the factors for monitoring stress. The variety, Bezostaya, is similar to the spring variety, Sirael, in its trends and values. The growth conditions of Bezostaya and Sirael were not affected by the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. The development of growing points in winter varieties occurred at the prolonged single ridge stage. The spring variety reached the stage of head emergence after sixty days of growth (changes to the flowering phase did not appear in winter wheat). Application of GA3 to the seeds had no effect on the transition of the growing point to the double-ridge generative stage. The present study highlights the priming effect of GA3 on seeds of common wheat varieties with different vernalization and photoperiod requirements as it affected the transition from vegetative to generative stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (P.V.); (J.M.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-22438-2520
| | - Jan Kubes
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (P.V.); (J.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Pavla Vachova
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (P.V.); (J.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Shokoofeh Hajihashemi
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Khuzestan 63616-47189, Iran;
| | - Jaroslava Martinkova
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (P.V.); (J.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Vaclav Hejnak
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (P.V.); (J.M.); (V.H.)
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Jiang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Su W, Peng J, Yang X, Song H, Gao Y, Lin S. EjTFL1 Genes Promote Growth but Inhibit Flower Bud Differentiation in Loquat. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:576. [PMID: 32528491 PMCID: PMC7247538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1), a key factor belonging to the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family, controls flowering time and inflorescence architecture in some plants. However, the role of TFL1 in loquat remains unknown. In this study, we cloned two TFL1-like genes (EjTFL1-1 and EjTFL1-2) with conserved deduced amino acid sequences from cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). First, we determined that flower bud differentiation occurs at the end of June and early July, and then comprehensively analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns of these EjTFL1s during loquat growth and development. We observed the contrasting expression trends for EjTFL1s and EjAP1s (APETALA 1) in shoot apices, and EjTFL1s were mainly expressed in young tissues. In addition, short-day and exogenous GA3 treatments promoted the expression of EjTFL1s, and no flower bud differentiation was observed after these treatments in loquat. Moreover, EjTFL1s were localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus, and both interacted with another flowering transcription factor, EjFD, in the nucleus, and EjTFL1s-EjFD complex significantly repressed the promoter activity of EjAP1-1. The two EjTFL1s were overexpressed in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0, which delayed flowering time, promoted stem elongation, increased the number of branches, and also affected flower and silique phenotypes. In conclusion, our results suggested that EjTFL1-1 and EjTFL1-2 do not show the same pattern of expression whereas both are able of inhibiting flower bud differentiation and promoting vegetative growth in loquat by integrating GA3 and photoperiod signals. These findings provide useful clues for analyzing the flowering regulatory network of loquat and provide meaningful references for flowering regulation research of other woody fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongshun Gao,
| | - Shunquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Shunquan Lin,
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Baba AI, Valkai I, Labhane NM, Koczka L, Andrási N, Klement É, Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF, Szabados L, Fehér A, Rigó G, Cséplő Á. CRK5 Protein Kinase Contributes to the Progression of Embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6120. [PMID: 31817249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine tuning of hormone (e.g., auxin and gibberellin) levels and hormone signaling is required for maintaining normal embryogenesis. Embryo polarity, for example, is ensured by the directional movement of auxin that is controlled by various types of auxin transporters. Here, we present pieces of evidence for the auxin-gibberellic acid (GA) hormonal crosstalk during embryo development and the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase-Related Kinase 5 (AtCRK5) in this regard. It is pointed out that the embryogenesis of the Atcrk5-1 mutant is delayed in comparison to the wild type. This delay is accompanied with a decrease in the levels of GA and auxin, as well as the abundance of the polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins PIN1, PIN4, and PIN7 in the mutant embryos. We have previously showed that AtCRK5 can regulate the PIN2 and PIN3 proteins either directly by phosphorylation or indirectly affecting the GA level during the root gravitropic and hypocotyl hook bending responses. In this manuscript, we provide evidence that the AtCRK5 protein kinase can in vitro phosphorylate the hydrophilic loops of additional PIN proteins that are important for embryogenesis. We propose that AtCRK5 can govern embryo development in Arabidopsis through the fine tuning of auxin-GA level and the accumulation of certain polar auxin transport proteins.
