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Chang CH, Shen HP, Sherlock E, Csuzdi C. A review of the earthworm Amynthasmasatakae (Beddard, 1892) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae), with designation of two new synonyms. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e119599. [PMID: 38765273 PMCID: PMC11099468 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e119599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Correct and timely identification of an invasive species during quarantine or at an early stage of invasion before establishment or spread is critical for preventing biological invasions. However, taxonomic confusion of potential invasive earthworm species caused by incorrect taxonomic treatment or reckless taxonomic work has made it difficult to properly recognize potential invasion threats. Through analyzing publicly available DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, we confirmed the validity of the specific status of Amynthasmasatakae (Beddard, 1892), a peregrine earthworm species in East Asia with the potential to spread to other regions of the world, and designated two new synonyms of A.masatakae: Amynthastralfamadore Blakemore, 2012 syn. nov. and Amynthasscaberulus Sun and Jiang, 2021 syn. nov. Additionally, the name A.triastriatususualis Dong, Jiang, Yuan, Zhao and Qiu, 2020 is nomenclaturally unavailable since it was published in an electronic journal without ZooBank registration and an explicit statement establishing a new nominal taxon. Specimens described under this unavailable name actually belong to A.masatakae. Inadequate literature review and erroneous species identities associated with sequences in GenBank have caused even more problems in the already confusing earthworm taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Han Chang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Life Science and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Huei-Ping Shen
- Taiwan Biodiversity Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Nantou, TaiwanTaiwan Biodiversity Research Institute, Ministry of AgricultureNantouTaiwan
| | - Emma Sherlock
- Natural History Museum, London, United KingdomNatural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Csaba Csuzdi
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, HungaryDepartment of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly Catholic UniversityEgerHungary
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Chen L, Liu Z, Yang T, Zhao W, Yao Y, Liu P, Jia H. Photoaged Tire Wear Particles Leading to the Oxidative Damage on Earthworms ( Eisenia fetida) by Disrupting the Antioxidant Defense System: The Definitive Role of Environmental Free Radicals. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4500-4509. [PMID: 38415582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) have caused increasing concerns due to their detrimental effects on the soil ecosystem. However, the role of weathering in altering the toxicity of TWP to soil organisms is poorly understood. In this study, the toxicity of original and photoaged TWP was compared using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) as soil model organisms. The obtained results indicated that photoaging of TWP resulted in an increase of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) from 3.69 × 1017 to 5.20 × 1017 spin/g. Meanwhile, photoaged TWP induced the changes of toxic endpoint in E. fetide, i.e., the increase of the weight loss and death ratio from 0.0425 to 0.0756 g/worm and 23.3 to 50% compared to original TWP under a 10% concentration, respectively. Analyses of transcriptomics, antioxidant enzyme activity, and histopathology demonstrated that the enhanced toxicity was mainly due to oxidative damage, which was induced by disruption in the antioxidant defense system. Free-radical quenching and correlation analysis further suggested that the excessive production of ex vivo reactive oxygen species, induced by EPFRs, led to the exhaustion of the antioxidant defense system. Overall, this work provides new insights into the potential hazard of the weathered TWP in a soil environment and has significant implications for the recycling and proper disposal of spent tire particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3# Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3# Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Tianhuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3# Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3# Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Youzhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3# Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3# Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Nature Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3# Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
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Gao F, Ye L, Mu X, Xu L, Shi Z, Luo Y. Synergistic effects of earthworms and cow manure under reduced chemical fertilization modified microbial community structure to mitigate continuous cropping effects on Chinese flowering cabbage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1285464. [PMID: 37954241 PMCID: PMC10637444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers is a viable strategy to enhance crop yield and soil quality. In this study, the aim was to investigate the changes in soil microorganisms, soil chemical properties, and growth of Chinese flowering cabbage under different fertilization treatments involving earthworms and cow manure. Compared with the control (100% chemical fertilizer), CE (30% reduction in chemical fertilizer + earthworms) and CFE (30% reduction in chemical fertilizer + cow dung + earthworms) treatments at soil pH 8.14 and 8.07, respectively, and CFC (30% reduction in chemical fertilizer + cow manure) and CFE treatments increased soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK) contents. Earthworms and cow manure promoted the abundance of Bacillus and reduced that of the pathogens Plectosphaerella and Gibberella. The mantle test revealed that pH was not correlated with the microbial community. Random forest analysis verified that AN, SOM, and TN were important factors that jointly influenced bacterial and fungal diversity. Overall, the synergistic effect of earthworms and cow manure increased soil fertility and microbial diversity, thereby promoting the growth and development of Chinese flowering cabbage. This study enhanced the understanding of how bioregulation affects the growth and soil quality of Chinese flowering cabbage, and thus provided a guidance for the optimization of fertilization strategies to maximize the yield and quality of Chinese flowering cabbage while reducing environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Ye
- College of Wine and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Tibihenda C, Zhong H, Liu K, Dai J, Lin X, Motelica-Heino M, Hou S, Zhang M, Lu Y, Xiao L, Zhang C. Ecologically different earthworm species are the driving force of microbial hotspots influencing Pb uptake by the leafy vegetable Brassica campestris. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1240707. [PMID: 37860140 PMCID: PMC10582336 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1240707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Food chain contamination by soil lead (Pb), beginning with Pb uptake by leafy vegetables, is a threat to food safety and poses a potential risk to human health. This study highlights the importance of two ecologically different earthworm species (the anecic species Amynthas aspergillum and the epigeic species Eisenia fetida) as the driving force of microbial hotspots to enhance Pb accumulation in the leafy vegetable Brassica campestris at different Pb contamination levels (0, 100, 500, and 1,000 mg·kg-1). The fingerprints of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were employed to reveal the microbial mechanism of Pb accumulation involving earthworm-plant interaction, as PLFAs provide a general profile of soil microbial biomass and community structure. The results showed that Gram-positive (G+) bacteria dominated the microbial community. At 0 mg·kg-1 Pb, the presence of earthworms significantly reduced the total PLFAs. The maximum total of PLFAs was found at 100 mg·kg-1 Pb with E. fetida inoculation. A significant shift in the bacterial community was observed in the treatments with E. fetida inoculation at 500 and 1,000 mg·kg-1 Pb, where the G+/G- bacteria ratio was significantly decreased compared to no earthworm inoculation. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that E. fetida had a greater effect on soil microbial hotspots than A. aspergillum, thus having a greater effect on the Pb uptake by B. campestris. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil microbial biomass and structure explained 43.0% (R2 = 0.53) of the total variation in Pb uptake by B. campestris, compared to 9.51% of microbial activity. G- bacteria explained 23.2% of the total variation in the Pb uptake by B. campestris, significantly higher than the other microbes. The Mantel test showed that microbial properties significantly influenced Pb uptake by B. campestris under the driving force of earthworms. E. fetida inoculation was favorable for the G- bacterial community, whereas A. aspergillum inoculation was favorable for the fungal community. Both microbial communities facilitated the entry of Pb into the vegetable food chain system. This study delivers novel evidence and meaningful insights into how earthworms prime the microbial mechanism of Pb uptake by leafy vegetables by influencing soil microbial biomass and community composition. Comprehensive metagenomics analysis can be employed in future studies to identify the microbial strains promoting Pb migration and develop effective strategies to mitigate Pb contamination in food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevin Tibihenda
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Hesen Zhong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexue Liu
- School of Resources and Planning, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shuyu Hou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghao Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Kumar R, Choudhary JS, Naik SK, Mondal S, Mishra JS, Poonia SP, Kumar S, Hans H, Kumar S, Das A, Kumar V, Bhatt BP, Chaudhari SK, Malik RK, Craufurd P, McDonald A, Sherpa SR. Influence of conservation agriculture-based production systems on bacterial diversity and soil quality in rice-wheat-greengram cropping system in eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1181317. [PMID: 37485518 PMCID: PMC10356824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1181317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Conservation agriculture (CA) is gaining attention in the South Asia as an environmentally benign and sustainable food production system. The knowledge of the soil bacterial community composition along with other soil properties is essential for evaluating the CA-based management practices for achieving the soil environment sustainability and climate resilience in the rice-wheat-greengram system. The long-term effects of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment (TCE) methods on earthworm population, soil parameters as well as microbial diversity have not been well studied. Methods Seven treatments (or scenarios) were laid down with the various tillage (wet, dry, or zero-tillage), establishment method (direct-or drill-seeding or transplantation) and residue management practices (mixed with the soil or kept on the soil surface). The soil samples were collected after 7 years of experimentation and analyzed for the soil quality and bacterial diversity to examine the effect of tillage-cum-crop establishment methods. Results and Discussion Earthworm population (3.6 times), soil organic carbon (11.94%), macro (NPK) (14.50-23.57%) and micronutrients (Mn, and Cu) (13.25 and 29.57%) contents were appreciably higher under CA-based TCE methods than tillage-intensive farming practices. Significantly higher number of OTUs (1,192 ± 50) and Chao1 (1415.65 ± 14.34) values were observed in partial CA-based production system (p ≤ 0.05). Forty-two (42) bacterial phyla were identified across the scenarios, and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most dominant in all the scenarios. The CA-based scenarios harbor a high abundance of Proteobacteria (2-13%), whereas the conventional tillage-based scenarios were dominated by the bacterial phyla Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi and found statistically differed among the scenarios (p ≤ 0.05). Composition of the major phyla, i.e., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were associated differently with either CA or farmers-based tillage management practices. Overall, the present study indicates the importance of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment methods in shaping the bacterial diversity, earthworms population, soil organic carbon, and plant nutrient availability, which are crucial for sustainable agricultural production and resilience in agro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Jaipal Singh Choudhary
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sushanta Kumar Naik
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Surajit Mondal
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Shish Pal Poonia
- Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)-CIMMYT, Patna, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Hansraj Hans
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anup Das
