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Medeiros JS, Burns JH, Dowrey C, Duong F, Speroff S. Leaf habit and plant architecture integrate whole-plant economics and contextualize trait-climate associations within ecologically diverse genus Rhododendron. AoB Plants 2024; 16:plae005. [PMID: 38406260 PMCID: PMC10888519 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant resource strategies negotiate a trade-off between fast growth and stress resistance, characterized by specific leaf area (SLA). How SLA relates to leaf structure and function or plant climate associations remains open for debate, and leaf habit and plant architecture may alter the costs versus benefits of individual traits. We used phylogenetic canonical correspondence analysis and phylogenetic least squares to understand the relationship of anatomy and gas exchange to published data on root, wood, architectural and leaf economics traits and climate. Leaf anatomy was structured by leaf habit and carbon to nitrogen ratio was a better predictor of gas exchange than SLA. We found significant correspondence of leaf anatomy with branch architecture and wood traits, gas exchange corresponded with climate, while leaf economics corresponded with climate, architecture, wood and root traits. Species from the most seasonal climates had the highest trait-climate correspondence, and different aspects of economics and anatomy reflected leaf carbon uptake versus water use. Our study using phylogenetic comparative methods including plant architecture and leaf habit provides insight into the mechanism of whole-plant functional coordination and contextualizes individual traits in relation to climate, demonstrating the evolutionary and ecological relevance of trait-trait correlations within a genus with high biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106USA
| | - Callie Dowrey
- Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Rd, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Fiona Duong
- Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Rd, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Sarah Speroff
- New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110USA
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Wang R, Springer KR, Gamon JA. Confounding effects of snow cover on remotely sensed vegetation indices of evergreen and deciduous trees: An experimental study. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:6120-6138. [PMID: 37589597 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Located at northern latitudes and subject to large seasonal temperature fluctuations, boreal forests are sensitive to the changing climate, with evidence for both increasing and decreasing productivity, depending upon conditions. Optical remote sensing of vegetation indices based on spectral reflectance offers a means of monitoring vegetation photosynthetic activity and provides a powerful tool for observing how boreal forests respond to changing environmental conditions. Reflectance-based remotely sensed optical signals at northern latitude or high-altitude regions are readily confounded by snow coverage, hampering applications of satellite-based vegetation indices in tracking vegetation productivity at large scales. Unraveling the effects of snow can be challenging from satellite data, particularly when validation data are lacking. In this study, we established an experimental system in Alberta, Canada including six boreal tree species, both evergreen and deciduous, to evaluate the confounding effects of snow on three vegetation indices: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI), all used in tracking vegetation productivity for boreal forests. Our results revealed substantial impacts of snow on canopy reflectance and vegetation indices, expressed as increased albedo, decreased NDVI values and increased PRI and CCI values. These effects varied among species and functional groups (evergreen and deciduous) and different vegetation indices were affected differently, indicating contradictory, confounding effects of snow on these indices. In addition to snow effects, we evaluated the contribution of deciduous trees to vegetation indices in mixed stands of evergreen and deciduous species, which contribute to the observed relationship between greenness-based indices and ecosystem productivity of many evergreen-dominated forests that contain a deciduous component. Our results demonstrate confounding and interacting effects of snow and vegetation type on vegetation indices and illustrate the importance of explicitly considering snow effects in any global-scale photosynthesis monitoring efforts using remotely sensed vegetation indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kyle R Springer
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John A Gamon
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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3
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Filibeck G, Baliva M, Calcagnile L, Chiarucci A, D'Elia M, Quarta G, Quilghini G, Piovesan G. Rediscovering Montecristo's treasure: The island's holm oaks reveal exceptional longevity. Ecology 2023:e4064. [PMID: 37098702 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Goffredo Filibeck
- Department of Forest and Agricultural Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michele Baliva
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lucio Calcagnile
- CEDAD (Centro di Fisica Applicata, Datazione e Diagnostica), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio de Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiarucci
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marisa D'Elia
- CEDAD (Centro di Fisica Applicata, Datazione e Diagnostica), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio de Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianluca Quarta
- CEDAD (Centro di Fisica Applicata, Datazione e Diagnostica), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio de Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Piovesan
