1
|
Zelek WM, Bevan RJ, Morgan BP. Targeting terminal pathway reduces brain complement activation, amyloid load and synapse loss, and improves cognition in a mouse model of dementia. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:355-363. [PMID: 38485063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Complement is dysregulated in the brain in Alzheimer's Disease and in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Each of the complement derived effectors, opsonins, anaphylatoxins and membrane attack complex (MAC), have been implicated as drivers of disease but their relative contributions remain unclarified. Here we have focussed on the MAC, a lytic and pro-inflammatory effector, in the AppNL-G-F mouse amyloidopathy model. To test the role of MAC, we back-crossed to generate AppNL-G-F mice deficient in C7, an essential MAC component. C7 deficiency ablated MAC formation, reduced synapse loss and amyloid load and improved cognition compared to complement-sufficient AppNL-G-F mice at 8-10 months age. Adding back C7 caused increased MAC formation in brain and an acute loss of synapses in C7-deficient AppNL-G-F mice. To explore whether C7 was a viable therapeutic target, a C7-blocking monoclonal antibody was administered systemically for one month in AppNL-G-F mice aged 8-9 months. Treatment reduced brain MAC and amyloid deposition, increased synapse density and improved cognitive performance compared to isotype control-treated AppNL-G-F mice. The findings implicate MAC as a driver of pathology and highlight the potential for complement inhibition at the level of MAC as a therapy in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta M Zelek
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
| | - Ryan J Bevan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruiz-Molina N, Parsons J, Decker EL, Reski R. Structural modelling of human complement FHR1 and two of its synthetic derivatives provides insight into their in-vivo functions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1473-1486. [PMID: 36851916 PMCID: PMC9957715 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human complement is the first line of defence against invading pathogens and is involved in tissue homeostasis. Complement-targeted therapies to treat several diseases caused by a dysregulated complement are highly desirable. Despite huge efforts invested in their development, only very few are currently available, and a deeper understanding of the numerous interactions and complement regulation mechanisms is indispensable. Two important complement regulators are human Factor H (FH) and Factor H-related protein 1 (FHR1). MFHR1 and MFHR13, two promising therapeutic candidates based on these regulators, combine the dimerization and C5-regulatory domains of FHR1 with the central C3-regulatory and cell surface-recognition domains of FH. Here, we used AlphaFold2 to model the structure of these two synthetic regulators. Moreover, we used AlphaFold-Multimer (AFM) to study possible interactions of C3 fragments and membrane attack complex (MAC) components C5, C7 and C9 in complex with FHR1, MFHR1, MFHR13 as well as the best-known MAC regulators vitronectin (Vn), clusterin and CD59, whose experimental structures remain undetermined. AFM successfully predicted the binding interfaces of FHR1 and the synthetic regulators with C3 fragments and suggested binding to C3. The models revealed structural differences in binding to these ligands through different interfaces. Additionally, AFM predictions of Vn, clusterin or CD59 with C7 or C9 agreed with previously published experimental results. Because the role of FHR1 as MAC regulator has been controversial, we analysed possible interactions with C5, C7 and C9. AFM predicted interactions of FHR1 with proteins of the terminal complement complex (TCC) as indicated by experimental observations, and located the interfaces in FHR11-2 and FHR14-5. According to AFM prediction, FHR1 might partially block the C3b binding site in C5, inhibiting C5 activation, and block C5b-7 complex formation and C9 polymerization, with similar mechanisms of action as clusterin and vitronectin. Here, we generate hypotheses and give the basis for the design of rational approaches to understand the molecular mechanism of MAC inhibition, which will facilitate the development of further complement therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruiz-Molina
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Opstrup KV, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Beta-lactam induced morphological changes in serum of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae blood isolates. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105036. [PMID: 35944888 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen, which frequently causes bacteremia. Ceftazidime and meropenem, two important beta-lactam antibiotics for treatment of K. pneumoniae infections, induce morphological changes in bacteria when examined in vitro. Thirty clinical Klebsiella spp. Bacteremia isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance and serum resistance. To determine whether complement influenced the resistance to ceftazidime of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing-isolates and sensitivity to meropenem, one serum resistant and one partly serum sensitive isolate were analyzed in normal human serum, heat-inactivated human serum, and growth medium with addition of beta-lactam antibiotics. HA391 was resistant to ceftazidime and had identical minimum inhibitory concentrations for meropenem in normal human serum, heat-inactivated serum and RPMI. In normal human serum, HA233 was inhibited by ceftazidime and had lower inhibitory concentrations of meropenem. Morphological changes induced by serum and beta-lactam antibiotics were analyzed by light- and electron microscopy. Light microscopy showed elongation of bacteria treated with ceftazidime. By electron microscopy membrane attack complexes were observed for HA233 in normal human serum, thereby facilitating beta-lactam antibiotics access to the periplasmic space and the peptidoglycan layer, explaining the increased killing of HA233 by beta-lactam antibiotics. Complement did not enhance beta-lactam killing of HA391, underlining the importance of serum susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina V Opstrup
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu ZG, Hu YQ, Li K, Mu YL, Wu TW. Pnpla5-knockout rats exhibit reduced expression levels of proteins involved in steroid metabolism and wound healing compared to wild-type rats. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:583. [PMID: 35962316 PMCID: PMC9375266 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 5 (PNPLA5) is a newly-discovered lipase. Although the PNPLA family plays critical roles in diverse biological processes, the biological functions of PNPLA5 mostly unknown. We previously found that the deletion of Pnpla5 in rats causes a variety of phenotypic abnormalities. In this study, we further explored the effects of Pnpla5 knockout (KO) on male rats. Results The body weight and testicular or epididymal tissue weight of three to six 3-month-old Pnpla5 KO or wild-type (WT) male Sprague–Dawley rats were measured. The protein expression levels were also measured via western blotting and iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) analyses. No significant difference between Pnpla5 KO and WT rats, regarding body weight, testicular or epididymal tissue weight, or hormone levels, were found. However, the relative testicular tissue weight of the KO (Pnpla5−/−) rats was higher (P < 0.05) than that of WT rats. Significant increases in apoptotic cells numbers (P < 0.001) and BAX and Caspase-9 expression levels were observed in the testicular tissue of Pnpla5−/− rats. Moreover, iTRAQ analysis revealed that the levels of proteins involved in steroid metabolism and wound healing were significantly decreased in Pnpla5−/− rats. Conclusion This study revealed that Pnpla5 knockout induced apoptosis in rat testes. We also ascertained that Pnpla5 plays an important role in lipid metabolism, wound healing, and affects reproductive organs negatively, providing new target genes and pathways that can be analyzed to unravel the biological function of Pnpla5. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08835-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan-Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yu-Lian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tian-Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Csaky K, Curcio CA, Mullins RF, Rosenfeld PJ, Fujimoto J, Rohrer B, Ribero R, Malek G, Waheed N, Guymer R, Hageman GS, Chen H, Csete M. New approaches to the treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res 2022; 221:109134. [PMID: 35654115 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Csaky
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, 9600 N. Central Expy., #200, Dallas, TX, 75231, USA.
