1
|
Krenchinski FH, Costa RN, Pereira VGC, Bevilaqua NC, Alcántara-de la Cruz R, Velini ED, Carbonari CA. Glyphosate hormesis induced by treatment via seed stimulates the growth and biomass accumulation in soybean seedlings. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170387. [PMID: 38280604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate hormesis, identified as a potential means to enhance crop yields, encounters practical constraints because it is typically assessed through foliar applications. The expression and extend of hormesis in this approach are influenced by unpredictable environmental conditions, highlighting the need to explore alternative glyphosate application methods, such as seed treatment. This study aimed to assess glyphosate hormesis on growth rates and biomass accumulation in seedlings soybean cultivars. Two dose-response experiments [doses from 0 to 2880 g acid equivalent (ae) ha-1], one via foliar and one via seed, were conducted on three soybean cultivars [one non-glyphosate-resistant (NGR) and two glyphosate-resistant (GR, one RR and one RR2)]. In a subsequent experiment, three safe glyphosate doses (0, 90 and 180 g ae ha-1) applied via seed were evaluated on four soybean cultivars (two RR and two RR2). For foliar applications, the range of glyphosate doses increasing growth rates and dry biomass by 12-28 % were 5.6-45 g ae ha-1 for the NGR cultivar, of 45-720 g ae ha-1 for RR and of 11.25-180 g ae ha-1 for RR2. In the seed treatment, biomass increases of 16-60 % occurred at 45-180 g ae ha-1 for the NGR and RR cultivars, and 90-360 g ae ha-1 for RR2. Glyphosate doses of 90 and 180 g ae ha-1, applied via seeds, provided greater growth and biomass accumulation for the RR and RR2 soybean cultivars. Both foliar and seed applications of glyphosate increased growth and biomass accumulation in soybean cultivars, with seed treatments showing greater and more consistent enhancements. These findings propose practical and viable alternative for harnessing glyphosate hormesis to facilitate the early development of soybeans and potentially enhance crop yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Henrique Krenchinski
- Center for Advanced Research in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, 18610-034 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Renato Nunes Costa
- Center for Advanced Research in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, 18610-034 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Gabriel Canepelle Pereira
- Center for Advanced Research in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, 18610-034 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Natália Cunha Bevilaqua
- Center for Advanced Research in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, 18610-034 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz
- Center for Advanced Research in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, 18610-034 Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Edivaldo D Velini
- Center for Advanced Research in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, 18610-034 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Caio A Carbonari
- Center for Advanced Research in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, 18610-034 Botucatu, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Babaei M, Nemati H, Arouiee H, Torkamaneh D. Characterization of indigenous populations of cannabis in Iran: a morphological and phenological study. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:151. [PMID: 38418942 PMCID: PMC10902964 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is a historically, culturally, and economically significant crop in human societies, owing to its versatile applications in both industry and medicine. Over many years, native cannabis populations have acclimated to the various environments found throughout Iran, resulting in rich genetic and phenotypic diversity. Examining phenotypic diversity within and between indigenous populations is crucial for effective plant breeding programs. This study aimed to classify indigenous cannabis populations in Iran to meet the needs of breeders and breeding programs in developing new cultivars. RESULTS Here, we assessed phenotypic diversity in 25 indigenous populations based on 12 phenological and 14 morphological traits in male and female plants. The extent of heritability for each parameter was estimated in both genders, and relationships between quantitative and time-based traits were explored. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified traits influencing population distinctions. Overall, populations were broadly classified into early, medium, and late flowering groups. The highest extent of heritability of phenological traits was found in Start Flower Formation Time in Individuals (SFFI) for females (0.91) Flowering Time 50% in Individuals (50% of bracts formed) (FT50I) for males (0.98). Populations IR7385 and IR2845 exhibited the highest commercial index (60%). Among male plants, the highest extent of Relative Growth Rate (RGR) was observed in the IR2845 population (0.122 g.g- 1.day- 1). Finally, populations were clustered into seven groups according to the morphological traits in female and male plants. CONCLUSIONS Overall, significant phenotypic diversity was observed among indigenous populations, emphasizing the potential for various applications. Early-flowering populations, with their high RGR and Harvest Index (HI), were found as promising options for inclusion in breeding programs. The findings provide valuable insights into harnessing the genetic diversity of indigenous cannabis for diverse purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Babaei
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948974, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Rue de l'Université, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Rue de l'Université, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Rue de l'Agriculture , Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute Intelligence and Data (IID), Rue de l'Agriculture Québec City, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Hossein Nemati
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948974, Razavi Khorasan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Arouiee
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948974, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Rue de l'Université, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Rue de l'Université, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Rue de l'Agriculture , Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute Intelligence and Data (IID), Rue de l'Agriculture Québec City, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao C, Lin Q, Tian D, Ji C, Shen H, Fan D, Wang X, Fang J. Nitrogen addition promotes conservative resource-use strategies via aggravating phosphorus limitation of evergreen trees in subtropical forest. Sci Total Environ 2023; 889:164047. [PMID: 37187388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changti Zhao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Quanhong Lin
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Di Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chengjun Ji
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Haihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Dayong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiangping Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lönnqvist J, Farrell C, Schrieke D, Viklander M, Blecken GT. Plant water use related to leaf traits and CSR strategies of 10 common European green roof species. Sci Total Environ 2023; 890:164044. [PMID: 37192701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vegetation layer contributes to multiple functions of green roofs including their hydrological function as plants remove water from substrates between rainfall events through evapotranspiration, restoring the green roofs storage capacity for rainfall retention. While individual traits have been related to water use strategies of green roof plants, these traits are inconsistent, suggesting the importance of trait combinations which may be reflected in CSR (competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal) strategies. Therefore, relating plant water use to leaf traits and CSR strategies could help facilitate green roof plant selection into new geographical regions where green roof technology is developing. For example, in high latitude northern European regions with long daylight during the growing season. Growth (shoot biomass, relative growth rate and leaf area), leaf traits (leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area and succulence) and CSR strategies were determined of 10 common European green roof plants and related to their water use under well-watered (WW) and water-deficit (WD) conditions. All three succulent species included in the experiment showed mostly stress tolerant traits and their water loss was less than the bare unplanted substrate, likely due to mulching of the substrate surface. Plants with greater water use under WW conditions had more ruderal and competitive strategies, and greater leaf area and shoot biomass, than species with lower WW water use. However, the four species with the highest water use under WW conditions were able to downregulate their water use under WD, indicating that they could both retain rainfall and survive periods of water limitations. This study indicates that, for optimal stormwater retention, green roof plant selection in high latitude regions like northern Europe, should focus on selecting non-succulent plants with predominantly competitive or ruderal strategies to make the most of the long daylight during the short growing season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lönnqvist
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Claire Farrell
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500, Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Dean Schrieke
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500, Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Maria Viklander
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Godecke-Tobias Blecken