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Wada N, Kondo I, Tanaka R, Kishimoto J, Miyagi A, Kawai-Yamada M, Mizokami Y, Noguchi K. Dynamic seasonal changes in photosynthesis systems in leaves of Asarum tamaense, an evergreen understorey herbaceous species. Ann Bot 2023; 131:423-436. [PMID: 36579472 PMCID: PMC10072104 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evergreen herbaceous species in the deciduous forest understorey maintain their photosystems in long-lived leaves under dynamic seasonal changes in light and temperature. However, in evergreen understorey herbs, it is unknown how photosynthetic electron transport acclimates to seasonal changes in forest understorey environments, and what photoprotection systems function in excess energy dissipation under high-light and low-temperature environments in winter. METHODS Here, we used Asarum tamaense, an evergreen herbaceous species in the deciduous forest understorey with a single-flush and long-lived leaves, and measured photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and electron transport in leaves throughout the year. The contents of photosynthetic proteins, pigments and primary metabolites were determined from regularly collected leaves. KEY RESULTS Both the rates of CO2 assimilation and electron transport under saturated light were kept low in summer, but increased in autumn and winter in A. tamaense leaves. Although the contents of photosynthetic proteins including Rubisco did not increase in autumn and winter, the proton motive force and ΔpH across the thylakoid membrane were high in summer and decreased from summer to winter to a great extent. These decreases alleviated the suppression by lumen acidification and increased the electron transport rate in winter. The content and composition of carotenoids changed seasonally, which may affect changes in non-photochemical quenching from summer to winter. Winter leaves accumulated proline and malate, which may support cold acclimation. CONCLUSIONS In A. tamaense leaves, the increase in photosynthetic electron transport rates in winter was not due to an increase in photosynthetic enzyme contents, but due to the activation of photosynthetic enzymes and/or release of limitation of photosynthetic electron flow. These seasonal changes in the regulation of electron transport and also the changes in several photoprotection systems should support the acclimation of photosynthetic C gain under dynamic environmental changes throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Wada
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, 192-0392Japan
| | - Issei Kondo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, 192-0392Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819Japan
| | - Junko Kishimoto
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizokami
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, 192-0392Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, 192-0392Japan
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Gardner A, Jiang M, Ellsworth DS, MacKenzie AR, Pritchard J, Bader MKF, Barton CVM, Bernacchi C, Calfapietra C, Crous KY, Dusenge ME, Gimeno TE, Hall M, Lamba S, Leuzinger S, Uddling J, Warren J, Wallin G, Medlyn BE. Optimal stomatal theory predicts CO 2 responses of stomatal conductance in both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees. New Phytol 2023; 237:1229-1241. [PMID: 36373000 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optimal stomatal theory predicts that stomata operate to maximise photosynthesis (Anet ) and minimise transpirational water loss to achieve optimal intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). We tested whether this theory can predict stomatal responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2 ), and whether it can capture differences in responsiveness among woody plant functional types (PFTs). We conducted a meta-analysis of tree studies of the effect of eCO2 on iWUE and its components Anet and stomatal conductance (gs ). We compared three PFTs, using the unified stomatal optimisation (USO) model to account for confounding effects of leaf-air vapour pressure difference (D). We expected smaller gs , but greater Anet , responses to eCO2 in gymnosperms compared with angiosperm PFTs. We found that iWUE increased in proportion to increasing eCO2 in all PFTs, and that increases in Anet had stronger effects than reductions in gs . The USO model correctly captured stomatal behaviour with eCO2 across most datasets. The chief difference among PFTs was a lower stomatal slope parameter (g1 ) for the gymnosperm, compared with angiosperm, species. Land surface models can use the USO model to describe stomatal behaviour under changing atmospheric CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gardner
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - A Robert MacKenzie
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeremy Pritchard
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Craig V M Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Carl Bernacchi
- USDA-ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Western Centre for Climate Change, Sustainable Livelihoods and Health, Department of Geography, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Teresa E Gimeno
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Marianne Hall
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Shubhangi Lamba
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Auckland University of Technology, Institute of Earth and Oceanic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Private Bag 92006 (Mail No C-43), Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Tymon LS, Bradshaw M, Götz M, Braun U, Peever TL, Edmonds RL. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Erysiphe spp. on Rhododendron, with a special emphasis on North American species. Mycologia 2022; 114:887-899. [PMID: 35904478 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2090219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Rhododendron comprises over 1000 evergreen and deciduous species. In the Pacific Northwest Coast region of North America (PNWC), powdery mildews infecting deciduous Rhododendron spp. are well documented but less so on evergreen Rhododendron spp. Infections of both groups of hosts historically have been attributed to Erysiphe azaleae or E. vaccinii. No formal characterizations of powdery mildew fungi infecting either deciduous or evergreen Rhododendron spp. in the PNWC have been completed. The objectives of this study were to identify the powdery mildew pathogens infecting evergreen Rhododendron spp. in the PNWC and to assess the phylogenetic position of these fungi within the Erysiphaceae. To ascertain valid taxonomic conclusions, and to determine whether potential introductions of exotic Rhododendron powdery mildews in North America have occurred, it was necessary to put the new North American phylogenetic data into a worldwide context. Therefore, available phylogenetic data from all Erysiphe spp. on Rhododendron have been included in our analyses.Based on analyses of numerous new internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequences and already available sequences deposited in GenBank retrieved from evergreen and deciduous Rhododendron spp., the following Erysiphe spp. could be phylogenetically confirmed (all belonging to Erysiphe sect. Microsphaera): Erysiphe azaleae nom. cons. (Oidium ericinum could be verified as a synonym), E. digitata (holotype sequenced), E. izuensis, and E. vaccinii. Erysiphe azaleae and E. vaccinii are epitypified with sequenced specimens, and an ex-neotype sequence has been obtained for Oidium ericinum. Erysiphe rhododendri (Erysiphe sect. Erysiphe), only known from two collections in India (Himalayan region), was not available for phylogentic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia S Tymon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98107