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | | | | | - Ram Kanwar Malik
- Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)-CIMMYT, Patna, India
| | | | - Andrew McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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6
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Jiménez HD, Orozco E, Hernández SL, Ramírez AC, Velázquez JM, Velazquez G, Minjarez ADC, Zamudio A, Flores MM, Velasco SF. Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel. Toxics 2023; 11:476. [PMID: 37368576 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are polymers of great importance due to their multiple applications, which have led to an exponential increase in their production. However, once they have fulfilled their function, they become waste and their ecotoxicological effects are unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and total antioxidant capacity of the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to a terpolymeric hydrogel (acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid) crosslinked with modified kraft lignin. Four different amounts of hydrogel per unit area were evaluated (0.0924, 0.1848, 0.9242, and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm2) plus a control, and three replicates were performed for each group. Starting from the amount of 0.1848 mg hydrogel/cm2, the earthworms showed physiological and behavioral alterations; at higher amounts, 0.9242 and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm2, more acute signs were observed with mortality rates of 51.7% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity assay showed that the higher the hydrogel exposure amount, the higher the oxidative stress, as evidenced by lower antioxidant activity (67.09% inhibition of the ABTS●+ radical). Therefore, we concluded that the lignin-modified hydrogel generated oxidative stress and acute lethal toxic effects in Eisenia fetida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto D Jiménez
- Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eulogio Orozco
- Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Saira L Hernández
- Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana C Ramírez
- Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José M Velázquez
- Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Velazquez
- Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Amelia Del C Minjarez
- Institute of Educational Management for Health and Society, Pablo Quiroga 289, Constitución, Zapopan 45180, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adalberto Zamudio
- Department of Physics, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Milagros M Flores
- Medical Science, University of Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, Las Víboras, Colima 28040, Colima, Mexico
| | - Sandra F Velasco
- Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
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Chen MN, Nie XQ, Zhang XF, He CQ, Gao B. [Effects of Earthworm, Straw, and Citric Acid on the Remediation of Zn, Pb, and Cd Contaminated Soil by Solanum photeinocarpum and Pterocypsela indica]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:1714-1726. [PMID: 36922232 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202204198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of exogenous substances and intercropping are effective methods to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. A pot experiment was used to study the effects of earthworms, straw, and citric acid on the remediation of Zn, Pb, and Cd contaminated soil by monocropping and intercropping of Solanum photeinocarpum and Pterocypsela indica. The results showed that the bioaccumulation factors (BCF) of earthworms for Zn, Pb, and Cd were 0.07-0.13, 0.10-0.26, and 5.64-15.52, respectively. The addition of straw in the soil increased the biomass of earthworms by 22.29%-223.87% but reduced the heavy metal concentrations by 8.15%-62.58%. Straw and citric acid showed passivation and activation effects, respectively, but earthworms had no significant effect on the available concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. Earthworms had no significant effect on the heavy metal concentrations of P. indica but reduced the heavy metal concentrations of S. photeinocarpum. Straw showed an inhibitory effect on the concentrations of heavy metals in P. indica but promoted the concentrations of Cd in S. photeinocarpum. Citric acid had no significant effect on the heavy metal concentrations in S. photeinocarpum but significantly increased the Pb concentrations in P. indica. Intercropping significantly reduced the soil available heavy metal concentrations and increased the heavy metal concentrations in plant roots; however, it had no significant effect on heavy metal concentrations in plant shoots. The total extraction amounts of Zn, Pb, and Cd by plants were mainly manifested as P. indica>intercropping>S. photeinocarpum. The addition of earthworms increased the total extraction amounts of Zn, Pb, and Cd by 12.49%, 35.89%, and 29.01%, respectively, and the addition of straw+earthworms increased the total extraction amounts of Pb by 87.21%. The results indicated that straw significantly promoted the growth of earthworms and reduced their accumulation of heavy metals, and the addition of earthworms alone or in combination with straw can effectively improve the remediation potential of P. indica of Zn, Pb, and Cd contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ni Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xing-Feng Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chuan-Qian He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Bo Gao
- College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.,College of Plant and Ecological Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Yang Y, Li L, Luo Z, Zhao Y, Mu Y, Zhang Q. Enantioselective Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Induced by Rac- and S-metolachlor on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida. Toxics 2023; 11:246. [PMID: 36977011 PMCID: PMC10058842 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metolachlor is a widely used chiral herbicide. However, information on its enantioselective toxicity to earthworms, an important soil organism, remains limited. Herein, the effects of Rac- and S-metolachlor on oxidative stress and DNA damage in Eisenia fetida were investigated and compared. Moreover, the degradation of both herbicides in the soil was also determined. The results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) in E. fetida were more easily induced by Rac-metolachlor than S-metolachlor at a higher concentration (above 16 µg/g). Similarly, the effects of Rac-metolachlor on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and DNA damage in E. fetida were more significant than those of S-metolachlor at the same exposure concentration and time. Rac- and S-metolachlor did not result in severe lipid peroxidation. The toxic effects of both herbicides on E. fetida gradually decreased after 7 days as the exposure was prolonged. At the same concentration, S-metolachlor degrades faster than Rac-metolachlor. These results suggest that Rac-metolachlor has a greater effect on E. fetida than S-metolachlor, providing a significant reference for the rational use of metolachlor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Li Li
- Comprehensive Law Enforcement Team of Ecological Environment Protection, Rizhao Bureau of Ecological Environment, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Zhaozhen Luo
- Junan County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Linyi 276600, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Junan County Wanghailou State-owned Forest Farm, Linyi 276600, China
| | - Yalin Mu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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9
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Bai J, Lu D, Chen L, Liu W, Zheng Y, Xiang G, Meng G, Lin Z, Duan R. Ecotoxicological Differences of Antimony (III) and Antimony (V) on Earthworms Eisenia fetida (Savingy). Toxics 2023; 11:230. [PMID: 36976994 PMCID: PMC10056663 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the acute and chronic toxic effects of Sb (III) and Sb (V) on Eisenia fetida (Savingy) (E. fetida) by applying the filter paper contact method, aged soil treatment, and avoidance test experiment. In the acute filter paper contact test, the LC50 values for Sb (III) were 2581 mg/L (24 h), 1427 mg/L (48 h), and 666 mg/L (72 h), which were lower than Sb (V). In the chronic aged soil exposure experiment, when the Sb (III)-contaminated soil was aged 10 d, 30 d, and 60 d after exposure for 7 d, the LC50 value of E. fetida was 370, 613, and >4800 mg/kg, respectively. Compared to Sb (V) spiked soils aged only for 10 d, the concentrations causing 50% mortality significantly increased by 7.17-fold after 14 days of exposure in soil aged for 60 d. The results show that Sb (III) and Sb (V) could cause death and directly affect the avoidance behavior of E. fetida; yet, the toxicity of Sb (III) was higher than that of Sb (V). Consistent with the decrease in water-soluble Sb, the toxicity of Sb to E. fetida was greatly reduced with time. Therefore, in order to avoid overestimating the ecological risk of Sb with varying oxidative states, it is important to consider the forms and bioavailability of Sb. This study accumulated and supplemented the toxicity data, and provided a more comprehensive basis for the ecological risk assessment of Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation of Antimony Mine, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Dan Lu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Linyu Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Weiying Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation of Antimony Mine, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Guohong Xiang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation of Antimony Mine, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Guiyuan Meng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation of Antimony Mine, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Renyan Duan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation of Antimony Mine, Loudi 417000, China
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10
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Wu Y, Deng S, Wang X, Thunders M, Qiu J, Li Y. Discovery and Mechanism of Action of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from an Earthworm. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0320622. [PMID: 36602379 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03206-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The robust innate immune system of the earthworm provides a potential source of natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However, the cost and high rediscovery rate of direct separation and purification limits their discovery. Genome sequencing of numerous earthworm species facilitates the discovery of new antimicrobial peptides. Through predicting potential antimicrobial peptides in the open reading frames of the Eisenia andrei genome and sequence optimization, a novel antimicrobial peptide, named EWAMP-R (RIWWSGGWRRWRW), was identified. EWAMP-R demonstrated good activity against various bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. The antibacterial mechanisms of EWAMP-R were explored through molecular simulation and wet-laboratory experiments. These experiments demonstrated that the bacterial membrane may be one of the targets of EWAMP-R but that there may be different interactions with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial membranes. EWAMP-R can disrupt bacterial membrane integrity; however, at low concentrations, it appears that EWAMP-R may get through the membrane of Escherichia coli instead of damaging it directly, implying the existence of a secondary response. Gene expression studies identified that in E. coli, only the apoptosis-like cell death (ALD) pathway was activated, while in Staphylococcus aureus, the MazEF pathway was also upregulated, limiting the influence of the ALD pathway. The different antimicrobial actions against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria can provide important information on the structure-activity relationship of AMPs and facilitate AMP design with higher specificity. This study identified a new source of antibacterial agents that has the potential to address the increasingly serious issue of antibiotic resistance. IMPORTANCE Drug-resistant bacteria are a great threat to public health and drive the search for new antibacterial agents. The living environment of earthworms necessitates a strong immune system, and therefore, they are potentially a rich resource of novel antibiotics. A novel AMP, EWAMP-R, with high antibacterial activity was found through in silico analysis of the Eisenia andrei genome. Molecular analysis investigating the interactions between EWAMP-R and the cell membrane demonstrated the importance of tryptophan and arginine residues to EWAMP-R activity. Additionally, the different secondary responses found between E. coli and S. aureus were in accordance with a common phenomenon where some antibacterial agents only target specific species of bacteria. These results provided useful molecular information to support further AMP research and design. Our study expands the sources of antimicrobial peptides and also helps to explain the adaptability of earthworms to their environment.