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paul A, Chatterjee N, Bhattacharya S. Revisiting and redefining return rate for determination of the precise growth status of a species. J Biol Phys 2023; 49:195-234. [PMID: 36947291 PMCID: PMC10160304 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-023-09628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth curve models play an instrumental role in quantifying the growth of biological processes and have immense practical applications across all disciplines. The most popular growth metric to capture the species fitness is the "Relative Growth Rate" in this domain. The different growth laws, such as exponential, logistic, Gompertz, power, and generalized Gompertz or generalized logistic, can be characterized based on the monotonic behavior of the relative growth rate (RGR) to size or time. Thus, in this case, species fitness can be determined truly through RGR. However, in nature, RGR is often non-monotonic and specifically bell-shaped, especially in the situation when a species is adapting to a new environment [1]. In this case, species may experience with the same fitness (RGR) for two different time points. The species precise growth and maturity status cannot be determined from this RGR function. The instantaneous maturity rate (IMR), as proposed by [2], helps to determine the correct maturity status of the species. Nevertheless, the metric IMR suffers from severe drawbacks; (i) IMR is intractable for all non-integer values of a specific parameter. (ii) The measure depends on a model parameter. The mathematical expression of IMR possesses the term "carrying capacity" which is unknown to the experimenter. (iii) Note that for identifying the precise growth status of a species, it is also necessary to understand its response when the populations are deflected from their equilibrium position at carrying capacity. This is an established concept in population biology, popularly known as the return rate. However, IMR does not provide information on the species deflection rate at the steady state. Hence, we propose a new growth measure connected with the species return rate, termed the "reverse of relative of relative growth rate" (henceforth, RRRGR), which is treated as a proxy for the IMR, having similar mathematical properties. Finally, we introduce a stochastic RRRGR model for specifying precise species growth and status of maturity. We illustrate the model through numerical simulations and real fish data. We believe that this study would be helpful for fishery biologists in regulating the favorable conditions of growth so that the species can reach a steady state with optimum effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Paul
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Neelakshi Chatterjee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oguchi R, Hanada K, Shimizu M, Mishio M, Ozaki H, Hikosaka K. Enhanced growth rate under elevated CO 2 conditions was observed for transgenic lines of genes identified by intraspecific variation analyses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 2022; 110:333-345. [PMID: 35397102 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using the whole genome and growth data of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes, we identified two genes associated with enhancement of the growth rate in response to elevated CO2 conditions. Improving plant growth under elevated CO2 conditions may contribute to enhanced agricultural yield under future global climate change. In this study, we examined the genes implicated in the enhancement of growth rates under elevated CO2 conditions by analyzing the growth rates of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from various latitudes and altitudes throughout the world. We also performed a genome-wide association study and a transcriptome study to identify single nucleic polymorphisms that were correlated with the relative growth rate (RGR) under elevated CO2 conditions or with CO2 response of RGR. We then selected 43 candidate genes and generated their overexpression and/or RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic mutants for screening. After screening, we have found that RNAi lines of AT3G4000 and AT5G50900 showed significantly higher growth rates under the elevated CO2 condition. As per our findings, we conclude that natural variation includes genetic variation associated with the enhancement of plant productivity under elevated CO2 conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riichi Oguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minami Shimizu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masako Mishio
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chakraborty B, Bhowmick AR, Chattopadhyay J, Bhattacharya S. Instantaneous maturity rate: a novel and compact characterization of biological growth curve models. J Biol Phys 2022; 48:295-319. [PMID: 35779141 PMCID: PMC9411411 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-022-09609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling and analysis of biological growth curves are an age-old study area in which much effort has been dedicated to developing new growth equations. Recent efforts focus on identifying the correct model from a large number of equations. The relative growth rate (RGR), developed by Fisher (1921), has largely been used in the statistical inference of biological growth curve models. It is convenient to express growth equations using RGR, where RGR can be expressed as functions of size or time. Even though RGR is model invariant, it has limitations when it comes to identifying actual growth patterns. By proposing interval-specific rate parameters (ISRPs), Pal et al. (2018) appeared to solve this problem. The ISRP is based on the mathematical structure of the growth equations. Therefore, it is not model invariant. The current effort is to develop a measure of growth that is model invariant like RGR and shares the advantages of ISRP. We propose a new measure of growth, which we call instantaneous maturity rate (IMR). IMR is model invariant, which allows it to distinguish growth patterns more clearly than RGR. IMR is also scale-invariant and can take several forms including increasing, decreasing, constant, sigmoidal, bell-shaped, and bathtub. A wide range of possible IMR shapes makes it possible to identify different growth curves. The estimation procedure of IMR under a stochastic setup has been developed. Statistical properties of empirical IMR estimators have also been investigated in detail. In addition to extensive simulation studies, real data sets have been analyzed to prove the utility of IMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biman Chakraborty
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Aliah University, IIA/27, New Town, Kolkata, 700160 India
| | | | - Joydev Chattopadhyay
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108 India
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Filipović A, Mrdaković M, Ilijin L, Grčić A, Matić D, Todorović D, Vlahović M, Perić-Mataruga V. Effects of fluoranthene on digestive enzymes activity and relative growth rate of larvae of lepidopteran species, Lymantria dispar L. and Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 249:109123. [PMID: 34237426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluoranthene is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in the environment and it may accumulate in plant leaves which are the main food source for phytophagous insect species. The aim of this study was to establish the effects of dietary fluoranthene on specific activities of digestive enzymes and expression of their isoforms in the midgut, and the relative growth rates of Lymantria dispar and Euproctis chrysorrhoea larvae. Exposure to fluoranthene led to significantly decreased trypsin activity in the midgut of larvae of both species. Leucine aminopeptidase activity decreased significantly in the midgut of L. dispar larvae exposed to the lower concentration of fluoranthene, but that enzyme activity showed the opposite trend in E. chrysorrhoea larvae. There was no pollutant induced changes in lipase activity in L. dispar, while elevated enzyme activity was recorded in the midgut of E. chrysorrhoea larvae exposed to the lower concentration of fluoranthene. Different patterns of expression of enzyme isoforms were noticed. Relative growth rates of both species significantly decreased in fluoranthene treated larvae. These responses indicate to the significance of relationships between physiological changes and fitness-related traits in L. dispar and E. chrysorrhoea larvae affected by pollutant, and contribute to understanding the mechanisms of their adjustment to stressful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Filipović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marija Mrdaković
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Larisa Ilijin
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anja Grčić
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Matić
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dajana Todorović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Vlahović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Perić-Mataruga
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to predict and assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) patterns in highly affected countries such as Pakistan, India, China, Kenya, the USA, and Sweden. The data for CVD deaths was gathered from 2005 to 2019. METHODS We utilized non-homogenous discrete grey model (NDGM) to predict growth of cardiovascular deaths in selected countries. We take this process a step further by utilizing novel Synthetic Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Synthetic Doubling Time (Dt) model to assess how many years it takes to reduce the cardiovascular deaths double in numbers. RESULTS The results reveal that the USA and China may lead in terms of raising its number of deaths caused by CVDs till 2027. However, doubling time model suggests that USA may require 2.3 years in reducing the cardiovascular deaths. CONCLUSIONS This study is significant for the policymakers and health practitioners to ensure the execution of CVD prevention measures to overcome the growing burden of CVD deaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The first Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong China
- Candidate Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Erum Rehman
- Department of Mathematics& Statistics, School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- College of Management, Research Institute of Business Analytics and Supply Chain, Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhang Jianglin
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The first Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong China
- Candidate Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Penner JF, Frank DA. Density-dependent plant growth drives grazer stimulation of aboveground net primary production in Yellowstone grasslands. Oecologia 2021; 196:851-861. [PMID: 34117517 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which grazing animals influence aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in grasslands have long been an area of active research. The prevailing wisdom is that grazing can increase ANPP by increasing the availability of growth-limiting resources such as nitrogen and water, but recent theory suggests that the density-dependent growth of grassland vegetation can lead to grazer-stimulation of ANPP simply by removing shoot biomass and increasing relative growth rate (RGR). We compared the relative roles of resource availability and density-dependent growth in driving positive responses of ANPP to grazing in Yellowstone National Park. We measured the effects of clipping (50% simulated grazing intensity) and natural grazing on soil nitrogen availability, soil moisture, and shoot growth over 2 months in two grassland plant communities (mesic and dry) grazed primarily by bison. Clipping increased RGR by over 100% in both grassland types but had no effect on N availability or soil moisture during the same growth periods. Clipping stimulated ANPP only at mesic grassland, and the magnitude of this effect was strongly related to the initial plant biomass at the time of clipping relative to estimated peak biomass, supporting the density-dependent framework. Bison grazing had qualitatively similar effects on ANPP and RGR to clipping with no accompanying effects on N availability or soil moisture. Our results show how grazing can stimulate ANPP independent of a direct influence on resource availability simply by exploiting the dynamics of density-dependent plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Penner
