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Govednik A, Eler K, Mihelič R, Suhadolc M. Mineral and organic fertilisation influence ammonia oxidisers and denitrifiers and nitrous oxide emissions in a long-term tillage experiment. Sci Total Environ 2024; 928:172054. [PMID: 38569950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from different agricultural systems have been studied extensively to understand the mechanisms underlying their formation. While a number of long-term field experiments have focused on individual agricultural practices in relation to N2O emissions, studies on the combined effects of multiple practices are lacking. This study evaluated the effect of different tillage [no-till (NT) vs. conventional plough tillage (CT)] in combination with fertilisation [mineral (MIN), compost (ORG), and unfertilised control (CON)] on seasonal N2O emissions and the underlying N-cycling microbial community in one maize growing season. Rainfall events after fertilisation, which resulted in increased soil water content, were the main triggers of the observed N2O emission peaks. The highest cumulative emissions were measured in MIN fertilisation, followed by ORG and CON fertilisation. In the period after the first fertilisation CT resulted in higher cumulative emissions than NT, while no significant effect of tillage was observed cumulatively across the entire season. A higher genetic potential for N2O emissions was observed under NT than CT, as indicated by an increased (nirK + nirS)/(nosZI + nosZII) ratio. The mentioned ratio under NT decreased in the order CON > MIN > ORG, indicating a higher N2O consumption potential in the NT-ORG treatment, which was confirmed in terms of cumulative emissions. The AOB/16S ratio was strongly affected by fertilisation and was higher in the MIN than in the ORG and CON treatments, regardless of the tillage system. Multiple regression has revealed that this ratio is one of the most important variables explaining cumulative N2O emissions, possibly reflecting the role of bacterial ammonia oxidisers in minerally fertilised soil. Although the AOB/16S ratio aligned well with the measured N2O emissions in our experimental field, the higher genetic potential for denitrification expressed by the (nirK + nirS)/(nosZI + nosZII) ratio in NT than CT was not realized in the form of increased emissions. Our results suggest that organic fertilisation in combination with NT shows a promising combination for mitigating N2O emissions; however, addressing the yield gap is necessary before incorporating it in recommendations for farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Govednik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Eler
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Mihelič
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Suhadolc
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Zhou Z, Huang F, Chen L, Liu F, Wang B, Tang J. Effects of antibiotics on microbial nitrogen cycling and N 2O emissions: A review. Chemosphere 2024; 357:142034. [PMID: 38615962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides are the most prevalent classes of antibiotics used in both medical treatment and agriculture. The misuse of antibiotics leads to their extensive dissemination in the environment. These antibiotics can modify the structure and functionality of microbial communities, consequently impacting microbial-mediated nitrogen cycling processes including nitrification, denitrification, and anammox. They can change the relative abundance of nirK/norB contributing to the emission of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the presence of these four antibiotic classes across different environmental matrices and synthesizes current knowledge of their effects on the nitrogen cycle, including the underlying mechanisms. Such an overview is crucial for understanding the ecological impacts of antibiotics and for guiding future research directions. The presence of antibiotics in the environment varies widely, with significant differences in concentration and type across various settings. We conducted a comprehensive review of over 70 research articles that compare various aspects including processes, antibiotics, concentration ranges, microbial sources, experimental methods, and mechanisms of influence. Antibiotics can either inhibit, have no effect, or even stimulate nitrification, denitrification, and anammox, depending on the experimental conditions. The influence of antibiotics on the nitrogen cycle is characterized by dose-dependent responses, primarily inhibiting nitrification, denitrification, and anammox. This is achieved through alterations in microbial community composition and diversity, carbon source utilization, enzyme activities, electron transfer chain function, and the abundance of specific functional enzymes and antibiotic resistance genes. These alterations can lead to diminished removal of reactive nitrogen and heightened nitrous oxide emissions, potentially exacerbating the greenhouse effect and related environmental issues. Future research should consider diverse reaction mechanisms and expand the scope to investigate the combined effects of multiple antibiotics, as well as their interactions with heavy metals and other chemicals or organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fuyang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Linpeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Jie Tang
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Bai M, He J, Zheng F, Lv S, Wang Z, Hrynsphan D, Savitskaya T, Chen J. Gene cloning, expression and performance validation of nitric oxide dismutase. Sci Total Environ 2024:173455. [PMID: 38782282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a significant contributor to global warming and possesses an ozone-depleting impact nearly 298 times that of CO2. To reduce N2O emissions, the newly-discovered nod gene which can directly convert NO into N2 and O2 was successfully cloned from the anaerobic denitrification sludge. The recombinant plasmid containing the nod gene was built, and the expression of nod gene in Escherichia coli was determined, leading to the construction of recombinant engineering bacteria. Results showed that the recombinant engineering bacteria E. coli BL21 (DE3)-pET28a-nod could autonomously degrade NO, with a degradation rate of 72 % within 48 h, and could produce 2479.72 ppm of N2 and 75.12 mL of O2. The cumulative O2 production of the sludge sample and recombinant E. coli within 8 h was 1.75 mL and 8.45 mL, respectively. The cumulative O2 production of recombinant E. coli was at least 4.82 times higher than that of the sludge sample. The investigation proposed a new biodegradation pathway for nitrogen pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Bai
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiamei He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fengzhen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Sini Lv
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Dzmitry Hrynsphan
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Savitskaya
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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Qiu Z, Yu H, Zhu C, Shen W. NosZ I carrying microorganisms determine N 2O emissions from the subtropical paddy field under elevated CO 2 and strongly CO 2-responsive cultivar. Sci Total Environ 2024; 935:173255. [PMID: 38761936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) decreases N2O emissions from subtropical paddy fields, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated. Herein, the response of key microbial nitrogen cycling genes to eCO2 (ambient air +200 μmol CO2 mol-1) in four rice cultivars, including two weakly CO2-responsive (W27, H5) and two strongly CO2-responsive cultivars (Y1540, L1988), was investigated. Except for nosZ I, eCO2 did not significantly alter the abundance of the other genes. NosZ I was a crucial factor governing N2O emissions, especially under eCO2 and a strongly responsive cultivar. eCO2 affected the nosZ I gene abundance (p < 0.05), for instance, the nosZ I gene abundance of cultivar W27 increased from 1.53 × 107 to 2.86 × 107 copies g-1 dw soil (p < 0.05). In the nosZ I microbial community, the known taxa were mainly Pseudomonadota (phylum) (19.74-31.72 %) and Alphaproteobacteria (class) (0.56-13.12 %). In the nosZ I community assembly process, eCO2 enhanced the role of stochasticity, increasing from 35 % to 85 % (p < 0.05), thereby inducing diffusion limitations of weakly responsive cultivars to dominate (67 %). Taken together, the increase in nosZ I gene abundance is a potential reason for the alleviation of N2O emissions from subtropical paddy fields under eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315800, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chunwu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Weishou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Ayotte SH, Allen CR, Parker A, Stein OR, Lauchnor EG. Greenhouse gas production from an intermittently dosed cold-climate wastewater treatment wetland. Sci Total Environ 2024; 924:171484. [PMID: 38462002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from a two-stage, cold-climate vertical-flow treatment wetland (TW) treating ski area wastewater at 3 °C average water temperature. The system is designed like a modified Ludzack-Ettinger process with the first stage a partially saturated, denitrifying TW followed by an unsaturated nitrifying TW and recycle of nitrified effluent. An intermittent wastewater dosing scheme was established for both stages, with alternating carbon-rich wastewater and nitrate-rich recycle to the first stage. The system has demonstrated effective chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal in high-strength wastewater over seven years of winter operation. Following two closed-loop, intensive GHG winter sampling campaigns at the TW, the magnitude of N2O flux was 2.2 times higher for denitrification than nitrification. CH4 and N2O emissions were strongly correlated with hydraulic loading, whereas CO2 was correlated with surface temperature. GHG fluxes from each stage were related to both microbial activity and off-gassing of dissolved species during wastewater dosing, thus the time of sampling relative to dosing strongly influenced observed fluxes. These results suggest that estimates of GHG fluxes from TWs may be biased if mass transfer and mechanisms of wastewater application are not considered. Emission factors for N2O and CH4 were 0.27 % as kg-N2O-N/kg-TINremoved and 0.04 % kg-CH4-C/kg-CODremoved, respectively. The system had observed seasonal emissions of 600.5 kg CO2 equivalent of GHGs estimated over 130-days of operation. These results indicate a need for wastewater treatment processes to mitigate GHGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Ayotte
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - C R Allen
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - A Parker
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - O R Stein
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - E G Lauchnor
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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Hellman M, Juhanson J, Wallnäs F, Herbert RB, Hallin S. Microbial succession and denitrifying woodchip bioreactor performance at low water temperatures. J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120607. [PMID: 38537471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Mining activities are increasingly recognized for contributing to nitrogen (N) pollution and possibly also to emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) due to undetonated, N-based explosives. A woodchip denitrifying bioreactor, installed to treat nitrate-rich leachate from waste rock dumps in northern Sweden, was monitored for two years to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of microbial communities, including the genetic potential for different N transformation processes, in pore water and woodchips and how this related to reactor N removal capacity. About 80 and 65 % of the nitrate was removed during the first and second operational year, respectively. There was a succession in the microbial community over time and in space along the reactor length in both pore water and woodchips, which was reflected in reactor performance. Nitrate ammonification likely had minimal impact on N removal efficiency due to the low production of ammonium and low abundance of the key gene nrfA in ammonifiers. Nitrite and N2O were formed in the bioreactor and released in the effluent water, although direct N2O emissions from the surface was low. That these unwanted reactive N species were produced at different times and locations in the reactor indicate that the denitrification pathway was temporally as well as spatially separated along the reactor length. We conclude that the succession of microbial communities in woodchip denitrifying bioreactors treating mining water develops slowly at low temperature, which impacts reactor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hellman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Box 7026, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jaanis Juhanson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Box 7026, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Felicia Wallnäs
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Box 7026, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Roger B Herbert
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Villavägen 16, 75226, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sara Hallin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Box 7026, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang C, Xv Y, Wu Z, Li X, Li S. Denitrification regulates spatiotemporal pattern of N 2O emission in an interconnected urban river-lake network. Water Res 2024; 251:121144. [PMID: 38277822 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Urban rivers are hotspots of N2O production and emission. Interconnected river-lake networks are constructed to improve the water quality and hydrodynamic conditions of urban rivers in many cities of China. However, the impact of the river-lake connectivity project on N2O production and emission remains unclear. This study investigated dissolved N2O and emission of the river-lake network in Wuhan City, China from March 2021 to December 2021. The results showed that river-lake connection greatly decreased riverine Nitrogen (N) concentration and increased dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration compare to traditional urban rivers. N2O emissions from the urban river interconnected with lakes (LUR: 67.3 ± 92.6 μmol/m2/d) were much lower than those from the traditional urban rivers (UR: 467.3 ± 1075.7 μmol/m2/d) and agricultural rivers (AR: 20.4 ± 15.3μmol/m2/d). Regression tree analysis suggested that the N2O concentrations were extremely high when hypoxia exists (DO < 1.6 mg/L), and TDN was the primary factor regulating N2O concentrations when hypoxia does not occur. Thus, we ascribe the low N2O emission in the LUR and AR to the lower N contents and higher DO concentrations. The microbial process of N2O production and consumption were quantitatively estimated by isotopic models. The mean proportion of denitrification derived N2O (fbD) was 63.5 %, 55.6 %, 42.3 % and 42.7 % in the UR, LUR, lakes and AR, suggested denitrification dominated N2O production in the urban rivers, but nitrification dominated N2O production in the lakes and AR. The positive correlation between logN2O and fbD suggested that denitrification is the key process to regulate the N2O production and emission. The abundance of denitrification genes (nirS and nirK) was much higher than that of nitrification genes (amoA and amoB), also evidenced that denitrification was the main N2O source. Therefore, river-lake interconnected projects changed the nutrients level and hypoxic condition, leading to the inhibition of denitrification and nitrification, and ultimately resulting in a decrease of N2O production and emission. These results advance the knowledge on the microbial processes that regulate N2O emissions in inland waters and illustrate the integrated management of water quality and N2O emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Wang
- Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yuhan Xv
- Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zefeng Wu
- Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xing Li
- Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Siyue Li
- Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China.