| | - Christine A Curcio
- University of Alabama School of Medicine, Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 670 University Blvd., Room 360, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0019, USA.
| | - Robert F Mullins
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Philip J Rosenfeld
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Dept. of Ophthalmology, 900 NW 17th St., Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - James Fujimoto
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Medical University of South Carolina, Dept. of Ophthalmology, 167 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Ramiro Ribero
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, 100 Fifth Ave., 3rd Floor, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
| | - Goldis Malek
- Duke University, Depts. of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Albert Eye Research Institute, 2351 Erwin Rd, AERI Room 4006, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Nadia Waheed
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston MA, 02116, USA.
| | - Robyn Guymer
- University of Melbourne, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Dept. of Surgery, Level 7, 32 Gisborne St., East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Gregory S Hageman
- University of Utah, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Sharon Eccles Steel Center for Translational Medicine, 65 N. Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- gRED Genentech Inc., OMNI Early Clinical Development, 1 DNA Way, Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-4990, USA.
| | - Marie Csete
- ConeSight Therapeutics, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gytz Olesen H, Michailidou I, Zelek WM, Vreijling J, Ruizendaal P, de Klein F, Marquart JA, Kuipers TB, Mei H, Zhang Y, Ahasan M, Johnson KK, Wang Y, Morgan BP, van Dijk M, Fluiter K, Andersen GR, Baas F. Development, Characterization, and in vivo Validation of a Humanized C6 Monoclonal Antibody that Inhibits the Membrane Attack Complex. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:16-36. [PMID: 35551129 PMCID: PMC10643903 DOI: 10.1159/000524587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage and disease of nerves activates the complement system. We demonstrated that activation of the terminal pathway of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and delays regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Animals deficient in the complement component C6 showed improved recovery after neuronal trauma. Thus, inhibitors of the MAC might be of therapeutic use in neurological disease. Here, we describe the development, structure, mode of action, and properties of a novel therapeutic monoclonal antibody, CP010, against C6 that prevents formation of the MAC in vivo. The monoclonal antibody is humanized and specific for C6 and binds to an epitope in the FIM1-2 domain of human and primate C6 with sub-nanomolar affinity. Using biophysical and structural studies, we show that the anti-C6 antibody prevents the interaction between C6 and C5/C5b by blocking the C6 FIM1-2:C5 C345c axis. Systemic administration of the anti-C6 mAb caused complete depletion of free C6 in circulation in transgenic rats expressing human C6 and thereby inhibited MAC formation. The antibody prevented disease in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and ameliorated relapse in chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in human C6 transgenic rats. CP010 is a promising complement C6 inhibitor that prevents MAC formation. Systemic administration of this C6 monoclonal antibody has therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuronal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Gytz Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Protein Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Wioleta M Zelek
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Dementia Research Institute, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Ferry de Klein
- Core Facility Genomics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas B Kuipers
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuchun Zhang
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Muhammad Ahasan
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Dementia Research Institute, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Kees Fluiter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Protein Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Complement Pharma BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goggs R, Kannampuzha-Francis J, Campbell CJ, Moreau JP, Behling-Kelly E. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety evaluation of 5,5'-methylenebis(2-acetoxybenzoic acid) in dogs following intravenous administration. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 242:110339. [PMID: 34715602 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis occurs in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Complement inhibitors might enhance treatment of this disease. Dimers of acetylsalicylic acid such as 5,5'-methylenebis(2-acetoxybenzoic acid) (DAS) have been reported to inhibit complement. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of a single 3 mg/kg IV dose of DAS in 6 healthy mixed-breed dogs. Serum concentrations of DAS and its primary metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at baseline and at 5, 10 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h post-administration. Additional blood samples were collected 7 and 14 days after drug administration. Complete blood counts, serum chemistry panels, C-reactive protein measurements, coagulation testing and cytokine analyses were used for safety monitoring. Following IV administration of 3 mg/kg DAS, the estimated mean maximum plasma concentration was 54,709 ng/mL. Pharmacokinetic modeling suggested that DAS was eliminated with a half-life value of 8.1 h, equivalent to a clearance of 6.93 L/hr kg and a volume of distribution of 56 mL/kg. Plasma concentrations of the metabolites were measured rapidly (within 15-60 min for M1 and M2 respectively). Overall, the relative exposure to M1 and M2 suggest significant biotransformation of DAS occurred, but DAS was the most abundant circulating species. No adverse clinical reactions were noted following DAS administration and safety studies suggested DAS caused no inflammatory response or coagulation disturbance. Further clinical evaluation of DAS is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
| | - Jasmine Kannampuzha-Francis
- Department of Population Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Moreau
- Aurin Biotech Inc., 555 Burrard St Floor 2, Vancouver, BC, V7X 1M8, Canada
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The complement cascade is a key arm of the immune system that protects the host from exogenous and endogenous toxic stimuli through its ability to potently regulate inflammation, phagocytosis, and cell lysis. Due to recent clinical trial successes and drug approvals for complement inhibitors, there is a resurgence in targeting complement as a therapeutic approach to prevent ongoing tissue destruction in several diseases. In particular, neuromuscular diseases are undergoing a recent focus, with demonstrated links between complement activation and disease pathology. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of complement activation and its role during the initiation and progression of neuromuscular disorders including myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We will review the preclinical and clinical evidence for complement in these diseases, with an emphasis on the complement-targeting drugs in clinical trials for these indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent advances in immunopathology for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, focusing on widely available immunohistochemical analyses. RECENT FINDINGS Sarcoplasmic expression of myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is specifically observed in all types of dermatomyositis and informs that type I interferons are crucially involved in its pathogenesis. It is a more sensitive diagnostic marker than perifascicular atrophy. Diffuse tiny dots in the sarcoplasm highlighted by p62 immunostaining are characteristically seen in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. This feature is linked to a chaperone-assisted selective autophagy pathway. Myofiber invasion by highly differentiated T cells, a marker of which is KLRG1, is specific to inclusion body myositis and has a crucial role in its pathogenesis. The recent advances in immunopathology contribute to increased diagnostic accuracy and a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in different types of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Uruha
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan.