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Douglas A Frank
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paul A, Reja S, Kundu S, Bhattacharya S. COVID-19 pandemic models revisited with a new proposal: Plenty of epidemiological models outcast the simple population dynamics solution. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2021; 144:110697. [PMID: 33495675 PMCID: PMC7817444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have put an effort to estimate the number of publications related to the modelling aspect of the corona pandemic through the web search with the corona associated keywords. The survey reveals that plenty of epidemiological models outcast the simple population dynamics solution. Most of the future predictions based on these epidemiological models are highly unreliable because of the complexity of the dynamical equations and the poor knowledge of realistic values of the model parameters. The incidence time series of top ten corona infected countries are erratic and sparse. But in comparison, the incidence and disease fitness relationships are uniform and concave upward in nature. These simple profiles with the acceleration curves have fundamental implications in understanding the instinctive dynamics of the corona pandemic. We propose a simple population dynamics solution based on the incidence-fitness relationship in predicting that a plateau or steady state of SARS-CoV-2 will be reached using the basic concept of geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Paul
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - Selim Reja
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayani Kundu
- Systems Ecology & Ecological Modelling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Li G, Wu X, Niklas KJ, Yang Z, Sun S. Linkage between species traits and plant phenology in an alpine meadow. Oecologia 2021; 195:409-419. [PMID: 33423112 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant phenology differs largely among coexisting species within communities that share similar habitat conditions. However, the factors explaining such phenological diversity of plants have not been fully investigated. We hypothesize that species traits, including leaf mass per area (LMA), seed mass, stem tissue mass density (STD), maximum plant height (Hmax), and relative growth rate in height (RGRH), explain variation in plant phenology, and tested this hypothesis in an alpine meadow. Results showed that both LMA and STD were positively correlated with the onset (i.e., beginning) and offset (i.e., ending) times of the four life history events including two reproductive events (flowering and fruiting) and two vegetative events (leafing and senescing). In contrast, RGRH was negatively correlated with the four life phenological events. Moreover, Hmax was positively correlated with reproductive events but not with vegetative events. However, none of the eight phenological events was associated with seed size. In addition, the combination of LMA and STD accounted for 50% of the variation in plant phenologies. Phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis showed plant phylogeny weakened the relationships between species traits vs. phenologies. Phylogeny significantly regulated the variation in the ending but not the beginning of phenologies. Our results indicate that species traits are robust indicators for plant phenologies and can be used to explain the diversity of plant phenologies among co-occurring herbaceous species in grasslands. The findings highlight the important role of the combination of and trade-offs between functional traits in determing plant phenology diversity in the alpine meadow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhan Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Guoyong Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Xinwei Wu
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Zhongling Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Manolaki P, Mouridsen MB, Nielsen E, Olesen A, Jensen SM, Lauridsen TL, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Sorrell BK, Riis T. A comparison of nutrient uptake efficiency and growth rate between different macrophyte growth forms. J Environ Manage 2020; 274:111181. [PMID: 32810679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic macrophytes grow abundantly in many lowland streams and play a key role in ecosystem functioning, such as nutrient retention. In this study, we performed a microcosm experiment to quantify and compare the contribution of two freshwater macrophyte growth forms to nutrient cycling. We measured and compared inorganic nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) and phosphorus (PO4-P) uptake kinetic parameters (Vmax and Cmin) in 12 submerged and seven amphibious plant species. We tested whether relative growth rate (RGR) was related to high Vmax and low Cmin, and quantified changes in nutrient uptake kinetic in a subset of six out of 19 plants species during the growth season. Uptake rates of NH4-N were higher in submerged compared to amphibious plants, whereas uptake rates of NO3-N were significantly higher in amphibious species; PO4-P uptake kinetics were not significantly different between the two growth forms. There were also significant seasonal differences in Vmax NH4-N rate among both submerged and amphibious species and in Vmax NO3-N among amphibious species. Highest uptake rates were observed in summer for both submerged and amphibious species. Overall, we found that nutrient uptake kinetics differed between the two growth forms within and between seasons. Consequently, the presence of both growth forms should extend the period of nutrient uptake across the year and enhance nutrient uptake within seasons. We conclude that higher functional diversity enhances annual nutrient uptake in streams and that stream restoration efforts should consider increasing the niche space available for both submerged and amphibious species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Manolaki
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - M B Mouridsen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E Nielsen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Olesen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S M Jensen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T L Lauridsen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Baattrup-Pedersen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - B K Sorrell
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Riis
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Conesa MÀ, Mus M, Galmés J. Leaf size as a key determinant of contrasting growth patterns in closely related Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) species. J Plant Physiol 2019; 240:152984. [PMID: 31207461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the importance of leaf size on plant growth capacity among an array of closely related Limonium species, and its impact on the underlying determinants of growth reduction under extreme water deficit conditions. To do so, thirteen Balearic Limonium species with contrasting leaf size were grown under long-term well-watered (WW) and severe water-deficit (WD) conditions in a common garden experiment. Fundamental growth traits were measured, including relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf mass ratio (LMR). WD promoted small changes in leaf size, and species with larger leaves had higher RGR than species with smaller leaves, irrespective of the water treatment. Most RGR variation across species and treatments was explained by NAR, with comparatively much lower importance of LAR. The factorization of LAR underlying components denoted the importance of LMA in explaining RGR, whereas the impact of LMR on RGR was negligible in Limonium. Further, species with larger leaves had higher water consumption but also higher water use efficiency, especially under WD. Therefore, contrary to general trends in species from dry environments, increased leaf size is linked to increased growth capacity and also increased water use efficiency across closely related Limonium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel À Conesa
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia - INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Maurici Mus
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia - INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia - INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Imron MF, Kurniawan SB, Soegianto A, Wahyudianto FE. Phytoremediation of methylene blue using duckweed ( Lemna minor). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02206. [PMID: 31406944 PMCID: PMC6684478 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Azo dyes are the largest class of synthetic dyes and are utilized in several industries. Effluents containing dyes are released to the environment and pose harm to humans who might be exposed to these contaminants. This study aims to investigate the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye using duckweed (Lemna minor). L. minor (2 g) was exposed into 50 mg/L of MB dyes for 24 h. The absorbance values were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 h with a maximum wavelength of 665 nm. The dye removal percentage and relative growth rate of L. minor during exposure to MB were observed. The removal percentage was 80.56 ± 0.44% for 24 h with a relative growth rate of 0.006/h. L. minor has potential as a phytoremediation agent to remove dyes from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Study Program of Waste Treatment Engineering, Department of Marine Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Agoes Soegianto
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Febri Eko Wahyudianto
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ikram M, Mahmoudi A, Shah SZA, Mohsin M. Forecasting number of ISO 14001 certifications of selected countries: application of even GM (1,1), DGM, and NDGM models. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:12505-12521. [PMID: 30850983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The adaptability of ISO 14001 is considered as one of the most useful tools for environmental sustainability and worldwide competitive advantage; however, the future of ISO 14001 certification faces some uncertainties because of its uneven acceptance in various countries. These uncertainties, if not properly managed, can hinder the implementation of business management systems in these countries. In order to guide policymakers in better management of ISO 14001 in future with certainty, this study aims to forecast the ISO 14001 certifications for 10 years for China, India, the USA, Italy, Japan, and Germany, the top six certified countries, through advanced mathematical modeling, namely grey models, even GM (1,1), discrete GM (1,1), and non-homogenous discrete grey model (NDGM). The benefits of mentioned models are ensured accuracy in assessment using small samples and poor information. Moreover, current research is a pioneer in the certifications growth analysis using the Synthetic Relative Growth Rate and Synthetic Doubling Time models. Finally, the empirical analysis indicated that China is constantly leading in terms of its ISO 14001 certifications till 2026 and the performance of developing countries was spectacular. Furthermore, the article has proposed some suggestions for the policymakers to make the environment more sustainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangsu Avenue, Nanjing, 211106, China.