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Gao P, Yan X, Xia X, Liu D, Guo S, Ma R, Lou Y, Yang Z, Wang H, Yang Q, Pan H, Zhuge Y. Effects of the three amendments on NH 3 volatilization, N 2O emissions, and nitrification at four salinity levels: An indoor experiment. J Environ Manage 2024; 354:120399. [PMID: 38387357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The marked salinity and alkaline pH of coastal saline soil profoundly impact the nitrogen conversion process, leading to a significantly reduced nitrogen utilization efficiency and substantial gaseous nitrogen loss. The application of soil amendments (e.g. biochar, manure, and gypsum) was proved to be effective for the remediation of saline soils. However, the effects of the three amendments on soil nitrogen transformation in soils with various salinity levels, especially on NH3 volatilization and N2O emission, remain elusive. Here, we reported the effects of biochar, manure, and gypsum on NH3 volatilization and N2O emission under four natural salinity gradients in the Yellow River Delta. Also, high-throughput sequencing and qPCR analysis were performed to characterize the response of nitrification (amoA) and denitrification (nirS, nirK, and nosZ) functional genes to the three amendments. The results showed that the three amendments had little effect on NH3 volatilization in low- and moderate-salinity soils, while biochar stimulated NH3 volatilization in high-salinity soils and reduced NH3 volatilization in severe-salinity soils. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that AOA was significantly and positively correlated with the NO3--N content (r = 0.137, P < 0.05) and N2O emissions (r = 0.174, P < 0.01), which indicated that AOA dominated N2O emissions from nitrification in saline soils. Structural equation modeling indicated that biochar, manure, and gypsum affected N2O emission by influencing soil pH, conductivity, mineral nitrogen content, and functional genes (AOA-amoA and nosZ). Two-way ANOVA further showed that salinity and amendments (biochar, manure, and gypsum) had significant effects on N2O emissions. In summary, this study provides valuable insights to better understand the effects of gaseous N changes in saline soils, thereby improving the accuracy and validity of future GHG emission predictions and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xianghui Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xuejing Xia
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Dan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Songnian Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ronghui Ma
- Agricultural Technology Promotion Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, 252199, China
| | - Yanhong Lou
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Zhongchen Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Quangang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hong Pan
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Yuping Zhuge
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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9
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Miming Z, Sun H, Zhang J, Wu Y, Gao Z, Zhan L, Yan J, Li J. Relationships among the climate-relevant gases during the Southern Ocean bloom season. Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:169887. [PMID: 38185175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The ocean plays an essential role in regulating the sources and sinks of climate-relevant gases, like CO2, N2O and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), thus influencing global climate change. Although the Southern Ocean is known to be a strong carbon sink, a significant DMS source and possibly a large source of N2O, our understanding of the interaction among these climate-relevant gases and their potential impacts on climate change is still insufficient in the Southern Ocean. Herein, we analyzed parameters, including surface water pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity (TA), DMS and N2O in the water column, collected during the austral summer of 2015-2016 in the 32nd Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) at the tip of Antarctic Peninsula. A positive correlation between DMS and pCO2 (indicated by deficit of DIC, ∆DIC, refer to values in 100 m) was observed in waters above 75 m, whereas no correlation between N2O saturation anomaly (SA) and DMS, ∆DIC was found. In the area with stable stratification with phytoplankton bloom, significant DMS source and strong CO2 uptake with weak N2O emission were observed. Conversely, strong mixing or upwelling area was shown to be a strong marine CO2 source and significant N2O release with weak DMS source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Miming
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Guangdong MS Institute of Scientific Instrument Innovation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jiexia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zhongyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Liyang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinpei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jing Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
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10
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Uri-Carreño N, Nielsen PH, Gernaey KV, Domingo-Félez C, Flores-Alsina X. Nitrous oxide emissions from two full-scale membrane-aerated biofilm reactors. Sci Total Environ 2024; 908:168030. [PMID: 37890634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The upcoming change of legislation in some European countries where wastewater treatment facilities will start to be taxed based on direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will force water utilities to take a closer look at nitrous oxide (N2O) production. In this study, we report for the first time N2O emissions from two full-scale size membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR) (R1, R2) from two different manufacturers treating municipal wastewater. N2O was monitored continuously for 12 months in both the MABR exhaust gas and liquid phase. Multivariate analysis was used to assess process performance. Results show that emission factors (EFN2O) for both R1 and R2 (0.88 ± 1.28 and 0.82 ± 0.86 %) were very similar to each other and below the standard value from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2019 (1.6 %). More specifically, N2O was predominantly emitted in the MABR exhaust gas (NTRexh) and was strongly correlated to the ammonia/um load (NHx,load). Nevertheless, the implemented Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) control strategy increased the bulk contribution (NTRbulk), impacting the overall EFN2O. A thorough analysis of dynamic data reveals that the changes in the external aeration (EA)/loading rate patterns suggested by ORP control substantially impacted N2O mass transfer and biological production processes. It also suggests that NTRexh is mainly caused by ammonia-oxidizing organisms (AOO) activity, while ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHO) are responsible for NTRbulk. Different methods for calculating EFN2O were compared, and results showed EFN2O would range from 0.6 to 5.5 depending on the assumptions made. Based on existing literature, a strong correlation between EFN2O and nitrogen loading rate (R2 = 0.73) was found for different technologies. Overall, an average EFN2O of 0.86 % N2O-N per N load was found with a nitrogen loading rate >200 g N m-3 d-1, which supports the hypothesis that MABR technology can achieve intensified biological nutrient removal without increasing N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Uri-Carreño
- Vandcenter Syd A/S, Vandværksvej 7, Odense 5000, Denmark; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Per H Nielsen
- Vandcenter Syd A/S, Vandværksvej 7, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Carlos Domingo-Félez
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Xavier Flores-Alsina
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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11
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An Z, Zhang Q, Gao X, Ding J, Shao B, Peng Y. Nitrous oxide emissions in novel wastewater treatment processes: A comprehensive review. Bioresour Technol 2024; 391:129950. [PMID: 37926354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of novel wastewater treatment processes has marked recent years, becoming particularly pertinent in light of the strive for carbon neutrality. One area of growing attention within this context is nitrous oxide (N2O) production and emission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent research progress on N2O emissions associated with novel wastewater treatment processes, including Anammox, Partial Nitrification, Partial Denitrification, Comammox, Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal, Sulfur-driven Autotrophic Denitrification and n-DAMO. The advantages and challenges of these processes are thoroughly examined, and various mitigation strategies are proposed. An interesting angle that delve into is the potential of endogenous denitrification to act as an N2O sink. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential applications and rationale for novel Anammox-based processes to reduce N2O emissions. The aim is to inform future technology research in this area. Overall, this review aims to shed light on these emerging technologies while encouraging further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Xinjie Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Jing Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Baishuo Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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12
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Wan Z, Wang L, Huang G, Rasul F, Awan MI, Cui H, Liu K, Yu X, Tang H, Wang S, Xu H. nirS and nosZII bacterial denitrifiers as well as fungal denitrifiers are coupled with N 2O emissions in long-term fertilized soils. Sci Total Environ 2023; 897:165426. [PMID: 37429471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizer application plays a critical role in soil fertility and crop yield and has been reported to significantly affect soil denitrification. However, the mechanisms by which denitrifying bacteria (nirK, nirS, nosZI, and nosZII) and fungi (nirK and p450nor) affect soil denitrification are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of different fertilization treatments on the abundance, community structure, and function of soil denitrifying microorganisms in an agricultural ecosystem with long-term fertilization using mineral fertilizer or manure and their combination. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of nirK-, nirS-, nosZI-, and nosZII-type denitrifying bacteria as the soil pH and phosphorus content increased. However, only the community structure of nirS- and nosZII-type denitrifying bacteria was influenced by the application of organic fertilizer, which led to a higher contribution of bacteria to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions than that observed after inorganic fertilizer application. The increase in soil pH reduced the abundance of nirK-type denitrifying fungi, which may have presented a competitive disadvantage relative to bacteria, resulting in a lower contribution of fungi to N2O emissions than that observed after inorganic fertilizer application. The results demonstrated that organic fertilization had a significant impact on the community structure and activity of soil denitrifying bacteria and fungi. Our results also highlighted that after organic fertilizer application, nirS- and nosZII-denitrifying bacteria communities represent likely hot spots of bacterial soil N2O emissions while nirK-type denitrifying fungi represent hot spots for fungal soil N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wan
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Guoqin Huang
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Fahd Rasul
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Washington 99350, United States
| | - Masood Iqbal Awan
- Department of Agronomy, Sub-Campus Depalpur, Okara, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Huanming Cui
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Kailou Liu
- Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil and Germplasm Resources, Nanchang 331717, China
| | - Xichu Yu
- Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil and Germplasm Resources, Nanchang 331717, China
| | - Haiying Tang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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13
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Chen X, Thomas BR, Pattison S, An Z, Chang SX. Pulp mill biosolids mitigate soil greenhouse gas emissions from applied urea and improve soil fertility in a hybrid poplar plantation. J Environ Manage 2023; 344:118474. [PMID: 37364496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Pulp mill biosolids (hereafter 'biosolids') could be used as an organic amendment to improve soil fertility and promote crop growth; however, it is unclear how the application of biosolids affects soil greenhouse gas emissions and the mechanisms underlying these effects. Here, we conducted a 2-year field experiment on a 6-year-old hybrid poplar plantation in northern Alberta, Canada, to compare the effects of biosolids, conventional mineral fertilizer (urea), and urea + biosolids on soil CO2, CH4 N2O emissions, as well as soil chemical and microbial properties. We found that the addition of biosolids increased soil CO2 and N2O emissions by 21 and 17%, respectively, while urea addition increased their emissions by 30 and 83%, respectively. However, the addition of urea did not affect soil CO2 emissions when biosolids were also applied. The addition of biosolids and biosolids + urea increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass C (MBC), while urea addition and biosolids + urea addition increased soil inorganic N, available P and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA). Furthermore, the CO2 and N2O emissions were positively, while the CH4 emissions were negatively associated with soil DOC, inorganic N, available phosphorus, MBC, microbial biomass N, and DEA. In addition, soil CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions were also strongly associated with soil microbial community composition. We conclude that the application of the combination of biosolids and chemical N fertilizer (urea) could be a beneficial approach for both the disposal and use of pulp mill wastes, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Chen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Barb R Thomas
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Sarah Pattison
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Zhengfeng An
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada.