| | - Hans-Hilmar Goebel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Science Campus Chronic Inflammation, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Pore forming proteins (PFPs) undergo dramatic conformational changes to punch holes in the target membrane. These PFPs have the ability to self-assemble, by way of oligomerization, and have the capacity to transform from a water soluble state (commonly referred to as fluid phase) to a membrane adhered form. Accordingly, PFPs are metastable, that is they are inert until the right conditions cause the release of potential energy stored in the conformational fold leading to a vast structural rearrangement into a membrane-inserted oligomeric form. However, the metastable state of PFPs poses a problem of leading to aggregation and precipitation in conditions typically required for structural biology techniques. Here, we discuss the protein chemistry of the MACPF protein complement component 9 (C9). C9 is part of a larger complex assembly known as the membrane attack complex (MAC) that has been studied extensively for its ability to form pores in bacteria. An unusual artifact of human C9 is the ability to form a soluble oligomeric state of the channel portion of the MAC, called polyC9. PolyC9 formation does not require the presence of membranes or other complement factors. It is only in recent years that structural studies of the MAC have become successful owing to improved recombinant DNA expression systems and the improvement of high-resolution techniques (both X-ray crystallography and single particle cryo-EM). We discuss the expression and purification of recombinant C9, crystallization of the soluble monomeric form of C9 and the preparation of the oligomeric polyC9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Spicer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michelle A Dunstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Choi KM, Cho DH, Joo MS, Choi HS, Kim MS, Han HJ, Cho MY, Hwang SD, Kim DH, Park CI. Functional characterization and gene expression profile of perforin-2 in starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 107:511-518. [PMID: 33217563 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) superfamily consists of multifunctional proteins that form pores on the membrane surface of microorganisms to induce their death and have various immune-related functions. PFN2 is a perforin-like protein with an MACPF domain, and humans with deficient PFN2 levels have increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, which can lead to fatal consequences for some patients. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the antimicrobial function of PFN2 in starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). The molecular properties were confirmed based on the verified amino acid sequence of PsPFN2. In addition, the expression characteristics of tissue-specific and pathogen-specific PsPFN2 mRNA were also confirmed. The recombinant protein was produced using Escherichia coli, and the antimicrobial activity was then confirmed. The coding sequence of PFN2 (PsPFN2) in P. stellatus consists of 710 residues. The MACPF domain was conserved throughout evolution, as shown by multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. PsPFN2 mRNA is abundantly distributed in immune-related organs such as the spleen and gills of healthy starry flounder, and significant expression changes were confirmed after artificial infection by bacteria or viruses. We cloned the MACPF domain region of PFN2 to produce a recombinant protein (rPFN2) and confirmed its antibacterial effect against a wide range of bacterial species and the parasite (Miamiensis avidus).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Min Choi
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Cho
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Joo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Choi
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Sug Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Han
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu., Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu J, Pauer GJ, Hagstrom SA, Bok D, DeBenedictis MJ, Bonilha VL, Hollyfield JG, Radu RA. Evidence of complement dysregulation in outer retina of Stargardt disease donor eyes. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101787. [PMID: 33214125 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stargardt macular degeneration (STGD) is a central blinding disease caused by loss of or dysfunctional ABCA4 transporter in both photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Toxic bisretinoid-lipofuscin buildup in the RPE cells is a pathological hallmark of STGD patients and its mouse model, the Abca4-/-. These vitamin A-derived fluorophores have been shown to induce oxidative stress, stimulate complement activity, and cause chronic inflammation of the RPE. In vivo modulation of complement regulatory pathway in the STGD mouse model has partially rescued the STGD phenotype suggesting that complement attack on the RPE is an important etiologic factor in disease pathogenesis. While bisretinoid-dependent complement activation was further evidenced in cultured RPE cells, this pathway has never been investigated directly in the context of RPE from STGD donor eyes. In the current study, we evaluate the complement reactivity in postmortem donor eyes of clinically diagnosed STGD patients. All three STGD donor eyes RPE displayed strong immunoreactivity for an antibody specific to 4-Hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation byproduct. Also, unlike the control eyes, all three STGD donor eyes showed significantly increased membrane attack complex deposition on the RPE cells. In STGD eyes, increased MAC accumulation was mirrored by elevated C3 fragments internalized by the RPE and inversely correlated with the levels of complement factor H, a major complement regulatory protein. Here, we report the first direct evidence of RPE complement dysregulation as a causative factor in developing Stargardt phenotype.