| | - Amin Mahmoudi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah
- Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mohsin
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangsu Avenue, Nanjing, 211106, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang QW, Daumal M, Nagano S, Yoshida N, Morinaga SI, Hikosaka K. Plasticity of functional traits and optimality of biomass allocation in elevational ecotypes of Arabidopsis halleri grown at different soil nutrient availabilities. J Plant Res 2019; 132:237-249. [PMID: 30721383 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In mountainous areas, plant distribution is constrained by various environmental stresses. Plasticity and constancy in plant functional traits may relate to optimal strategies at respective habitats and to ecotypic differentiation along elevation. Although plant biomass allocation has been extensively studied in relation to adaptation to soil nutrient availability along elevation, its optimality is still poorly understood. We examined soil nutrient availability in the field and conducted growth analysis for two elevational ecotypes of Arabidopsis halleri grown under different nutrient availabilities. We determined plasticity in morphological and physiological traits and evaluated optimal biomass allocation using an optimality model. Our field investigation indicated that soil nitrogen (N) availability increased rather than decreased with increasing elevation. Our growth analysis revealed that lowland ecotype was more plastic in morphological variables and N concentrations, whereas the highland ecotype was more plastic in other physiological variables such as the net assimilation rate (NAR). The leaf mass ratio (LMR) in the lowland ecotype was moderately plastic at the whole range of N availabilities, whereas LMR in the highland ecotype was very plastic at higher N availabilities only. The optimality model indicated that the LMR of the lowland ecotype was nearly optimal throughout the range of studied N availabilities, whereas that of the highland ecotype was suboptimal at low N availability. These results suggest that highland ecotype is adapted only to high N availability, whereas the lowland ecotype is adapted to a relatively wide range of N availabilities as a result of natural selection in their respective habitats. We conclude that an adaptive differentiation has occurred between the two ecotypes and plasticity in the biomass allocation is directly related to its optimization in changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Wang
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Maya Daumal
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nagano
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Naofumi Yoshida
- Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Morinaga
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vieira EA, Andrade Galvão FC, Barros AL. Influence of water limitation on the competitive interaction between two Cerrado species and the invasive grass Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 135:206-214. [PMID: 30576979 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Invasive grasses inhibit the growth of other plant species, and water deficit is one of the major competition problems for native vegetation. We evaluated whether the presence of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã has a negative influence on the competition for water and nutrients between Anadenanthera macrocarpa and Anadenanthera colubrina (Angico species). The interspecific competition was evaluated using a randomized experimental design with the following treatments: 1) free competition (FC), in which the native species were cultivated without the grass presence and 2) under competition (UC), in which the native species grew together with the invasive grass for 120 days. We analysed the water relationships in the two species, the effect of water limitation on the antioxidant stress, the nutritional content of shoots and roots, the relative competition intensity (RCI) and growth. The presence of Piatã grass reduced the soil moisture causing a decrease of 21.9% and 29.5% in the relative water content (RWC) of leaves for A. macrocarpa and A. colubrina, respectively. For the two Angico species, the quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (ΦPSII) decreased with reduction of RWC leaf, resulting in the H2O2 increase (57.5% at day 30 for A. colubrina and 38.8% at day 120 for A. macrocarpa). The oxidative stress was evidenced by the increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in leaves and roots of both young native trees. In the UC treatment, reductions in water uptake also led to a decrease in root absorption of N, P, K, a Mg and low transport of these nutrients to the leaves of both Angico species. A. macrocarpa and A. colubrina showed less growth caused by limitation of water uptake, but the joint activity of the physiological and biochemical adjustments provided competitive ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Alves Vieira
- Laboratory of Biology, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Coxim, MS, Brazil; Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Postgraduate Program in Plant Biodiversity and Environment, Institute of Botany, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Lúcia Barros
- Institute of Biosciences (INBIO), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Divya K, Vijayan S, Nair SJ, Jisha MS. Optimization of chitosan nanoparticle synthesis and its potential application as germination elicitor of Oryza sativa L. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:1053-9. [PMID: 30476516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide rice production has been dwindling due to biotic and abiotic causes. Chitosan is a proven biofunctional material that induces many biological responses in plants. However, the growth and yield increasing properties of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNP) on rice crop are not well understood. In the present work, effect of ChNP on germination of rice has been studied. Seed toxicity of ChNP was also analyzed to ensure the safety of ChNP application. The toxicity study was done according to EPA guidelines and ChNP was found to be non-toxic. Rice seeds were treated with ChNP at different concentrations for different time periods and kept for germination. Upon complete germination, the seedlings were sown in seed trays and growth was evaluated at 21 days after sowing. All treatments showed better results than the untreated control. Treatment T22 (1 mg/ml ChNP for 120 mins) gave the highest growth rates. Therefore we could deduce that ability of ChNP to elicit growth was associated with the concentration of ChNP and soaking time. The shelf life of ChNP was studied over a period of one year by analyzing the germination eliciting capacity on rice seeds. ChNP was found to effective for seven months when stored under room temperature.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zicari MA, d'Aquino L, Paradiso A, Mastrolitti S, Tommasi F. Effect of cerium on growth and antioxidant metabolism of Lemna minor L. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 163:536-543. [PMID: 30077150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An increasing input rate of rare earth elements in the environment is expected because of the intense extraction of such elements form their ores to face human technological needs. In this study Lemna minor L. plants were grown under laboratory conditions and treated with increasing concentrations of cerium (Ce) ions to investigate the effects on plant growth and antioxidant systems. The growth increased in plants treated with lower Ce concentrations and reduced in plants treated with higher concentrations, compared to control plants. In plants treated with higher Ce concentrations lower levels of chlorophyll and carotenoid and the appearance of chlorotic symptoms were also detected. Increased levels of hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant metabolites and antioxidant activity confirmed that higher Ce concentrations are toxic to L. minor. Ce concentration in plant tissues was also determined and detectable levels were found only in plants grown on Ce-supplemented media. The use of duckweed plants as a tool for biomonitoring of Ce in freshwater is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi d'Aquino
- ENEA Portici Research Centre, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Annalisa Paradiso
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Franca Tommasi
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Simón-Grao S, Nieves M, Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Cámara-Zapata JM, Alfosea-Simón M, García-Sánchez F. Response of three citrus genotypes used as rootstocks grown under boron excess conditions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 159:10-19. [PMID: 29730402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, the effects of an excess of boron (B) are conditioned by the type of rootstock. In the present work, the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of seedlings from three citrus genotypes, commonly used as rootstocks in citriculture. In particular, Citrange Carrizo (CC), Citrus macrophylla (CM) and sour orange (SO) seedlings were treated with an excess of B (10 mg L-1) in the nutrient solution in order to determine the relative tolerance and to understand the possible mechanisms that make a rootstock more tolerant than the others. To assess these responses, different parameters were measured in plants, such as vegetative growth, B concentration in leaves, stems and roots, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, the concentration of osmolytes and the activity of enzymes related to the antioxidant system. The results showed, according to the growth parameters, that the SO rootstock was the most tolerant to an excess of B; while CC was the most sensitive. This result was due to the fact that SO plants accumulated less B in leaves, as its roots have a great capacity of restricting the uptake and transport of B towards the aerial part. Moreover, SO is suggested to diminish B toxicity risk through its antioxidant system, since it presented high activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as high accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Simón-Grao
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieves
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - José M Cámara-Zapata
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Marina Alfosea-Simón