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11
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Garczyńska M, Kostecka J, Pączka G, Mazur-Pączka A, Cebulak T, Butt KR. Chemical Composition of Earthworm ( Dendrobaena veneta Rosa) Biomass Is Suitable as an Alternative Protein Source. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3108. [PMID: 36833802 PMCID: PMC9961765 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The selected chemical composition (dry matter, ash, total protein, and crude fat) of the integumentary muscles of Dendrobaena veneta were determined, plus the dry matter (DM) percentage content of 17 amino acids and the profile (%) of fatty acids. Results were compared with a more fully studied earthworm, Eisenia fetida. In addition, the composition of exogenous amino acids was compared to the WHO standard for pork, beef, and chicken eggs. Both earthworm species were grown on the same kitchen waste, and protein composition was analyzed using the same methods. Studies indicated that the muscle of D. veneta was characterized by a high level of protein (76.82% DM). A similar content of exogenous amino acids was observed in the protein of both earthworms, but for phenylalanine and isoleucine, slightly higher levels were recorded for E. fetida. More histidine, lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and arginine were found in earthworms compared with chicken egg white. Fatty acids play an essential role in balancing human or animal feed and their content determines the dietary and nutritional value of the food. Both earthworm species contained the appropriate content of saturated and unsaturated acids. In D. veneta, a higher content of arachidonic acid was found, and in E. fetida, lauric, tridecanoic, and palmitic acids were present. Future issues of food security may force us to seriously consider earthworm protein for indirect or even direct human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Garczyńska
- Department of the Basis of Agriculture and Waste Management, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, ul. Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Joanna Kostecka
- Department of the Basis of Agriculture and Waste Management, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, ul. Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Pączka
- Department of the Basis of Agriculture and Waste Management, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, ul. Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Mazur-Pączka
- Department of the Basis of Agriculture and Waste Management, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, ul. Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cebulak
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Str., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Kevin R. Butt
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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12
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Zhang B, Chen H, Deng M, Li X, Chen TW, Liu L, Scheu S, Wang S. Multidimensional stoichiometric mismatch explains differences in detritivore biomass across three forest types. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:454-465. [PMID: 36477808 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ecological stoichiometry theory provides a framework to understand organism fitness and population dynamics based on stoichiometric mismatch between organisms and their resources. Recent studies have revealed that different soil animals occupy distinct multidimensional stoichiometric niches (MSNs), which likely determine their specific stoichiometric mismatches and population responses facing resource changes. The goals of the present study are to examine how long-term forest plantations affect multidimensional elemental contents of litter and detritivores and the population size of detritivores that occupy distinct MSNs. We evaluated the contents of 10 elements of two detritivore taxa (lumbricid earthworms and julid millipedes) and their litter resources, quantified their MSNs and the multidimensional stoichiometric mismatches, and examined how such mismatch patterns influence the density and total biomass of detritivores across three forest types spanning from natural forests (oak forest) to plantations (pine and larch forests). Sixty-year pine plantations changed the multidimensional elemental contents of litter, but did not influence the elemental contents of the two detritivore taxa. Earthworms and millipedes exhibited distinct patterns of MSNs and stoichiometric mismatches, but they both experienced severer stoichiometric mismatches in pine plantations than in oak forests and larch plantations. Such stoichiometric mismatches led to lower density and biomass of both earthworms and millipedes in pine plantations. In other words, under conditions of low litter quality and severe stoichiometric mismatches in pine plantations, detritivores maintained their body elemental contents but decreased their population biomass. Our study illustrates the success in using the multidimensional stoichiometric framework to understand the impact of forest plantations on animal population dynamics, which may serve as a useful tool in addressing ecosystem responses to global environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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Canesi L, Auguste M, Balbi T, Prochazkova P. Soluble mediators of innate immunity in annelids and bivalve mollusks: A mini-review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051155. [PMID: 36532070 PMCID: PMC9756803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Annelids and mollusks, both in the superphylum of Lophotrochozoa (Bilateria), are important ecological groups, widespread in soil, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Like all invertebrates, they lack adaptive immunity; however, they are endowed with an effective and complex innate immune system (humoral and cellular defenses) similar to vertebrates. The lack of acquired immunity and the capacity to form antibodies does not mean a lack of specificity: invertebrates have evolved genetic mechanisms capable of producing thousands of different proteins from a small number of genes, providing high variability and diversity of immune effector molecules just like their vertebrate counterparts. This diversity allows annelids and mollusks to recognize and eliminate a wide range of pathogens and respond to environmental stressors. Effector molecules can kill invading microbes, reduce their pathogenicity, or regulate the immune response at cellular and systemic levels. Annelids and mollusks are "typical" lophotrochozoan protostome since both groups include aquatic species with trochophore larvae, which unite both taxa in a common ancestry. Moreover, despite their extensive utilization in immunological research, no model systems are available as there are with other invertebrate groups, such as Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila melanogaster, and thus, their immune potential is largely unexplored. In this work, we focus on two classes of key soluble mediators of immunity, i.e., antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, in annelids and bivalves, which are the most studied mollusks. The mediators have been of interest from their first identification to recent advances in molecular studies that clarified their role in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Teresa Balbi
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petra Prochazkova,
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14
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Zhang P, Yang F, Shi L, Yang C, Chen Q, Hu X, Zhang Z, Qian K, Xu Z, He L. Enantiomer-Specific Study of Fenpropathrin in Soil- Earthworm Microcosms: Enantioselective Bioactivity, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:13152-13164. [PMID: 36194681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the enantiomer-specific bioactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of fenpropathrin (FEN) enantiomers were investigated in soil-earthworm microcosms. The bioactivity order was S-FEN > rac-FEN > R-FEN for Spodoptera litura and Conogethes punctiferalis. Moreover, S-FEN was 12.0 and 32.2 times more toxic than rac-FEN and R-FEN to earthworms, respectively. S-FEN degraded faster than R-FEN with the enrichment of R-FEN in the soil environment. Furthermore, the peak-shaped accumulation curves for FEN enantiomers were observed, and R-FEN was preferentially bioaccumulated by earthworms. As compared to R-FEN, S-FEN induced greater changes in the activities of detoxification enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde content, which suggested that earthworms exhibited enantioselective defense responses to S-FEN and R-FEN. Integrated biomarker response results indicated that S-FEN exhibited higher toxic effects on earthworms than R-FEN. Finally, molecular simulation revealed that the greater interaction forces between S-FEN and sodium channel protein could be the primary reason for the enantioselective bioactivity and toxicity of FEN enantiomers. This study comprehensively highlights the enantiomer-specific bioactivity, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and mechanism of FEN in soil-earthworm microcosms at the enantiomer level. Our findings will contribute to a better risk assessment of FEN in the soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Cancan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Zhifeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
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15
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Wang X, Chu Z, Fan T, Liang S, Li G, Zhang J, Zhen Q. Application of Rice Husk Biochar and Earthworm on Concentration and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Industrial Sludge Treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13463. [PMID: 36294040 PMCID: PMC9603306 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the total concentration and speciation variation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) during composting and vermicomposting of industrial sludge with different addition rations of rice husk biochar. Results indicated that pH, EC, total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) were increased and total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were decreased during the composting of industrial sludge with biochar compared with the control (sludge without biochar). The addition of earthworm to the biochar-amended sludge further decreased pH and TOC but highly enhanced the EC, TN, TP and TK. Comparatively lower concentrations of total and DTPA-extractable heavy metals were observed in biochar-amended sludge treatments mixed with earthworm in comparison with the biochar-amended sludge treatments without earthworm or the control. Sequential extraction methods demonstrated that vermicomposting of sludge with biochar converted more metals bound with exchangeable, carbonate and organic matter into the residual fraction in comparison with those composting treatments of sludge with biochar. As a result, the combination of rice husk biochar and earthworm accelerated the passivation of heavy metals in industrial sludge during vermicomposting. Rice husk biochar and earthworm can play a positive role in sequestering the metals during the treatment of industrial sludge. This research proposed a potential method to dispose the heavy metals in industrial sludge to transform waste into resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Company Limited, Maanshan 243000, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mine, School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Chuzhou Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Chuzhou 239000, China
- Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology (Wuhu), Wuhu 241000, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization and Ecological Protection of Soil and Water Resources in High Diving Level Mining Area of Anhui Province, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Zhaoxia Chu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China
| | - Tingyu Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mine, School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology (Wuhu), Wuhu 241000, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization and Ecological Protection of Soil and Water Resources in High Diving Level Mining Area of Anhui Province, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Shuying Liang
- Chuzhou Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Company Limited, Maanshan 243000, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Quan Zhen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233033, China
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16