Collapse
|
13
|
Raturi M, Kala M. The history and evolution of the "complement system". Transfus Clin Biol 2020; 27:273-274. [PMID: 32891700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Raturi
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, 248016 Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Mansi Kala
- Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, 248016 Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dumont C, Mérouani A, Ducruet T, Benoit G, Clermont MJ, Lapeyraque AL, Phan V, Patey N. Clinical relevance of membrane attack complex deposition in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:843-850. [PMID: 31932958 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and Henoch-Schönlein purpura are common glomerular disorders in children sharing the same histopathologic pattern of IgA deposits within the mesangium, even if their physiopathology may be different. Repeated exposure to pathogens induces the production of abnormal IgA1. The immune complex deposition in the renal mesangium in IgAN or potentially in small vessels in Henoch-Schönlein purpura induces complement activation via the alternative and lectin pathways. Recent studies suggest that levels of membrane attack complex (MAC) in the urine might be a useful indicator of renal injury. Because of the emerging availability of therapies that selectively block complement activation, the aim of the present study is to investigate whether MAC immunostaining might be a useful marker of IgA-mediated renal injury. METHODS We conducted immunohistochemistry analysis of the MAC on renal biopsies from 67 pediatric patients with IgAN and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. We classified their renal biopsies according to the Oxford classification, retrieved symptoms, biological parameters, treatment, and follow-up. RESULTS We found MAC expression was significantly related to impaired renal function and patients whose clinical course required therapy. MAC deposits tend to be more abundant in patients with decreased glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.02), patients with proteinuria > 0.750 g/day/1.73 m2, and with nephrotic syndrome. No correlation with histological alterations was observed. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that MAC deposition could be a useful additional indicator of renal injury in patients with IgAN and Henoch-Schönlein purpura, independent of other indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dumont
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte Justine, 3175 Chemin Côte Sainte Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Aicha Mérouani
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thierry Ducruet
- Applied Clinical Research Unit, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Benoit
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Clermont
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Laure Lapeyraque
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Phan
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Patey
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte Justine, 3175 Chemin Côte Sainte Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Koustasa Mishra PK, Rajan P, Joshi P. Complement C9 binding site and the anti-microbial activity of caprine vitronectin are localized in close proximity in the N-terminal region of the protein. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104111. [PMID: 32135222 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitronectin (Vn) is a ligand for complement C9 and modulates its activity that favors bacterial growth and survival. At the same time, the anti-microbial activity of the heparin-binding region of human Vn has been documented. To understand these diverse and opposite functions of the protein, we have analyzed the interaction of caprine Vn with C9 in the homologous system. In a previous study, the C9 binding activity was mapped to the N-fragment of the caprine Vn (N-Vn), representing the first 200 amino acids. Interestingly, this fragment also inhibited bacterial growth. In this study, we have generated four sub-fragments of N-Vn and analyzed C9 binding by ELISA, blot overlay, surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy. These sub-fragments were also tested for antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus by drop plate method and analyzing cell death by flow cytometry. Results of these analyses together with previous data suggest that in addition to the second RGD motif (106-108 amino acids), the first 47 residues are also required for C9 binding. The anti-microbial tests employed indicate that the growth inhibitory property is contributed by 101-150 residues of Vn. These results provide an initial insight into two diverse Vn functions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The complement system is a critical component of both the innate and adaptive immune systems that augments the function of antibodies and phagocytes. Antigen-antibody immune complexes, lectin binding, and accelerated C3 tick-over can activate this well-coordinated and carefully regulated process. The importance of this system is highlighted by the disorders that arise when complement components or regulators are deficient or dysregulated. This article describes the pathways involved in complement activation and function, the regulation of these various pathways, and the interpretation of laboratory testing performed for the diagnosis of diseases of complement deficiency, exuberant complement activation, and complement dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris Ling
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Mandakolathur Murali
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jensen TS, Opstrup KV, Christiansen G, Rasmussen PV, Thomsen ME, Justesen DL, Schønheyder HC, Lausen M, Birkelund S. Complement mediated Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule changes. Microbes Infect 2019; 22:19-30. [PMID: 31473336 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen, which can cause life-threatening infections such as sepsis. Worldwide, emerging multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae infections are challenging to treat, hence leading to increased mortality. Therefore, understanding the interactions between K. pneumoniae and the immune system is important to develop new treatment options. We characterized ten clinical K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from blood of bacteremia patients. The interaction of the isolates with human serum was investigated to elucidate how K. pneumoniae escapes the host immune system, and how complement activation by K. pneumoniae changed the capsule structure. All K. pneumoniae isolates activated the alternative complement pathway despite serum resistance of seven isolates. One serum sensitive isolate activated two or all three pathways, and this isolate was lysed and had numerous membrane attack complexes in the outer membrane. However, we also found deposition of complement components in the capsule of serum resistant isolates resulting in morphological capsule changes and capsule shedding. These bacteria did not lyse, and no membrane attack complex was observed despite deposition of C5b-9 within the capsule, indicating that the capsule of serum resistant K. pneumoniae isolates is a defense mechanism against complement-mediated lysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trine S Jensen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Katharina V Opstrup