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Sánchez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sendall KM, Reich PB, Lusk CH. Size-related shifts in carbon gain and growth responses to light differ among rainforest evergreens of contrasting shade tolerance. Oecologia 2018; 187:609-623. [PMID: 29637296 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that plant size affects light requirements and carbon balance of juvenile trees, and such shifts may be greater in light-demanding species than in their more shade-tolerant associates. To explore the physiological basis of such shifts, we measured juvenile light interception, carbon gain and growth of four subtropical Australian rainforest trees differing in shade tolerance, comparing individuals ranging from 13 to 238 cm in height, across a wide range of understory environments. We hypothesized that even in a standardized light environment, increasing sapling size would lead to declines in net daily carbon gain of foliage and relative growth rates (RGR) of all species, with declines more pronounced in light-demanding species. Crown architecture of individuals was recorded using a 3-dimensional digitizer, and the YPLANT program was used to estimate the self-shaded fraction of each crown and model net carbon gain. Increased sapling size caused a significant increase in self-shading, and significant declines in net daily carbon gain and RGR of light-demanding species, while such ontogenetic variations were minimal or absent in shade-tolerant species. Additionally, differences in the slope of the relationship between light and RGR led to crossovers in RGR among shade-tolerant and light-demanding species at low light. Our results show that the magnitude of ontogenetic variation in net daily carbon gain and RGR can be substantial and may depend on successional status, making it unsafe to assume that young seedling performance can be used to predict or model responses of larger juvenile trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie M Sendall
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA. .,Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher H Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Solhaug KA, Chowdhury DP, Gauslaa Y. Short- and long-term freezing effects in a coastal (Lobaria virens) versus a widespread lichen (L. pulmonaria). Cryobiology 2018; 82:124-129. [PMID: 29571630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are considered freezing tolerant, although few species have been tested. Growth, a robust measure of fitness integrating processes in all partners of a lichen thallus, has not yet been used as a viability measure after freezing. We compared relative growth rates (RGR) after freezing with short-term viability measures of photo- and mycobiont functions in the coastal Lobaria virens and the widespread L. pulmonaria to test the hypothesis that low temperature shapes the coastal distribution of L. virens. Hydrated thalli from sympatric populations were subjected to freezing at -10, -20 and -40 °C for 5 h. The rate of cooling and subsequent warming was 5 °C h-1. Short-term viability measures of photobiont (maximal photosystem II efficiency, effective PSII yield) and mycobiont viability (conductivity index), as well as subsequent RGR, were assessed. The exotherms showed that L. virens froze at -3 °C; L. pulmonaria, at -4 °C. Freezing significantly impaired short-term viability measures of both photo- and mycobiont, particularly in the coastal species. Lobaria pulmonaria grew 2.1 times faster than L. virens, but the short-term damage after one freezing event did not affect the long-term RGR in any species. Thereby, short-term responses were impaired by freezing, long-term responses were not. While the lacking RGR-responses to freezing suggest that freezing tolerance does not shape the coastal distribution of L. virens, the significant reported adverse short-term effects in L. virens may be aggravated by repeated freezing-thawing cycles in cold winters. In such a perspective, repeated freezing may eventually lead to reduced long-term fitness in L. virens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Dipa Paul Chowdhury
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gauslaa
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pal A, Bhowmick AR, Yeasmin F, Bhattacharya S. Evolution of model specific relative growth rate: Its genesis and performance over Fisher's growth rates. J Theor Biol 2018; 444:11-27. [PMID: 29452171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth curve models play an instrumental role to quantify the growth of biological processes and have immense practical applications across disciplines. In the modelling approach, the absolute growth rate and relative growth rate (RGR) are two most commonly used measures of growth rates. RGR is empirically estimated by Fisher (1921) assuming exponential growth between two consecutive time points and remains invariant under any choice of the underlying growth model. In this article, we propose a new measure of RGR, called modified RGR, which is sensitive to the choice of underlying growth law. The mathematical form of the growth equations are utilized to develop the formula for model dependent growth rates and can be easily computed for commonly used growth models. We compare the efficiency of Fisher's measure of RGR and modified RGR to infer the true growth profile. To achieve this, we develop a goodness of fit testing procedure using Gompertz model as a test bed. The relative efficiency of the two rate measures is compared by generating power curves of the goodness of fit testing procedure. The asymptotic distributions of the associated test statistics are elaborately studied under Gompertz set up. The simulation experiment shows that the proposed formula has better discriminatory power than the existing one in identifying the true profile. The claim is also verified using existing real data set on fish growth. An algorithm for the model selection mechanism is also proposed based on the modified RGR and is generalized for some commonly used other growth models. The proposed methodology may serve as a valuable tool in growth studies in different research areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Pal
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Farhana Yeasmin
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xiang Y, Xiang Y, Wang L, Jiao Y. Effects of Coking Wastewater on the Growth of Five Wetland Plant Species. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2018; 100:265-270. [PMID: 29147739 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of wetland plants in the treatment of coking wastewater, Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC (OC), Artemisia selengensis Turcz. ex Bess. (AB), Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (EB), Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel. (BG), and Lythrum salicaria L. (LL) were used to remove ammonia-nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from coking wastewater. Results showed high concentrations (> 30%, diluted by deionized water) of coking wastewater caused decreased photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and relative growth rate in all studied plants. OC, BG, and LL showed higher adaptability than AB and EB. Wastewater concentrations < 30% resulted in less affected growth of OC, BG, and LL; However, AB and EB were suppressed when coking wastewater concentrations were > 15%. High concentrations of coking wastewater generated oxidative stress which resulted in increased malondialdehyde and proline contents and inhibition of superoxide dismutase. OC, BG, and LL were considered tolerable species in purifying coking wastewater (concentrations < 30%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yukun Xiang
- Yanshou No. 1 Middle School, Harbin, 150700, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yurong Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu X, Han Y, Zhu J, Deng J, Hu W, da Silva TEV. Will elevated atmospheric CO 2 boost the growth of an invasive submerged macrophyte Cabomba caroliniana under the interference of phytoplankton? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:1809-1821. [PMID: 29101706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth of most submerged macrophytes is likely to be limited by the availability of carbon resource, and this is especially true for the obligatory carbon dioxide (CO2) users. A mesocosm experiment was performed to investigate the physiological, photophysiological, and biochemical responses of Cabomba caroliniana, an invasive macrophyte specie in the Lake Taihu Basin, to elevated atmospheric CO2 (1000 μmol mol-1); we also examined the possible impacts of interferences derived from the phytoplankton proliferation and its concomitant disturbances on the growth of C. caroliniana. The results demonstrated that elevated atmospheric CO2 significantly enhanced the biomass, relative growth rate, and photosynthate accumulation of C. caroliniana. C. caroliniana exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 exhibited a higher relative maximum electron transport rate and photosynthetic efficiency, compared to those exposed to ambient atmospheric CO2. However, the positive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on C. caroliniana were gradually compromised as time went by, and the down-regulations of the relative growth rate (RGR) and photosynthetic activity were coupled with phytoplankton proliferation under elevated atmospheric CO2. This study demonstrated that the growth of C. caroliniana under the phytoplankton interference can be greatly affected, directly and indirectly, by the increasing atmospheric CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanqing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinge Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiancai Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Weiping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vieira EA, Silva MDG, Moro CF, Laura VA. Physiological and biochemical changes attenuate the effects of drought on the Cerrado species Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 115:472-483. [PMID: 28494394 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought is considered the main abiotic stress because it influences the distribution of plant species and limits the productivity of ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of drought on physiological and biochemical parameters during the initial development of Vatairea macrocarpa, a native cerrado species. Plants were subjected to daily watering (control); suppression of watering during 90 days with field capacity (fc) 50% and 25% and then followed by rewatering. Relative leaf water content (RWC), gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments content, carbohydrate and amino acids content, antioxidant activities and growth were recorded. The RWC decreased according to the soil water restriction, causing reduction in stomatal conductance and decrease of 76.4% in net photosynthesis in plants submitted to 25% fc. Water restriction decreased the chlorophyll content, however increased carotenoid content and also improved the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). In addition, high levels of sugars (sucrose, raffinose) and amino acids (proline, tryptophan, valine, glutamine and GABA) were detected in drought stressed plants, contributing to osmoregulation and as sources of carbon and nitrogen after rehydration. Decreases in carbon assimilation promoted a reduction of the leaf area, however an increase in the root surface area was observed. After rewatering, the analized parameters became similar to the control plants indicating that the severe water stress did not impair the survival of young plants. Instead, adjustments were made to protect them against drought such as the maintenance of the assimilatory metabolism at minimal levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Alves Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Coxim, MS, Brazil.