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Lyu G, Li D, Li S, Hu H. STO and GA negatively regulate UV-B-induced Arabidopsis root growth inhibition. Plant Signal Behav 2019; 14:1675471. [PMID: 31595819 PMCID: PMC6866680 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1675471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies on UV-B-induced plant photomorphogenesis mainly focus on Arabidopsis shoots (hypocotyl, leaf, petiole, and stem) but less on roots. In the present research, the low-level UV-B (0.2 W·m-2) induced a decrease in the number of root cells in the meristem zone and an inhibition of the cell length in the maturation zone of roots in Arabidopsis thaliana L.Heynh (Col-0). UV-B-induced root growth inhibition was recovered by the addition of GA3 to culture media. GA3 played an important role in UV-B-induced inhibition of root growth. The cop1-4 mutant with more meristem cell and longer mature cells exhibited longer root length under low-level UV-B. COP1 acted as a positive regulator of root growth under UV-B, through regulation of cell division and elongation. The sto mutant exhibited a shorter root length under UV-B with similar cell length but fewer meristem cells compared with wild type (Col-0). STO only regulated cell division, but cell expansion was not affected. UV-B radiation also inhibited the root growth of uvr8 mutant, and the degree of inhibition was greater than for wild type (Ler). UV-B inhibited the growth of Arabidopsis root, possibly because it changes the GA signal and inhibited cell division and cell elongation, which be related to COP1 and STO genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongbing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongpeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Wen B, Song W, Sun M, Chen M, Mu Q, Zhang X, Wu Q, Chen X, Gao D, Wu H. Identification and characterization of cherry (Cerasus pseudocerasus G. Don) genes responding to parthenocarpy induced by GA3 through transcriptome analysis. BMC Genet 2019; 20:65. [PMID: 31370778 PMCID: PMC6670208 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fruit set after successful pollination is key for the production of sweet cherries, and a low fruit-setting rate is the main problem in production of this crop. As gibberellin treatment can directly induce parthenogenesis and satisfy the hormone requirement during fruit growth and development, such treatment is an important strategy for improving the fruit-setting rate of sweet cherries. Previous studies have mainly focused on physiological aspects, such as fruit quality, fruit size, and anatomical structure, whereas the molecular mechanism remains clear. Results In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of ‘Meizao’ sweet cherry fruit treated with gibberellin during the anthesis and hard-core periods to identify genes associated with parthenocarpic fruit set. A total of 25,341 genes were identified at the anthesis and hard-core stages, 765 (681 upregulated, 84 downregulated) and 186 (141 upregulated, 45 downregulated) of which were significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the anthesis and the hard-core stages after gibberellin 3 (GA3) treatment, respectively. Based on DEGs between the control and GA3 treatments, the GA3 response mainly involves parthenocarpic fruit set and cell division. Exogenous gibberellin stimulated sweet cherry fruit parthenocarpy and enlargement, as verified by qRT-PCR results of related genes as well as the parthenocarpic fruit set and fruit size. Based on our research and previous studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified key genes associated with parthenocarpic fruit set and cell division. Interestingly, we observed patterns among sweet cherry fruit setting-related DEGs, especially those associated with hormone balance, cytoskeleton formation and cell wall modification. Conclusions Overall, the result provides a possible molecular mechanism regulating parthenocarpic fruit set that will be important for basic research and industrial development of sweet cherries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-019-0746-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Wenliang Song
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qin Mu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qijie Wu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiude Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Dongsheng Gao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China. .,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Hongyu Wu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China. .,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Baba AI, Andrási N, Valkai I, Gorcsa T, Koczka L, Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF, Szabados L, Fehér A, Rigó G, Cséplő Á. AtCRK5 Protein Kinase Exhibits a Regulatory Role in Hypocotyl Hook Development during Skotomorphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143432. [PMID: 31336871 PMCID: PMC6678082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seedling establishment following germination requires the fine tuning of plant hormone levels including that of auxin. Directional movement of auxin has a central role in the associated processes, among others, in hypocotyl hook development. Regulated auxin transport is ensured by several transporters (PINs, AUX1, ABCB) and their tight cooperation. Here we describe the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana CRK5 protein kinase during hypocotyl hook formation/opening influencing auxin transport and the auxin-ethylene-GA hormonal crosstalk. It was found that the Atcrk5-1 mutant exhibits an impaired hypocotyl hook establishment phenotype resulting only in limited bending in the dark. The Atcrk5-1 mutant proved to be deficient in the maintenance of local auxin accumulation at the concave side of the hypocotyl hook as demonstrated by decreased fluorescence of the auxin sensor DR5::GFP. Abundance of the polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins PIN3, PIN7, and AUX1 were also decreased in the Atcrk5-1 hypocotyl hook. The AtCRK5 protein kinase was reported to regulate PIN2 protein activity by phosphorylation during the root gravitropic response. Here it is shown that AtCRK5 can also phosphorylate in vitro the hydrophilic loops of PIN3. We propose that AtCRK5 may regulate hypocotyl hook formation in Arabidopsis thaliana through the phosphorylation of polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins, the fine tuning of auxin transport, and consequently the coordination of auxin-ethylene-GA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Imran Baba