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Hussain M, Liaqat I, Ali S, Aftab N, Ulfat M, Naseem S, Urooj, Qamar MF. Diversity and Abundance of Delineated Earthworm (Annelida: Clitellata) in Pakistan: A Review. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:839-834. [PMID: 35661065 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworm, a ubiquitous (but neglected) macro-invertebrate, is found in terrestrial vicinity of Pakistan. Moreover, the occurrence of earthworms is often diverse with fluctuating quantity depending upon abiotic factors and land usage patterns. The aim of this study was to summarize all the reported information related to earthworm diversity in different areas of Pakistan. Almost all the data published from year 2001 to 2021 were collected. Following data organization, total 42 earthworm's species including five families (Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae and Megascolecidae) were reported from various researchers. Among five families, family Acanthodrilidae was found to have only one specie (Ramiella bishambari), Lumbricidae consist of 10 species (Apporactodea rosea, Allolobophora trapezoids, Allolobophora chloroticaa, Aporrectodea longa, A. caliginosa, Bimastus parvus, Eisenia fetida, Helodrilus foetidus, Lumbricus terrestris and L. rubillus), Moniligastridae has two species (Drawida nepalensis and D. pellucida) while Octochaetidae possess only one specie (Eutyphoeus incommodus). The most abundant and diverse family Megascolecidae consist of 28 earthworm species in all habitats of different regions of Pakistan. Among geographical areas, Faisalabad was found as the richest territory with most reported earthworm species (i.e. 28). The current study suggests further in depth research to explore the unidentified and/ missing species of earthworms in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Hussain
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore
| | - Sikander Ali
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University
| | - Nauman Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University
| | - Mobina Ulfat
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University
| | - Sajida Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus
| | - Urooj
- Superior College Daska, Department of Zoology, Government College University
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17
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Pérez-Losada M, Narayanan DB, Kolbe AR, Ramos-Tapia I, Castro-Nallar E, Crandall KA, Domínguez J. Comparative Analysis of Metagenomics and Metataxonomics for the Characterization of Vermicompost Microbiomes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854423. [PMID: 35620097 PMCID: PMC9127802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of microbial communities or microbiotas in animals and environments is important because of their impact in a broad range of industrial applications, diseases and ecological roles. High throughput sequencing (HTS) is the best strategy to characterize microbial composition and function. Microbial profiles can be obtained either by shotgun sequencing of genomes, or through amplicon sequencing of target genes (e.g., 16S rRNA for bacteria and ITS for fungi). Here, we compared both HTS approaches at assessing taxonomic and functional diversity of bacterial and fungal communities during vermicomposting of white grape marc. We applied specific HTS workflows to the same 12 microcosms, with and without earthworms, sampled at two distinct phases of the vermicomposting process occurring at 21 and 63 days. Metataxonomic profiles were inferred in DADA2, with bacterial metabolic pathways predicted via PICRUSt2. Metagenomic taxonomic profiles were inferred in PathoScope, while bacterial functional profiles were inferred in Humann2. Microbial profiles inferred by metagenomics and metataxonomics showed similarities and differences in composition, structure, and metabolic function at different taxonomic levels. Microbial composition and abundance estimated by both HTS approaches agreed reasonably well at the phylum level, but larger discrepancies were observed at lower taxonomic ranks. Shotgun HTS identified ~1.8 times more bacterial genera than 16S rRNA HTS, while ITS HTS identified two times more fungal genera than shotgun HTS. This is mainly a consequence of the difference in resolution and reference richness between amplicon and genome sequencing approaches and databases, respectively. Our study also revealed great differences and even opposite trends in alpha- and beta-diversity between amplicon and shotgun HTS. Interestingly, amplicon PICRUSt2-imputed functional repertoires overlapped ~50% with shotgun Humann2 profiles. Finally, both approaches indicated that although bacteria and fungi are the main drivers of biochemical decomposition, earthworms also play a key role in plant vermicomposting. In summary, our study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of metagenomics and metataxonomics and provides new insights on the vermicomposting of white grape marc. Since both approaches may target different biological aspects of the communities, combining them will provide a better understanding of the microbiotas under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Dhatri Badri Narayanan
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Allison R Kolbe
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ignacio Ramos-Tapia
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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18
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Astaykina A, Streletskii R, Maslov M, Krasnov G, Gorbatov V. Effects of Three Pesticides on the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:853535. [PMID: 35422770 PMCID: PMC9004718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.853535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms play a vital role in the terrestrial ecosystem functioning and maintenance of soil fertility. However, many pesticides, for example, imidacloprid, benomyl, and metribuzin that are world-widely used in agriculture, may be potentially dangerous to earthworms. At the same time, standard tests for pesticides acute and chronic toxicity do not reflect all aspects of their negative impact and might not be enough sensitive for effective assessment. In this paper, we studied the effects of non-lethal concentrations of imidacloprid, benomyl, and metribuzin on the gut bacterial community of Lumbricus terrestris using high-throughput sequencing approach. We found that pesticides reduced the total bacterial diversity in the earthworm's gut even at the recommended application rate. Under the applied pesticides, the structure of the gut prokaryotic community underwent changes in the relative abundance of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomyces, Verrucomicrobia, and Cyanobacteria, as well as the genera Haliangium, Gaiella, Paenisporosarcina, Oryzihumus, Candidatus Udaeobacter, and Aquisphaera. Moreover, the pesticides affected the abundance of Verminephrobacter-the earthworms' nephridia specific symbionts. In general, the negative impact of pesticides on bacterial biodiversity was significant even under pesticides content, which was much lower than their acute and chronic toxicity values for the earthworms. These results highlighted the fact that the earthworm's gut microbial community is highly sensitive to soil contamination with pesticides. Therefore, such examination should be considered in the pesticide risk assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mikhail Maslov
- Soil Science Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - George Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Su QQ, Li LF, Zhu CX, Ye J, Liu X, Geng B, Tian YL, Huang XY. [Effects of Earthworms/Biochar on Bacterial Diversity and Community in As-contaminated Red Soil]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:1630-1640. [PMID: 35258227 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cerium-manganese modified biochar (MBC) combined with earthworms (Eisenia foetida) can immobilize arsenic (As) in red soils. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to explore the combined effects of MBC and E. foetida on bacterial diversity and community structure in As-contaminated red soils. The results showed that the single earthworm treatment had the highest diversity index, whereas the diversity index decreased in the single biochar or MBC treatment, indicating that earthworms can boost the growth of bacteria in the soil, and the addition of biochar/MBC all decreased the bacterial diversity of soils. When biochar/MBC was combined with earthworms, the diversity index increased to some degree. In terms of bacterial community structure, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased significantly in each treatment, especially for MBC-earthworm treated soil, in which the relative abundance was increased by 17.08% and 329.47% for Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, respectively, compared to that in the control (CK). Otherwise, those abundances were decreased by 19.18% and 48.76%, respectively, for Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi. Correlation analysis results showed that the soil water-soluble As (WSAs) was negatively correlated with the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides (P<0.05) but was positively correlated with Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi (P<0.05), which indicated that with the decrease in WSAs in soils, the bacteria of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides reproduced rapidly, whereas the Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were inhibited. Moreover, different treatments induced selective changes in the bacterial community, in which earthworms significantly promoted the proliferation of γ-Proteobacteria, Flavobacteriales, Aeromonadales, and Variovorax and earthworms improved the immobilization effect of As by promoting the growth of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lian-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chang-Xiong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bing Geng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun-Long Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Li W, Zhang P, Qiu H, Van Gestel CAM, Peijnenburg WJGM, Cao X, Zhao L, Xu X, He E. Commonwealth of Soil Health: How Do Earthworms Modify the Soil Microbial Responses to CeO 2 Nanoparticles? Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:1138-1148. [PMID: 34964610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil ecotoxicological assays on nanoparticles (NPs) have mainly investigated single components (e.g., plants, fauna, and microbes) within the ecosystem, neglecting possible effects resulting from the disturbance of the interactions between these components. Here, we investigated soil microbial responses to CeO2 NPs in the presence and absence of earthworms from the perspectives of microbial functions (i.e., enzyme activities), the community structure, and soil metabolite profiles. Exposure to CeO2 NPs (50, 500 mg/kg) alone decreased the activities of enzymes (i.e., acid protease and acid phosphatase) participating in soil N and P cycles, while the presence of earthworms ameliorated these inhibitory effects. After the CeO2 NP exposure, the earthworms significantly altered the relative abundance of some microbes associated with the soil N and P cycles (Flavobacterium, Pedobacter, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes). This was consistent with the pattern found in the significantly changed metabolites which were also involved in the microbial N and P metabolism. Both CeO2 NPs and earthworms changed the soil bacterial community and soil metabolite profiles. Larger alterations of soil bacteria and metabolites were found under CeO2 NP exposure with earthworms. Overall, our study indicates that the top-down control of earthworms can drastically modify the microbial responses to CeO2 NPs from all studied biological aspects. This clearly shows the importance of the holistic consideration of all soil ecological components to assess the environmental risks of NPs to soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Erkai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Ozkan-Aydin Y, Liu B, Ferrero AC, Seidel M, Hammond FL, Goldman DI. Lateral bending and buckling aids biological and robotic earthworm anchoring and locomotion. Bioinspir Biomim 2021; 17:016001. [PMID: 34496355 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac24bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) are characterized by soft, highly flexible and extensible bodies, and are capable of locomoting in most terrestrial environments. Previous studies of earthworm movement focused on the use of retrograde peristaltic gaits in which controlled contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles results in waves of shortening/thickening and thinning/lengthening of the hydrostatic skeleton. These waves can propel the animal across ground as well as into soil. However, worms benefit from axial body bends during locomotion. Such lateral bending and buckling dynamics can aid locomotor function via hooking/anchoring (to provide propulsion), modify travel orientation (to avoid obstacles and generate turns) and even generate snake-like undulatory locomotion in environments where peristaltic locomotion results in poor performance. To the best of our knowledge, lateral bending and buckling of an earthworm's body has not yet been systematically investigated. In this study, we observed that within confined environments, worms use lateral bending and buckling to anchor their body to the walls of their burrows and tip (anterior end) bending to search the environment. This locomotion strategy improved the performance of our soft-bodied robophysical model of the earthworm both in a confined (in an acrylic tube) and above-ground heterogeneous environment (rigid pegs), where present peristaltic robots are relatively limited in terradynamic capabilities. In summary, lateral bending and buckling facilitates the mobility of earthworm locomotion in diverse terrain and can play an important role in the creation of low cost soft robotic devices capable of traversing a variety of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Ozkan-Aydin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Bangyuan Liu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Max Seidel