| | | | - Camila Fernandes Moro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdemir Antônio Laura
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-EMBRAPA, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Haque M, Islam SMS, Subramaniam S. Effects of salt and heat pre-treatment factors on efficient regeneration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). 3 Biotech 2017; 7:63. [PMID: 28452013 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient callus induction and plant regeneration system has been developed using salt and heat as pre-treatment factors for three barley genotypes viz. BB-3, BB-6 and BHL-18. Different concentrations of NaCl (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 g/L) were used and its effects were determined on the basis of the viability of callus (CV), plant regeneration (PR), relative growth rate (RGR) and tolerance index (TI). The BB-6 showed highest performance on tolerance based on CV (14.72%), PR (7.69%), RGR (0.91%) and TI (0.42%) at 6.5 g/L NaCl. Various NaCl concentrations displayed significantly differences at P < 0.01 level as compared with the control. Plant regeneration capability was recorded after heat pre-treatment using calli at 30, 35 and 40 °C. In this study, BHL-18 produced highest callus induction (59.71%) after desiccated at 40 °C for BB-6. Highest regeneration was recorded around 41.66% when 4 weeks old calli were pre-treated at 35 °C. Furthermore, heat pre-treatment factors were very effective for enhancing plant regeneration (25-41.66%) which was 1.8-2.14 fold higher compared to the control (13.88-19.44%). Hence, heat treated calli displayed higher tolerance level to survive in NaCl-induced treatment for determining abiotic stress and increased regeneration rate at 35 °C temperature in BB-6 barley genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mozidul Haque
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - S M Shahinul Islam
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
| | - Sreeramanan Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Olmo M, Lozano AM, Barrón V, Villar R. Spatial heterogeneity of soil biochar content affects soil quality and wheat growth and yield. Sci Total Environ 2016; 562:690-700. [PMID: 27110980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis of organic waste materials and has been proposed as a soil management strategy to mitigate global warming and to improve crop productivity. Once BC has been applied to the soil, its imperfect and incomplete mixing with soil during the first few years and the standard agronomic practices (i.e. tillage, sowing) may generate spatial heterogeneity of the BC content in the soil, which may have implications for soil properties and their effects on plant growth. We investigated how, after two agronomic seasons, the spatial heterogeneity of olive-tree prunings BC applied to a vertisol affected soil characteristics and wheat growth and yield. During the second agronomic season and just before wheat germination, we determined the BC content in the soil by an in-situ visual categorization based on the soil darkening, which was strongly correlated to the BC content of the soil and the soil brightness. We found a high spatial heterogeneity in the BC plots, which affected soil characteristics and wheat growth and yield. Patches with high BC content showed reduced soil compaction and increased soil moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient availability (P, Ca, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn); consequently, wheat had greater tillering and higher relative growth rate and grain yield. However, if the spatial heterogeneity of the soil BC content had not been taken into account in the data analysis, most of the effects of BC on wheat growth would not have been detected. Our study reveals the importance of taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the BC content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Olmo
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Ana María Lozano
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Vidal Barrón
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rafael Villar
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bansal M, Reddy MS, Kumar A. Seasonal variations in harvest index and bacoside A contents amongst accessions of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. collected from wild populations. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2016; 22:407-413. [PMID: 27729727 PMCID: PMC5039155 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacoside A, a major active principle of Bacopa monnieri known for its cognitive effects is a mixture of saponins like bacoside A3, bacopaside II, isomer of bacopasaponin C and bacopasaponin C. Seasonal changes in biomass and bacoside A levels in fourteen accessions of B. monnieri were evaluated after maintaining these at a common site at Thapar University campus, Patiala (30°19'36.12″N and 76°24'1.08″E) for 1 year. Harvestable biomass and total bacoside A contents varied significantly between the accessions and also in a particular accession during different seasons of the year. The maximum dry weight of plant (biomass 1.64 g) and bacoside A levels (6.82 mg/plant) were recorded in accession BM1. Harvestable biomass was highest during summer in accessions BM1 and BM7 (FW 4.2 g/plant), whereas bacoside A levels were also highest during summer and in accession BM1 (6.82 mg/plant). The lowest bacoside A level (0.06 mg/plant) was recorded in accession BM14 during winter. Principal component analysis showed that samples of summer were positively correlated with both the components suggesting an appropriate time for the harvest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Center of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar University, Patiala, 147004 India
| | - M. Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Center of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar University, Patiala, 147004 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Center of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar University, Patiala, 147004 India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu C, Wang Y, Pan K, Jin Y, Li W, Zhang L. Effects of phosphorus application on photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism, water use efficiency and growth of dwarf bamboo (Fargesia rufa) subjected to water deficit. Plant Physiol Biochem 2015. [PMID: 26218549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Dwarf bamboo (Fargesia rufa Yi), one of the staple foods for the endangered giant pandas, is highly susceptible to water deficit due to its shallow roots. In the face of climate change, maintenance and improvement in its productivity is very necessary for the management of the giant pandas' habitats. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying plant responses to water deficit are poorly known. To investigate the effects of P application on photosynthetic C and N metabolism, water use efficiency (WUE) and growth of dwarf bamboo under water deficit, a completely randomized design with two factors of two watering (well-watered and water-stressed) and two P regimes (with and without P fertilization) was arranged. P application hardly changed growth, net CO2 assimilation rate (P(n)) and WUE in well-watered plants but significantly increased relative growth rate (RGR) and P(n) in water-stressed plants. The effect of P application on RGR under water stress was mostly associated with physiological adjustments rather than with differences in biomass allocation. P application maintained the balance of C metabolism in well-watered plants, but altered the proportion of nitrogenous compounds in N metabolism. By contrast, P application remarkably increased sucrose-metabolizing enzymes activities with an obvious decrease in sucrose content in water-stressed plants, suggesting an accelerated sucrose metabolism. Activation of nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes in water-stressed plants was attenuated after P application, thus slowing nitrate reduction and ammonium assimilation. P application hardly enlarged the phenotypic plasticity of dwarf bamboo in response to water in the short term. Generally, these examined traits of dwarf bamboo displayed weak or negligible responses to water-P interaction. In conclusion, P application could accelerate P(n) and sucrose metabolism and slow N metabolism in water-stressed dwarf bamboo, and as a result improved RGR and alleviated damage from soil water deficit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China.
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yanqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oguchi R, Ozaki H, Hanada K, Hikosaka K. Which plant trait explains the variations in relative growth rate and its response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration among Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes derived from a variety of habitats? Oecologia 2015; 180:865-76. [PMID: 26494563 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration ([CO2]) enhances plant growth, but this enhancement varies considerably. It is still uncertain which plant traits are quantitatively related to the variation in plant growth. To identify the traits responsible, we developed a growth analysis model that included primary parameters associated with morphology, nitrogen (N) use, and leaf and root activities. We analysed the vegetative growth of 44 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana L. grown at ambient and elevated [CO2] (800 μmol mol(-1)). The 44 ecotypes were selected such that they were derived from various altitudes and latitudes. Relative growth rate (RGR; growth rate per unit plant mass) and its response to [CO2] varied by 1.5- and 1.7-fold among ecotypes, respectively. The variation in RGR at both [CO2]s was mainly explained by the variation in leaf N productivity (LNP; growth rate per leaf N),which was strongly related to photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE). The variation in the response of RGR to [CO2] was also explained by the variation in the response of LNP to [CO2]. Genomic analyses indicated that there was no phylogenetic constraint on inter-ecotype variation in the CO2 response of RGR or LNP. We conclude that the significant variation in plant growth and its response to [CO2] among ecotypes reflects the variation in N use for photosynthesis among ecotypes, and that the response of PNUE to CO2 is an important target for predicting and/or breeding plants that have high growth rates at elevated [CO2].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riichi Oguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- Frontier Research Academy for Young Researchers, Kyusyu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Olayinka BU, Etejere EO. Growth analysis and yield of two varieties of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) as influenced by different weed control methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:130-136. [PMID: 26005217 PMCID: PMC4439525 DOI: 10.1007/s40502-015-0151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of seven weed management strategies on the growth and yield of two groundnut varieties (Samnut 10 and MK 373) for two successive seasons (2010-2011). The experimental layout was a split plot complete randomized block design with three replications. The two groundnut varieties showed identical pattern of results for leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and crop growth rate as well as yield. All the weed control treatments significantly enhanced the growth and yield compared with the weedy check. The weed free check had the highest growth but the highest yield was recorded from rice straw mulch at 0.1 m depth + one hand weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) due to increase in number of matured pods per plant, seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight. The results showed that rice straw mulch at 0.1 m depth + one hand weeding at 6 WAS was better agronomical practice for enhancing growth and yield of groundnut. This enhancement could be as a result of its positive influence on physiological parameters such as leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and crop growth rate. Its use is also ecofriendly as it limits the need for synthetic herbicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bolaji U. Olayinka
