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Macadamia nut effects on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomised trial. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e55. [PMID: 37180485 PMCID: PMC10173088 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to examine the effects of daily consumption of macadamia nuts on body weight and composition, plasma lipids and glycaemic parameters in a free-living environment in overweight and obese adults at elevated cardiometabolic risk. Utilising a randomised cross-over design, thirty-five adults with abdominal obesity consumed their usual diet plus macadamia nuts (~15 % of daily calories) for 8 weeks (intervention) and their usual diet without nuts for 8 weeks (control), with a 2-week washout. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance; dietary intake was assessed with 24-h dietary recalls. Consumption of macadamia nuts led to increased total fat and MUFA intake while SFA intake was unaltered. With mixed model regression analysis, no significant changes in mean weight, BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat or glycaemic parameters, and non-significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol of 2⋅1 % (-4⋅3 mg/dl; 95 % CI -14⋅8, 6⋅1) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) of 4 % (-4⋅7 mg/dl; 95 % CI -14⋅3, 4⋅8) were observed. Cholesterol-lowering effects were modified by adiposity: greater lipid lowering occurred in those with overweight v. obesity, and in those with less than the median percent body fat. Daily consumption of macadamia nuts does not lead to gains in weight or body fat under free-living conditions in overweight or obese adults; non-significant cholesterol lowering occurred without altering saturated fat intake of similar magnitude to cholesterol lowering seen with other nuts. Clinical Trial Registry Number and Website: NCT03801837 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03801837?term = macadamia + nut&draw = 2&rank = 1.
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Key Words
- % Body fat, percent body fat
- Adiposity
- Apo A1, apoprotein A1
- Apo B, apoprotein B
- BFM, body fat mass
- Body composition
- CV, coefficient of variation
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Cholesterol
- DLM, dry lean mass
- HOMA2, homeostasis model assessment 2
- IR, insulin resistance
- LBM, lean body mass
- LDL-C
- Mac, macadamia nuts
- Macadamia nuts
- Palmitoleic acid
- SMM, skeletal muscle mass
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TBW, total body water
- TC, total cholesterol
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- VLDL,, very low-density lipoprotein
- WC, waist circumference
- oxLDL, oxidised LDL
- sdLDL, small dense low-density lipoprotein
- se, standard error
- sem, standard error of the mean
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Effect of fish paste products, fish balls 'tsumire', intake in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e62. [PMID: 34457244 PMCID: PMC8365533 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish paste product, fish balls ‘tsumire’, is a traditional type of Japanese food made from minced fish as well as imitation crab, kamaboko and hanpen. Although tsumire is known as a high-protein and low-fat food, there is a lack of scientific evidence on its health benefits. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of tsumire intake on organ weight and biomarker levels in Sprague–Dawley rats for 84 d as a preliminary study. Six-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: group I, fed normal diets, and group II, fed normal diets with 5 % dried tsumire. Throughout the administration period, we monitored their body weight and food intake; at the end of this period, we measured their organ weight and analysed their blood biochemistry. No significant differences were observed with respect to body weight, food intake, organ weight and many biochemical parameters between the two groups. It was found that inorganic phosphorus and glucose levels were higher in group II rats than in group I rats. On the other hand, sodium, calcium, amylase and cholinesterase levels were significantly lower in group II than in group I. Interestingly, we found that the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase in group II were significantly lower than in group I, and that other liver function parameters of group II tended to be lower than in group I. In conclusion, we consider that the Japanese traditional food, ‘tsumire,’ may be effective as a functional food for human health management worldwide.
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Key Words
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AMY, amylase
- APP, Alaska pollack protein
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CHO, cholesterol
- CRE, creatinine
- ChE, cholinesterase
- D-BIL, direct bilirubin
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- F-CHO, free cholesterol
- Fish balls
- Fish paste products
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLU, glucose
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- IP, inorganic phosphorus
- LAP, leucine aminopeptidase
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Liver function
- Rats
- T-BIL, total bilirubin
- T-CHO, total cholesterol
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TBA, total bile acids
- TP, total proteins
- Tsumire
- γ-GT, γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase
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Genetic predisposition similarities between NASH and ASH: Identification of new therapeutic targets. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100284. [PMID: 34027340 PMCID: PMC8122117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease can be triggered by a combination of excess alcohol, dysmetabolism and other environmental cues, which can lead to steatohepatitis and can evolve to acute/chronic liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in the presence of shared inherited determinants. The recent identification of the genetic causes of steatohepatitis is revealing new avenues for more effective risk stratification. Discovery of the mechanisms underpinning the detrimental effect of causal mutations has led to some breakthroughs in the comprehension of the pathophysiology of steatohepatitis. Thanks to this approach, hepatocellular fat accumulation, altered lipid droplet remodelling and lipotoxicity have now taken centre stage, while the role of adiposity and gut-liver axis alterations have been independently validated. This process could ignite a virtuous research cycle that, starting from human genomics, through omics approaches, molecular genetics and disease models, may lead to the development of new therapeutics targeted to patients at higher risk. Herein, we also review how this knowledge has been applied to: a) the study of the main PNPLA3 I148M risk variant, up to the stage of the first in-human therapeutic trials; b) highlight a role of MBOAT7 downregulation and lysophosphatidyl-inositol in steatohepatitis; c) identify IL-32 as a candidate mediator linking lipotoxicity to inflammation and liver disease. Although this precision medicine drug discovery pipeline is mainly being applied to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, there is hope that successful products could be repurposed to treat alcohol-related liver disease as well.