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14
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Liao B, Cai T, Wu X, Luo Y, Liao P, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Wei G, Hu R, Luo Y, Cui Y. A combination of organic fertilizers partially substitution with alternate wet and dry irrigation could further reduce greenhouse gases emission in rice field. J Environ Manage 2023; 344:118372. [PMID: 37343474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Alternate wet and dry (AWD) irrigation and organic fertilizers substitution (OFS) have contrasting effects on CH4 and N2O emissions in rice cultivation. Combining these two practices may be feasible for simultaneous reduction of CH4 and N2O emission from paddy. Hence, we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the reduction of greenhouse gases under the combination of AWD and OFS. The field experiment which was designed with two irrigation methods (continuous flooding (CF) irrigation and AWD irrigation), and five nitrogen regimes (N0, N135, and N180 represent 0, 135, and 180 kg N ha-1, respectively, ON25 and ON50 represent 25% and 50% OFS for inorganic fertilizer, respectively). The results showed a single-peak emission for CH4 fluxes during the whole rice growing season in all water and nitrogen treatments while the N2O fluxes peak only observed during tillering period with AWD irrigation. AWD irrigation and OFS showed a limited reduction in global warming potential (GWP). These were owing to that AWD irrigation reduced 38.3% CH4 emissions while increase 145.9% N2O emissions when compared to CF irrigation, and the low rate (25%) OFS only reduced CH4 emission by 29.4% while high rate (50%) only reduce N2O emission by 38.8% when compared to conventional inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (N180). Combined AWD and ON25 could maximize the reduction in GWP and yield-scaled GWP, which were reduce 58.0% and 52.5%, respectively, compare to the conventional water and nitrogen management (CF and N180). Furthermore, the structural equation modelling (SEM) indicated that the soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and rice aboveground biomass showed a significant positive effect on CH4 fluxes while soil NH4+ with a negative effect, and the soil NH4+, nitrification potential, denitrification potential significant affected N2O fluxes with a positive effect while DOC with a negative effect. These results investigated that 25% OFS rate for inorganic fertilizer could further reduce warming potential in AWD irrigation rice field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Tianchi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ping Liao
- Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bochao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Guangfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanlai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
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15
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Gebiola M, Rodriguez MV, Garcia A, Garnica A, Tomberlin JK, Hopkins FM, Mauck KE. Bokashi fermentation of brewery's spent grains positively affects larval performance of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens while reducing gaseous nitrogen losses. Waste Manag 2023; 171:411-420. [PMID: 37783136 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Digestion of waste feedstocks by larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF) results in proteins for animal feed and organic fertilizer with a reduced environmental footprint, but it can still have negative environmental effects through greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. Both biomass conversion by BSF larvae and associated GHG and NH3 emissions can depend on substrate properties that may be optimized through microbial inoculation pre-treatments, such as bokashi fermentation. Here, we quantified the effects of bokashi fermentation of brewery's spent grains on BSF rearing metrics and associated GHG and NH3 emissions at benchtop scale. We found that bokashi fermentation increased larval biomass by 40% and shortened development time by over two days on average, compared with unfermented spent grains. In line with increased larval growth, CO2 emissions in BSF larvae treatments were 31.0 and 79.0% higher in the bokashi fermented spent grains and Gainesville substrates, respectively, compared to the unfermented spent grains. Adding BSF larvae to the spent grains increased cumulative N2O emissions up to 64.0 mg N2O kg substratedry-1 but there were essentially no N2O emissions when larvae were added to fermented spent grains. Bokashi fermentation also reduced NH3 fluxes from the volatilization of substrate nitrogen in the BSF larvae treatment by 83.7-85.8% during days 7 and 9, possibly by increasing N assimilation by larvae or by reducing the transformation of substrate NH4+ to NH3. Therefore, bokashi fermentation may be applied to improve performance of BSF larvae on a common industrial waste stream and reduce associated emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Michael V Rodriguez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Alexandro Garcia
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Garnica
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Francesca M Hopkins
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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16
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Garnier J, Billen G, Aguilera E, Lassaletta L, Einarsson R, Serra J, Cameira MDR, Marques-Dos-Santos C, Sanz-Cobena A. How much can changes in the agro-food system reduce agricultural nitrogen losses to the environment? Example of a temperate-Mediterranean gradient. J Environ Manage 2023; 337:117732. [PMID: 36944291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and nitrate (NO3-) leaching from agriculture cause severe environmental hazards. Research studies and mitigation strategies have mostly focused on one of these nitrogen (N) losses at a time, often without an integrated view of the agro-food system. Yet, at the regional scale, N2O, NH3, and NO3- loss patterns reflect the structure of the whole agro-food system. Here, we analyzed at the resolution of NUTS2 administrative European Union (EU) regions, N fluxes through the agro-food systems of a Temperate-Mediterranean gradient (France, Spain, and Portugal) experiencing contrasting climate and soil conditions. We assessed the atmospheric and hydrological N emissions from soils and livestock systems. Expressed per ha agricultural land, NH3 volatilization varied in the range 6.2-44.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1, N2O emission and NO3 leaching 0.3-4.9 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 5.4-154 kg N ha-1 yr-1 respectively. Overall, lowest N2O emission was found in the Mediterranean regions, where NO3- leaching was greater. NH3 volatilization in both temperate and Mediterranean regions roughly follows the distribution of livestock density. We showed that these losses are also closely correlated with the level of fertilization intensity and agriculture system specialization into either stockless crop farming or intensive livestock farming in each region. Moreover, we explored two possible future scenarios at the 2050 horizon: (1) a scenario based on the prescriptions of the EU-Farm-to-Fork (F2F) strategy, with 25% of organic farming, 10% of land set aside for biodiversity, 20% reduction in N fertilizers, and no diet change; and (2) a hypothetical agro-ecological (AE) scenario with generalized organic farming, reconnection of crop and livestock farming, and a healthier human diet with an increase in the share of vegetal protein to 65% (i.e., the Mediterranean diet). Results showed that the AE scenario, owing to its profound reconfiguration of the entire agro-food system would have the potential for much greater reductions in NH3, N2O, and NO3- emissions, namely, 60-81% reduction, while the F2F scenario would only reach 24-35% reduction of N losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette Garnier
- SU CNRS EPHE, Umr Metis 7619, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Gilles Billen
- SU CNRS EPHE, Umr Metis 7619, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Aguilera
- ETSI Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, CEIGRAM Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Lassaletta
- ETSI Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, CEIGRAM Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Rasmus Einarsson
- ETSI Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, CEIGRAM Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - João Serra
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Cameira
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Alberto Sanz-Cobena
- ETSI Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, CEIGRAM Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
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17
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Bhuiyan MSI, Rahman A, Loladze I, Das S, Kim PJ. Subsurface fertilization boosts crop yields and lowers greenhouse gas emissions: A global meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 2023; 876:162712. [PMID: 36921862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The subsurface application (SA) of nitrogenous fertilizers is a potential solution to mitigate climate change and improve food security. However, the impacts of SA technology on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and agronomic yield are usually evaluated separately and their results are inconsistent. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis synthesizing 40 peer-reviewed studies on the effects of SA technology on GHG and ammonia (NH3) emissions, nitrogen uptake (NU), crop yield, and soil residual NO3-N in rice paddies and upland cropping system. Compared to the surface application of N, SA technology significantly increased rice yields by 32 % and crop yield in upland systems by 62 %. The largest SA-induced increases in crop yield were found at low N input rates (<100 kg Nha-1) in rice paddies and medium N input rates (100-200 kg Nha-1) in upland systems, suggesting that soil moisture is a key factor determining the efficiency of SA technology. SA treatments increased yields by more at reduced fertilizer rates (~30 % less N), a shallow depth (<10 cm), and with urea in both cropping systems than at the full (recommended) N rate, a deeper depth (10-20 cm), and with ammonical fertilizer. SA treatments significantly increased NU in rice paddies (34 %) and upland systems (18 %), and NO3-N (40 %) in paddyland; however, NO3-N decreased (28 %) in upland conditions. Ammonia mitigation was greater in paddyland than in upland conditions. SA technology decreased the carbon footprint (CF) in paddyland by 29 % and upland systems by 36 %, and overall by 33 %. Compared with broadcasting, SA significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 16 %, N2O emissions by 30 %, and global warming potential (GWP) by 10 % in paddy cultivation. Given SA increased grain yield and NU while reducing NH3, CF, and GWP, this practice provides dual benefits - mitigating climate change and ensuring food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saiful Islam Bhuiyan
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea; Department of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Azizur Rahman
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagg Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Irakli Loladze
- Bryan College of Health Science, Lincoln, NE 68506, United States; School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Suvendu Das
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Pil Joo Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea; Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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18
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Wang Y, Deng M, Li B, Li L, Oon YS, Zhao X, Song K. High nitrous oxide (N 2O) greenhouse gas reduction potential of Pseudomonas sp. YR02 under aerobic condition. Bioresour Technol 2023; 378:128994. [PMID: 37004889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic environments exist widely in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and are unfavorable for greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) reduction. Here, a novel strain Pseudomonas sp. YR02, which can perform N2O reduction under aerobic conditions, was isolated. The successful amplification of four denitrifying genes proved its complete denitrifying ability. The inorganic nitrogen (IN) removal efficiencies (NRE) were >98.0% and intracellular nitrogen and gaseous nitrogen account for 52.6-58.4% and 41.6-47.4% of input nitrogen, respectively. The priority of IN utilization was TAN > NO3--N > NO2--N. The optimal conditions for IN and N2O removal were consistent, except for the C/N ratio, which is 15 and 5 for IN and N2O removal, respectively. The biokinetic constants analysis indicated strain YR02 had high potential to treat high ammonia and dissolved N2O wastewater. Strain YR02 bioaugmentation mitigated 98.7% of N2O emission and improved 32% NRE in WWTP, proving its application potential for N2O mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuren Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Min Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Biqing Li
- Guangzhou Sewage Purification Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yoong-Sin Oon
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Huang M, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Xie Y, Geng Y, Zhang N, Michelsen A, Li S, Zhang R, Shen Q, Zou J. Bacillus velezensis SQR9 inhibition to fungal denitrification responsible for decreased N 2O emissions from acidic soils. Sci Total Environ 2023; 885:163789. [PMID: 37146817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical acidic soils are hotspots of global terrestrial nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, with N2O produced primarily through denitrification. Plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) may effectively mitigate soil N2O emissions from acidic soils, achieved through differential responses of bacterial and fungal denitrification to PGPMs. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a pot experiment and the associated laboratory trials to gain the underlying insights into the PGPM Bacillus velezensis strain SQR9 effects on N2O emissions from acidic soils. SQR9 inoculation significantly reduced soil N2O emissions by 22.6-33.5 %, dependent on inoculation dose, and increased the bacterial AOB, nirK and nosZ genes abundance, facilitating the reduction of N2O to N2 in denitrification. The relative contribution of fungi to the soil denitrification rate was 58.4-77.1 %, suggesting that the N2O emissions derived mainly from fungal denitrification. The SQR9 inoculation significantly inhibited the fungal denitrification and down-regulated fungal nirK gene transcript, dependent on the SQR9 sfp gene, which was necessary for secondary metabolite synthesis. Therefore, our study provides new evidence that decreased N2O emissions from acidic soils can be due to fungal denitrification inhibited by PGPM SQR9 inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Xie
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajun Geng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuqing Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon and Green Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, China.