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelms Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pernille V Rasmussen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mikkel E Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Daniel L Justesen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik C Schønheyder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 10, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mads Lausen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar-Singh R. The role of complement membrane attack complex in dry and wet AMD - From hypothesis to clinical trials. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:266-277. [PMID: 31082363 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Data from human dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes support the hypothesis that constant 'tickover' of the alternative complement pathway results in chronic deposition of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) on the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Sub-lytic levels of MAC lead to cell signaling associated with tissue remodeling and the production of cytokines and inflammatory molecules. Lytic levels of MAC lead to cell death. CD59 is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the assembly of MAC. CD59 may thus be therapeutically efficacious against the pathophysiology of dry and wet AMD. The first gene therapy clinical trial for geographic atrophy - the advanced form of dry AMD has recently completed recruitment. This trial is studying the safety and tolerability of expressing CD59 from an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector injected once into the vitreous. A second clinical trial assessing the efficacy of CD59 in wet AMD patients is also under way. Herein, the evidence for the role of MAC in the pathophysiology of dry as well as wet AMD and the scientific rationale underlying the use of AAV- delivered CD59 for the treatment of dry and wet AMD is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liyanage DS, Omeka WKM, Godahewa GI, Lee S, Nam BH, Lee J. Membrane attack complex-associated molecules from redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila): Molecular characterization and transcriptional evidence of C6, C7, C8β, and C9 in innate immunity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 81:1-9. [PMID: 29981471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila) is one of the most economically important fish in Korea and other East Asian countries; it is susceptible to infections by pathogens such as Lactococcus garvieae, Argulus spp., Trichodina spp., and Vibrio spp. Learning about the mechanisms of the complement system of the innate immunity of redlip mullet is important for efforts towards eradicating pathogens. Here, we report a comprehensive study of the terminal complement complex (TCC) components that form the membrane attack complex (MAC) through in-silico characterization and comparative spatial and temporal expression profiling. Five conserved domains (TSP1, LDLa, MACPF, CCP, and FIMAC) were detected in the TCC components, but the CCP and FIMAC domains were absent in MuC8β and MuC9. Expression analysis of four TCC genes from healthy redlip mullets showed the highest expression levels in the liver, whereas limited expression was observed in other tissues; immune-induced expression in the head kidney and spleen revealed significant responses against Lactococcus garvieae and poly I:C injection, suggesting their involvement in MAC formation in response to harmful pathogenic infections. Furthermore, the response to poly I:C may suggest the role of TCC components in the breakdown of the membrane of enveloped viruses. These findings may help to elucidate the mechanisms behind the complement system of the teleosts innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heesterbeek DAC, Angelier ML, Harrison RA, Rooijakkers SHM. Complement and Bacterial Infections: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:455-464. [PMID: 30149378 DOI: 10.1159/000491439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is a complex protein network of plasma, and an integral part of the innate immune system. Complement activation results in the rapid clearance of bacteria by immune cells, and direct bacterial killing via large pore-forming complexes. Here we review important recent discoveries in the complement field, focusing on interactions relevant for the defense against bacteria. Understanding the molecular interplay between complement and bacteria is of great importance for future therapies for infectious and inflammatory diseases. Antibodies that support complement-dependent bacterial killing are of interest for the development of alternative therapies to treat infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, a variety of novel therapeutic complement inhibitors have been developed to prevent unwanted complement activation in autoimmune inflammatory diseases. A better understanding of how such inhibitors may increase the risk of bacterial infections is essential if such therapies are to be successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dani A C Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu L Angelier
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Harrison
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Franc V, Zhu J, Heck AJR. Comprehensive Proteoform Characterization of Plasma Complement Component C8αβγ by Hybrid Mass Spectrometry Approaches. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:1099-1110. [PMID: 29532326 PMCID: PMC6003997 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The human complement hetero-trimeric C8αβγ (C8) protein assembly (~ 150 kDa) is an important component of the membrane attack complex (MAC). C8 initiates membrane penetration and coordinates MAC pore formation. Here, we charted in detail the structural micro-heterogeneity within C8, purified from human plasma, combining high-resolution native mass spectrometry and (glyco)peptide-centric proteomics. The intact C8 proteoform profile revealed at least ~ 20 co-occurring MS signals. Additionally, we employed ion exchange chromatography to separate purified C8 into four distinct fractions. Their native MS analysis revealed even more detailed structural micro-heterogeneity on C8. Subsequent peptide-centric analysis, by proteolytic digestion of C8 and LC-MS/MS, provided site-specific quantitative profiles of different types of C8 glycosylation. Combining all this data provides a detailed specification of co-occurring C8 proteoforms, including experimental evidence on N-glycosylation, C-mannosylation, and O-glycosylation. In addition to the known N-glycosylation sites, two more N-glycosylation sites were detected on C8. Additionally, we elucidated the stoichiometry of all C-mannosylation sites in all the thrombospondin-like (TSP) domains of C8α and C8β. Lastly, our data contain the first experimental evidence of O-linked glycans located on C8γ. Albeit low abundant, these O-glycans are the first PTMs ever detected on this subunit. By placing the observed PTMs in structural models of free C8 and C8 embedded in the MAC, it may be speculated that some of the newly identified modifications may play a role in the MAC formation. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Zhu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang S, Wu M, Chiriboga L, Zeck B, Belmont HM. Membrane attack complex (mac) deposition in lupus nephritis is associated with hypertension and poor clinical response to treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:256-62. [PMID: 29395256 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study membrane attack complex in lupus nephritis as a potential biomarker for disease intensity and prognostic indicator for response to treatment. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed using unconjugated, murine anti-human complement C9 on kidney biopsies from 30 SLE patients who fulfilled 4 ACR or SLICC criteria. Clinical parameters were assessed at time of biopsy, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS 30 renal biopsies were obtained from patients with Class II (2), III (5), IV (8), V (5), III+V (8) and IV+V (2). 13/30 (43.3%) biopsies stained positive for glomerular C9. Patients with positive C9 had significantly higher blood pressure, trend towards lower C3, and male gender. There was no significant difference for ISN/RPN class, activity or chronicity indices between C9 positive and negative groups. 5/11 (45.5%) patients positive for C9 did not respond to therapy at 6 months compared with 2/15 (13.3%) patients negative for C9. C9 positive patients were more likely to be a non-responder at 6 months (OR = 5.4, 95% CI: 0.8, 36.4) compared to C9 negative patients. After adjusting for systolic blood pressure, compliance to treatment and proteinuria in a multivariate logistic model, C9 positive patients remained more likely to be non-responders (OR = 4.6, 95% CI: 0.3, 70.9). CONCLUSION This study suggests that MAC deposition measured as C9 staining may be a biomarker for more intense disease and poor response to treatment in lupus nephritis. MAC staining may be useful in routine studies of lupus biopsies and identify patients at risk for aggressive disease who may be candidates for novel therapies targeting terminal complement pathway.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hernandez DM, Goggs R, Behling-Kelly E. In vitro Inhibition of Canine Complement-Mediated Hemolysis. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:142-146. [PMID: 29171101 PMCID: PMC5787187 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common hematologic immune-mediated disease in dogs. Complement fixation on erythrocytes causes hemolysis. Complement inhibition decreases hemolysis in people with the hemolytic disease and also may prove effective in treating IMHA in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Evaluate the in vitro efficacy of 2 complement inhibitors used in humans against canine complement. METHODS The inhibitory activity of the C3-inhibitor compstatin and recombinant human C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) was evaluated using an in vitro hemolytic assay and spectrophotometric measurement of released hemoglobin. Dose-response curves for each inhibitor were generated. RESULTS Compstatin decreased approximately 50% of canine complement-mediated hemolysis in initial experiments. This inhibition largely was lost when a new lot of drug was purchased. C1-INH showed a dose-dependent inhibition. The highest concentration of C1-INH tested (500 μg/mL) decreased >80% of canine complement-mediated hemolysis, and the lowest concentration tested (31.25 μg/mL) decreased hemolysis >60%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Human C1-INH is a robust inhibitor of canine complement-mediated hemolysis, whereas compstatin was minimally and variably effective. Human C1-INH may substantially decrease complement-mediated hemolysis in dogs with IMHA and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Hernandez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences
| | - R Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
de Jorge EG, Yebenes H, Serna M, Tortajada A, Llorca O, de Córdoba SR. How novel structures inform understanding of complement function. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:3-14. [PMID: 28808775 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the complement field has experienced outstanding advancements in the mechanistic understanding of how complement activators are recognized, what C3 activation means, how protein complexes like the C3 convertases and the membrane attack complex are assembled, and how positive and negative complement regulators perform their function. All of this has been made possible mostly because of the contributions of structural biology to the study of the complement components. The wealth of novel structural data has frequently provided support to previously held knowledge, but often has added alternative and unexpected insights into complement function. Here, we will review some of these findings focusing in the alternative and terminal complement pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Yebenes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Serna
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Tortajada
- Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Structural Biology Programme, CNIO, C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Ciber de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anderson AM, Schein TN, Kalapila A, Lai L, Waldrop-Valverde D, Moore RC, Franklin D, Letendre SL, Barnum SR. Soluble membrane attack complex in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals, relationship to HIV RNA, and comparison with HIV negatives. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 311:35-39. [PMID: 28774464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC) represents the terminal product of the complement cascade. We enrolled 47 HIV+ adults (12 of whom underwent a second visit at least 24weeks after starting therapy) as well as 11 HIV negative controls. At baseline, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sMAC was detectable in 27.7% of HIV+ individuals. CSF sMAC correlated with CSF HIV RNA levels and was more likely to be detectable in HIV+ individuals on cART compared to HIV negative controls. In HIV+ participants, there were negative association trends between sMAC and neurocognitive performance but these did not reach statistical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Theresa N Schein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Aley Kalapila
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lillin Lai
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Raeanne C Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Scott R Barnum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu F, Sahoo R, Ge X, Wu L, Ghosh P, Qin X, Halperin JA. Deficiency of the complement regulatory protein CD59 accelerates the development of diabetes-induced atherosclerosis in mice. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:311-317. [PMID: 27729184 PMCID: PMC5460985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Clinical and experimental evidence supports a strong link between the complement system, complement regulatory proteins and the pathogenesis of diabetes vascular complications. We previously reported that the complement regulatory protein CD59 is inactivated by glycation in humans with diabetes. Our objective for this study is to assess experimentally how the deficiency of CD59 impacts the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in vivo. METHODS We crossed mCD59 sufficient and deficient mice into the ApoE-/- background to generate mCd59ab+/+/ApoE-/- and mCd59ab-/-/ApoE-/- mice, and induced diabetes by multiple low dose injections of streptozotocin. Atherosclerosis was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and oil red-O staining. Membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition and macrophage infiltration were detected by immunostaining. RESULTS Diabetic mCD59 deficient (mCD59ab-/-/ApoE-/-) mice developed nearly 100% larger atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aorta (7.5%±0.6 vs 3.6%±0.7; p<0.005) and in the aortic roots (H&E: 26.2%±1.9 vs. 14.3%±1.1; p<0.005), in both cases associated with increased lipid (Oil red-O: 14.9%±1.1 vs. 7.8%±1.1; p<0.05) and MAC deposition (6.8%±0.8 vs. 3.0%±0.7; p<0.005) and macrophage infiltration (31.5%±3.7 vs. 16.4%±3.0; p<0.05) in the aortic roots as compared to their diabetic mCD59 sufficient (mCD59ab+/+/ApoE-/-) counterpart. CONCLUSIONS The deficiency of CD59 accelerates the development of diabetic atherosclerosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/complications
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- CD59 Antigens/deficiency
- CD59 Antigens/genetics
- CD59 Antigens/metabolism
- Complement Activation/drug effects
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetic Angiopathies/immunology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Streptozocin/toxicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rupam Sahoo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaowen Ge
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela Ghosh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose A Halperin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sharp TH, Faas FGA, Koster AJ, Gros P. Imaging complement by phase-plate cryo-electron tomography from initiation to pore formation. J Struct Biol 2016; 197:155-162. [PMID: 27663685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phase plates in cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) improve contrast, increasing the ability to discern separate molecules and molecular complexes in dense biomolecular environments. Here, we applied this new technology to the activation of the human complement system. Binding of C1 to antigen-antibody complexes initiates a cascade of proteolytic events that deposits molecules onto adjacent surfaces and terminates with the formation of membrane-attack-complex (MAC) pores in the targeted membranes. We imaged steps in this process using a Volta phase plate mounted on a Titan Krios equipped with a Falcon-II direct electron detector. The data show patches of single-layer antibodies on the surface and C1 bound to antibody platforms, with ca. ∼4% of instances where C1r and C1s proteases have dissociated from C1, and potentially instances of C1 transiently interacting with its substrate C4 or product C4b. Next, extensive deposition of C4b and C3b molecules is apparent, although individual molecules cannot always be properly distinguished with the current methods. Observations of MAC pores include formation of both single and composite pores, and instances of potential soluble-MAC dissociation upon failure of membrane insertion. Overall, application of the Volta phase plate cryoET markedly improved the contrast in the tomograms, which allowed for individual components to be more readily interpreted. However, variability in the phase shift induced by the phase-plate during the course of an experiment, together with incomplete sampling during tomogram acquisition, limited the interpretability of the resulting tomograms. Our studies exemplify the potential in studying molecular processes with complex spatial topologies by phase-plate cryoET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Sharp