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Key Words
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ASH, alcoholic steatohepatitis
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19
- FLD, fatty liver disease
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GCKR, glucokinase regulator
- GPR55, G protein-coupled receptor 55
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HFE, homeostatic iron regulator
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- HSD17B13, hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13
- IL-, interleukin-
- IL32
- LDs, lipid droplets
- LPI, lysophosphatidyl-inositol
- MARC1, mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1
- MBOAT7
- MBOAT7, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PNPLA3
- PNPLA3, patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PRS, polygenic risk score
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- SREBP, sterol response element binding protein
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α
- alcoholic liver disease
- cirrhosis
- fatty liver disease
- genetics
- interleukin-32
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- precision medicine
- steatohepatitis
- therapy
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A human liver chimeric mouse model for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100281. [PMID: 34036256 PMCID: PMC8138774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The accumulation of neutral lipids within hepatocytes underlies non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which affects a quarter of the world's population and is associated with hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite insights gained from both human and animal studies, our understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis remains limited. To better study the molecular changes driving the condition we aimed to generate a humanised NAFLD mouse model. Methods We generated TIRF (transgene-free Il2rg -/-/Rag2 -/-/Fah -/-) mice, populated their livers with human hepatocytes, and fed them a Western-type diet for 12 weeks. Results Within the same chimeric liver, human hepatocytes developed pronounced steatosis whereas murine hepatocytes remained normal. Unbiased metabolomics and lipidomics revealed signatures of clinical NAFLD. Transcriptomic analyses showed that molecular responses diverged sharply between murine and human hepatocytes, demonstrating stark species differences in liver function. Regulatory network analysis indicated close agreement between our model and clinical NAFLD with respect to transcriptional control of cholesterol biosynthesis. Conclusions These NAFLD xenograft mice reveal an unexpected degree of evolutionary divergence in food metabolism and offer a physiologically relevant, experimentally tractable model for studying the pathogenic changes invoked by steatosis. Lay summary Fatty liver disease is an emerging health problem, and as there are no good experimental animal models, our understanding of the condition is poor. We here describe a novel humanised mouse system and compare it with clinical data. The results reveal that the human cells in the mouse liver develop fatty liver disease upon a Western-style fatty diet, whereas the mouse cells appear normal. The molecular signature (expression profiles) of the human cells are distinct from the mouse cells and metabolic analysis of the humanised livers mimic the ones observed in humans with fatty liver. This novel humanised mouse system can be used to study human fatty liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CBPEGs, cholesterol biosynthesis pathway enzyme genes
- CE, cholesteryl ester
- CER, ceramide
- CHHs, chimeric human hepatocytes
- CMHs, chimeric mouse hepatocytes
- CT, confidence transcript
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DCER, dihydroceramide
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- FA, fatty acid
- FAH, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
- FFA, free fatty acid
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCER, hexosylceramide
- HCT, high confidence transcriptional target
- Human disease modelling
- Humanised mice
- LCER, lactosylceramide
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine
- Lipid metabolism
- MAG, monoacylglycerol
- MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NC, normal chow
- NTBC, nitisinone
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PNPLA3, patatin-like-phospholipase domain-containing protein 3
- PUFA, polyunsaturated free FA
- SM, sphingomyelin
- SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding protein
- Steatosis
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TIRF, transgene-free Il2rg-/-/Rag2-/-/Fah-/-
- WD, Western-type diet
- hALB, human albumin
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Engineering precursor pools for increasing production of odd-chain fatty acids in Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 12:e00158. [PMID: 33391990 PMCID: PMC7773535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial production of lipids is one of the promising alternatives to fossil resources with increasing environmental and energy concern. Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA), a type of unusual lipids, are recently gaining a lot of interest as target compounds in microbial production due to their diverse applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. In this study, we aimed to enhance the pool of precursors with three-carbon chain (propionyl-CoA) and five-carbon chain (β-ketovaleryl-CoA) for the production of OCFAs in Yarrowia lipolytica. We evaluated different propionate-activating enzymes and the overexpression of propionyl-CoA transferase gene from Ralstonia eutropha increased the accumulation of OCFAs by 3.8 times over control strain, indicating propionate activation is the limiting step of OCFAs synthesis. It was shown that acetate supplement was necessary to restore growth and to produce a higher OCFA contents in total lipids, suggesting the balance of the precursors between acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA is crucial for OCFA accumulation. To improve β-ketovaleryl-CoA pools for further increase of OCFA production, we co-expressed the bktB encoding β-ketothiolase in the producing strain, and the OCFA production was increased by 33% compared to control. Combining strain engineering and the optimization of the C/N ratio promoted the OCFA production up to 1.87 g/L representing 62% of total lipids, the highest recombinant OCFAs titer reported in yeast, up to date. This study provides a strong basis for the microbial production of OCFAs and its derivatives having high potentials in a wide range of applications.
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Recent advances in one-stage conversion of lipid-based biomass-derived oils into fuel components - aromatics and isomerized alkanes. FUEL (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 278:118255. [PMID: 32834073 PMCID: PMC7313509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, production of biofuels is a rather hot topic due to depleting of conventional fossil fuel feedstocks and a number of other factors. Plant lipid-based feedstocks are very important for production of diesel-, kerosene-, and gasoline-like hydrocarbons. Usually, (hydro)deoxygenation processes are aimed at obtaining of linear hydrocarbons known to have poor fuel characteristics compared to the branched ones. Thus, further hydroisomerization is required to improve their properties as motor fuel components. This review article is focused on conversion of lipid-based feedstocks and model compounds into high-quality fuel components for a single step - direct cracking into aromatics and merged hydrodeoxygenation-hydroisomerization to obtain isoparaffins. The second process is quite novel and a number of the research articles presented in the literature is relatively low. As auxiliary subsections, hydroisomerization of straight hydrocarbons and techno-economic analysis of renewable diesel-like fuel production are briefly reviewed as well.