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Andrási
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Valkai
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Teréz Gorcsa
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Lilla Koczka
- Developmental and Cell Biology of Plants, CEITEC Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Jiang Y, Peng J, Zhu Y, Su W, Zhang L, Jing Y, Lin S, Gao Y. The Role of EjSOC1s in Flower Initiation in Eriobotrya japonica. Front Plant Sci 2019. [PMID: 30930912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The MADS-box transcription factor SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) integrates environmental and endogenous signals to promote flowering in Arabidopsis. However, the role of SOC1 homologs in regulating flowering time in fruit trees remains unclear. To better understand the molecular mechanism of flowering regulation in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), two SOC1 homologs (EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2) were identified and characterized in this work. Sequence analysis showed that EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 have conserved MADS-box and K-box domains. EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 were clearly expressed in vegetative organs, and high expression was detected in flower buds. As observed in paraffin-embedded sections, expression of the downstream flowering genes EjAP1s and EjLFYs started to increase at the end of June, a time when flower bud differentiation occurs. Additionally, high expression of EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 began 10 days earlier than that of EjAP1s and EjLFYs in shoot apical meristem (SAM). EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 were inhibited by short-day (SD) conditions and exogenous GA3, and flower bud differentiation did not occur after these treatments. EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 were found to be localized to the nucleus. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 in wild-type Arabidopsis promoted early flowering, and overexpression of both was able to rescue the late flowering phenotype of the soc1-2 mutant. In conclusion, the results suggest that cultivated loquat flower bud differentiation in southern China begins in late June to early July and that EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 participate in the induction of flower initiation. These findings provide new insight into the artificial regulation of flowering time in fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Jing
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Jiang Y, Peng J, Zhu Y, Su W, Zhang L, Jing Y, Lin S, Gao Y. The Role of EjSOC1s in Flower Initiation in Eriobotrya japonica. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:253. [PMID: 30930912 PMCID: PMC6409497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The MADS-box transcription factor SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) integrates environmental and endogenous signals to promote flowering in Arabidopsis. However, the role of SOC1 homologs in regulating flowering time in fruit trees remains unclear. To better understand the molecular mechanism of flowering regulation in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), two SOC1 homologs (EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2) were identified and characterized in this work. Sequence analysis showed that EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 have conserved MADS-box and K-box domains. EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 were clearly expressed in vegetative organs, and high expression was detected in flower buds. As observed in paraffin-embedded sections, expression of the downstream flowering genes EjAP1s and EjLFYs started to increase at the end of June, a time when flower bud differentiation occurs. Additionally, high expression of EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 began 10 days earlier than that of EjAP1s and EjLFYs in shoot apical meristem (SAM). EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 were inhibited by short-day (SD) conditions and exogenous GA3, and flower bud differentiation did not occur after these treatments. EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 were found to be localized to the nucleus. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 in wild-type Arabidopsis promoted early flowering, and overexpression of both was able to rescue the late flowering phenotype of the soc1-2 mutant. In conclusion, the results suggest that cultivated loquat flower bud differentiation in southern China begins in late June to early July and that EjSOC1-1 and EjSOC1-2 participate in the induction of flower initiation. These findings provide new insight into the artificial regulation of flowering time in fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Jing
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shunquan Lin, Yongshun Gao,
| | - Yongshun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shunquan Lin, Yongshun Gao,
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Liu X, Guo LX, Jin LF, Liu YZ, Liu T, Fan YH, Peng SA. Identification and transcript profiles of citrus growth-regulating factor genes involved in the regulation of leaf and fruit development. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1059-67. [PMID: 27491940 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth-regulating factor (GRF) is an important protein in GA-mediated response, with key roles in plant growth and development. However, it is not known whether or how the GRF proteins in citrus to regulate organ size. In this study, nine citrus GRF genes (CsGRF1-9) were validated from the 'Anliu' sweet orange (AL, Citrus sinensis cv. Anliu) by PCR amplification. They all contain two conserved motifs (QLQ and WRC) and have 3-4 exons. The transcript levels of genes were detected by qRT-PCR. Transcript analysis showed that (1) CsGRF 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9 expressed predominantly in young leaf, CsGRF 3 and 4 expressed predominantly in fruit immature juice sacs and CsGRF 8 expressed predominantly in root; (2) all citrus GRF genes had significantly higher expression in young leaves than mature leaf; (3) in juice sacs, the