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20
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Wu Z, Wang Y, Liu C, Yin N, Hu Z, Shen L, Islam ARMT, Wei Z, Chen S. Characteristics of soil N 2O emission and N 2O-producing microbial communities in paddy fields under elevated CO 2 concentrations. Environ Pollut 2023; 318:120872. [PMID: 36529344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (e[CO2]) on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from paddy fields and the microbial processes involved in N2O emissions have recently received much attention. Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and denitrifying bacteria dominate the production of N2O in paddy soils. To better understand the dynamics of N2O production under e[CO2], a field experiment was conducted after five years of CO2 fumigation based on three treatments: CK (ambient atmospheric CO2), T1 (CK + increase of 40 ppm per year until 200 ppm), and T2 (CK + 200 ppm). N2O fluxes, soil physicochemical properties, and N2O production potential were quantified during the rice-growth period. The functional gene abundance and community composition of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and those of ammonia-denitrifying bacteria (nirS- and nirK-type) were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. N2O emissions decreased by 173% and 41% under the two e[CO2] treatments during grain filling and milk ripening, respectively (P < 0.05). N2O emissions increased by 279% and 172% in the T2 treatment compared with T1 during the tillering and milk-ripening stages, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the N2O production potential was significantly higher in the CK treatment than in T1 and T2 during the elongation stage. The N2O production potential and abundance of AOA amoA genes in T1 treatment were significantly lower than those in CK treatment during the high N2O emission phase caused by mid-season drainage (P < 0.05). Although nirK- and nirS-type denitrifying bacteria community structure and diversity did not respond significantly (P > 0.05) to e[CO2], the abundance of nirK-type denitrifying bacteria significantly affected the N2O flux (P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that the N2O production potential, AOA amoA gene abundance, and nirK gene abundance explained 47.2% of the variation in N2O emissions. In addition, soil nitrogen (N) significantly affected the nirK- and nirS-type denitrifier communities. Overall, our results revealed that e[CO2] suppressed N2O emissions, which was closely associated with the abundance of AOA amoA and nirK genes (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhurong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223001, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Nan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhenghua Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Lidong Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - A R M Towfiqul Islam
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh
| | - Zhaowei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shutao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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21
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Gao H, Xi Y, Wu X, Pei X, Liang G, Bai J, Song X, Zhang M, Liu X, Han Z, Zhao G, Li S. Partial substitution of manure reduces nitrous oxide emission with maintained yield in a winter wheat crop. J Environ Manage 2023; 326:116794. [PMID: 36403458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional fertilization of agricultural soils results in increased N2O emissions. As an alternative, the partial substitution of organic fertilizer may help to regulate N2O emissions. However, studies assessing the effects of partial substitution of organic fertilizer on both N2O emissions and yield stability are currently limited. We conducted a field experiment from 2017 to 2021 with six fertilizer regimes to examine the effects of partial substitution of manure on N2O emissions and yield stability. The tested fertilizer regimes, were CK (no fertilizer), CF (chemical fertilizer alone, N 300 kg ha-1, P2O5 150 kg ha-1, K2O 90 kg ha-1), CF + M (chemical fertilizer + organic manure), CFR (chemical fertilizer reduction, N 225 kg ha-1, P2O5 135 kg ha-1, K2O 75 kg ha-1), CFR + M (chemical fertilizer reduction + organic manure), and organic manure alone (M). Our results indicate that soil N2O emissions are primarily regulated by soil mineral N content in arid and semi-arid regions. Compared with CF, N2O emissions in the CF + M, CFR, CFR + M, and M treatments decreased by 16.8%, 23.9%, 42.0%, and 39.4%, respectively. The highest winter wheat yields were observed in CF, followed by CF + M, CFR, and CFR + M. However, the CFR + M treatment exhibited lower N2O emissions while maintaining high yield, compared with CF. Four consecutive years of yield data from 2017 to 2021 illustrated that a single application of organic fertilizer resulted in poor yield stability and that partial substitution of organic fertilizer resulted in the greatest yield stability. Overall, partial substitution of manure reduced N2O emissions while maintaining yield stability compared with the synthetic fertilizer treatment during the wheat growing season. Therefore, partial substitution of manure can be recommended as an optimal N fertilization regime for alleviating N2O emissions and contributing to food security in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhou Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Yajing Xi
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Xueping Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Xuexia Pei
- Wheat Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Guopeng Liang
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Ju Bai
- Institute of Eco-environment and Industrial Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xiaojun Song
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Zixuan Han
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Shengping Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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22
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Ye J, Gao H, Wu J, Yang G, Duan L, Yu R. Long-term exposure to nano-TiO 2 interferes with microbial metabolism and electron behavior to influence wastewater nitrogen removal and associated N 2O emission. Environ Pollut 2022; 311:119930. [PMID: 35970347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of nano-TiO2 has caused concerns regarding their potential environmental risks. However, the stress responses and self-recovery potential of nitrogen removal and greenhouse gas N2O emissions after long-term nano-TiO2 exposure have seldom been addressed yet. This study explored the long-term effects of nano-TiO2 on biological nitrogen transformations in a sequencing batch reactor at four levels (1, 10, 25, and 50 mg/L), and the reactor's self-recovery potential was assessed. The results showed that nano-TiO2 exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen, whereas N2O emissions unexpectedly increased. The promoted N2O emissions were probably due to the inhibition of denitrification processes, including the reduction of the denitrifying-related N2O reductase activity and the abundance of the denitrifying bacteria Flavobacterium. The inhibition of carbon source metabolism, the inefficient electron transfer efficiency, and the electronic competition between the denitrifying enzymes would be in charge of the deterioration of denitrification performance. After the withdrawal of nano-TiO2 from the influent, the nitrogen transformation efficiencies and the N2O emissions of activated sludge recovered entirely within 30 days, possibly attributed to the insensitive bacteria survival and the microbial community diversity. Overall, this study will promote the current understanding of the stress responses and the self-recovery potential of BNR systems to nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Ye
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Junkang Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China; Department of Water Supply and Drainage Science and Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Guangping Yang
- Chinair Envir. Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210019, China
| | - Lijie Duan
- Guangdong Institute of Socialism, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510499, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
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23
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Rõõm EI, Lauringson V, Laas A, Kangro K, Viik M, Meinson P, Cremona F, Nõges P, Nõges T. Summer greenhouse gas fluxes in different types of hemiboreal lakes. Sci Total Environ 2022; 843:156732. [PMID: 35716743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lakes are considered important regulators of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG). We estimated late summer open water GHG fluxes in nine hemiboreal lakes in Estonia classified under different lake types according to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). We also used the WFD typology to provide an improved estimate of the total GHG emission from all Estonian lakes with a gross surface area of 2204 km2 representing 45,227 km2 of hemiboreal landscapes (the territory of Estonia). The results demonstrate largely variable CO2 fluxes among the lake types with most active emissions from Alkalitrophic (Alk), Stratified Alkalitrophic (StratAlk), Dark Soft and with predominant binding in Coastal, Very Large, and Light Soft lakes. The CO2 fluxes correlated strongly with dissolved CO2 saturation (DCO2) values at the surface. Highest CH4 emissions were measured from the Coastal lake type, followed by Light Soft, StratAlk, and Alk types; Coastal, Light Soft, and StratAlk were emitting CH4 partly as bubbles. The only emitter of N2O was the Alk type. We measured weak binding of N2O in Dark Soft and Coastal lakes, while in all other studied lake types, the N2O fluxes were too small to be quantified. Diversely from the common viewpoint of lakes as net sources of both CO2 and CH4, it turns out from our results that at least in late summer, Estonian lakes are net sinks of both CO2 alone and the sum of CO2 and CH4. This is mainly caused by the predominant CO2 sink function of Lake Peipsi forming ¾ of the total lake area and showing negative net emissions even after considering the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of other GHGs. Still, by converting CH4 data into CO2 equivalents, the combined emission of all Estonian lakes (8 T C day-1) is turned strongly positive: 2720 T CO2 equivalents per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Ingrid Rõõm
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Environmental Investment Centre, Narva mnt 7A, 15172 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Velda Lauringson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise Str 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Alo Laas
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Kangro
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Tartu Observatory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, Tõravere, Nõo parish, 61602, Tartu County, Estonia
| | - Malle Viik
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Meinson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fabien Cremona
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peeter Nõges
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Nõges
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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24
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Ding K, Luo J, Clough TJ, Ledgard S, Lindsey S, Di HJ. In situ nitrous oxide and dinitrogen fluxes from a grazed pasture soil following cow urine application at two nitrogen rates. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156473. [PMID: 35660610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cattle grazing of pastures deposits urine onto the pasture soil at high nitrogen (N) rates that exceed the pasture's immediate N demands, increasing the risk of N loss. Nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas, and dinitrogen (N2) are lost from the cattle urine patches. There is limited information on the in situ loss of N2 from grazed-pasture systems which is needed for understanding pasture soil N dynamics and balances. The 15N flux method was used to determine N2 and N2O fluxes over time following synthetic urine-15N application at either 400 or 800 kg N ha-1 to a grazed perennial pasture soil. Results showed that daily N2O fluxes were higher under 800 kg N ha-1 than under 400 kg N ha-1, but there was no significant difference in N2 fluxes. Cumulative N2O emissions from soil with 400 kg N ha-1 and 800 kg N ha-1 applied represented 0.16 ± 0.08% and 0.43 ± 0.08% of deposited N, respectively, while emitted N2 accounted for 32.1 ± 4.1% and 14.4 ± 1.7%, respectively, over 95 days after urine application. Codenitrification and denitrification co-occurred, with denitrification accounting for 97.9 to 98.5% of total N2 production. Recovery of urine-15N in pasture decreased with increasing N rate with 14.7 ± 0.5% and 9.9 ± 0.8% recovered at 400 and 800 kg N ha-1, respectively after 95 days. The N2O/(N2 + N2O) product ratio was generally higher during periods of nitrification of urine-N (the first month after urine application) but with no clear relationship to other measured variables. Contrary to our hypothesis, an elevated urine-N rate did not enhance N2 loss. This is speculated to be due to enhanced ammonia volatilisation and transfer of N as nitrate, to deeper soil layers. Soil relative gas diffusivity indicated that high N2 fluxes resulted from entrapped N2 diffusing from the draining soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Ding
- Soil & Physical Sciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Jiafa Luo
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J Clough
- Soil & Physical Sciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Stuart Lindsey
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Hong J Di
- Soil & Physical Sciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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25