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Key Words
- (H)DO, (hydro)deoxygenation HEFA, hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids
- Al-HMS, aluminum-rich mesoporous aluminosilicate
- Aromatics
- BET, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory
- BTX, benzene-toluene-xylenes fraction
- Biofuel
- CL, clinoptilolite
- CN, cetane number
- CNTs, carbon nanotubes
- DCN, decarbonylation
- DCX, decarboxylation
- FAME, fatty acids methyl esters
- FFA, free fatty acids
- FOG, fats, oils, and grease
- HACA, homogeneous alkali catalysis alkanes
- HCO, heavy cycle oil
- HDO-HI, hydrodeoxygenation-hydroisomerization
- HDRD, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel
- HRD, hydrogenated renewable diesel
- HRJ, hydroprocessed renewable jet
- Hydrodeoxygenation
- Hydroisomerization
- Isomerized paraffins
- LCO, light cycle oil
- LPG, liquefied petroleum gas
- MAFPs, minimum aviation fuel selling prices
- MJSP, minimum jet fuel selling price
- OLP(s), organic liquid product(s)
- PFAD, palm fatty acid distillate
- REY, Rare earth-Y zeolite
- ROI, return of investment
- RON, research octane number
- SAPO, silicoaluminophosphates
- SCA, supercritical catalysis alkanes
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TEO, techno-economic outlook
- TOS, time-on-stream
- Vegetable oil
- WCO, waste cooking oil
- WE(s), wax ester(s)
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Mtrr hypomorphic mutation alters liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in mice. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 23:100580. [PMID: 32257815 PMCID: PMC7109458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with dietary folate deficiency and mutations in genes required for one‑carbon metabolism. However, the mechanism through which this occurs is unclear. To improve our understanding of this link, we investigated liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in adult mice with a hypomorphic mutation in the gene methionine synthase reductase (Mtrr gt ). MTRR enzyme is a key regulator of the methionine and folate cycles. The Mtrr gt mutation in mice was previously shown to disrupt one‑carbon metabolism and cause a wide-spectrum of developmental phenotypes and late adult-onset macrocytic anaemia. Here, we showed that livers of Mtrr gt/gt female mice were enlarged compared to control C57Bl/6J livers. Histological analysis of these livers revealed eosinophilic hepatocytes with decreased glycogen content, which was associated with down-regulation of genes involved in glycogen synthesis (e.g., Ugp2 and Gsk3a genes). While female Mtrr gt/gt livers showed evidence of reduced β-oxidation of fatty acids, there were no other associated changes in the lipidome in female or male Mtrr gt/gt livers compared with controls. Defects in glycogen storage and lipid metabolism often associate with disruption of mitochondrial electron transfer system activity. However, defects in mitochondrial function were not detected in Mtrr gt/gt livers as determined by high-resolution respirometry analysis. Overall, we demonstrated that adult Mtrr gt/gt female mice showed abnormal liver morphology that differed from the NAFLD phenotype and that was accompanied by subtle changes in their hepatic metabolism and fuel storage.
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Key Words
- 5-methyl-THF, 5-methyltetrahydofolate
- Agl, amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase,4-alpha-glucanotransferase gene
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- Bhmt, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase gene
- CE, cholesteryl-ester
- Cebpa, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha gene
- Cer, ceramide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Ddit3, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 gene
- ETS, electron transport system
- FCCP, p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazine
- FFA, free fatty acid
- G6pc, glucose 6-phophastase gene
- Gbe1, glycogen branching enzyme 1 gene
- Glycogen
- Gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase gene
- Gyg, glycogenin gene
- Gys2, glycogen synthase 2 gene
- HOAD, 3-hydoxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- Hepatic fuel storage
- Isca1, iron‑sulfur cluster assembly 1 gene
- JO2, oxygen flux
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- Lipidomics
- Liver metabolism
- Mitochondrial function
- Mthfr, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene
- Mtr, methionine synthase gene (also MS)
- Mtrr, methionine synthase reductase gene (also MSR)
- Myc, myelocytomatosis oncogene
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Ndufs, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit (ETS complex I) gene
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- One‑carbon metabolism
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PAS, periodic acid Schiff
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PIP, phosphatidylinositol phosphate(s)
- PL, phospholipid
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- RIPA, Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SM, sphingomyelin
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Ugp2, UDP-glucose pyrophophorylase 2 gene
- gt, gene-trap
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Abstract
The starchy endosperm of the mature wheat grain comprises three major cell types, namely sub-aleurone cells, prismatic cells and central cells, which differ in their contents of functional components: gluten proteins, starch, cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) and lipids. Gradients are established during grain development but may be modified during grain maturation and are affected by plant nutrition, particularly nitrogen application, and environmental factors. Although the molecular controls of their formation are unknown, the high content of protein and low content of starch of sub-aleurone cells, compared to the other starchy endosperm cells types, may result from differences in developmental programming related to the cells having a separate origin (from anticlinal division of the aleurone cells). The gradients within the grain may be reflected in differences in the compositions of mill streams, particularly those streams enriched in the central and outer cells of the starchy endosperm, respectively, allowing the production of specialist flours for specific end uses. The mature starchy endosperm of wheat comprises three cell types. These differ in their contents of functional components. These differences are reflected in the compositions of mill streams. These differences may affect functionality. Hence innovative milling can be used to prepare flours for special uses.