transcript levels of CsGRF1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 increased significantly while the transcript levels of CsGRF2, 3, 7, and 9 had no significant change from 80 DAF to 100 DAF. Besides, GA3 treatment did not affect the transcript levels of CsGRF5 and CsGRF6 but significantly increased the transcript levels of the other seven CsGRF genes in young leaves. These results suggested that all CsGRF genes involve in the leaf development, CsGRF1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 act developmentally whilst CsGRF2, 3, 7, and 9 play fundamental roles in fruit cell enlargement, which may be through GA pathway or GA-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Xia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Fei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Wang F, Wang C, Yan Y, Jia H, Guo X. Overexpression of Cotton GhMPK11 Decreases Disease Resistance through the Gibberellin Signaling Pathway in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:689. [PMID: 27242882 PMCID: PMC4876126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many changes in development, growth, hormone activity and environmental stimuli responses are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, in plants, studies on MAPKs have mainly focused on MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. Here, a novel group B MAPK gene, GhMPK11, was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and characterized. Both promoter and expression pattern analyses revealed that GhMPK11 is involved in defense responses and signaling pathways. GhMPK11 overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants could increase gibberellin 3 (GA3) content through the regulation of GA-related genes. Interestingly, either GhMPK11 overexpression or exogenous GA3 treatment in N. benthamiana plants could enhance the susceptibility of these plants to the infectious pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Rhizoctonia solani. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was increased after pathogen infiltration due to the increased expression of ROS-related gene respiratory burst oxidative homologs (RbohB) and the decreased expression or activity of ROS detoxification enzymes regulated by GA3, such as superoxide dismutases (SODs), peroxidases (PODs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Taken together, these results suggest that GhMPK11 overexpression could enhance the susceptibility of tobacco to pathogen infection through the GA3 signaling pathway via down-regulation of ROS detoxification enzymes.
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Hou H, Wang P, Zhang H, Wen H, Gao F, Ma N, Wang Q, Li L. Histone Acetylation is Involved in Gibberellin-Regulated sodCp Gene Expression in Maize Aleurone Layers. Plant Cell Physiol 2015; 56:2139-49. [PMID: 26374791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The cereal aleurone layer plays an important role in seed germination, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aleurone layers act as crucial signal molecules in this progression. Recent studies have revealed that epigenetic modification is involved in plant development and seed germination. However, little is known about a possible relationship between histone modification and the ROS signaling pathway in cereal aleurone layers during seed germination. Here, we found that the expression of both histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) was increased gradually during seed germination, accompanied by an increase in global acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4 in maize aleurone layers. The acetylation was found to be promoted by GA(3) and suppressed by ABA. However, when the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) was used, the increased H3K9ac and H4K5ac level correlated with an inhibition of the germination. These results indicated that the overall histone acetylation in the aleurone layers is not required for germination. Similarly these two hormones, GA(3) and ABA, exerted opposed effects on the expression of the ROS-related gene sodCp. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the promoter region of the sodCp gene was hyperacetylated during germination, and this acetylation was promoted by GA(3) and inhibited by both ABA and TSA. These results suggested that GA(3)-mediated expression of the sodCp gene in aleurone layers is associated with histone hyperacetylation on the promoter and coding region of this gene, consequently leading to an accumulation of H(2)O(2) which regulated production of α-amylase during seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Ningjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Lijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
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Guo H, Wang Y, Liu H, Hu P, Jia Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Gu S, Yang C, Wang C. Exogenous GA₃ Application Enhances Xylem Development and Induces the Expression of Secondary Wall Biosynthesis Related Genes in Betula platyphylla. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22960-75. [PMID: 26404260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is a key signal molecule inducing differentiation of tracheary elements, fibers, and xylogenesis. However the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of GA on xylem elongation and secondary wall development in tree species remain to be determined. In this study, Betula platyphylla (birch) seeds were treated with 300 ppm GA3 and/or 300 ppm paclobutrazol (PAC), seed germination was recorded, and transverse sections of hypocotyls were stained with toluidine blue; the two-month-old seedlings were treated with 50 μM GA3 and/or 50 μM PAC, transverse sections of seedling stems were stained using phloroglucinol–HCl, and secondary wall biosynthesis related genes expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Results indicated that germination percentage, energy and time of seeds, hypocotyl height and seedling fresh weight were enhanced by GA3, and reduced by PAC; the xylem development was wider in GA3-treated plants than in the control; the expression of NAC and MYB transcription factors, CESA, PAL, and GA oxidase was up-regulated during GA3 treatment, suggesting their role in GA3-induced xylem development in the birch. Our results suggest that GA3 induces the expression of secondary wall biosynthesis related genes to trigger xylogenesis in the birch plants.