- Department of Plant Biology, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O. Etejere
- Department of Plant Biology, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tremmel M, Müller C. Diet dependent experience and physiological state shape the behavior of a generalist herbivore. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:95-103. [PMID: 24576678 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The performance of herbivorous insects depends on a balance of nutrient uptake and toxin avoidance. Whereas high concentrations of defensive plant metabolites impair both generalists and specialists, generalists are likely less adapted to particular hosts and thus more negatively affected by plant defense traits. Furthermore, resulting diet-dependent differences in the physiological state and the gained experience of an animal may shape its behavior. Here, we investigated the effects of life-long experience with leaves of different quality on the performance and various behavioral traits of the generalist leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti. Rearing individuals continuously on three different diets [young leaves, old leaves, or leaves of different age of cabbage (Brassicaceae) in alternating order every other day], we found that relative growth rates (RGRs) of the larvae were higher when feeding on young leaves than when feeding on the other diets. Feeding on leaves of different age in alternating order reduced the performance of G. tanaceti, indicating costs involved in diet mixing. The experience gained by the respective food qualities shaped the preference behavior in adult beetles. Positive and negative feedbacks of animals reared on young or old leaves, respectively, led to a preference towards young leaves. In contrast, feedback was probably prevented for animals reared on alternating diet, which did not exhibit any preferences. Older adults did not show any diet-dependent differences in body mass due to physiological changes during adult development. A battery of behavioral tests with the older adults revealed that the behavior was consistent over context and partially over time but behaviors did not differ in dependence of the diet experience. We retrieved three personality dimensions for this species, namely boldness, activity, and exploration. The behavioral structure was very similar to earlier findings for another chrysomelid species, indicating a broader validity of the concept of personality dimensions in insects. Our results demonstrate the importance of both experience- and state-dependence when investigating behavioral phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tremmel
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun HX, Tang WC, Chen H, Chen W, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang GR. Food utilization and growth of cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae exposed to nickel, and its effect on reproductive potential. Chemosphere 2013; 93:2319-2326. [PMID: 24103438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Food utilization and growth of the 5th and 6th instar Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae, and its effect on reproduction potential was evaluated by feeding larvae diets with different doses of Ni for 3 generations. Dose-dependent relationships between Ni levels and food consumption and growth were variable with different larval developmental period and Ni exposure duration. RCR, AD and RGR of the 6th instar larvae were much more affected by Ni exposure than those of 5th instar larvae, and the effects were strongest in the 3rd generation. It was found that RCR was significantly stimulated after 1 and 20 mg kg(-1) Ni exposure, while AD was significantly inhibited after 1, 5, 10 and 40 mg kg(-1) Ni exposure. However, lower levels of Ni (≤5 mg kg(-1)) significantly increased and higher levels of Ni (≥10 mg kg(-1)) significantly decreased RGR. In 3 successive generations, 10 mg kg(-1) Ni significantly increased the ECI and ECD of the 5th instar larvae, and 5 mg kg(-1) Ni significantly increased the ECD of the 6th instar larvae. However, ECD were all significantly inhibited with 20 mg kg(-1) Ni exposure. Results also revealed that durations of larvae were shortened at low levels of Ni, but extended at high levels of Ni. Fecundity was inhibited by the highest Ni doses in each generation, while improved by low Ni doses in the 3rd generation. Hatching rates in all treatments were significantly decreased in a Ni dose-dependent manner. Study indicated that effects of Ni on these parameters were predominant with the increasing Ni exposure period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xia Sun
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biological Control & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Eo JK, Eom AH. Differential growth response of various crop species to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycobiology 2009; 37:72-76. [PMID: 23983512 PMCID: PMC3749461 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2009.37.1.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the growth response of various crop species to mycorrhizal inoculation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were applied to Glycine max, Vigna angularis, Senna tora, Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon. Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Allium tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Capsicum annuum. The biomass of the inoculated crops was measured every two weeks for the 12-week growth period. By measuring biomass, we calculated the mycorrhizal responsiveness of the nine crop species. Among the nine crop species, four species showed a significant response to mycorrhizal inoculation. The shoot biomasses of V. angularis, C. annuum, A. tuberosum, and S. tora significantly increased with mycorrhizal inoculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Kyeong Eo
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lusk CH. Leaf area accumulation helps juvenile evergreen trees tolerate shade in a temperate rainforest. Oecologia 2002; 132:188-96. [PMID: 28547351 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-002-0974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2002] [Accepted: 04/25/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Most knowledge of the physiological correlates of interspecific variation in shade tolerance derives from studies of first-year seedlings in artificial environments. The present study relates growth, allocation, foliage turnover, biomass distribution and gas exchange traits to low-light survival of large seedlings (20-100 cm tall) of eight temperate rainforest evergreens under field conditions. Taxa for which natural mortality was not observed in low light during the 14-month study are referred to here as "shade-tolerant" species, and those which did die in the shade are referred to as "light-demanding" species. In low light (2-5% canopy openness), shade-tolerant species had slightly lower light compensation points than light-demanders. Light-demanding species had more plastic aboveground allocation patterns, generally allocating proportionally less aboveground biomass to foliage production than shade-tolerant associates in high light (>10% canopy openness), but more in low light. Foliage turnover was generally much slower in shade-tolerant species (10-40% year-1) than in light-demanding species (30-190%). As these differences in leaf retention outweighed variation in allocation, shade-tolerant species displayed higher leaf areas at all light levels. Furthermore, all shade-tolerant species gained leaf area in low light during the study period, whereas light-demanding taxa showed leaf area declines. Higher leaf area ratios, plus differences in light compensation points, indicate that large seedlings of shade-tolerant evergreens enjoy net carbon gain advantages over light-demanding associates in low light. However, minimal growth rate differences in low light imply higher storage allocation in shade-tolerant species. This study provides a rather different picture from that which has emerged from recent reviews of first-year seedling data, illustrating the long-term consequences of foliage turnover differences for biomass distribution, and suggesting that shade tolerance in juvenile evergreen trees is associated with a suite of traits which enhance net carbon gain, but not growth, in low light. Accumulation of a large foliage area through long leaf retention times is probably a key mechanism enhancing low-light carbon gain in evergreens.
Collapse
|
38
|
Messina FJ, Durham SL, Richards JH, McArthur DE. Trade-off between plant growth and defense? A comparison of sagebrush populations. Oecologia 2002; 131:43-51. [PMID: 28547509 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-001-0859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2001] [Accepted: 11/20/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We used ecotypic variation in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) to examine potential trade-offs between inherent growth rate and tolerance or resistance to herbivory. Seeds were obtained from seven geographic populations, and 1,120 seedlings were established in a common garden. In one set of plots, plants were subjected to five treatments: control, regular insecticide spray, moderate browsing, severe browsing, or moderate browsing plus insecticide. Plants in a second set of plots were all untreated, and were used to estimate ambient growth, flower production, and susceptibility to herbivorous insects. In the first growing season, population differences in relative growth rate produced approximately seven-fold variation in mean biomass. Two populations of basin big sagebrush (A. tridentata tridentata) and one population of mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata vaseyana) grew fastest; those of Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata wyomingensis) showed the slowest growth. Bi-weekly application of insecticide for two growing seasons had no effect on the growth of either browsed or unbrowsed plants. All populations showed compensatory growth (but not overcompensation) in response to browsing, but the degree of compensation was unrelated to inherent growth rate. Similarly, there was no consistent relationship between plant growth rate and flower production in the second growing season. Some insects colonized fast-growing populations more frequently than slow-growing ones, but patterns of insect colonization were species-specific. At the level of geographic populations and subspecies, we found little evidence of a built-in trade-off between inherent growth rate and the ability to tolerate or resist herbivory. Because population ranks for growth rate changed substantially between seasons, attempts to correlate growth and defense characters need to account for differences in the growth trajectories of perennial plants.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Eight perennial C-4 grasses from the Jornada del Muerto Basin in southern New Mexico show five-fold differences in relative growth rates under well- watered conditions (RGRmax). In a controlled environment, we tested the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship (trade-off) between RGRmax and the capacity of these species to tolerate drought. We examined both physiological (gas exchange) and morphological (biomass allocation, leaf properties) determinants of growth for these eight species under three steady-state drought treatments (none=control, moderate, and severe). When well watered, the grasses exhibited a large interspecific variation in growth, which was reflected in order-of-magnitude biomass differences after 5 weeks. The species had similar gas-exchange characteristics, but differed in all the measured allocation and morphological characteristics, namely tiller mass and number, root:shoot ratio, dry-matter content, and specific leaf area (SLA). Drought affected tillering, morphology, and allocation, and reduced growth by 50 and 68% (moderate and severe drought, respectively) compared to the well-watered controls. With the exception of SLA, none of these variables showed a significant species-by-treatment interaction. We calculated three indices of drought tolerance, defined as the ratio in final biomass between all the possible "dry"/"wet" treatment pairs: severe/moderate, moderate/control, and severe/control. We found no significant correlation between these drought tolerance indices, on the one hand, and three indices of growth potential (greenhouse RGRmax, final biomass in the control treatment, and final:initial biomass ratio in controls), on the other. Based on these controlled-environment results, we hypothesize that the commonly reported correlation between plant growth potential and drought tolerance in the field may in some cases be explained by differential effects of plants on soil-water content rather than by differences in species responses to drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Fernández