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Key Words
- A, arabinose
- AX, arabinoxylan
- AXOS, arabinoxylan oligosaccharide
- DP, degree of polymerisation
- DPA, days past anthesis
- Dietary fibre
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared
- GL, galactolipid
- Gluten proteins
- HMW, high molecular weight
- LMW, low molecular weight
- Lipids
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PL, phospholipid
- Polysaccharides
- SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Starch
- Starchy endosperm
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TDF, total dietary fibre
- WE, water-extractable
- WU, water-unextractable
- Wheat
- White flour
- X, xylose
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Malonyl CoA Decarboxylase Inhibition Improves Cardiac Function Post-Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:385-400. [PMID: 31312761 PMCID: PMC6609914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MCD inhibition decreases fatty acid oxidation via increasing malonyl coenzyme A levels to prevent fatty acid uptake into mitochondria in the failing hearts induced by coronary artery ligation. Downregulating fatty acid oxidation by MCD inhibition occurrs in conjuction with a decrease in glycolysis and in proton production while an increase in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. MCD inhibition enhances antioxidative capacity through increasing mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity via reducing its acetylation.
Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism after a myocardial infarction contribute to the severity of heart failure (HF). Although fatty acid oxidation can be impaired in HF, it is unclear if stimulating fatty acid oxidation is a desirable approach to treat HF. Both immediate and chronic malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase inhibition, which decreases fatty acid oxidation, improved cardiac function through enhancing cardiac efficiency in a post–myocardial infarction rat that underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. The beneficial effects of MCD inhibition were attributed to a decrease in proton production due to an improved coupling between glycolysis and glucose oxidation.
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Key Words
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- EF, ejection fraction
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- MCD, malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase
- MI, myocardial infarction
- SERCA2, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Trx, thioredoxin
- fatty acid oxidation
- glucose oxidation
- heart failure
- uncoupling of glycolysis
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The Munich MIDY Pig Biobank - A unique resource for studying organ crosstalk in diabetes. Mol Metab 2017; 6:931-940. [PMID: 28752056 PMCID: PMC5518720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated complications is steadily increasing. As a resource for studying systemic consequences of chronic insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, we established a comprehensive biobank of long-term diabetic INSC94Y transgenic pigs, a model of mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth (MIDY), and of wild-type (WT) littermates. METHODS Female MIDY pigs (n = 4) were maintained with suboptimal insulin treatment for 2 years, together with female WT littermates (n = 5). Plasma insulin, C-peptide and glucagon levels were regularly determined using specific immunoassays. In addition, clinical chemical, targeted metabolomics, and lipidomics analyses were performed. At age 2 years, all pigs were euthanized, necropsied, and a broad spectrum of tissues was taken by systematic uniform random sampling procedures. Total beta cell volume was determined by stereological methods. A pilot proteome analysis of pancreas, liver, and kidney cortex was performed by label free proteomics. RESULTS MIDY pigs had elevated fasting plasma glucose and fructosamine concentrations, C-peptide levels that decreased with age and were undetectable at 2 years, and an 82% reduced total beta cell volume compared to WT. Plasma glucagon and beta hydroxybutyrate levels of MIDY pigs were chronically elevated, reflecting hallmarks of poorly controlled diabetes in humans. In total, ∼1900 samples of different body fluids (blood, serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid) as well as ∼17,000 samples from ∼50 different tissues and organs were preserved to facilitate a plethora of morphological and molecular analyses. Principal component analyses of plasma targeted metabolomics and lipidomics data and of proteome profiles from pancreas, liver, and kidney cortex clearly separated MIDY and WT samples. CONCLUSIONS The broad spectrum of well-defined biosamples in the Munich MIDY Pig Biobank that will be available to the scientific community provides a unique resource for systematic studies of organ crosstalk in diabetes in a multi-organ, multi-omics dimension.
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Key Words
- Biobank
- CE, cholesterol ester
- CPT1, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Hyperglycemia
- Insulin insufficiency
- MIDY
- MIDY, mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth
- Metabolomics
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Pig model
- Proteomics
- Random systematic sampling
- SM, sphingomyelin
- Stereology
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Transcriptomics
- WT, wild-type
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FGF21 does not require adipocyte AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) to mediate improvements in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2017; 6:471-481. [PMID: 28580278 PMCID: PMC5444097 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) shows great potential for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, as its long-acting analogue reduces body weight and improves lipid profiles of participants in clinical studies; however, the intracellular mechanisms mediating these effects are poorly understood. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important energy sensor of the cell and a molecular target for anti-diabetic medications. This work examined the role of AMPK in mediating the glucose and lipid-lowering effects of FGF21. Methods Inducible adipocyte AMPK β1β2 knockout mice (iβ1β2AKO) and littermate controls were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and treated with native FGF21 or saline for two weeks. Additionally, HFD-fed mice with knock-in mutations on the AMPK phosphorylation sites of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)1 and ACC2 (DKI mice) along with wild-type (WT) controls received long-acting FGF21 for two weeks. Results Consistent with previous studies, FGF21 treatment significantly reduced body weight, adiposity, and liver lipids in HFD fed mice. To add, FGF21 improved circulating lipids, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. These effects were independent of adipocyte AMPK and were not associated with changes in browning of white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Lastly, we assessed whether FGF21 exerted its effects through the AMPK/ACC axis, which is critical in the therapeutic benefits of the anti-diabetic medication metformin. ACC DKI mice had improved glucose and insulin tolerance and a reduction in body weight, body fat and hepatic steatosis similar to WT mice in response to FGF21 administration. Conclusions These data illustrate that the metabolic improvements upon FGF21 administration are independent of adipocyte AMPK, and do not require the inhibitory action of AMPK on ACC. This is in contrast to the anti-diabetic medication metformin and suggests that the treatment of obesity and diabetes with the combination of FGF21 and AMPK activators merits consideration. FGF21 reduces adiposity and improves insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis independent of adipocyte AMPK. FGF21 treatment does not elicit an increase in browning of BAT or WAT. In contrast to metformin, FGF21's intracellular mechanism is not through AMPK/ACC. Findings suggest that combination of FGF21 and AMPK activators could be of benefit.