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank G A Faas
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; NeCEN, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Horiuchi T, Tsukamoto H. Complement-targeted therapy: development of C5- and C5a-targeted inhibition. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:11. [PMID: 29259684 PMCID: PMC5725830 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a major effector of humoral immunity and natural immunity. The complement system has three independent pathways of complement activation: a classical pathway, an alternative pathway, and a lectin pathway. These pathways converge to a common pathway that activates C3. This pathway also leads to the formation of various bioactive molecules such as C5a and the formation of membrane attack complex on the surface of target cells. In the past, the only preparations with anti-complementary action were C1 inhibitors (C1-INH), but an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (eculizumab) appeared a few years ago, and this antibody has yielded encouraging results. In addition, a C5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist is in the clinical trial phase, and this antagonist should also prove efficacious. Anti-complement agents have garnered attention as a new treatment strategy for refractory inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Tsukamoto
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Suresh R, Chandrasekaran P, Sutterwala FS, Mosser DM. Complement-mediated 'bystander' damage initiates host NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1928-39. [PMID: 27006116 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation has long been associated with inflammation, primarily due to the elaboration of the complement anaphylotoxins C5a and C3a. In this work, we demonstrate that the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles promotes host inflammatory responses by a new mechanism that depends on the terminal complement components (C5b-C9). We demonstrate that during the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles, the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement can be transferred from the activating particle to the macrophage plasma membrane by a 'bystander' mechanism. This MAC-mediated bystander damage initiates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, resulting in caspase-1 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Inflammasome activation is not induced when macrophages phagocytize unopsonized particles or particles opsonized with serum deficient in one of the terminal complement components. The secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 by macrophages depends on NLRP3, ASC (also known as PYCARD) and caspase-1, as macrophages deficient in any one of these components fail to secrete these cytokines following phagocytosis. The phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles increases leukocyte recruitment and promotes T helper 17 cell (TH17) biasing. These findings reveal a new mechanism by which complement promotes inflammation and regulates innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Prabha Chandrasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- The Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ben-Zeev B, Tabib A, Nissenkorn A, Garti BZ, Gomori JM, Nass D, Goldshmidt H, Fellig Y, Anikster Y, Nevo Y, Elpeleg O, Mevorach D. Devastating recurrent brain ischemic infarctions and retinal disease in pediatric patients with CD59 deficiency. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015; 19:688-93. [PMID: 26233519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification of CD59 p.Cys89Tyr mutation in 5 patients from North-African Jewish origin presenting with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy like disease and chronic hemolysis, led us to reinvestigate an unsolved disease in 2 siblings from the same origin who died 17 years ago. The two patients carried the same CD59 gene mutation previously described by our group. These children had quiet similar disease course but in addition developed devastating recurrent brain infarctions, retinal and optic nerve involvement. Revising the brain autopsy of one of these patients confirmed the finding of multiple brain infarctions of different ages. CD59 protein expression was missing on brain endothelial cells by immunohistochemical staining. This new data expands the clinical spectrum of CD59 mutations and further emphasizes the need for its early detection and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruria Ben-Zeev
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Adi Tabib
- Rheumatology Research Center and Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andreea Nissenkorn
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Garti
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric B Department, Shneider Pediatric Hospital, Belinson Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - John Moshe Gomori
- Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dvora Nass
- Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hanoch Goldshmidt
- Clinical Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yakov Fellig
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yoram Nevo
- Pediatric Neurology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Department of Medicine B Director, Center for Research in Rheumatology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jodele S, Fukuda T, Mizuno K, Vinks AA, Laskin BL, Goebel J, Dixon BP, Chima RS, Hirsch R, Teusink A, Lazear D, Lane A, Myers KC, Dandoy CE, Davies SM. Variable Eculizumab Clearance Requires Pharmacodynamic Monitoring to Optimize Therapy for Thrombotic Microangiopathy after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 22:307-315. [PMID: 26456258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) associated with terminal complement activation, as measured by elevated plasma terminal complement (sC5b-9) concentrations, has a very high mortality. The complement inhibitor eculizumab may be a therapeutic option for HSCT-associated TMA. We examined the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of eculizumab in children and young adult HSCT recipients with TMA and activated complement to determine drug dosing requirements for future efficacy trials. We analyzed prospectively collected laboratory samples and clinical data from 18 HSCT recipients with high-risk TMA presenting with complement activation who were treated with eculizumab. We measured eculizumab serum concentrations, total hemolytic complement activity, and plasma sC5b-9 concentrations. Population PK/PD analyses correlated eculizumab concentrations with complement blockade and clinical response and determined interindividual differences in PK parameters. We also compared transplant survival in patients treated with eculizumab (n = 18) with patients with the same high-risk TMA features who did not receive any targeted therapy during a separate prospective observational study (n = 11). In the PK analysis, we found significant interpatient variability in eculizumab clearance, ranging from 16 to 237 mL/hr/70 kg in the induction phase. The degree of complement activation measured by sC5b-9 concentrations at the start of therapy, in addition to actual body weight, was a significant determinant of eculizumab clearance and disease response. Sixty-one percent of treated patients had complete resolution of TMA and were able to safely discontinue eculizumab without disease recurrence. Overall survival was significantly higher in treated subjects compared with untreated patients (56% versus 9%, P = .003). Complement blocking therapy is associated with improved survival in HSCT patients with high-risk TMA who historically have dismal outcomes, but eculizumab pharmacokinetics in HSCT recipients differ significantly from reports in other diseases like atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Our eculizumab dosing algorithm, including pr-treatment plasma sC5b-9 concentrations, patient's actual body weight, and the first eculizumab dose (mg), accurately determined eculizumab concentration-time profiles for HSCT recipients with high-risk TMA. This algorithm may guide eculizumab treatment and ensure that future efficacy studies use the most clinically appropriate and cost-efficient dosing schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonata Jodele