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Frank L Hammond
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Daniel I Goldman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Takai S, Sudo M, Sakai M, Suzuki K, Sasaki Y, Kakuda T, Suzuki Y. Isolation of Rhodococcus equi from the gastrointestinal contents of earthworms (family Megascolecidae). Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:27-31. [PMID: 34608644 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi was isolated from the gastrointestinal contents of earthworms (family Megascolecidae) and their surrounding soil collected from pastures of two horse-breeding farms in Aomori Prefecture, outdoor pig pens, forest in Towada campus, orange groves and forest where wild boars (Sus scrofa) are established in Tanabe, Wakayama Prefecture. The number of R. equi in the lower gastrointestinal contents of 23 earthworms collected from our campus was significantly larger than that of the upper gastrointestinal content. The mean numbers of R. equi from the gastrointestinal contents of earthworms collected from the various places were 2·3-fold to 39·7-fold more than those of the surrounding soil samples. In all, 1771 isolates from the earthworms and 489 isolates from the soil samples were tested for the presence of vapA and vapB genes using polymerase chain reaction. At the horse-breeding farm N, 9 of the 109 isolates (8·3%) from the earthworms and 7 of the 106 isolates (6·6%) from the soil samples were positive for the vapA gene. At the University's forest, one of the 250 isolates (0·4%) from the gastrointestinal contents of the earthworm was positive for the vapB gene. These results revealed that R. equi can be found in significant quantities in the gastrointestinal contents of earthworms, suggesting that they act as an accumulator of R. equi in the soil environment and as a source or reservoir of animal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takai
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - M Sudo
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - M Sakai
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - K Suzuki
- Hikiiwa Park Center, Tanabe, Japan
| | - Y Sasaki
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - T Kakuda
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Y Suzuki
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
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Sun YQ, Ge Y. Temporal Changes in the Function of Bacterial Assemblages Associated With Decomposing Earthworms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682224. [PMID: 34456883 PMCID: PMC8386022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil invertebrate corpse decomposition is an ecologically significant, yet poorly understood, process affecting nutrient biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we attempted to answer how the substrate chemistry and microbial community change during soil invertebrate (earthworm) decomposition and what roles microbes play in this process. Specifically, the dead earthworms (Amynthas corticis) were buried in two soils where the earthworms inhabited, or not, until more than 50% of the earthworm mass was lost. For both soils, earthworms decomposed faster during the early stage (between 0 and 3 days), as reflected by the higher rate of decomposition and increased accumulation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). This decomposition pattern was paralleled by bacterial community dynamics, where bacterial richness and diversity were significantly higher during early decomposition (p < 0.05) with the relative abundances of many genera decreasing as decomposition progressed. The succession of the bacterial community composition was significantly correlated with time-course changes in DOM composition (p < 0.05). Particularly, more functional groups (e.g., microbes associated with carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling) were identified to be linked with the change of a specific DOM type during the early decomposition phase. By exploring the ecologically important process of soil invertebrate decomposition and its associated bacterial communities, this study provides evidence, e.g., a statistically significant positive correlation between bacterial community and DOM compositions, which supports the widely recognized yet less-tested microbial community structure–function relationship hypothesis in invertebrate decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Qin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Through literature analysis of Pheretima and its origin-related earthworm,this study summarized the progress on Pheretima in textual criticism of origin,origin identification,effective components,detection of harmful components,and pharmacological effects,which can lay a basis for further research on Pheretima. Through literature research,the authors found that Pheretima was first recorded in Secret Formulary for Traumatology and Fracture Taught by Immortal written by LIN Daoren in Tang Dynasty rather than the Taiping Holy Prescriptions for Universal Relief in Song Dynasty. The latest techniques for origin identification include microscopic trait identification,DNA barcoding,and HPLC. The main effective components of Pheretima are proteins,polypeptides,enzymes,nucleotides,amino acids,and trace elements. According to recent studies,Pheretima has anti-pulmonary and anti-renal interstitial fibrosis,respiratory syncytial virus-inhibiting,human hypertrophic scar fibroblast proliferation-suppressing,and mouse embryonic fibroblast proliferation-promoting effects. Moreover,Pheretima can prevent colitis-induced colon cancer by inhibiting the activation of COX-2/PGE2/β-catenin signaling pathway. METHODS:: for detecting the harmful components and their residues( organic pollutant polychlorinated biphenyl,heavy metals) and bacteria in Pheretima,have been established. Pheretima,mainly derived from wild earthworms,has remarkable clinical efficacy. However,the wild resource is in short supply and artificial culture is expected to be a promising solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ji'nan 250011,China
| | - Xiao-Shan Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ji'nan 250011,China
| | - Chang-Lin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ji'nan 250011,China
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Chen SY, Hsu CH, Soong K. How to cross the sea: testing the dispersal mechanisms of the cosmopolitan earthworm Pontodrilus litoralis. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:202297. [PMID: 34430039 PMCID: PMC8355663 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal capability often decides the geographical distribution and long-term success of a species. In this investigation, Pontodrilus litoralis, a widely distributed species along shores throughout mid- and low latitudes of the world, was investigated. We tested three hypotheses explaining its dispersal: helped by humans, transported by birds and carried by currents. Although the earthworms seemed to be associated with artificially planted wind-breaking woods and mangroves along the west coast of Taiwan, they were also found on isolated beaches in the Pescadores Islands without such plantings. They are approximately 2 mm wide, making them too small for use as fishing bait. These two mechanisms invoking human help were not supported. In a laboratory experiment, we moved the earthworms to the plumage of various body parts of pigeons, and they dropped off or died within a short time, a result incompatible with the bird hypothesis. The earthworms stayed alive and grew when immersed in freshwater or seawater for at least a month. They also survived on floating wood in an in situ experiment lasting approximately two months. Thus, the current hypothesis was the only one we were unable to falsify; driftwood and perhaps wooden vessels could provide both food and transport on long journeys. Wood boats exist for a short time on an evolutionary time scale, but it may be long enough to disperse the earthworm around the world. The phase-out of wood boats, thus, may start the divergence of P. litoralis populations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiao-Yin Chen
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Keryea Soong
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wang BL, Wang C, Liu ML. [Ecological remediation of earthworms on soil-plant system: A review]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2021; 32:2259-2266. [PMID: 34212632 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202106.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Soil-plant system is the basic structural unit of the biosphere, with close mutual feedback between soil and plants. The degradation of soil exerts various abiotic stresses to plants, disturbs the physiological metabolism of plants, and inhibits nutrient acquisition. Earthworms are known as "ecosystem engineers", which can regulate soil physical-chemical-biological characteristics, improve the quality of the degraded soil (saline soil, heavy metals and organic pollutants contaminated soil), alleviate plants under stress, increase soil nutrient availability, promote plant growth. Furthermore, through the secretion of signal substances, earthworms could improve the resistance of plants. The ecological remediation effects of earthworms on soil-plant system are of great significance for improving environment of plant growth and maintaining the health and stability of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture/College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture/College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meng-Li Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture/College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Homa J, Klosowska A, Chadzinska M. Arginase Activity in Eisenia andrei Coelomocytes: Function in the Earthworm Innate Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3687. [PMID: 33916228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is the manganese metalloenzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea. In vertebrates, arginase is involved in the immune response, tissue regeneration, and wound healing and is an important marker of alternative anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages. In invertebrates, data concerning the role of arginase in these processes are very limited. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on the changes in arginase activity in the coelomocytes of Eisenia andrei. We studied the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), heavy metals ions (e.g., Mn2+), parasite infection, wound healing, and short-term fasting (5 days) on arginase activity. For the first time in earthworms, we described arginase activity in the coelomocytes and found that it can be up-regulated upon in vitro stimulation with LPS and H2O2 and in the presence of Mn2+ ions. Moreover, arginase activity was also up-regulated in animals in vivo infected with nematodes or experiencing segment amputation, but not in fasting earthworms. Furthermore, we confirmed that the activity of coelomocyte arginase can be suppressed by l-norvaline. Our studies strongly suggest that similarly to the vertebrates, also in the earthworms, coelomocyte arginase is an important element of the immune response and wound healing processes.
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Bodó K, Kellermayer Z, László Z, Boros Á, Kokhanyuk B, Németh P, Engelmann P. Injury-Induced Innate Immune Response During Segment Regeneration of the Earthworm, Eisenia andrei. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2363. [PMID: 33673408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of body parts and their interaction with the immune response is a poorly understood aspect of earthworm biology. Consequently, we aimed to study the mechanisms of innate immunity during regeneration in Eisenia andrei earthworms. In the course of anterior and posterior regeneration, we documented the kinetical aspects of segment restoration by histochemistry. Cell proliferation peaked at two weeks and remitted by four weeks in regenerating earthworms. Apoptotic cells were present throughout the cell renewal period. Distinct immune cell (e.g., coelomocyte) subsets were accumulated in the newly-formed blastema in the close proximity of the apoptotic area. Regenerating earthworms have decreased pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g., TLR, except for scavenger receptor) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (e.g., lysenin) mRNA patterns compared to intact earthworms. In contrast, at the protein level, mirroring regulation of lysenins became evident. Experimental coelomocyte depletion caused significantly impaired cell divisions and blastema formation during anterior and posterior regeneration. These obtained novel data allow us to gain insight into the intricate interactions of regeneration and invertebrate innate immunity.