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Key Words
- ACC
- ACC DKI, ACC1-S79A and ACC2-S212A double knock-in
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Adipocyte
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- Brown fat
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cytochrome c oxidase
- CreERT2, Cre recombinase – estrogen receptor T2
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Diabetes
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FGF21
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- FGFR1c, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFD, high fat diet
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- KLB, beta klotho
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Obesity
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- WT, wildtype
- gWAT, gonadal white adipose tissue
- iWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue
- iβ1β2AKO, inducible AMPK β1β2 adipocyte knockout
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Dataset of the human homologues and orthologues of lipid-metabolic genes identified as DAF-16 targets their roles in lipid and energy metabolism. Data Brief 2017; 11:606-610. [PMID: 28349111 PMCID: PMC5358523 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article are related to the review article entitled ‘Unravelling the role of fatty acid metabolism in cancer through the FOXO3-FOXM1 axis’ (Saavedra-Garcia et al., 2017) [24]. Here, we have matched the DAF-16/FOXO3 downstream genes with their respective human orthologues and reviewed the roles of these targeted genes in FA metabolism. The list of genes listed in this article are precisely selected from literature reviews based on their functions in mammalian FA metabolism. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans gene orthologues of the genes are obtained from WormBase, the online biological database of C. elegans. This dataset has not been uploaded to a public repository yet.
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Key Words
- ACAA2, Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2
- ACACA, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- ACAD8, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 8
- ACADM, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase C4 to C12 straight chain
- ACOX, Acyl-CoA oxidase
- ACSL3/4, Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3/4
- ACSS, Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member
- CPT2, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
- Caenorhabditis elegans
- DAF-16
- DAG, Diacylglycerol
- DGAT, Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase
- ECHS1, Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1
- ELOVL1, Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1
- FA, fatty acid
- FADS2, Fatty acid desaturase 2
- FASN, Fatty acid synthase
- FATP4, Fatty acid transport protein 4
- FOX, Forkhead box
- FOXM1
- FOXO3
- HADH, Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
- HADHA, Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/Enoyl-CoA hydratase, alpha subunit
- LCFA, Long chain fatty acid
- Lipid metabolism
- MLYCD, Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
- MOGAT1/2, Monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1/2
- PNPLA, patatin like phospholipase domain containing
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- SCD1/5, Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1/5
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TCA, Tricarboxylic acid
- VLCFA, Very long chain fatty acid.
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Genotoxicity evaluation of alpha-linolenic acid-diacylglycerol oil. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:716-722. [PMID: 28959597 PMCID: PMC5616014 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard tests. Bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro/in vivo micronucleus tests were conducted. No genotoxicity was observed under the testing conditions.
The alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-diacylglycerol (DAG) oil is an edible oil enriched with DAG (>80%) and ALA (>50%). Although DAG oil, which mainly consists of oleic and linoleic acids has no genotoxic concerns, the fatty acid composition could affect the chemical property of DAG. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard genotoxicity tests in accordance with the OECD guidelines. ALA-DAG oil showed negative results in the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) and in vitro micronucleus test in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells with and without metabolic activation, and in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. Our results did not show any genotoxicity, suggesting that the fatty acid composition had no deleterious effects. We conclude that ALA-DAG oil had no genotoxicity concerns under the testing conditions.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride hydrate
- AF-2, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide
- ALA, alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid-rich diacylglycerol
- B(a)P, benzo(a)pyrene
- CLC, Colchicine
- CP, cyclophosphamide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Diacylglycerol
- Fatty acid composition
- Genotoxicity
- ICH, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
- LA, linolenic acid
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte
- NCE, normochromatic erythrocyte
- NaN3, sodium azide
- TAG, triacylglycerol
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A comprehensive lipidomic screen of pancreatic β-cells using mass spectroscopy defines novel features of glucose-stimulated turnover of neutral lipids, sphingolipids and plasmalogens. Mol Metab 2016; 5:404-414. [PMID: 27257600 PMCID: PMC4877660 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucose promotes lipid remodelling in pancreatic β-cells, and this is thought to contribute to the regulation of insulin secretion, but the metabolic pathways and potential signalling intermediates have not been fully elaborated. Methods Using mass spectrometry (MS) we quantified changes in approximately 300 lipid metabolites in MIN6 β-cells and isolated mouse islets following 1 h stimulation with glucose. Flux through sphingolipid pathways was also assessed in 3H-sphinganine-labelled cells using TLC. Results Glucose specifically activates the conversion of triacylglycerol (TAG) to diacylglycerol (DAG). This leads indirectly to the formation of 18:1 monoacylglycerol (MAG), via degradation of saturated/monounsaturated DAG species, such as 16:0_18:1 DAG, which are the most abundant, immediate products of glucose-stimulated TAG hydrolysis. However, 16:0-containing, di-saturated DAG species are a better direct marker of TAG hydrolysis since, unlike the 18:1-containing DAGs, they are predominately formed via this route. Using multiple reaction monitoring, we confirmed that in islets under basal conditions, 18:1 MAG is the most abundant species. We further demonstrated a novel site of glucose to enhance the conversion of ceramide to sphingomyelin (SM) and galactosylceramide (GalCer). Flux and product:precursor analyses suggest regulation of the enzyme SM synthase, which would constitute a separate mechanism for localized generation of DAG in response to glucose. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) plasmalogen (P) species, specifically those containing 20:4, 22:5 and 22:6 side chains, were also diminished in the presence of glucose, whereas the more abundant phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens were unchanged. Conclusion Our results highlight 18:1 MAG, GalCer, PC(P) and DAG/SM as potential contributors to metabolic stimulus-secretion coupling. Using mass spectroscopy lipidomics we have defined new aspects of glucose simulated lipid turnover in pancreatic beta cells. Glucose directly stimulates triacylglycerol hydrolysis, of which di-saturated diacylglycerol species are excellent markers. C18:1 is the most abundant monacylglycerol, and the one most obviously increased by glucose. Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogens with poly-unsaturated side chains are preferentially decreased by glucose. Glucose specifically enhances the conversion of ceramide to both sphingomyelin and galactosylceramide.