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Aggarwal S, Shukla V, Bhati KK, Kaur M, Sharma S, Singh A, Mantri S, Pandey AK. Hormonal Regulation and Expression Profiles of Wheat Genes Involved during Phytic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway. Plants (Basel) 2015; 4:298-319. [PMID: 27135330 PMCID: PMC4844322 DOI: 10.3390/plants4020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA) biosynthesis pathway genes were reported from multiple crop species. PA accumulation was enhanced during grain filling and at that time, hormones like Abscisic acid (ABA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3) interplay to control the process of seed development. Regulation of wheat PA pathway genes has not yet been reported in seeds. In an attempt to find the clues for the regulation by hormones, the promoter region of wheat PA pathway genes was analyzed for the presence of cis-elements. Multiple cis-elements of those known to be involved for ABA, GA3, salicylic acid (SA), and cAMP sensing were identified in the promoters of PA pathway genes. Eight genes (TaIMP, TaITPK1-4, TaPLC1, TaIPK2 and TaIPK1) involved in the wheat PA biosynthesis pathway were selected for the expression studies. The temporal expression response was studied in seeds treated with ABA and GA3 using quantitative real time PCR. Our results suggested that exogenous application of ABA induces few PA pathway genes in wheat grains. Comparison of expression profiles for PA pathway for GA3 and ABA suggested the antagonistic regulation of certain genes. Additionally, to reveal stress responses of wheat PA pathway genes, expression was also studied in the presence of SA and cAMP. Results suggested SA specific differential expression of few genes, whereas, overall repression of genes was observed in cAMP treated samples. This study is an effort to understand the regulation of PA biosynthesis genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipla Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Vishnu Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Shrikant Mantri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
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He S, He Z, Wu Q, Wang L, Zhang X. Effects of GA3 on Plant Physiological Properties, Extraction, Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Pb in Lolium perenne. Int J Phytoremediation 2015; 17:1153-9. [PMID: 25942519 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1045124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of growth-promoting hormone gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) on physiology, Pb phytoextraction, and metal detoxification mechanisms in Lolium perenne were studied. Results showed that addition of GA3 alone at lower doses (1 or 10 μM) facilitated antioxidant defense of L. perenne under Pb stress, decreased the toxicity of Pb in plant shoot by increasing the proportion of Pb in cell wall, hence significantly enhanced photosynthesis and plant growth, as well as Pb uptake and accumulation in L. perenne (P < 0.05). However, these indicators showed the opposite changes when treated with GA3 at a higher dose (100 μM). Of the total Pb in plant shoot, 36-51% was associated with cell wall, and 31-40% was soluble fraction, while 41.4-49.7% was NaCl extractable, 24.6-35.4% HAc extractable followed by other fractions. These findings suggest that Pb fixation by pectates and proteins in cell wall and sequestration in vacuole are responsible for Pb detoxification in plant, and the GA3 at 1 μM appears to be optimal for enhancing Pb phytoextraction by L. perenne from Pb polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanying He
- a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhenli He
- b Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida , Fort Pierce , Florida , USA
| | - Qiuling Wu
- a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
- c Environmental Protection Agency , Zhejiang Qingyuan , China
| | - Lei Wang
- a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xi Zhang
- a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
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Shaik S, Govender K, Leanya M. GA3-mediated dormancy alleviation in the reputed African potato, Hypoxis hemerocallidea. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014; 11:330-3. [PMID: 25435617 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxis hemerocallidea, arguably the most well-known medicinal species in South Africa, has been the subject of intensive harvesting from the wild leading to recent conservation concerns. The seeds of this species do not propagate easily and can lie dormant for up to twelve months. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the in vitro germination experiments water, acid and chemical pre-sowing treatments were performed to determine the germination response of this species in both light and dark conditions. In the ex vitro experiment, intact seeds were sown and left to germinate in a potting soil mix under greenhouse conditions. RESULTS Highest levels of germination (36.7-60.0% in the light and 36.7-46.7% in the dark) were achieved by treating mechanically scarified seeds with GA3 at various concentrations for 24 h. This was followed by scarified seeds soaked in water (26.7% in the light and 23.3% in the dark). Similar results (23.3 and 26.7%) were obtained in the 1% and 4% KNO3 treatments, respectively, under light conditions only. The fastest time to germinate was two days and was obtained in the 1200 ppm GA3 treatment in both light and dark conditions. Ex vitro germination of H. hemerocallidea seeds under greenhouse conditions was unsuccessful. CONCLUSION H. hemerocallidea displays physical and non-deep physiological dormancy where pre-sowing treatments are required before the seeds will germinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakira Shaik
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Kesigan Govender
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Moeketsi Leanya
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Nuruzzaman M, Sharoni AM, Satoh K, Kumar A, Leung H, Kikuchi S. Comparative transcriptome profiles of the WRKY gene family under control, hormone-treated, and drought conditions in near-isogenic rice lines reveal differential, tissue specific gene activation. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:2-13. [PMID: 24189206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The OsWRKY genes play various roles in developmental processes and in stress-related responses in plants. We describe the rice OsWRKY gene expression profiles (GEPs) under control, hormone-treated, and water-deficit treatment (WDT) conditions. The preferential expression of 3 genes was observed in specific tissues, suggesting that these genes may play important roles in the root and panicle stages of growth. To investigate the GEPs in the root and panicle of 3 rice genotypes, we used 2 near-isogenic rice lines from a common genetic combination backcross developed by Aday Selection and IR64. WDTs were applied using the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) for severe, mild, and control conditions. Transcriptomic analysis using a 44K oligoarray from Affymetrix and Agilent was performed on all the tissues. The majority of the OsWRKY genes that were activated were activated in the drought-tolerant IR77298-14-1-2-B-10 line but not in the drought-susceptible IR77298-14-1-2-B-13 or IR64 lines. In IR77298-14-1-2-B-10, non-redundant genes (9) were very specific in their higher expression levels. Approximately 27 and 43% more genes from group III and subgroup IV-a, respectively, were activated in the panicle during severe stress than during the control treatment. We found 5 OsWRKY genes that introgressed in the drought-tolerant IR77298-14-1-2-B-10 line. Os01g43650 was up-regulated in the root under both WDTs and in the panicle under mild stress. OsWRKY up-regulated genes with tissue-specific expression patterns that contained at least 3 cis-elements in the tolerant line. These results provide a useful reference for the cloning of candidate genes for further functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nuruzzaman
- Plant Genome Research Unit Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan; Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku 338-8570, Japan
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Mu H, Lin L, Liu G, Jiang J. Transcriptomic analysis of incised leaf-shape determination in birch. Gene 2013; 531:263-9. [PMID: 24013080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant researchers have focused much attention on leaf shape because of its importance in the identification. To evaluate the impact of intraspecies leaf-shape variation on the transcriptome, a series of Betula pendula 'Dalecarlica' and B. pendula saplings were generated through tissue culture. The leaf shapes and transcriptomes of B. pendula 'Dalecarlica' clones were compared with those of B. pendula clones. The leaf shape of B. pendula 'Dalecarlica' was incised and that of B. pendula was ovate. Transcriptome data revealed numerous changes in gene expression between B. pendula 'Dalecarlica' and B. pendula, including upregulation of 8767 unigenes and downregulation of 8379 unigenes in B. pendula 'Dalecarlica'. A pathway analysis revealed that the transport and signal transduction of auxin were altered in 'Dalecarlica', which may have contributed to its altered leaf shape. These results shed light on variation in birch leaf shape and help identify important genes for the genetic engineering of birch trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhi Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Forestry College, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin 132013, China