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Tang Z, Liu X, Li G, Liu X. Mechanism of biochar on nitrification and denitrification to N 2O emissions based on isotope characteristic values. Environ Res 2022; 212:113219. [PMID: 35390305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of biochar on nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions in farmland soil, the effects of combined application of biochar and different nitrogen sources on the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions were studied using isotope characteristic values. The results showed that the soil N2O emissions from ammonium nitrogen fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than that from nitrate nitrogen fertilizer treatments. The biochar combined with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer reduced soil N2O emissions by 31.0%-30.8%, and biochar combined with nitrate nitrogen fertilizer reduced soil N2O emissions by 70.6%-63.0%. The isotope model showed that the application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer was more favorable for soil nitrification in the early stage of the experiment (0-2 d), and more favorable for denitrification in the middle and later stages of the experiment (3-17 d). Application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the nitrification of soil nitrifying bacteria in the early and middle stages of the experiment (0-8 d), and the denitrification of soil denitrifying bacteria in the later stage of the experiment (9-17 d). The effects of biochar on N2O emissions were mainly in the middle and later stages of the experiment by promoting the nitrification of nitrifying bacteria and inhibiting denitrification of denitrifying bacteria, so as to reduce N2O emission in soil. These results may help to understand the mitigation mechanism of biochar on N2O emission in upland soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanming Tang
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingren Liu
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guichun Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaowan Liu
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Mousavian P, Esrafili MD, Sardroodi JJ. Oxidation of methane and ethylene over Al incorporated N-doped graphene: A comparative mechanistic DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 117:108284. [PMID: 35987185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that developing effective methods for selective oxidation of hydrocarbons to generate more useful chemicals is a major challenge for the chemical industry. In the present study, density functional theory calculations are conducted to examine the catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CH4) and ethylene (C2H4) by nitrous oxide (N2O) over Al-incorporated porphyrin-like N-doped graphene (AlN4-Gr). Adsorption energies for the most stable configurations of CH4, C2H4, and N2O molecules over the AlN4-Gr catalyst are determined to be -0.25, -0.64, and -0.40 eV, respectively. According to our findings, N2O can be efficiently split into N2 and Oads species with a negligible activation energy on the AlN4-Gr surface. Meanwhile, CH4 and C2H4 molecules compete for reaction with the activated oxygen atom (Oads) that stays on the surface. The energy barriers for partial methane oxidation through the CH4 + Oads → CH3° + HOads and CH3° + HOads → CH3OH reaction steps are 0.16 eV and 0.27 eV, respectively. Furthermore, the produced CH3OH may be overoxidized by Oads to give formaldehyde and water molecules by overcoming a relatively low activation barrier. The activation barriers for C2H4 epoxidation are small and comparable to those for CH4 oxidation, implying that AlN4-Gr is highly active for both reactions. The high energy barrier for the 1,2-hydrogen shift in the OCH2CH2 intermediate, on the other hand, makes the production of acetaldehyde impossible under normal conditions. According to the population analysis, the AlN4-Gr serves as a strong electron donor to aid in the charge transfer between the Al atom and the Oads moiety, which is necessary for the activation of CH4 and C2H4. The findings of the present study may pave the way for a better understanding of the catalytic oxidation the CH4 and C2H4, as well as for the development of highly efficient noble-metal free catalysts for these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi D Esrafili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55136-553, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Jaber J Sardroodi
- Department of Chemistry, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Zheng Q, Ding J, Lin W, Yao Z, Li Q, Xu C, Zhuang S, Kou X, Li Y. The influence of soil acidification on N 2O emissions derived from fungal and bacterial denitrification using dual isotopocule mapping and acetylene inhibition. Environ Pollut 2022; 303:119076. [PMID: 35240268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Denitrification, as both origins and sinks of N2O, occurs extensively, and is of critical importance for regulating N2O emissions in acidified soils. However, whether soil acidification stimulates N2O emissions, and if so for what reason contributes to stimulate the emissions is uncertain and how the N2O fractions from fungal (ffD) and bacterial (fbD) denitrification change with soil pH is unclear. Thus, a pH gradient (6.2, 7.1, 8.7) was set via manipulating cropland soils (initial pH 8.7) in North China to illustrate the effect of soil acidification on fungal and bacterial denitrification after the addition of KNO3 and glucose. For source partitioning, we used and compared SP/δ18O mapping approach (SP/δ18O MAP) and acetylene inhibition technique combined isotope two endmember mixing model (AIT-IEM). The results showed significantly higher N2O emissions in the acidified soils (pH 6.2 and pH 7.1) compared with the initial soil (pH 8.7). The cumulative N2O emissions during the whole incubation period (15 days) ranged from 7.1 mg N kg-1 for pH 8.7-18.9 mg N kg-1 for pH 6.2. With the addition of glucose, relative to treatments without glucose, this emission also increased with the decrement of pH values, and were significantly stimulated. Similarly, the highest N2O emissions and N2O/(N2O + N2) ratios (rN2O) were observed in the pH 6.2 treatment. But the difference was the highest cumulative N2O + N2 emissions, which were recorded in the pH 7.1 treatment based on SP/δ18O MAP. Based on both approaches, ffD values slightly increased with the acidification of soil, and bacterial denitrification was the dominant pathway in all treatments. The SP/δ18O MAP data indicated that both the rN2O and ffD were lower compared to AIT-IEM. It has been known for long that low pH may lead to high rN2O of denitrification and ffD, but our documentation of a pervasive pH-control of rN2O and ffD by utilizing combined SP/δ18O MAP and AIT-IEM is new. The results of the evaluated N2O emissions by acidified soils are finely explained by high rN2O and enhanced ffD. We argue that soil pH management should be high on the agenda for mitigating N2O emissions in the future, particularly for regions where long-term excessive nitrogen fertilizer is likely to acidify the soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Environmental Stable Isotope Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, China
| | - Zhipeng Yao
- Management Service Center of Shandong Binzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Qiaozhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinyue Kou
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Environmental Stable Isotope Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Fang W, Wang Q, Li Y, Hua J, Jin X, Yan D, Cao A. Microbial regulation of nitrous oxide emissions from chloropicrin-fumigated soil amended with biochar. J Hazard Mater 2022; 429:128060. [PMID: 35236032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The microbial mechanism underpinning biochar's ability to reduce emissions of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is little understood. We combined high-throughput gene sequencing with a dual-label 15N-18O isotope to examine microbial mechanisms operative in biochar made from Crofton Weed (BC1) or pine wood pellets (BC2) and the N2O emissions from those biochar materials when present in chloropicrin (CP)-fumigated soil. Both BC1 and BC2 reduced N2O total emissions by 62.9-71.9% and 48.8-52.0% in CP-fumigated soil, respectively. During the 7-day fumigation phase, however, both BC1 and BC2 increased N2O production by significantly promoting nirKS and norBC gene abundance, which indicated that the N2O emission pathway had switched from heterotrophic denitrification to nitrifier denitrification. During the post-fumigation phase, BC1 and BC2 significantly decreased N2O production as insufficient nitrogen was available to support rapid population increases of nitrifying or denitrifying bacteria. BC1 and BC2 significantly reduced CP's inhibition of nitrifying archaeal bacteria (AOA, AOB) and the denitrifying bacterial genes (nirS, nirK, nosZ), which promoted those bacterial populations in fumigated soil to similar levels observed in unfumigated soil. Our study provided insight on the impact of biochar and microbes on N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juling Hua
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Green Management of Soil-borne Diseases, Baoding University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Aocheng Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Abdalla M, Espenberg M, Zavattaro L, Lellei-Kovacs E, Mander U, Smith K, Thorman R, Damatirca C, Schils R, Ten-Berge H, Newell-Price P, Smith P. Does liming grasslands increase biomass productivity without causing detrimental impacts on net greenhouse gas emissions? Environ Pollut 2022; 300:118999. [PMID: 35176412 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil acidification has negative impacts on grass biomass production and the potential of grasslands to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Through a global review of research on liming of grasslands, the objective of this paper was to assess the impacts of liming on soil pH, grass biomass production and total net GHG exchange (nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and net carbon dioxide (CO2)). We collected 57 studies carried out at 88 sites and covering different countries and climatic zones. All of the studies examined showed that liming either reduced or had no effects on the emissions of two potent greenhouse gases (N2O and CH4). Though liming of grasslands can increase net CO2 emissions, the impact on total net GHG emission is minimal due to the higher global warming potential, over a 100-year period, of N2O and CH4 compared to that of CO2. Liming grassland delivers many potential advantages, which justify its wider adoption. It significantly ameliorates soil acidity, increases grass productivity, reduces fertiliser requirement and increases species richness. To realise the maximum benefit of liming grassland, we suggest that acidic soils should be moderately limed within the context of specific climates, soils and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdalla
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
| | - Mikk Espenberg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Zavattaro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Ulo Mander
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Claudia Damatirca
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Rene Schils
- Agrosystems Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Ten-Berge
- Agrosystems Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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30
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Meng T, Wei Q, Yang Y, Cai Z. The influences of soil sulfate content on the transformations of nitrate and sulfate during the reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) process. Sci Total Environ 2022; 818:151766. [PMID: 34801506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transformations and products of sulfate (SO42-) and nitrate (NO3-), especially the influences of SO42- content on the transformations during RSD process, are unclear. In this study, a series of soil SO42- contents (from 333 to 3000 mg S kg-1) were prepared before RSD treatment. The results indicated that nearly all the cumulative NO3- (>98.6%) was removed and not affected by the soil SO42- content. The 15N recovery results showed that 0.57-1.24% and 2.94-4.59% of NO3- translated into ammonium (NH4+) and organic N, respectively, and high SO42- contents stimulated the processes of NO3- dissimilatory reduction and NO3- immobilization. The soluble SO42- contents decreased by 397-922 mg S kg-1, but the contents of total sulfur, sulfide, and sulfate precipitation varied slightly after RSD, indicating that the decreased SO42- was mainly immobilized into organic sulfur in all soils. In addition, a fraction of decreased SO42- was adsorbed to the soil with a relatively high SO42- content. The leaching of SO42- was high (42.9-602 mg S kg-1) during the RSD process, and the leaching amounts increased with increasing soil SO42- content. In terms of the gases emitted from the transformations of NO3- and SO42-, the cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and six sulfurous gases (hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide) were in the ranges of 17.1-21.2 mg N kg-1 and 7.78-23.5 μg S kg-1, respectively, during the whole RSD process. The emissions of sulfurous gases were inhibited by high soil SO42- content, but the N2O emissions were unaffected. In conclusion, the soil SO42- content influenced the transformations of NO3- and SO42- during RSD process, and the SO42- leaching and N2O emissions might threaten the environment which should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Meng
- College of Agriculture Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211106, China.
| | - Qi Wei
- College of Agriculture Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Yanju Yang
- School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Zhongke Clean Soil (Guangzhou) Technology Service Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China.