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, , , , , , US
| | - J F Reynolds
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, , , , , , US
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Latitude is an important determinant of local environmental conditions that affect plant growth. Forty ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana were selected from a wide range of latitudes (from 16°N to 63°N) to investigate genetic variation in plant size and relative growth rate (RGR) along a latitudinal gradient. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 31 days, during which period three consecutive harvests were performed. Plants from high latitudes tended to have smaller plant size in terms of seed size, cotyledon width, rosette size, number of rosette leaves, size (leaf area) of the largest leaves, total leaf area, and total dry weight per plant than those from low latitudes. The mean (±SE) RGR across ecotypes was 0.229 (±0.0013) day-1. There was, however, significant ecotypic variation, with RGR being negatively correlated with latitude. The two main components of RGR, leaf area ratio (LAR) and unit leaf rate (ULR), were also correlated with latitude: LAR increased with increasing latitude while ULR decreased with increasing latitude. It was also found that RGR tended to be negatively correlated with LAR, specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length (SRL) but to be positively correlated with mean area per leaf (MAL) and ULR. The variation in RGR among ecotypes was relatively small compared with that in the other traits. RGR may be a conservative trait, whose variation is constrained by the trade-off between its physiological (i.e. ULR) and morphological (i.e. LAR) components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan Tel & fax: +81-11-7065455; e-mail: , , , , , , JP
| | - Jun-Ichirou Suzuki
- The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan Tel & fax: +81-11-7065455; e-mail: , , , , , , JP
| | - Toshihiko Hara
- The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan Tel & fax: +81-11-7065455; e-mail: , , , , , , JP
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Walters MB, Kruger EL, Reich PB. Relative growth rate in relation to physiological and morphological traits for northern hardwood tree seedlings: species, light environment and ontogenetic considerations. Oecologia 1993; 96:219-231. [PMID: 28313418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/1993] [Accepted: 08/30/1993] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of ontogeny, light environment and species on relationships of relative growth rate (RGR) to physiological and morphological traits were examined for first-year northern hardwood tree seedlings. Three Betulaceae species (Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis and Ostrya virginiana) were grown in high and low light and Quercus rubra and Acer saccharum were grown only in high light. Plant traits were determined at four ages: 41, 62, 83 and 104 days after germination. In high light (610 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD), across species and ages, RGR was positively related to the proportion of the plant in leaves (leaf weight ratio, LWR; leaf area ratio, LAR), in situ rates of average canopy net photosynthesis (A) per unit mass (Amass) and per unit area (Aarea), and rates of leaf, stem and root respiration. In low light (127 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD), RGR was not correlated with Amass and Aarea whereas RGR was positively correlated with LAR, LWR, and rates of root and stem respiration. RGR was negatively correlated with leaf mass per area in both high and low light. Across light levels, relationships of CO2 exchange and morphological characteristics with RGR were generally weaker than within light environments. Moreover, relationships were weaker for plant parameters containing a leaf area component (leaf mass per area, LAR and Aarea), than those that were solely mass-based (respiration rates, LWR and Amass). Across light environments, parameters incorporating the proportion of the plant in leaves and rates of photosynthesis explained a greater amount of variation in RGR (e.g. LWR*Amass, R2=0.64) than did any single parameter related to whole-plant carbon gain. RGR generally declined with age and mass, which were used as scalars of ontogeny. LWR (and LAR) also declined for seven of the eight species-light treatments and A declined in four of the five species in high light. Decreasing LWR and A with ontogeny may have been partially responsible for decreasing RGR. Declines in RGR were not due to increased respiration resulting from an increase in the proportion of solely respiring tissue (roots and stems). In general, although LWR declined with ontogeny, specific rates of leaf, stem, and root respiration also decreased. The net result was that whole-plant respiration rates per unit leaf mass decreased for all eight treatments. Identifying the major determinants of variation in growth (e.g. LWR*Amass) across light environments, species and ontogeny contributes to the establishment of a framework for exploring limits to productivity and the nature of ecological success as measured by growth. The generality of these relationships both across the sources of variation we explored here and across other sources of variation in RGR needs further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Walters
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - E L Kruger
- Department of Forestry, University of Wisconsin, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Walters MB, Kruger EL, Reich PB. Growth, biomass distribution and CO 2 exchange of northern hardwood seedlings in high and low light: relationships with successional status and shade tolerance. Oecologia 1993; 94:7-16. [PMID: 28313851 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1992] [Accepted: 10/13/1992] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physiology, morphology and growth of first-year Betula papyrifera Marsh., Betula alleghaniensis Britton, Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, Acer saccharum Marsh., and Quercus rubra L. seedlings, which differ widely in reported successional affinity and shade tolerance, were compared in a controlled high-resource environment. Relative to late-successional, shade-tolerant Acer and Ostrya species, early-successional, shade-intolerant Betula species had high relative growth rates (RGR) and high rates of photosynthesis, nitrogen uptake and respiration when grown in high light. Fire-adapted Quercus rubra had intermediate photosynthetic rates, but had the lowest RGR and leaf area ratio and the highest root weight ratio of any species. Interspecific variation in RGR in high light was positively correlated with allocation to leaves and rates of photosynthesis and respiration, and negatively related to seed mass and leaf mass per unit area. Despite higher respiration rates, early-successional Betula papyrifera lost a lower percentage of daily photosynthetic CO2 gain to respiration than other species in high light. A subset comprised of the three Betulaceae family members was also grown in low light. As in high light, low-light grown Betula species had higher growth rates than tolerant Ostrya virainiana. The rapid growth habit of sarly-successional species in low light was associated with a higher proportion of biomass distributed to leaves, lower leaf mass per unit area, a lower proportion of biomass in roots, and a greater height per unit stem mass. Variation in these traits is discussed in terms of reported species ecologies in a resource availability context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Walters
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 N. Cleveland Ave, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - E L Kruger
- Department of Forestry, University of Wisconsin, 53706, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 N. Cleveland Ave, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fichtner K, Schulze ED. The effect of nitrogen nutrition on growth and biomass partitioning of annual plants originating from habitats of different nitrogen availability. Oecologia 1992; 92:236-241. [PMID: 28313057 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1991] [Accepted: 07/06/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that faster growth of nitrophilic plants at high nitrogen (N) nutrition is counterbalanced by faster growth of non-nitrophilic plants at low N-nutrition. Ten annual plant species were used which originated from habitats of different N-availability. The species' preference for N was quantified by the "N-number" of Ellenberg (1979), a relative measure of nitrophily. The plants were cultivated in a growth cabinet at five levels of ammonium-nitrate supply. At low N-supply, the relative growth rate (RGR) was independent of nitrophily. At high N-supply, RGR tended to be higher in nitrophilic than in non-nitrophilic species. However, the response of RGR to N-supply was strongly and positively correlated with the nitrophily of species. Increasing N-supply enhanced partitioning to leaf weight per total biomass (LWR) and increased plant leaf area per total biomass (LAR). Specific leaf weight (SLW) and LWR were both higher in non-nitrophilic than in nitrophilic species at all levels of N-nutrition. NAR (growth per leaf area or net assimilation rate) increased with nitrophily only under conditions of high N-supply. RGR correlated positively with LAR, irrespective of N-nutrition. Under conditions of high N-supply RGR correlated with SLW negatively and with NAR positively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fichtner
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenökologie I, Universität Bayreuth, Postfach 101251, W-8580, Bayreuth, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - E -D Schulze
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenökologie I, Universität Bayreuth, Postfach 101251, W-8580, Bayreuth, Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Niemann GJ, Pureveen JBM, Eijkel GB, Poorter H, Boon JJ. Differences in relative growth rate in 11 grasses correlate with differences in chemical composition as determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Oecologia 1992; 89:567-573. [PMID: 28311889 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1991] [Accepted: 11/06/1991] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Eleven grass species varying in potential relative growth rate (RGR) were investigated for differences in chemical composition by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The spectral data revealed correlations between RGR and the relative composition of several biopolymers. Species with a low potential RGR contained relatively more cell wall material such as lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, polysaccharide-bound ferulic acid and hydroxyproline-rich protein, whereas species with a high potential RGR showed relatively more cytoplasmic elements such as protein (other than those incorporated in cell walls) and sterols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Niemann
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508. TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos B M Pureveen
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert B Eijkel
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508. TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J Boon
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|