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Key Words
- (O), ether lipid
- (P), plasmalogen
- ATGL, adipose tissue glycerolipase
- CE, cholesterol ester
- COH, free cholesterol
- Ceramide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Diacylglycerol
- FA, fatty acid
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- GalCer, galactosylceramide
- GluCer, glucosylceramide
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- Insulin secretion
- KRHB, Krebs Ringer Hepes Buffer
- MAG, monacylglycerol
- MHC, monohexosylceramide
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Monacylglycerol
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PKD, protein kinase D
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- Pancreatic β-cell
- Plasmalogen
- SM, sphingomyelin
- TAG, triacylglycerol
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Microscopy tools for the investigation of intracellular lipid storage and dynamics. Mol Metab 2015; 5:153-163. [PMID: 26977387 PMCID: PMC4770264 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excess storage of lipids in ectopic tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and heart, seems to associate closely with metabolic abnormalities and cardiac disease. Intracellular lipid storage occurs in lipid droplets, which have gained attention as active organelles in cellular metabolism. Recent developments in high-resolution microscopy and microscopic spectroscopy have opened up new avenues to examine the physiology and biochemistry of intracellular lipids. Scope of review The aim of this review is to give an overview of recent technical advances in microscopy, and its application for the visualization, identification, and quantification of intracellular lipids, with special focus to lipid droplets. In addition, we attempt to summarize the probes currently available for the visualization of lipids. Major conclusions The continuous development of lipid probes in combination with the rapid development of microscopic techniques can provide new insights in the role and dynamics of intracellular lipids. Moreover, in situ identification of intracellular lipids is now possible and promises to add a new dimensionality to analysis of lipid biochemistry, and its relation to (patho)physiology.
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Key Words
- BODIPY, Boron-dipyrromethene
- CARS, coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering
- CLEM, correlative light electron microscopy
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- DIC, differential interference microscopy
- FA, fatty acid
- FIB-SEM, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy
- FLIP, fluorescence loss in photobleaching
- FRAP, fluorescent recovery after photobleaching
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Fluorescent lipid probes
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- LD, lipid droplet
- Lipid droplets
- Live-cell imaging
- Metabolic disease
- NBD, nitro-benzoxadiazolyl
- PALM, photoactivation localization microscopy
- SBEM, serial block face scanning electron microscopy
- SIMS, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- SRS, Stimulated Raman Scattering
- STED, stimulated emission depletion
- STORM, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
- Super-resolution
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TOF-SIMS, time-of-flight SIMS
- TPLSM, two-photon laser scanning microscopy
- Vibrational microscopy
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Identification of differentially expressed genes between developing seeds of different soybean cultivars. GENOMICS DATA 2015; 6:92-8. [PMID: 26697344 PMCID: PMC4664686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is a major source of protein and oil and a primary feedstock for biodiesel production. Research on soybean seed composition and yield has revealed that protein, oil and yield are controlled quantitatively and quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for each of these traits. However, very limited information is available regarding the genetic mechanisms controlling seed composition and yield. To help address this deficiency, we used Affymetrix Soybean GeneChips® to identify genes that are differentially expressed between developing seeds of the Minsoy and Archer soybean cultivars, which differ in seed weight, yield, protein content and oil content. A total of 700 probe sets were found to be expressed at significantly different (defined as having an adjusted p-value below or equal to 0.05 and an at least 2-fold difference) levels between the two cultivars at one or more of the three developmental stages and in at least one of the two years assayed. Comparison of data from soybeans collected in two different years revealed that 97 probe sets were expressed at significantly different levels in both years. Functional annotations were assigned to 78% of these 97 probe sets based on the SoyBase Affymetrix™ GeneChip® Soybean Genome Array Annotation. Genes involved in receptor binding/activity and protein binding are overrepresented among the group of 97 probe sets that were differentially expressed in both years assayed. Probe sets involved in growth/development, signal transduction, transcription, defense/stress response and protein and lipid metabolism were also identified among the 97 probe sets and their possible implications in the regulation of agronomic traits are discussed. As the Minsoy and Archer soybean cultivars differ with respect to seed size, yield, protein content and lipid content, some of the differentially expressed probe sets identified in this study may thus play important roles in controlling these traits. Others of these probe sets may be involved in regulation of general seed development or metabolism. All microarray data and expression values after GCRMA are available at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo), under accession number GSE21598.