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31
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Wu L, Wang LK, Wei W, Ni BJ. Autotrophic denitrification of NO for effectively recovering N 2O through using thiosulfate as sole electron donor. Bioresour Technol 2022; 347:126681. [PMID: 34999195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To reclaim nitrous oxide (N2O) as an energy resource economically, this study developed an autotrophic denitrification-based system with thiosulfate (S2O32-) and nitric oxide (NO) as electron donor and acceptor, respectively. NO from flue gases is absorbed on Fe(II)EDTA to overcome its low solubility in liquid phase by forming Fe(II)EDTA-NO. Short-term batch tests and long-term continuous experiments were conducted to investigate the N2O production profile and NO conversion efficiency from thiosulfate-based denitrification under varied Fe (II)EDTA-NO conditions (5-20 mM). Up to 39% of NO was converted to gaseous N2O at 20 mM Fe(II)EDTA-NO amid batch test due to the inhibition of key enzymatic activities by NO and the acidic conditions following thiosulfate oxidation. Higher Fe(II)EDTA-NO levels induced lower enzymatic activities with N2OR being suppressed harder than NOR. Microbial diversity was reduced in the continuous thiosulfate-driven Fe(II)EDTA-NO-based denitrification system. NO-resistant bacteria and sulfide-tolerant denitrifiers were enriched, facilitating NO conversion to N2O thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Li-Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Yang P, Luo L, Tang KW, Lai DYF, Tong C, Hong Y, Zhang L. Environmental drivers of nitrous oxide emission factor for a coastal reservoir and its catchment areas in southeastern China. Environ Pollut 2022; 294:118568. [PMID: 34838712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While Asia is projected to be one of the major nitrous oxide (N2O) sources in the coming decades, a more accurate assessment of N2O budget has been hampered by low data resolution and poorly constrained emission factor (EF). Since urbanized coastal reservoirs receive high nitrogen loads from diverse sources across a heterogeneous landscape, the use of a single fixed EF may lead to large errors in N2O assessment. In this study, we conducted high spatial resolution sampling of dissolved N2O, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) and other physico-chemical properties of surface water in Wenwusha Reservoir and other types of water bodies (river, drainage channels, and aquaculture ponds) in its catchment areas in southeastern China between November 2018 and June 2019. The empirically derived EF (calculated as N2O-N:NO3--N) for the reservoir showed considerable spatial variations, with a 10-fold difference ranging from 0.8 × 10-3 to 8.8 × 10-3. The average EF varied significantly among the four types of water bodies in the following descending order: aquaculture ponds > river > drainage channels > reservoir. Across all the water bodies, the mean EF in summer was 1.8-3.5 and 1.7-2.8 fold higher than that in autumn and spring, respectively, owing to the elevated water temperature. Overall, our derived EF deviated considerably from the IPCC default value, which implied that the use of default EF could result in over- or under-estimation of N2O emissions by up to 42%. We developed a multiple regression model that could explain 82% of the variance in EF based on water temperature and the ratio between dissolved organic carbon and nitrate-nitrogen (p < 0.001), which could be used to improve the estimate of EF for assessing N2O emission from coastal reservoirs and other similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, PR China; Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, PR China.
| | - Liangjuan Luo
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, PR China; Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, PR China
| | - Kam W Tang
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Derrick Y F Lai
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, PR China; Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, PR China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, PR China
| | - Linhai Zhang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, PR China; Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, PR China
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Timilsina A, Oenema O, Luo J, Wang Y, Dong W, Pandey B, Bizimana F, Zhang Q, Zhang C, Yadav RKP, Li X, Liu X, Liu B, Hu C. Plants are a natural source of nitrous oxide even in field conditions as explained by 15N site preference. Sci Total Environ 2022; 805:150262. [PMID: 34536861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are either recognized to produce nitrous oxide (N2O) or considered as a medium to transport soil-produced N2O. To date, it is not clear whether in their habitat plants conduit N2O produced in soil or are a natural source. We aimed to understand role of plants in N2O emissions in field conditions. Therefore, rubber plants (Ficus elastica) were planted in the field; then plant and soil chambers were deployed simultaneously to collect gas samples, and 15N site preference (SP) of N2O was evaluated. The mean SP values of plant and soil emitted N2O were -20.85 ± 2.8‰ and -8.85 ± 1.08‰, respectively, and were significantly different (p < 0.0001); while bulk 15N of plant and soil emitted N2O were -10.83 ± 3.33‰ and -22.56 ± 3.37‰, respectively and were similar (p = 0.06). In the current study, soil always acted as a source of N2O, while plants were both source and sink. Plant and soil N2O fluxes had significant positive exponential relationship with both soil and air temperature. Soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) had significant negative linear relationship with only soil N2O fluxes. Plant N2O fluxes had significant positive linear relationship with plant respiration rates and negative linear relationship with plant surface areas. Based on the relationship between plant respiration rates and N2O fluxes, we suggest that mitochondria are the possible sites of N2O formation in plant cells while the relationship between plant surface areas and N2O fluxes suggests that roots are the parts of its formation in natural and field conditions. Our results suggest that plants are a natural source of N2O even at field conditions and challenge a view that plants are a medium to transport soil-produced N2O into the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbindra Timilsina
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China.
| | - Oene Oenema
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiafa Luo
- Land and Environment, AgResearch, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Wenxu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Bikram Pandey
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-Resource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fiston Bizimana
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Xiaoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Chunsheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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34
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Caré W, Dufayet L, Piot MA, Crassard I, Manceau P, Niclot P, Batisse A, Vodovar D. [Acute and chronic toxicities associated with the use and misuse of nitrous oxide: An update]. Rev Med Interne 2021:S0248-8663(21)00714-1. [PMID: 34903366 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is used since the eighteenth century as an anesthetic and analgesic but also for recreational use. If the labelled uses of N2O and their modalities are nowadays perfectly framed, the misuse of N2O takes very alarming proportions among teenagers and young adults. This misuse is the cause of acute (hypoxia, barotrauma, burns, neuropsychiatric disorders) and chronic complications if repeated (myeloneuropathy, anemia, thrombosis, inhalant use disorder). The main mechanism of the latter is mainly related to a functional deficit in vitamin B12 induced by N2O. The management of acute complications is symptomatic. The management of chronic complications is based on vitamin B12 supplementation. The best biomarker of chronic N2O exposure is the elevation of the plasmatic level of methylmalonic acid. In all cases of recreational misuses, addiction treatment is necessary to prevent complications or their worsening by providing information in order to stop consumption.
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35
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Wan X, Laureni M, Jia M, Volcke EIP. Impact of organics, aeration and flocs on N 2O emissions during granular-based partial nitritation-anammox. Sci Total Environ 2021; 797:149092. [PMID: 34303231 PMCID: PMC7612980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Partial nitration-anammox is a resource-efficient technology for nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, the advantages of this nitrogen removal technology are challenged by the emission of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas. In this study, a granular sludge one-stage partial nitritation-anammox reactor comprising granules and flocs was run for 337 days in the presence of influent organics to investigate its effect on N removal and N2O emissions. Besides, the effect of aeration control strategies and flocs removal was investigated as well. The interpretation of the experimental results was complemented with modelling and simulation. The presence of influent organics (1 g COD g-1 N) helped to suppress NOB and significantly reduced the overall N2O emissions while having no significant effect on anammox activity. Besides, long-term monitoring of the reactor indicated that constant airflow rate control resulted in more stable effluent quality and less N2O emissions than DO control. Still, floc removal reduced N2O emissions at DO control but increased N2O emissions at constant airflow rate. Furthermore, anammox bacteria could significantly reduce N2O production during heterotrophic denitrification, likely via competition for NO with heterotrophs. Overall, this study demonstrated that the presence of influent organics together with proper aeration control strategies and floc management could significantly reduce the N2O emissions without compromising nitrogen removal efficiency during one-stage partial nitritation-anammox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wan
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michele Laureni
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Mingsheng Jia
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eveline I P Volcke
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wang J, Chen Z, Xu C, Elrys AS, Shen F, Cheng Y, Chang SX. Organic amendment enhanced microbial nitrate immobilization with negligible denitrification nitrogen loss in an upland soil. Environ Pollut 2021; 288:117721. [PMID: 34247001 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Both soil microbial nitrate (NO3--N) immobilization and denitrification are carbon (C)-limited; however, to what extent organic C addition may increase NO3--N immobilization while stimulate denitrification nitrogen (N) loss remains unclear. Here, 15N tracing coupled with acetylene inhibition methods were used to assess the effect of adding glucose, wheat straw and peanut straw on NO3--N immobilization and denitrification under aerobic conditions in an upland soil, in which NO3--N immobilization has been previously demonstrated to be negligible. The organic C sources (5 g C kg-1 soil) were added in a factorial experiment with 100, 500, and 1000 mg N kg-1 soil (as K15NO3) in a 12-d laboratory incubation. Microbial NO3--N immobilization in the 12-d incubation in the three N treatments was 5.5, 7.7, and 8.2 mg N kg-1 d-1, respectively, in the glucose-amended soil, 5.9, 4.2, and 2.4 mg N kg-1 d-1, respectively, in the wheat straw-amended soil, and 4.9, 5.1 and 4.4 mg N kg-1 d-1, respectively, in the peanut straw-amended soil. Therefore, under sufficient NO3--N substrate, the higher microbial NO3--N immobilization in the glucose than in the crop residue treatments was likely due to the slow decomposition of the latter that provided low available C. The 15N recovery in the N2O + N2 pool over the12-day incubation was <2% for all treatments, indicating negligible denitrification N loss due to low denitrification rates in the aerobic incubation in spite of increasing C availability. We conclude that external C addition can enhance microbial NO3--N immobilization without causing large N losses through denitrification. This has significant implications for reducing soil NO3--N accumulation by enhancing microbial NO3--N immobilization through increasing C inputs using organic materials and subsequently mitigating nitrate pollution of water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Zhaoxiong Chen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ahmed S Elrys
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fei Shen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Dockx L, Caluwé M, De Vleeschauwer F, Dobbeleers T, Dries J. Impact of the substrate composition on enhanced biological phosphorus removal during formation of aerobic granular sludge. Bioresour Technol 2021; 337:125482. [PMID: 34320762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Performance of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is often investigated with simple synthetic wastewater containing volatile fatty acids (VFAs). In this study, various (fermentable) substrates, individually and in mixtures, were examined during the application of a granulation strategy. In addition, the microbial community and N2O formation were monitored. Sludge densification was observed in all systems. Stable EBPR, associated with the presence of Accumulibacter and an anaerobic P-release up to 21.9 mgPO43--P.gVSS-1, was only obtained when VFAs were present as sole substrate or in mixture. Systems fed with VFAs were strongly related to the formation of N2O (maximum of 6.25% relative to the total available nitrogen). A moderate anaerobic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake was observed when amino acids (64.27 ± 3.08%) and glucose (75.39 ± 5.79%) as sole carbon source were applied. The substrate/species-specific enrichment of Burkholderiaceae and Saccharimonadaceae respectively, resulted in unstable EBPR in those systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Dockx
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michel Caluwé
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Flinn De Vleeschauwer
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Thomas Dobbeleers
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jan Dries