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Masani MYA, Noll G, Parveez GKA, Sambanthamurthi R, Prüfer D. Regeneration of viable oil palm plants from protoplasts by optimizing media components, growth regulators and cultivation procedures. Plant Sci 2013; 210:118-127. [PMID: 23849119 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm protoplasts are suitable as a starting material for the production of oil palm plants with new traits using approaches such as somatic hybridization, but attempts to regenerate viable plants from protoplasts have failed thus far. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the regeneration of viable plants from protoplasts isolated from cell suspension cultures. We achieved a protoplast yield of 1.14×10(6) per gram fresh weight with a viability of 82% by incubating the callus in a digestion solution comprising 2% cellulase, 1% pectinase, 0.5% cellulase onuzuka R10, 0.1% pectolyase Y23, 3% KCl, 0.5% CaCl2 and 3.6% mannitol. The regeneration of protoplasts into viable plants required media optimization, the inclusion of plant growth regulators and the correct culture technique. Microcalli derived from protoplasts were obtained by establishing agarose bead cultures using Y3A medium supplemented with 10μM naphthalene acetic acid, 2μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2μM indole-3-butyric acid, 2μM gibberellic acid and 2μM 2-γ-dimethylallylaminopurine. Small plantlets were regenerated from microcalli by somatic embryogenesis after successive subculturing steps in medium with limiting amounts of growth regulators supplemented with 200mg/l ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mat Yunus Abdul Masani
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Lin L, Mu H, Jiang J, Liu G. Transcriptomic analysis of purple leaf determination in birch. Gene 2013; 526:251-8. [PMID: 23732291 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
'Purple Rain', a purple cultivar of Betula pendula, has dark purple leaves throughout the vegetative period. In this study, B. pendula 'Purple Rain' was found to have a higher anthocyanidin level compared with B. pendula, Transcriptome analysis revealed numerous changes in gene expression that could be attributed to color change, including the upregulation of 2467 unigenes and the downregulation of 2299 unigenes in 'Purple Rain'. Furthermore, anthocyanidin synthesis and transcriptional regulation were altered in 'Purple Rain', which may have contributed to phenotypic changes. These results provide unique molecular insights into the biochemical pathways and regulatory networks that function in a purple variety of B. pendula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26, Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
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Doaigey AR, Al-Whaibi MH, Siddiqui MH, Al Sahli AA, El-Zaidy ME. Effect of GA3 and 2,4-D foliar application on the anatomy of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seedling leaf. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 20:141-7. [PMID: 23961229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two concentrations (10-5M and 10-3M) of both GA3 and 2,4-D were used as foliar spray to evaluate the response of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Khedri seedlings. They affected some of the anatomical characteristics of the first leaf emerging after the beginning of the spray. The high concentration of GA3 increased the size of the midrib and its vascular bundle numbers. Both low and high concentrations of 2,4-D inhibited the formation of the midrib. 2,4-D in both low and high concentrations decreased the number of vessels in both protoxylem and metaxylem and also decreased their diameters, where as GA3 in low and high concentrations have less effect on the number of vessels and its diameters. GA3 in high concentration increased the number of vascular bundles in 1mm long of the leaf blade, while 2,4-D in low and high concentrations decreased their numbers. 10-3M of 2,4-D increased the size and layers of special hypodermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah R Doaigey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sharma A, Guruprasad KN. Similarities in the biochemical changes between solar UV exclusion and GA application in Amaranthus caudatus. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2009; 15:367-70. [PMID: 23572947 PMCID: PMC3550344 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-009-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of Amaranthus caudatus grown under UV exclusion filters (-UV -B <320nm; -UV -B/A <400nm) in the ambient solar radiation showed an enhancement in growth. This was accompanied by reduction in the synthesis of betacyanin but enhancement in the level of amino acids and proteins. The growth promotion and the accompanying biochemical changes were similar to the external application of GA3 to the seedlings under ambient solar radiation. The results are discussed in the light of similarities between UV exclusion and GA3 application in terms of diversion of amino acid precursors towards enhanced primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sharma
- />M.B. Khalsa College, Rajmohalla, Indore, 452 002 India
| | - K. N. Guruprasad
- />School of Life Sciences, DAVV, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452 017 India
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