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Key Words
- Composition
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GCRMA, Guanine Cytosine Robust Multi-Array analysis
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GO, Gene Ontology
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HY, high yield
- LY, low yield
- QTL, quantitative trait locus
- RCB, randomized complete block
- RIL, recombinant inbred line
- Seed
- Soybean
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Transcriptional profiling
- Yield
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Effects of 4-nonylphenol on oxidant/antioxidant balance system inducing hepatic steatosis in male rat. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1423-1433. [PMID: 28962484 PMCID: PMC5598540 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal administration of 4-NP induces hepatic steatosis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hepatocytes apoptosis is highly implicated in the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Hepatic mitochondrial disturbance promotes deleterious consequences, such as OS and accumulation of triglycerides (steatosis).
An emerging literature suggests that early life exposure to 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), a widespread endocrine disrupting chemical, may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that intraperitoneal administration of 4-NP induces hepatic steatosis in rat. 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 4-NP (0, 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg b.wt) in corn oil for 30 days. Liver histology, biochemical analysis and gene expression profiling were examined. After treatment, abnormal liver morphology and function were observed in the 4-NP-treated rat, and significant changes in gene expression an indicator of hepatic steatosis and apoptosis were observed compared with controls. Up-regulated genes involved in apoptosis, hepatotoxity and oxidative stress, increased ROS and decrease of antioxidant enzyme were observed in the 4-NP exposed rat. Extensive fatty accumulation in liver section and elevated serum GOT, GPT, LDH and γ-GT were also observed. Incidence and severity of liver steatosis was scored and taken into consideration (steatosis, ballooning and lobular inflammation). Hepatocytes apoptosis could promote NAFLD progression; Fas/FasL, TNF-α and Caspase-9 mRNA activation were important contributing factors to hepatic steatosis. These findings provide the first evidence that 4-NP affects the gene expression related to liver hepatotoxicity, which is correlated with hepatic steatosis.
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Key Words
- 4-NP, 4-nonylphenol
- 4-Nonylphenol
- 4-Nonylphenol (PubChem CID: 1752)
- APNEIs, alkylphenol polyethoxylates
- AhR, aril hydrocarbon receptor
- Apoptosis
- Aprotinin (PubChem CID: 22833874)
- Bouin's fluid (PubChem CID: 124013)
- Collagenase (PubChem CID: 5046512)
- Cyt c, cytochrome c
- Diamninobenzidine Tetrahydrochloride (PubChem CID: 23892)
- FAO, fatty acid oxidation
- FFA, free fatty acid
- GOT, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase
- GPT, glutamate pyruvate transaminase
- Genes
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hematoxylin Eosin (PubChem CID: 86598188)
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hydrogen peroxide (PubChem CID: 784)
- IR, insulin resistance
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Liver
- Malondialdehyde (PubChem CID: 10964)
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis
- Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride (PubChem CID: 9281)
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oxidative stress
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor
- Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PubChem CID: 4784)
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sodium chloride (PubChem CID: 5234)
- Superoxide (PubChem CID: 5359597)
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Thiobarbituric Acid (PubChem CID: 2723628)
- Trizol (PubChem CID: 378478)
- Tromethamine (Tris) (PubChem CID: 6503)
- Xylene (PubChem CID: 6850715)
- γ-GT, gamma glutamyltransferase
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High fat diet-induced modifications in membrane lipid and mitochondrial-membrane protein signatures precede the development of hepatic insulin resistance in mice. Mol Metab 2014; 4:39-50. [PMID: 25685688 PMCID: PMC4314525 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Excess lipid intake has been implicated in the pathophysiology of hepatosteatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. Lipids constitute approximately 50% of the cell membrane mass, define membrane properties, and create microenvironments for membrane-proteins. In this study we aimed to resolve temporal alterations in membrane metabolite and protein signatures during high-fat diet (HF)-mediated development of hepatic insulin resistance. Methods We induced hepatosteatosis by feeding C3HeB/FeJ male mice an HF enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated C18:2n6 fatty acids for 7, 14, or 21 days. Longitudinal changes in hepatic insulin sensitivity were assessed via the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, in membrane lipids via t-metabolomics- and membrane proteins via quantitative proteomics-analyses, and in hepatocyte morphology via electron microscopy. Data were compared to those of age- and litter-matched controls maintained on a low-fat diet. Results Excess long-chain polyunsaturated C18:2n6 intake for 7 days did not compromise hepatic insulin sensitivity, however, induced hepatosteatosis and modified major membrane lipid constituent signatures in liver, e.g. increased total unsaturated, long-chain fatty acid-containing acyl-carnitine or membrane-associated diacylglycerol moieties and decreased total short-chain acyl-carnitines, glycerophosphocholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, or sphingolipids. Hepatic insulin sensitivity tended to decrease within 14 days HF-exposure. Overt hepatic insulin resistance developed until day 21 of HF-intervention and was accompanied by morphological mitochondrial abnormalities and indications for oxidative stress in liver. HF-feeding progressively decreased the abundance of protein-components of all mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, inner and outer mitochondrial membrane substrate transporters independent from the hepatocellular mitochondrial volume in liver. Conclusions We assume HF-induced modifications in membrane lipid- and protein-signatures prior to and during changes in hepatic insulin action in liver alter membrane properties – in particular those of mitochondria which are highly abundant in hepatocytes. In turn, a progressive decrease in the abundance of mitochondrial membrane proteins throughout HF-exposure likely impacts on mitochondrial energy metabolism, substrate exchange across mitochondrial membranes, contributes to oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and the development of insulin resistance in liver.