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Xu L, Yang L, Yang S, Xu Z, Lin G, Shi J, Zhang R, Yu J, Ge D, Guo Y. Earthworm-Inspired Ultradurable Superhydrophobic Fabrics from Adaptive Wrinkled Skin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:6758-6766. [PMID: 33527836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wrapped by periodically wrinkled skin, soft earthworm shows excellent robustness against sticky soil. Mimicking this deformation adaptability, here, we report an ultradurable superhydrophobic fabric by exploiting the formation of adaptive, soft wrinkled poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) skins. Uniform wrinkles are created on woven fabric fibers due to the surface instability of PDMS coating with a cross-linking gradient induced by Ar plasma treatment. Both the surface topography of wrinkles and the viscoelasticity of the underlying compliant layer to release stress endow the treated superhydrophobic fabrics with extraordinary durability, withstanding 800 standard laundries or 1000 rubbing cycles under 44.8 kPa. Additionally, superhydrophobic fabrics are self-healable after heating or plasma treatment. This insight of engineering soft skins with periodic submicron surface topography and gradient modulus provides a pathway for the design of ultradurable, multifunctional wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gaojian Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianjun Shi
- Department of Applied Physics, Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ruiyun Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dengteng Ge
- Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Navarro Pacheco NI, Roubalova R, Semerad J, Grasserova A, Benada O, Kofronova O, Cajthaml T, Dvorak J, Bilej M, Prochazkova P. In Vitro Interactions of TiO 2 Nanoparticles with Earthworm Coelomocytes: Immunotoxicity Assessment. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11010250. [PMID: 33477826 PMCID: PMC7832855 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are manufactured worldwide. Once they arrive in the soil environment, they can endanger living organisms. Hence, monitoring and assessing the effects of these nanoparticles is required. We focus on the Eisenia andrei earthworm immune cells exposed to sublethal concentrations of TiO2 NPs (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) for 2, 6, and 24 h. TiO2 NPs at all concentrations did not affect cell viability. Further, TiO2 NPs did not cause changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and phagocytic activity. Similarly, they did not elicit DNA damage. Overall, we did not detect any toxic effects of TiO2 NPs at the cellular level. At the gene expression level, slight changes were detected. Metallothionein, fetidin/lysenin, lumbricin and MEK kinase I were upregulated in coelomocytes after exposure to 10 µg/mL TiO2 NPs for 6 h. Antioxidant enzyme expression was similar in exposed and control cells. TiO2 NPs were detected on coelomocyte membranes. However, our results do not show any strong effects of these nanoparticles on coelomocytes at both the cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Isabel Navarro Pacheco
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Jaroslav Semerad
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benatska 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Grasserova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benatska 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Olga Kofronova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Tomas Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benatska 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Bilej
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (N.I.N.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.); (A.G.); (O.B.); (O.K.); (T.C.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Yoon YB, Yu YS, Park BJ, Cho SJ, Park SC. Identification and Spatiotemporal Expression of Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADAR) during Earthworm Regeneration: Its Possible Implication in Muscle Redifferentiation. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:biology9120448. [PMID: 33291433 PMCID: PMC7762157 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Among the animal species capable of regenerating missing body parts, a species of earthworm, Perionyx excavatus, has the most powerful regeneration capacity, which can completely and regenerate an amputated head and tail. Earthworm regeneration is a form of epimorphosis, a simple mode of development in adults that occurs around the sites of damage rather than throughout the body. In order to achieve this process, the earthworm must have molecular tools via which a variety of cell and tissue types can be precisely recovered from the pluripotent (or possibly totipotent) blastemal cells. Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) can generate substantial transcriptome and proteome variability and provide an ideal tool for cell and tissue re-specification. To understand the role of ADAR during earthworm regeneration, the molecular characteristics of an ADAR gene identified from P. excavatus (Pex-ADAR) were analyzed, and its spatial and temporal expression patterns were observed during regeneration. Domain analysis showed that Pex-ADAR is a member of the ADAR1 class. Its expression level primarily increases when and where muscle redifferentiation is actively taking place, suggesting that the RNA-editing enzyme Pex-ADAR is involved in muscle redifferentiation. Abstract Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine (A) to produce inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA substrates. A-to-I RNA editing has increasingly broad physiological significance in development, carcinogenesis, and environmental adaptation. Perionyx excavatus is an earthworm with potent regenerative potential; it can regenerate the head and tail and is an advantageous model system to investigate the molecular mechanisms of regeneration. During RNA sequencing analysis of P. excavatus regenerates, we identified an ADAR homolog (Pex-ADAR), which led us to examine its spatial and temporal expression to comprehend how Pex-ADAR is linked to regeneration. At first, in domain analysis, we discovered that Pex-ADAR only has one double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) and a deaminase domain without a Z-DNA-binding domain (ZBD). In addition, a comparison of the core deaminase domains of Pex-ADAR with those of other ADAR family members indicated that Pex-ADAR comprises the conserved three active-site motifs and a glutamate residue for catalytic activity. Pex-ADAR also shares 11 conserved residues, a characteristic of ADAR1, supporting that Pex-ADAR is a member of ADAR1 class. Its temporal expression was remarkably low in the early stages of regeneration before suddenly increasing at 10 days post amputation (dpa) when diverse cell types and tissues were being regenerated. In situ hybridization of Pex-ADAR messenger RNA (mRNA) indicated that the main expression was observed in regenerating muscle layers and related connective tissues. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that an RNA-editing enzyme, Pex-ADAR, is implicated in muscle redifferentiation during earthworm regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Bin Yoon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.B.Y.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Yun-Sang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Beom Jun Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.B.Y.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-J.C.); (S.C.P.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (S.-J.C.); +82-2-820-5212 (S.C.P.)
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.B.Y.); (B.J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.C.); (S.C.P.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (S.-J.C.); +82-2-820-5212 (S.C.P.)
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Chen X, Zhang J, Wei H. Physiological Responses of Earthworm Under Acid Rain Stress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E7246. [PMID: 33023052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acid rain has become one of the major global environmental problems, and some researches reported that acid rain may have a certain inhibition on soil biodiversity. Besides this, it is well known that earthworm (Eisenia fetida) plays an important role in the functioning of soil ecosystems. For this point, we conducted a series of experiments to investigate whether acid rain would take effects on earthworms. In the present study, the earthworms were incubated on filter paper and in soil under acid rain stress. The mortality and behavior of earthworms were recorded, and epidermal damage and the activity of the CYP3A4 enzyme were measured for the tested earthworms. Our experimental results showed that the earthworms could not survive in the acid rain stress of pH below 2.5, and acid rain with weak acidity (i.e., 4.0 ≤ pH ≤ 5.5) promoted the activity of the CYP3A4 enzyme in the earthworms, while acid rain with strong acidity (i.e., 3.0 ≤ pH ≤ 3.5) inhibited it. Moreover, the degree of damage in sensitive parts of the earthworms increased with the decrease of pH value. This study suggests that acid rain can cause discomfort response and the direct epidermal damage of earthworms, and even kill them.
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Bae YS, Kim J, Yi J, Park SC, Lee HY, Cho SJ. Characterization of Perionyx excavatus Development and Its Head Regeneration. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:biology9090273. [PMID: 32899511 PMCID: PMC7564270 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a biological process restoring lost or amputated body parts. The capability of regeneration varies among organisms and the regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is limited to specific animals, including the earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Thus, it is crucial to establish P. excavatus as a model system to investigate mechanisms of CNS regeneration. Here, we set up a culture system to sustain the life cycle of P. excavatus and characterize the development of P. excavatus, from embryo to juvenile, based on its morphology, myogenesis and neurogenesis. During development, embryos have EdU-positive proliferating cells throughout the whole body, whereas juveniles maintain proliferating cells exclusively in the head and tail regions, not in the trunk region. Interestingly, juveniles amputated at the trunk, which lacks proliferating cells, are able to regenerate the entire head. In this process, a group of cells, which are fully differentiated, reactivates cell proliferation. Our data suggest that P. excavatus is a model system to study CNS regeneration, which is dependent on the dedifferentiation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seon Bae
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition #3200, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA;
| | - Jeesoo Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Hae-Youn Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Y.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (H.-Y.L. & S.-J.C.)
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Y.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (H.-Y.L. & S.-J.C.)
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Tang J, Yuan F, Song LH. [Research progress on the effects of biochar application on soil fauna community]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2020; 31:2473-2480. [PMID: 32715715 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202007.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Soil fauna is an indispensable component of soil biotic communities and an important biological driver controlling soil ecological processes. Exploring the effect of biochar on soil fauna community and their relationship, is of great significance to understand the ecological process and services of soil ecosystem. We reviewed the changes and possible mechanisms of soil fauna community to biochar application. The effect of biochar application on soil fauna was caused directly by the difference of raw material, carbonization temperature, and application amount, and indirectly by the changes of biotic factor, including changes of plant physiological characters and microbe biomass, and changes of abiotic parameters (e.g. soil physiochemical characters). The growth, reproduction and behavior of soil fauna could be promoted under low amount of biochar application (mass ratio <5%). In contrast, toxicity effect occurred with a heavy application (>10%). Meanwhile, activities of soil fauna would affect the stability of biochar, and its ecological and environmental role. A road map for future researches about biochar and soil fauna interaction must focus on long-term field studies, spatial and temporal variation, merge of multi-discipline, and comprehensive analysis and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Hong Song
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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DeBenedictis CA, Raab A, Ducie E, Howley S, Feldmann J, Grabrucker AM. Concentrations of Essential Trace Metals in the Brain of Animal Species-A Comparative Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E460. [PMID: 32709155 PMCID: PMC7407190 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential trace metals iron, zinc, and copper have a significant physiological role in healthy brain development and function. Especially zinc is important for neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission and plasticity, and neurite outgrowth. Given the key role of trace metals in many cellular processes, it is important to maintain adequate levels in the brain. However, the physiological concentration of trace metals, and in particular zinc, in the human and animal brain is not well described so far. For example, little is known about the trace metal content of the brain of animals outside the class of mammals. Here, we report the concentration of iron, zinc, and copper in fresh brain tissue of different model-species of the phyla Chordata (vertebrates (mammals, fish)), Annelida, Arthropoda (insects), and Mollusca (snails), using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our results show that the trace metals are present in the nervous system of all species and that significant differences can be detected between species of different phyla. We further show that a region-specific distribution of metals within the nervous system already exists in earthworms, hinting at a tightly controlled metal distribution. In line with this, the trace metal content of the brain of different species does not simply correlate with brain size. We conclude that although the functional consequences of the controlled metal homeostasis within the brain of many species remains elusive, trace metal biology may not only play an important role in the nervous system of mammals but across the whole animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alessia DeBenedictis
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland; (C.A.D.); (E.D.); (S.H.)
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (A.R.); (J.F.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen Ducie
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland; (C.A.D.); (E.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Shauna Howley
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland; (C.A.D.); (E.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (A.R.); (J.F.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Martin Grabrucker
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland; (C.A.D.); (E.D.); (S.H.)
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Wang Z, Li Z, Liu H, Wu L. [Effect of Eisenia foetida on the metal uptake by Sedum plumbizincicola in different types of contaminated soils]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2020; 36:549-559. [PMID: 32237548 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sedum plumbizincicola is a native cadmium/zinc (Cd/Zn) hyperaccumulator in China. At present, it has been applied to remediation of Cd contaminated soils. As the large differences in the removal efficiency of Cd and Zn for different soil conditions, the enhancement measure is important for the phytoremediation process. There have been many studies on the effects of earthworms on plant growth. But the effects on the growth of S. plumbizincicola and heavy metal removal efficiency have been rarely reported. There were 2 pot experiments: S. plumbizincicola was planted on 3 types of soils: Perudic Luvisols, Stagnic Anthrosols, and Udic Cambisols inoculated with Eisenia foetida to explore the effect of Eisenia foetida on the growth and Cd/Zn absorption of S. plumbizincicola. Stagnic Anthrosols with higher Cd effectiveness was selected in the second season pot experiment for further research the combined effect of earthworm and rich straw. The results of the first pot experiment showed that the addition of earthworms in acidic Perudic Luvisols increased the shoot biomass of S. plumbizincicola by 106% compared with the control treatment, and the Cd and Zn uptake increased by 72.0% and 36.0%, respectively. The soil available Cd was reduced by the addition of earthworms. The other two soils inoculated with earthworms had no enhancement on phytoremediation, addition of earthworms together with straw could improve the growth of S. plumbizincicola and the Cd/Zn uptake in Stagnic Anthrosols. The above results indicated that adding earthworm can enhance the phytoremediation of Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator, and the addition of straw is an important synergistic technique for earthworm-enhanced phytoremediation of S. plumbizincicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
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Höckner M, Piechnik CA, Fiechtner B, Weinberger B, Tomanek L. Cadmium-Related Effects on Cellular Immunity Comprises Altered Metabolism in Earthworm Coelomocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E599. [PMID: 31963425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is known to modulate the immune system, challenging soil-dwelling organisms where environmental Cd pollution is high. Since earthworms lack adaptive immunity, we determined Cd-related effects on coelomocytes, the cellular part of innate immunity, which is also the site of detoxification processes. A proteomics approach revealed a set of immunity-related proteins as well as gene products involved in energy metabolism changing in earthworms in response to Cd exposure. Based on these results, we conducted extracellular flux measurements of oxygen and acidification to reveal the effect of Cd on coelomocyte metabolism. We observed a significantly changing oxygen consumption rate, extracellular acidification, as well as metabolic potential, which can be defined as the response to an induced energy demand. Acute changes in intracellular calcium levels were also observed, indicating impaired coelomocyte activation. Lysosomes, the cell protein recycling center, and mitochondrial parameters did not change. Taken together, we were able to characterize coelomocyte metabolism to reveal a potential link to an impaired immune system upon Cd exposure.