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukuda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kana Mizuno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Benjamin L Laskin
- Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jens Goebel
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bradley P Dixon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ranjit S Chima
- Division of Critical Care, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Russel Hirsch
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ashley Teusink
- Department of Pharmacy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Danielle Lazear
- Department of Pharmacy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Adam Lane
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kasiani C Myers
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher E Dandoy
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stella M Davies
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lee M, Wathier M, Love JA, McGeer E, McGeer PL. Inhibition of aberrant complement activation by a dimer of acetylsalicylic acid. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2748-56. [PMID: 26248865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We here report synthesis for the first time of the acetyl salicylic acid dimer 5,5'-methylenebis(2-acetoxybenzoic acid) (DAS). DAS inhibits aberrant complement activation by selectively blocking factor D of the alternative complement pathway and C9 of the membrane attack complex. We have previously identified aurin tricarboxylic and its oligomers as promising agents in this regard. DAS is much more potent, inhibiting erythrocyte hemolysis by complement-activated serum with an IC50 in the 100-170 nanomolar range. There are numerous conditions where self-damage from the complement system has been implicated in the pathology, including such chronic degenerative diseases of aging as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related macular degeneration. Consequently, there is a high priority for the discovery and development of agents that can successfully treat such conditions. DAS holds considerable promise for being such an agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moonhee Lee
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew Wathier
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edith McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick L McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lv Y, Chen C, Zhang BY, Xiao K, Wang J, Chen LN, Sun J, Gao C, Shi Q, Dong XP. Remarkable Activation of the Complement System and Aberrant Neuronal Localization of the Membrane Attack Complex in the Brain Tissues of Scrapie-Infected Rodents. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1165-79. [PMID: 25311207 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As an integral part of the innate immunity, the complement system has been reported to involve in the pathogenesis of prion diseases (PrD). However, the states of expression and activity of complement proteins in experimental models of scrapie infection are still not fully understood. Herein, the state of complement activation, the presence, and distribution as well as localization of C3 and membrane attack complex (MAC) in the brains of several scrapie-infected rodents were comparatively assessed through various methodologies. Our data illustrated a significant increase in the total complement activity (CH50, U/ml) in several scrapie-infected rodent brains at the terminal stage and a time-dependent upregulation of C1q in 263K-infected hamsters during the incubation period, intimating the sustained and progressive activation of the classical pathway during PrD progression. Confocal microscopy revealed robust activation of C3 and its localization to various central nervous system (CNS) cells with differential morphology in the brain tissues of both 263K-infected hamsters and 139A-infected C57BL/6 mice at disease end stages. Dynamic analyses of MAC in the brains of 263K-infected hamsters and 139A-infected C57BL/6 mice demonstrated remarkably time-dependent deposition during the incubation period, which may highlight a persistently activated terminal complement components. Moreover, immunofluorescent assays (IFAs) showed that MAC-specific signals appeared to overlap with morphologically abnormal neurons rather than proliferative astrocytes or activated microglia throughout the CNS of both 263K-infected hamsters and 139A-infected C57BL/6 mice. Overall, these results indicate that the activation of the complement system and the subsequent localization of the complement components to neurons may be a hallmark during prion infection, which ultimately contribute to the neurodegeneration in PrD.
Collapse
|
34
|
Rinnenthal JL, Goebel HH, Preuße C, Lebenheim L, Schumann M, Moos V, Schneider T, Heppner FL, Stenzel W. Inflammatory myopathy with abundant macrophages (IMAM): the immunology revisited. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 24:151-5. [PMID: 24314585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient with a clinically atypical presentation of inflammatory myopathy with abundant macrophages (IMAM) but with convincing muscle biopsy features of this subform of inflammatory myopathy. IMAM is characterized mainly by a conspicuous infiltration of muscle and connective tissue by numerous macrophages remote from necrotic and basophilic regenerating muscle fibers. Typically few, mostly CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are also present. Here, we report a patient with IMAM and demonstrate, that most macrophages express the macrophage mannose receptor 1 (CD206) corresponding to alternatively activated (M2) polarization. Accordingly, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), involved in Th2-M2 immunity, was expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle. However, TNFα, IFNγ and STAT1, mediators of the T helper 1-classically activated (M1) response were elevated in skeletal muscle and in blood, while expression of CD206 was elevated in skeletal muscle only. Our results argue that IMAM could be a distinct entity between the inflammatory myopathies rather than a subform of dermatomyositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Leo Rinnenthal
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans-Hilmar Goebel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Preuße
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Lebenheim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus, Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus, Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus, Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus, Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Weiland MH, Qian Y, Sodetz JM. Membrane pore formation by human complement: functional importance of the transmembrane β-hairpin (TMH) segments of C8α and C9. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:310-6. [PMID: 24239861 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human C8 and C9 have a key role in forming the pore-like "membrane attack complex" (MAC) of complement on bacterial cells. A possible mechanism for membrane insertion of these proteins was suggested when studies revealed a structural similarity between the MACPF domains of the C8α and C8β subunits and the pore-forming bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). This similarity includes a pair of α-helical bundles that in the CDCs refold during pore formation to produce two transmembrane β-hairpins (TMH1 and TMH2). C9 is the major pore-forming component of the MAC and is also likely to contain two TMH segments because of its homology to C8α and C8β. To determine their potential for membrane insertion, the TMH sequences in C8α and those predicted to be in C9 were substituted for the TMH sequences in perfringolysin O (PFO), a well-characterized CDC. Only chimeric proteins containing TMH2 from C8α (PFO/αT2) or C9 (PFO/C9T2) could be expressed in soluble, active form. The PFO/αT2 and PFO/C9T2 chimeras retained significant hemolytic activity, formed pore-like structures on membranes, and could combine with PFO to form hemolytically active mixed complexes that were functionally similar to PFO alone. These results provide experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis that TMH segments in C8α and those predicted to be in C9 have a direct role in MAC membrane penetration and pore formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitch H Weiland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|