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Key Words
- 2-[14C]DG, 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AUC, area under the curve
- B, basal
- Basal, 17 h fasting
- Clamp
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Diabetes
- EGP, endogenous (hepatic) glucose production
- GIR, glucose infusion rate
- HF, high-fat diet
- Hepatosteatosis
- IS, insulin-stimulated
- LF, low-fat diet
- Metabolomics
- Mitochondria
- NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids
- PCaa, diacylglycerophosphocholine
- PCae, glycerophosphocholine
- Proteomics
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Ra, rate of appearance
- Rd, rate of disappearance
- Rg, glucose metabolic index
- SM, sphingolipid
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- lysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholines
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Ectopic overexpression of castor bean LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) in Arabidopsis triggers the expression of genes that encode regulators of seed maturation and oil body proteins in vegetative tissues. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 4:25-32. [PMID: 24363987 PMCID: PMC3863707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) gene plays critically important regulatory roles during both early and late embryonic development. Here, we report the identification of the LEC2 gene from the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis), and characterize the effects of its overexpression on gene regulation and lipid metabolism in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. LEC2 exists as a single-copy gene in castor bean, is expressed predominantly in embryos, and encodes a protein with a conserved B3 domain, but different N- and C-terminal domains to those found in LEC2 from Arabidopsis. Ectopic overexpression of LEC2 from castor bean under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in Arabidopsis plants induces the accumulation of transcripts that encodes five major transcription factors (the LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), LEAFY COTYLEDON1-LIKE (L1L), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) transcripts for seed maturation, and WRINKELED1 (WRI1) transcripts for fatty acid biosynthesis), as well as OLEOSIN transcripts for the formation of oil bodies in vegetative tissues. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express the LEC2 gene from castor bean show a range of dose-dependent morphological phenotypes and effects on the expression of LEC2-regulated genes during seedling establishment and vegetative growth. Expression of castor bean LEC2 in Arabidopsis increased the expression of fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1) and induced the accumulation of triacylglycerols, especially those containing the seed-specific fatty acid, eicosenoic acid (20:1Δ11), in vegetative tissues. Castor bean LEC2 is single copy and shows seed-specific expression. Over-expression of castor LEC2 induces genes involved in seed maturation in leaves. Castor LEC2 induces the accumulation of triacylglycerols and 20:1 fatty acids in leaves. Ectopic expression of castor LEC2 in Arabidopsis affects plant growth.
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Key Words
- ABI3-VP1, abscisic acid-insensitive 3-viviparous 1
- CaMV, cauliflower mosaic virus
- Castor bean
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- DIG, digoxigenin
- Eicosenoic acid
- FAE1, fatty acid elongase 1
- GC, gas chromatography
- LEAFY COTYLEDON2
- ORF, open reading frame
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SSC, sodium chloride-sodium citrate
- Seed maturation
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TF, transcription factor
- TLC, thin-layer chromatography
- Transcription factor
- Triacylglycerol
- cDNA, complementary DNA
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Phenotypic comparison of common mouse strains developing high-fat diet-induced hepatosteatosis. Mol Metab 2013; 2:435-46. [PMID: 24327959 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic predisposition and environmental factors contribute to an individual's susceptibility to develop hepatosteatosis. In a systematic, comparative survey we focused on genotype-dependent and -independent adaptations early in the pathogenesis of hepatosteatosis by characterizing C3HeB/FeJ, C57BL/6NTac, C57BL/6J, and 129P2/OlaHsd mice after 7, 14, or 21 days high-fat-diet exposure. Strain-specific metabolic responses during diet challenge and liver transcript signatures in mild hepatosteatosis outline the suitability of particular strains for investigating the relationship between hepatocellular lipid content and inflammation, glucose homeostasis, insulin action, or organelle physiology. Genetic background-independent transcriptional adaptations in liver paralleling hepatosteatosis suggest an early increase in the organ's vulnerability to oxidative stress damage what could advance hepatosteatosis to steatohepatitis. "Universal" adaptations in transcript signatures and transcription factor regulation in liver link insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, and thyroid hormone metabolism with hepatosteatosis, hence, facilitating the search for novel molecular mechanisms potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of human non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease.
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Key Words
- 129, 129P2/OlaHsd
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- B6J, C57BL/6J
- B6N, C57BL/6NTac
- C3H, C3HeB/FeJ
- Cancer
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IR, insulin resistance
- Inflammation
- Insulin resistance
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LFD, low fat rodent laboratory diet
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic hepatosteatitis
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Oxidative stress
- T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Thyroid metabolism
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:32-6. [PMID: 23650578 PMCID: PMC3642103 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied adipocytes from 8-week-old control rat offspring (CON) or rat offspring subjected to maternal low (8%) protein (MLP) feeding during pregnancy/lactation, a procedure predisposing to obesity. Acute exposure to isoproterenol or adenosine enhanced PDK4 and PPARγ mRNA gene expression in CON and MLP adipocytes. Enhanced adipocyte Pdk4 expression correlated with increased PPARγ expression. Higher levels of PDK4 and PPARγ were observed in MLP adipocytes. SCD1 is a PPARγ target. Isoproterenol enhanced adipocyte PDK4 and SCD1 gene expression in parallel. This could reflect augmented PPARγ expression together with enhanced lipolytic stimulation to supply endogenous PPARγ ligands, allowing enhanced adipocyte PDK4 and SCD1 expression via PPARγ activation. In contrast, the effect of adenosine to increase PDK4 expression is independent of stimulation of lipolysis and, as SCD1 expression was unaffected by adenosine, unlikely to reflect PPARγ activation. Increased adipocyte expression of both PDK4 and SCD1 in the MLP model could participate as components of a "thrifty" phenotype, favouring the development of obesity.
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Key Words
- ADO, adenosine
- Adipose tissue
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CON, control
- HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase
- ISO, isoproterenol
- KRHB, Krebs–Ringer HEPES buffer
- Lipogenesis
- MLP, maternal low protein
- NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid
- PC, pyruvate carboxylase
- PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
- PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- Programming
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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