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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Li Z, Li L, Xia S, Zhang R, Zhang R, Chen P, Pan J, Liu Y. K fertilizer alleviates N 2O emissions by regulating the abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying microbial communities in the soil-plant system. J Environ Manage 2021; 291:112579. [PMID: 33957419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) fertilizer additions can result in high crop yields of good quality and low nitrogen (N) loss; however, the interaction between K and N fertilizer and its effect on N2O emissions and associated microbes remain unclear. We investigated this in a pot experiment with six fertilizer treatments involving K and two sources of N, using agricultural soil from the suburbs of Wuhan, central China. The aim was to determine the effects of the interaction between K and different forms of N on the N2O flux and the abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying microbial communities, using static chamber-gas chromatography and high-throughput sequencing methods. Compared with no fertilizer control (CK), the addition of nitrate fertilizer (NN) or ammonia fertilizer (AN) or K fertilizer significantly increased N2O emissions. However, the combined application (NNK) of K and NN significantly reduced the average N2O emissions by 28.3%, while the combined application (ANK) of K and AN increased N2O emissions by 22.7%. The abundance of nitrifying genes amoA in ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) changed in response to N and/or K fertilization, but the denitrifying genes narG, nirK and norl were strongly correlated with N2O emissions. This suggests that N or K fertilizer and their interaction affect N2O emissions mainly by altering the abundance of functional genes of denitrifying microbes in the soil-plant system. The genera Paracoccus, Rubrivivax and Geobacter as well as Streptomyces and Hyphomicrobium play an important role in N2O emissions during denitrification with the combined application of N and K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Linyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Runhua Zhang
- Wuhan Academy of Agriculture Science and Technology, Vegetable Research Institute, Wuhan, 430345, China
| | - Runqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Junfeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Ganasamurthy S, Rex D, Samad MS, Richards KG, Lanigan GJ, Grelet GA, Clough TJ, Morales SE. Competition and community succession link N transformation and greenhouse gas emissions in urine patches. Sci Total Environ 2021; 779:146318. [PMID: 34030223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a strong greenhouse gas produced by biotic/abiotic processes directly linked to both fungal and prokaryotic communities that produce, consume or create conditions leading to its emission. In soils exposed to nitrogen (N) in the form of urea, an ecological succession is triggered resulting in a dynamic turnover of microbial populations. However, knowledge of the mechanisms controlling this succession and the repercussions for N2O emissions remain incomplete. Here, we monitored N2O production and fungal/prokaryotic community changes (via 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing) in soil microcosms exposed to urea. Contributions of microbes to emissions were determined using biological inhibitors. Results confirmed that urea leads to shifts in microbial community assemblages by selecting for certain microbial groups (fast growers) as dictated through life history strategies. Urea reduced overall community diversity by conferring dominance to specific groups at different stages in the succession. The diversity lost under urea was recovered with inhibitor addition through the removal of groups that were actively growing under urea indicating that species replacement is mediated in part by competition. Results also identified fungi as significant contributors to N2O emissions, and demonstrate that dominant fungal populations are consistently replaced at different stages of the succession. These successions were affected by addition of inhibitors which resulted in strong decreases in N2O emissions, suggesting that fungal contributions to N2O emissions are larger than that of prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syaliny Ganasamurthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Rex
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Md Sainur Samad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Institute for Biodiversity, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karl G Richards
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Gary J Lanigan
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Gwen-Aëlle Grelet
- Manaaki Whenua- Landcare Research, Land Use & Ecosystems Team, Gerald Street, PO, Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J Clough
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Sergio E Morales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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40
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Machado PVF, Farrell RE, Deen W, Voroney RP, Congreves KA, Wagner-Riddle C. Contribution of crop residue, soil, and fertilizer nitrogen to nitrous oxide emissions varies with long-term crop rotation and tillage. Sci Total Environ 2021; 767:145107. [PMID: 33550054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is an important contributor to N2O emissions - a potent greenhouse gas - with high peaks occurring when soil mineral nitrogen (N) is high (e.g., after mineralization of organic N and N fertilizer application). Nitrogen dynamics in soil and consequently N2O emissions are affected by crop and soil management practices (e.g., crop rotation and tillage), an effect mostly assessed in the literature through comparisons of total N2O emission. Hence, information is scarce on the effect of these management practices on specific N sources affecting N2O emissions (i.e., N fertilizer, soil, above and belowground crop residues) - a knowledge gap explored in this study with the use of 15N tracers. The isotope approach enabled refinement on global N2O budget by directly determining the emission factors (EF) of above and belowground crop residues that vary in chemical composition and comparison with default EF values (e.g., IPCC EFs). Our experiment was conducted over the full-cycle of long-term crop rotations to (i) compare N2O totals and intensity, under no-tillage and conventional tillage, simple and diverse rotation; (ii) partition total N2O emissions into soil, N fertilizer, above and belowground crop residue N sources; (iii) compare the 12-month EF of crop residue against the default values proposed by IPCC (2019). For the tillage effect, annual N2O emissions were from 1.2- to 2.0-times higher on CT than NT soil due to 40% increased soil N derived N2O emission in CT. The diversified crop rotation emitted 1.3-times higher N2O than the simple rotation over the full-cycle of the rotations, but the effect was due to differences in N fertilizer rate between the rotations since emissions were equivalent when scaled by N rate. Finally, our results suggested that default IPCC EF are overestimated for crop residues under CT and NT, simple and diverse rotations as measured EFs never surpassed 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard E Farrell
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - William Deen
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - R Paul Voroney
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Katelyn A Congreves
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Claudia Wagner-Riddle
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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Han P, Wu D, Sun D, Zhao M, Wang M, Wen T, Zhang J, Hou L, Liu M, Klümper U, Zheng Y, Dong HP, Liang X, Yin G. N 2O and NO y production by the comammox bacterium Nitrospira inopinata in comparison with canonical ammonia oxidizers. Water Res 2021; 190:116728. [PMID: 33326897 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and NOy (nitrous acid (HONO) + nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) are released as byproducts or obligate intermediates during aerobic ammonia oxidation, and further influence global warming and atmospheric chemistry. The ammonia oxidation process is catalyzed by groups of globally distributed ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, which are playing a major role in atmospheric N2O and NOy emissions. Yet, little is known about HONO and NO2 production by the recently discovered, widely distributed complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox), able to individually perform the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via nitrite. Here, we examined the N2O and NOy production patterns by comammox bacterium Nitrospira inopinata during aerobic ammonia oxidation, in comparison to its canonical ammonia-converting counterparts, representatives of the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Our findings, i) show low yield NOy production by the comammox bacterium compared to AOB; ii) highlight the role of the NO reductase in the biological formation of N2O based on results from NH2OH inhibition assays and its stimulation during archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidations; iii) postulate that the lack of hydroxylamine (NH2OH) and NO transformation enzymatic activities may lead to a buildup of NH2OH/NO which can abiotically react to N2O ; iv) collectively confirm restrained N2O and NOy emission by comammox bacteria, an unneglectable consortium of microbes in global atmospheric emission of reactive nitrogen gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Dianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Dongyao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mengyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Teng Wen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Uli Klümper
- Institute for Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hong-Po Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Chen C, Yin G, Hou L, Liu M, Jiang Y, Zheng D, Gao D, Liu C, Zheng Y, Han P. Effects of sulfamethoxazole on coupling of nitrogen removal with nitrification in Yangtze Estuary sediments. Environ Pollut 2021; 271:116382. [PMID: 33387786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of nitrogen removal processes with nitrification (NRn) are vital synergistic nitrogen elimination mechanisms in aquatic environments. However, the effects of antibiotics on NRn are not well known. In the present work, 20-day continuous-flow experiments combined with 15N tracing techniques and quantitative PCR were performed to simulate the impact of sulfamethoxazole (SMX, a sulfonamide antibiotic) with near in situ concentration on NRn processes in sediments of Yangtze Estuary. Results showed that SMX with near in situ concentration significantly decreased NRn, NRw (uncoupling of nitrogen removal processes with nitrification) and actual nitrogen removal rates via inhibiting nitrogen transformation functional genes (AOB, narG, nirS, nosZ) and anammox 16S rRNA gene, while the coupling links between nitrification and nitrogen removal processes were not broken by the exposure. The proportion of NRn in total nitrogen removal processes decreased by approximately 10% with SMX addition, due to the different inhibition on AOB, denitrifying genes and anammox 16S rRNA gene. N2O production and nitrite accumulation remarkably increased with SMX addition under simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, and they strongly correlated with each other. The more severely inhibition on nirS gene (13.6-19.8%) than Nitrospira nxrB gene (0.3-8.2%) revealed that the increased nitrite accumulation with SMX addition mainly occurred in heterotrophic denitrification, suggesting that the increased N2O production was dominated by the heterotrophic nitrite reduction. Moreover, we estimated that the ratio of external inorganic N eliminated by actual nitrogen removal can upgrade to 6.4-7.4% under circumstances of no inhibition by SMX. This study revealed the effects of SMX with near in situ concentration on NRn processes and illustrated the microbial mechanism on functional genes level. Our results highlighted the inhibitory effects of SMX on NRn may contribute to reactive N retention and N2O production in estuarine and coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yinghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dongsheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dengzhou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Kollah B, Parmar R, Vishwakarma A, Dubey G, Patra A, Chaudhari SK, Mohanty SR. Nitrous oxide production from soybean and maize under the influence of weedicides and zero tillage conservation agriculture. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123572. [PMID: 32745878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Current experiment envisages evaluating N2O production from nitrification and denitrification under the influence of weedicides, cropping systems and conservation agriculture (CA). The weed control treatments were conventional hand weeding (no weedicide), pre emergence weedicide pendimethalin and post emergence weedicide imazethapyr for soybean, atrazine for maize. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replicates. Soils were collected from different depths and incubated at different moisture holding capacity (MHC). N2O production from nitrification varied from 2.77 to 6.04 ng N2O g-1 soil d-1 and from denitrification varied from 0.05 to 1.34 ng N2O g-1 soil d-1. Potential nitrification rate (0.16-0.39 mM NO3 produced g-1 soil d-1) was higher than potential denitrification rate (0.45-0.93 mM NO3 reduced g-1 soil d-1). N2O production, nitrification, denitrification, and microbial gene abundance were higher in maize than soybean. Both N2O production and nitrification decreased (p < 0.05) with soil depth, while denitrification increased (p < 0.05) with soil depth. Abundance of eubacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were high (p < 0.01) at upper soil layer and declined with depth. Abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) increased (p < 0.05) with soil depth. Study concludes that intensive use of weedicides in CA may stimulate N2O production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Kollah
- ICAR Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - Rakesh Parmar
- ICAR Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - Anand Vishwakarma
- ICAR Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - Garima Dubey
- ICAR Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - Ashok Patra
- ICAR Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Chaudhari
- NRM Division, KAB-II, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, 110012, India