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Abstract
Contamination of the soil by Cadmium (Cd) is emerged as a critical environmental problem in China due to current urbanization and industrial activities that hinder the sustainable future development of agriculture. In this study, a system combined by earthworm and Solanum nigrum L. (S. nigurm) was designed for remediation of Cadmium from contaminated soils. The present study revealed that application of earthworm enhanced the biomass of S. nigrum by 61.71%, maxim; the Cd concentrations in the aboveground part of S. nigrum enhanced 35.8% when 50 g earthworm was added into each pot; the addition of earthworm also have some effect on the bio-concentration factor (BF) of S. nigrum while no effect was detected on the bio-transfer factor (TF). In addition, considering the accumulation of Cd by earthworm, the total amount of Cd extracted by the combined system enhanced 57.7% at least and 264.6% at the most, compared to the Cd extraction amount of S. nigrum alone. Generally, according to this study, the earthworm-S. nigrum system has the potential to be used for the remediation of Cd contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhui Ji
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Minist Agr, Tianjin Key Lab Agroenvironm & Agroprod Safety, Key Lab Original Environm Qual, Tianjin, China
| | - Xunrong Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongji Jiang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanghang Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Abstract
Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) is a phenolic compound derived from the shikimate pathway and synthesized by various medicinal and aromatic plants as parent molecule of a large group of secondary metabolites, namely coumarins. Its main utilization is as fixative in perfumes and flavour enhancer. Given its role as phytoalexin and phagodepression activity, herein we evaluated for the first time its efficacy against several insect species: the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, the moth Spodoptera littoralis, the housefly, Musca domestica and the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Two non-target species were also included in our toxicity evaluation experiments: the ladybug Harmonia axyridis and the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Results highlighted remarkable selectivity of coumarin, being highly toxic to M. persicae aphids (LC50(90) values of 1.3(1.9) mg L-1) and friendly to natural enemies of aphids as well as soil invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
In China, the production of kitchen waste was more than 97 million tons per year in 2016. The high lipid content of kitchen waste makes it hard to degrade. Vermicomposting is a kind of low-cost biotechnology through the combination of earthworms and microbes, which could be considered in converting kitchen waste to valuable products. However, the effect of the lipid in kitchen waste on earthworms and composting is not known yet. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of lipid on vermicomposting and to derive the most suitable lipid content in vermicomposting. In our study, kitchen waste with four different lipid contents was prepared: 0% (A), 5% (B), 10% (C) and 15% (D). The earthworm growth and chemical characters of substrates were measured at the interim (14 days) and the end (28 days) of vermicomposting. Our results showed that the high content of lipid had negative effects on growth of earthworms and products in vermicomposting. The kitchen waste with lower lipid content could be better composted by earthworms. The average body weight of the earthworm increased by 9% in treatment A. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and nitrate nitrogen of treatment A with 0% (measured value: 5%) lipid content were significantly higher than those in other treatments. Meanwhile, treatment A had the lowest carbon/nitrogen ratio which might be due to hindrances in the breathing and activities of earthworms. The high content of lipid makes growth of aerobic bacteria such as nitrifying bacteria difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Bangyi Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Xu Song
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Huang PC, Shibu MA, Kuo CH, Han CK, Chen YS, Lo FY, Li H, Viswanadha VP, Lai CH, Li X, Huang CY. Pheretima aspergillum extract attenuates high-KCl-induced mitochondrial injury and pro-fibrotic events in cardiomyoblast cells. Environ Toxicol 2019; 34:921-927. [PMID: 31066208 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperkalemia is often associated with cardiac dysfunction. In this study an earthworm extract (dilong) was prepared from dried Pheretima aspergillum powder and its effect against high-KCl challenge was determined in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. H9c2 cells pre-treated with dilong (31.25, 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/mL) for 24 hours, where challenged with different doses of KCl treatment for 3 hours to determine the protective mechanisms of dilong against cardiac fibrosis. High-KCl administration induced mitochondrial injury and elevated the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins. The mediators of fibrosis such as ERK, uPA, SP1, and CTGF were also found to be upregulated in high-KCl condition. However, dilong treatment enhanced IGF1R/PI3k/Akt activation which is associated with cell survival. In addition, dilong also reversed high-KCl induced cardiac fibrosis related events in H9c2 cells and displayed a strong cardio-protective effect. Therefore, dilong is a potential agent to overcome cardiac events associated with high-KCl toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Marthandam Asokan Shibu
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kuo Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yueh Lo
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Chao-Hung Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Force General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xudong Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Skanta F, Dvorak J, Pacheco NIN, Kolarik M, Bilej M. Developmental and Immune Role of a Novel Multiple Cysteine Cluster TLR From Eisenia andrei Earthworms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1277. [PMID: 31275304 PMCID: PMC6591376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are not endowed with adaptive immunity and they are rely on the tools of innate immunity. Cells of the innate immune system utilize pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, to detect the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The first earthworm TLR was isolated from Eisenia andrei earthworms (EaTLR), which belongs to the single cysteine cluster TLR (sccTLR). Here, we identified a new multiple cysteine cluster TLR (mccTLR) in E. andrei earthworms. Phylogenetic DNA analysis revealed that it has no variability within one earthworm as well as in the population. By screening of the tissue expression profile, the TLR was expressed primarily in earthworm seminal vesicles and receptacles suggesting a connection to sperm cells. Seminal vesicles are often heavily infected by gregarine parasites. As a sign of immune response, a strong melanization reaction is visible around parasites. Stimulation experiments with profilin from related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, led to the upregulation of mccEaTLR in the earthworm seminal vesicles. Also, profilin activated prophenoloxidase cascade, the efficient mechanism of innate immunity. However, its involvement in the NF-κB signaling was not proven. Further, we provide evidence that the antibiotics metronidazole and griseofulvin destroyed the developing spermatocytes. The observed decrease in the mccEaTLR mRNA levels after the antibiotic treatment of parasites is caused by the decline of sperm cells numbers rather than by diminution of the parasites. Since earthworms with extensively reduced parasite load had a similar amount of mccEaTLR mRNA, presumably, earthworm sperm cells have a certain level of mccEaTLR expressed as a standard, which can be augmented by particular antigenic stimulation. Also, mccEaTLR was expressed mainly in the early stages of earthworm development and presumably is primarily involved in early embryonic development. Expression of mccEaTLR in seminal vesicles correlates with the expression of endothelial monocyte-activation polypeptide II. High-throughput sequencing of gregarine DNA from seminal vesicles of individual earthworms resulted in great diversity of the observed genotypes. Phylogenetically, all observed OTUs belong to the clade of earthworm gregarines suggesting host specificity. Overall, mccEaTLR is supposed to play a function role in early embryonic development and potentially it participates in immune response against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Skanta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Miroslav Kolarik
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Zhang W, Zhang M, Chen K, Jin YH, Yan HY, Hu YM, Jin LS. [Effects of enrofloxacin and Cu combined pollution on the activities of digestive enzymes of earthworm in soil.]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2019; 30:2049-2055. [PMID: 31257778 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201906.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of single and combined pollution of enrofloxacin and Cu on the digestive enzymes of earthworms were studied, based on the actual pollution of caused by the application of livestock feces in farmland soil. Results showed that single enrofloxacin (0.1-4 mg·kg-1, 28 d) did not affect protease, but inhibited cellulase and alkaline phosphatase, with an induced effect on acid phosphatase. Single Cu pollution (20-200 mg·kg-1, 28 d) had inhibitory effects on the four digestive enzymes in earthworms. The effects of combined exposures on the digestive enzymes were mainly negative, showing a synergistic increasing character of toxicity in cellulase and acid phosphatase activities. The response dynamics of digestive enzymes to exposure duration was regulatory response (3 d)-intense response (7 d)-reaction recovery (14 d)-chronic exposure (28 d). Chronic exposure results showed that the combined treatments containing high-dose pollutant (200 mg·kg-1 Cu or 4 mg·kg-1 ENR) had more ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-product, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu He Jin
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hui Yi Yan
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yan Mei Hu
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lan Shu Jin
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wu D, McLaughlin N, Zhang S, Chen X, Jia S, Liang A. Temporal Variation of Earthworm Impacts on Soil Organic Carbon under Different Tillage Systems. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16111908. [PMID: 31151152 PMCID: PMC6603604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown the varied effect of earthworms on soil carbon dynamics. We carried out a 180-day incubation experiment with earthworms and maize residue additions under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) system conditions to quantify the earthworm effect in the black soil of northeastern China. Earthworms did not affect soil CO2 emissions, while residue addition significantly increased such emissions. The effects of earthworms on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) gradually weakened with time in CT with and without residue addition, but gradually increased with time in NT with residue addition. In the CT system, earthworms accelerated the soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization; and the newly added residue decomposed into SOC. In the NT system, earthworms accelerated the decomposition of native residues increasing the SOC content; this increase in decomposition rates by earthworms was greater than the inhibitory effect imposed by the addition of the new residue. Earthworms and residues combine to play a single role in CT and NT. This result will help in the understanding of the role of earthworms and residue in SOC dynamics, and in the development of management strategies to improve SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
- Department of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
- Department of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Donghui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Neil McLaughlin
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0C6, Canada.
| | - Shixiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Xuewen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Shuxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Aizhen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
- Department of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Chellathurai Vasantha N, Rajagopalan K, Selvan Christyraj JD, Subbiahanadar Chelladurai K, Ganesan M, Azhagesan A, Rajaian Pushpabai R, Mohan M, Selvan Christyraj JRS. Heat-inactivated coelomic fluid of the earthworm Perionyx excavatus is a possible alternative source for fetal bovine serum in animal cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2817. [PMID: 30972965 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is used as a major supplement in culturing animal cells under in vitro conditions. Due to ethical concern, high cost, biosafety, and geographical as well as batchwise result variations, it is important to reduce or replace the use of FBS in animal cell culture. The major objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of heat-inactivated coelomic fluid (HI-CF) of the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus as a possible alternative for FBS in animal cell culture experiments. The coelomic fluid (CF) was extruded from the earthworm using electric shock method and used for the experiments. Electric shock method is a simple non-invasive technique, which has no harmful effect on earthworms. Mouse primary fibroblast and HeLa cell lines were used in this study. Among HI-CF, autoclaved CF and crude CF, the supplement of medium with HI-CF shows positive results. The processed HI-CF (90°C for 5 min) at 10% supplement in cell culture medium promote maximum cell growth but cells need the initial support of FBS for the attachment to the culture flask. Microscopic observation and immunofluorescence assay with actin and lamin A confirm that the cellular and molecular morphology of the cells is maintained intact. The HI-CF of earthworm, P. excavatus has shown better cellular viability when compared with FBS and making it possible as an alternative supplement to minimize the use of FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Chellathurai Vasantha
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mijithra Ganesan
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ananthaselvam Azhagesan
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajesh Rajaian Pushpabai
- Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Manikandan Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Molecular Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Zhang R, Zhou Z. Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida as Determined by ¹H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071293. [PMID: 30987047 PMCID: PMC6479362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M are widely used fungicides, very little is known about their subacute and enantiospecific effects on the earthworm metabolome. In this study, Eisenia fetida were exposed to metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M at three concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) for seven days. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based untargeted metabolomics showed that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M exposure disturbed earthworms’ metabolism at all three concentrations. Endogenous metabolites, such as succinate, arginine, aspartate, urea, asparagine, alanine, trimethylamine, taurine, cysteine, serine, threonine, histidine, lysine, glucose, choline, carnitine, citric acid, alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, fumaric acid and so on, were significantly changed. These results indicate that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M produce different, enantiospecific disturbances in the earthworm metabolism, particularly in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles. The application of untargeted metabolomics thus provides more information for evaluating the toxic risks of metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Elyamine AM, Moussa MG, Ismael MA, Wei J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Hu C. Earthworms, Rice Straw, and Plant Interactions Change the Organic Connections in Soil and Promote the Decontamination of Cadmium in Soil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15112398. [PMID: 30380659 PMCID: PMC6266151 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The joint effects of earthworms and crop straw on toxic metal speciation are not clear, and very limited information is available regarding the effects of their interaction on Cd mobility in Cd contaminated soil or in remediation processes involving plants. This study evaluated their impacts on Cd mobile form changes in soil and their effects on Cd uptake by plants. Treatments included both planted and unplanted-Cd-contaminated soil with or without rice straw and/or earthworms. The results revealed that earthworms, rice straw, and plant interactions change the Cd mobile forms in soil. The order of Cd concentration of different chemical forms was as follows: exchangeable > residual > bound to Fe-Mn oxide > bound to organic matter for earthworms, and exchangeable > bound to organic matter > residual > bound to Fe-Mn oxide for rice straw treatment, with a recovery rate of 96 ± 3%. The accumulation of Cd in plants increased in the presence of earthworms and decreased in the presence of rice straw. FT-IR spectra indicated that the degradation of rice straw increases C⁻O, C⁻O⁻H, C⁻H, and O⁻H functional groups which could complex with Cd ions. These findings highlighted that earthworms' activities and crop straw can modify soil properties and structure and promote the remediation of heavy metal. This study suggests that the ecological context of remediation instead of being limiting on soil-earthworms-plant interaction, should integrate the natural resources forsaken which can provide a positive influence on both plant health and the remediation of heavy metal in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Elyamine
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Micro-Elements, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Comoros, Moroni 269, Comoros.
| | - Mohamed G Moussa
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Micro-Elements, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Marwa A Ismael
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Micro-Elements, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt.
| | - Jia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Micro-Elements, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Micro-Elements, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yupeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Micro-Elements, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Micro-Elements, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Zou X, Xiao X, Zhou H, Chen F, Zeng J, Wang W, Feng G, Huang X. Effects of soil acidification on the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticide on Eisenia fetida and its mechanism. J Hazard Mater 2018; 359:365-372. [PMID: 30048951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have been widely used to control agricultural insects. Soil acidification is a major problem in soil of intensive agricultural systems, especially in red soil with a low pH buffer capacity. However, the effects of soil acidification on the toxicity of pesticides are still unclear. In the present study, the toxicity of three OPs on E. fetida was determined at individual (14-day lethal test) and biochemical levels (antioxidative defence enzymes) by using acidified soils (pH = 5.5, 4.3 and 3.1). The results showed that the toxicity of tested OPs was slightly increased with the decrease of soil pH. To interpret the phenomena, an optimum Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) model was developed based on the toxicity mechanism and the partial least squares regression (PLS) method. The model indicated bioavailability and toxicodynamics are key factors of soil acidification affecting the toxicity of the OPs. Further results revealed the bioavailability of the OPs was strongly related to their hydrolysis and biodegradation character, whereas the effects of soil acidification on toxicodynamics were mainly caused by the interaction between the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and the OPs. Results will increase understanding of the effects of soil acidification on the toxicity of pesticides and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zou
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiao
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hanfeng Zhou
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jianjun Zeng
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Shanghai Honess Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangping Feng
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Frick C, Vierheilig J, Linke R, Savio D, Zornig H, Antensteiner R, Baumgartner C, Bucher C, Blaschke AP, Derx J, Kirschner AKT, Ryzinska-Paier G, Mayer R, Seidl D, Nadiotis-Tsaka T, Sommer R, Farnleitner AH. Poikilothermic Animals as a Previously Unrecognized Source of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in a Backwater Ecosystem of a Large River. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00715-18. [PMID: 29884761 PMCID: PMC6070746 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00715-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative information regarding the presence of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens in poikilotherms is notably scarce. Therefore, this study was designed to allow a systematic comparison of the occurrence of these standard fecal indicator bacteria (SFIB) in the excreta of wild homeothermic (ruminants, boars, carnivores, and birds) and poikilothermic (earthworms, gastropods, frogs, and fish) animals inhabiting an alluvial backwater area in eastern Austria. With the exception of earthworms, the average concentrations of E. coli and enterococci in the excreta of poikilotherms were equal to or only slightly lower than those observed in homeothermic excreta and were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the levels observed in the ambient soils and sediments. Enterococci reached extraordinarily high concentrations in gastropods. Additional estimates of the daily excreted SFIB (E. coli and enterococcus) loads (DESL) further supported the importance of poikilotherms as potential pollution sources. The newly established DESL metric also allowed comparison to the standing stock of SFIB in the sediment and soil of the investigated area. In agreement with its biological characteristics, the highest concentrations of C. perfringens were observed in carnivores. In conclusion, the long-standing hypothesis that only humans and homeothermic animals are primary sources of SFIB is challenged by the results of this study. It may be necessary to extend the fecal indicator concept by additionally considering poikilotherms as potential important primary habitats of SFIB. Further studies in other geographical areas are needed to evaluate the general significance of our results. We hypothesize that the importance of poikilotherms as sources of SFIB is strongly correlated with the ambient temperature and would therefore be of increased significance in subtropical and tropical habitats and water resources.IMPORTANCE The current fecal indicator concept is based on the assumption that the standard fecal indicator bacteria (SFIB) Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens multiply significantly only in the guts of humans and other homeothermic animals and can therefore indicate fecal pollution and the potential presence of pathogens from those groups. The findings of the present study showed that SFIB can also occur in high concentrations in poikilothermic animals (i.e., animals with body temperatures that vary with the ambient environmental temperature, such as fish, frogs, and snails) in an alluvial backwater area in a temperate region, indicating that a reconsideration of this long-standing indicator paradigm is needed. This study suggests that poikilotherms must be considered to be potential primary sources of SFIB in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Frick
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Water Resource Systems (CWRS), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Vierheilig
- Centre for Water Resource Systems (CWRS), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Rita Linke
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Domenico Savio
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Division of Water Quality and Health, Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | | | | | | | - Christian Bucher
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Building Construction and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - Alfred P Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Division of Water Quality and Health, Krems, Austria
- Unit of Water Hygiene, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Gabriela Ryzinska-Paier
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Mayer
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Dagmar Seidl
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Regina Sommer
- Unit of Water Hygiene, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Division of Water Quality and Health, Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
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Abstract
In order to reveal the toxicity effect and risk of co-exposure of Cu and chlorpyrifos in the current soil environment of China, using the earthworm Eisenia fetida as model organism, the effect of single, and co-exposure of Cu and chlorpyrifos on the growth and antioxidant response of earthworm were analyzed by using the methods of filter paper test and artificial soil test. The results showed that the growth rate of earthworm tended to decrease with the increase of single exposure concentrations of Cu and chlorpyrifos in artificial soil test. The mass of earthworm had a relatively flat changing rate with the co-exposure of Cu and chlorpyrifos. Using the addition of probability, the q values of different concentration groups of Cu and chlorpyrifos on the earthworm mass were less than 0.55, which indicated significant antagonistic effect. The joint effect of Cu and chlorpyrifos on the activities of CAT and SOD indicated antagonistic effect in filter paper test, while the effects of co-exposure of Cu and chlorpyrifos on the contents of GSH and MDA showed a synergy effect of low concentrations and antagonism effect of high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mei Xu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Gui Wei Rao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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