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Wu Y, Liu J, Shaaban M, Hu R. Dynamics of soil N 2O emissions and functional gene abundance in response to biochar application in the presence of earthworms. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115670. [PMID: 33022546 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a devastating greenhouse gas and acts as an ozone-depleting agent. Earthworms are a potential source of soil N2O emissions. Application of biochar can mitigate earthworm-induced N2O emissions. However, the underlying interactive mechanism between earthworms and biochar in soil N2O emissions is still unclear. A 35-day laboratory experiment was conducted to examine the soil N2O emission dynamics for four different treatments, earthworm presence with biochar application (EC), earthworm presence without biochar application (E), earthworm absence with biochar application (C) and earthworm absence without biochar application, and the control. Results indicated a negative impact of biochar on earthworm activity, displaying a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower survival rate and biomass of earthworms in treatment EC than E. Compared with the control, earthworm presence significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased cumulative N2O emissions, while application of biochar in the presence of earthworms significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased cumulative N2O emissions (485 and 690 μg kg-1 for treatments EC and E, respectively). Treatments E and EC significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and soil pH as compared with the control. The gene copy number of 16 S rRNA, AOA, AOB, nirS, and nosZ increased for all treatments when compared with the control; however, a significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference among the studied genes was only observed for the nosZ gene (2.05 and 2.56 × 106 gene copies g-1 soil for treatments E and EC, respectively). Earthworm-induced soil N2O emissions were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced by biochar addition. The possible underlying mechanisms may include: (1) short-term negative impacts on earthworm activity; (2) a change of functional gene abundance in earthworm casts; and (3) an increase in soil pH due to addition of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Muhammad Shaaban
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Ronggui Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Zhao J, Zhao J, Xie S, Lei S. The role of hydroxylamine in promoting conversion from complete nitrification to partial nitrification: NO toxicity inhibition and its characteristics. Bioresour Technol 2021; 319:124230. [PMID: 33049441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a strategy for hydroxylamine (NH2OH) addition for promoting the conversion of complete nitrification to partial nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results showed that continuous dosing of 5 mg-N/L NH2OH into a complete nitrification reactor for 16 days led to an increase in the nitrite accumulation ratio (NAR) from 0.22% to 95.08% and a significant enhancement in the accumulation of NO and N2O in the liquid. The maximum concentration of NO in each cycle rose with the increase of NAR during NH2OH addition. With the stopping of NH2OH addition, the partial nitrification disappeared progressively in 21 days. The analysis for microbial community showed that Nitrospira was the main NOB and its relative abundance decreased with NH2OH addition and recovered after the cessation of NH2OH addition. Accordingly, NH2OH has a significant and reversible inhibition on Nitrospira and its essence might be related to NO toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Zhao
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhao
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuting Xie
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuhan Lei
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China
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Törmänen T, Lindroos AJ, Kitunen V, Smolander A. Logging residue piles of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in a clear-cut: Effects on nitrous oxide emissions and soil percolate water nitrogen. Sci Total Environ 2020; 738:139743. [PMID: 32540601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We analysed how logging residue (LR) piles of common tree species in Finland, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), affect nitrogen (N) losses in forest soil after final felling. A Norway spruce dominated stand was clear-cut and followed by two experimental setups to study the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and leaching of carbon (C) and N. Experiments consisted of four treatments: tree species treatments consisting of 40 kg m-2 of LR and a control treatment without residues. The C losses were monitored as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the N losses as ammonium (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3-N) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) fluxes and concentrations in soil percolation waters and the N2O emissions as fluxes from the forest soil to the atmosphere. In addition the soil temperatures, the molecular size distribution of the DOC from the soil percolation waters and the origin of the N2O production were determined. The LR piles lowered the soil temperatures and, especially those of birch, increased the concentrations of NO3-N in the soil percolation waters already 1 year after the establishment of the piles. The LR piles increased the NH4-N concentrations. The smallest molecular size fraction (<1 kD) of DOC predominated in all treatments. The N2O fluxes peaked under the piles during the second and third growing seasons; however, the inconsistent fluxes tended to be low. The production of N2O was driven by both nitrification and denitrification processes, the proportion depending on the tree species. Our results indicate that LR piles accelerate N losses 1 year after the clear-cutting, especially NO3-N, which predominates in the soil percolation waters under the birch residues, whereas spruce residues tend to stimulate N2O emissions longer. These results have implications for sustainable forest management practices and nutrition of regrowing vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Törmänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Kitunen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Aino Smolander
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Yu J, Gu J, Wang X, Guo H, Wang J, Lei L, Dai X, Zhao W. Effects of inoculation with lignocellulose-degrading microorganisms on nitrogen conversion and denitrifying bacterial community during aerobic composting. Bioresour Technol 2020; 313:123664. [PMID: 32590303 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared the effects of inoculation (WSD treatment) and non-inoculation (CK treatment) with lignocellulose-degrading microorganisms on nitrogen conversion, nitrogen functional genes, and the denitrifying bacterial community during aerobic composting, and their potential relations to NH3 and N2O emissions were also explored. Results showed that, WSD reduced the NH3 and N2O emissions by 25.9% and 34.98%, respectively, compared with CK. WSD also reduced the abundances of nitrifying (bacteria amoA) and denitrifying (nirS, nirK, and nosZ) genes during composting, which were significantly positively correlated with N2O emissions (P < 0.01). The most important nosZ denitrifying microorganisms belonged to Proteobacteria. Redundancy analysis showed that environmental factors could affect the succession of the denitrifying bacterial community during composting. Based on these results, structural equation modeling demonstrated that the reduction in N2O emissions under WSD was related to the lower accumulation of NO3--N utilized by denitrifying microorganisms during the compost maturation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Gu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Honghong Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liusheng Lei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxia Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenya Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Omirou M, Anastopoulos I, Fasoula DA, Ioannides IM. The effect of chemical and organic N inputs on N 2O emission from rain-fed crops in Eastern Mediterranean. J Environ Manage 2020; 270:110755. [PMID: 32721287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen has a significant contribution to global warming and its reduction in agriculture is expected to reduce N2O emissions having however adverse effects on the productivity of agricultural ecosystems. Maintaining systems productivity with alternative N sources i.e manure and composts could be a strategy also to mitigate N2O emissions. In this paper, we present the effect of different N sources (organic and chemical) on field N2O emissions and how these emissions are associated with soil available N forms (NH4+ and NO3-) in three different rain-fed crops namely barley, pea and vetch grown in Cyprus for two growing seasons. The daily emissions ranged from -3.11 to 12.3 g N-N2O/ha/day, while cumulative emissions ranged from 119 g N-N2O/ha to 660 g N-N2O/ha depending on crop and nitrogen source type. The emissions showed a seasonal pattern and WFPS has been identified as a critical soil parameter controlling daily N2O emissions. The daily N2O fluxes in the current study derives mainly from nitrification irrespectively crop type or nitrogen source type. Specific emission factors for each crop cultivated under different N source type were calculated and ranged from 0.03% ± 0.02-0.34% ± 0.09. The application of manure and chemical fertilizers cause similar intensity of N2O emissions while compost exhibited the lower emission factors. These findings suggest that composts could be integrated in a nutrient management strategy of rain-fed crops with less N2O emissions. The high background emissions found suggest also that other factors than external inputs are associated with N2O emissions and further studies including the response of microbial community structure and their contribution and association with N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Omirou
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 22016, Nicosia, 1516, Cyprus.
| | - Ioannis Anastopoulos
- University of Cyprus, Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus
| | - Dionysia A Fasoula
- Department of Plant Breeding, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 22016, Nicosia, 1516, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis M Ioannides
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 22016, Nicosia, 1516, Cyprus.
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Zhang W, Li H, Xiao Q, Jiang S, Li X. Surface nitrous oxide (N 2O) concentrations and fluxes from different rivers draining contrasting landscapes: Spatio-temporal variability, controls, and implications based on IPCC emission factor. Environ Pollut 2020; 263:114457. [PMID: 32247923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing indirect nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from river networks as a result of enhanced human activities on landscapes has become a global issue, as N2O has been widely recognized as an important ozone-depleting greenhouse gas. However, indirect N2O emissions from different rivers, particularly for those that drain completely different landscapes, are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the spatial-temporal variability of N2O emissions among the different rivers in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Eastern China. Our results showed that river reaches in urban watersheds are the hotspots of N2O production, with a mean N2O concentration of ∼410 nmol L-1, which is 9-18 times greater than those mainly draining forested (23 nmol L-1), agricultural (42 nmol L-1) and mixed (45 nmol L-1) landscapes. Riverine dissolved N2O was generally supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere. Such N2O saturation can best be explained by nitrogen availability, except for those in the forested watersheds, where dissolved oxygen is thought to be the primary predictor. The estimated N2O fluxes in urban rivers reached ∼471 μmol m-2 d-1, a value of ∼22, 13, and 11 times that in forested, agricultural and mixed watersheds, respectively. Averaged riverine N2O emission factors (EF5r) of the forested, agricultural, urban and mixed watersheds were 0.066%, 0.12%, 0.95% and 0.16%, respectively, showing different deviations from the default EF5r that released by IPCC in 2019. This points to a need for more field measurements with wider spatial coverage and finer frequency to further refine the EF5r and to better reveal the mechanisms behind indirect N2O emissions as influenced by watershed landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Hengpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Qitao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Sanyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Zhang Y, Cai Z, Zhang J, Müller C. C:N ratio is not a reliable predictor of N 2O production in acidic soils after a 30-day artificial manipulation. Sci Total Environ 2020; 725:138427. [PMID: 32464751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To test the effect of C:N ratio on soil N2O production, N2O production rates and pathways associated with nitrification (AOA-amoA, AOB-amoA, fungal ITS rDNA, bacterial 16S rRNA), and denitrification-related (nirK, nirS, nosZ) genes were investigated in subtropical forest (SF) and cropland (SC) soil in China in a 30-day C:N ratio manipulation. In addition, 24-hour C:N ratio manipulation, including the addition of acetic acid, were conducted to verify the results observed in the 30-day experiment. After 30 days of manipulation, the N2O production rates (N2Ot) increased from 2.46 in CN23 treatment to 4.71 μg N kg-1 day-1 in CN 10 treatment in SF, while it decreased from 4.17 in CN23 treatment to 3.83 μg N kg-1 day-1 in CN10 treatment in SC. The results in 24-hour experiment were consistent with those in 30-day experiment, and the addition of acetic acid increased N2Ot in SC, but not in SF. Soil C:N ratios and inorganic N (NH4+ + NO3-) concentrations influenced the contribution of denitrification to N2O production and the N2O production rate via denitrification. Soil AOA played a dominant role in autotrophic nitrification-derived N2O production, resulting in a high contribution of autotrophic nitrification under low pH. Therefore, pH instead of C:N ratio, is a key parameter for evaluating autotrophic nitrification-derived N2O via AOA and AOB. Soil C:N ratio was significantly and positively correlated with the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to N2O production, while there was no significant correlation with the N2O production rate via heterotrophic nitrification. This is mainly because the responsible heterotrophs (i.e., fungi and bacteria) were negatively and positively correlated with C:N ratio in SF and SC, respectively. Therefore, C:N ratio is not a strong predictor of soil N2O production, the initial C or N content and composition of functional genes could provide key information in acidic soils after a 30-day artificial C:N ratio manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany; School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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