| | - Michael Bradshaw
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Monika Götz
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Julius Kühn-Institut, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Braun
- Herbarium, Institutsbereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tobin L Peever
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Robert L Edmonds
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Ginnan NA, De Anda NI, Campos Freitas Vieira F, Rolshausen PE, Roper MC. Microbial Turnover and Dispersal Events Occur in Synchrony with Plant Phenology in the Perennial Evergreen Tree Crop Citrus sinensis. mBio 2022; 13:e0034322. [PMID: 35642946 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00343-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging research indicates that plant-associated microbes can alter plant developmental timing. However, it is unclear if host phenology affects microbial community assembly. Microbiome studies in annual or deciduous perennial plants face challenges in separating effects of tissue age from phenological driven effects on the microbiome. In contrast, evergreen perennial trees, like Citrus sinensis, retain leaves for years, allowing for uniform sampling of similarly aged leaves from the same developmental cohort. This aids in separating phenological effects on the microbiome from impacts due to annual leaf maturation/senescence. Here, we used this system to test the hypothesis that host phenology acts as a driver of microbiome composition. Citrus sinensis leaves and roots were sampled during seven phenological stages. Using amplicon-based sequencing, followed by diversity, phylogenetic, differential abundance, and network analyses, we examined changes in bacterial and fungal communities. Host phenological stage is the main determinant of microbiome composition, particularly within the foliar bacteriome. Microbial enrichment/depletion patterns suggest that microbial turnover and dispersal were driving these shifts. Moreover, a subset of community shifts were phylogenetically conserved across bacterial clades, suggesting that inherited traits contribute to microbe-microbe and/or plant-microbe interactions during specific phenophases. Plant phenology influences microbial community composition. These findings enhance understanding of microbiome assembly and identify microbes that potentially influence plant development and reproduction. IMPORTANCE Research at the forefront of plant microbiome studies indicates that plant-associated microbes can alter the timing of plant development (phenology). However, it is unclear if host phenological stage affects microbial community assembly. Microbiome studies in annual or deciduous perennial plants can face difficulty in separating effects of tissue age from phenological driven effects on the microbiome. Evergreen perennial plants, like sweet orange, maintain mature leaves for multiple years, allowing for uniform sampling of similarly aged tissue across host reproductive stages. Using this system, multiyear sampling, and high-throughput sequencing, we identified plant phenology as a major driver of microbiome composition, particularly within the leaf-associated bacterial communities. Distinct changes in microbial patterns suggest that microbial turnover and dispersal are mechanisms driving these community shifts. Additionally, closely related bacteria have similar abundance patterns across plant stages, indicating that inherited microbial traits may influence how bacteria respond to host developmental changes. Overall, this study illustrates that plant phenology does indeed govern microbiome seasonal shifts and identifies microbial candidates that may affect plant reproduction and development.
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Ye Y, Kitayama K, Onoda Y. A cost-benefit analysis of leaf carbon economy with consideration of seasonal changes in leaf traits for sympatric deciduous and evergreen congeners: implications for their coexistence. New Phytol 2022; 234:1047-1058. [PMID: 35133649 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deciduous and evergreen species, which have evolved repeatedly across different clades, can coexist in a given environment despite substantial differences in their leaf traits. It remains unclear how these two groups differ in the development of leaf traits over their lifespans or how their carbon economy - the balance between lifetime carbon gain and leaf construction cost - is determined. We determined the photosynthetic rate (Aarea ), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf mechanical strength and leaf water potentials and estimated the lifetime carbon gain and leaf construction cost of five closely related pairs of evergreen and deciduous species co-occurring in a temperate forest. Aarea of evergreen species was lower during their first spring, similar in summer and higher than the autumn until the following spring than their deciduous counterparts. Leaf mechanical strength, osmotic pressures and LMA increased continuously towards winter in evergreen species while remaining largely constant in deciduous species. The ratio of lifetime carbon gain to leaf construction cost was similar between the two groups. The additional cost associated with enduring winter is paid back by a longer revenue of photosynthesis in evergreen species, allowing evergreen and deciduous leaf habits to coexist in the seasonal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Ye
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Harel-Beja R, Ophir R, Sherman A, Eshed R, Rozen A, Trainin T, Doron-Faigenboim A, Tal O, Bar-Yaakov I, Holland D. The Pomegranate Deciduous Trait Is Genetically Controlled by a PgPolyQ- MADS Gene. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:870207. [PMID: 35574086 PMCID: PMC9100744 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a deciduous fruit tree that grows worldwide. However, there are variants, which stay green in mild winter conditions and are determined evergreen. The evergreen trait is of commercial and scientific importance as it extends the period of fruit production and provides opportunity to identify genetic functions that are involved in sensing environmental cues. Several different evergreen pomegranate accessions from different genetic sources grow in the Israeli pomegranate collection. The leaves of deciduous pomegranates begin to lose chlorophyll during mid of September, while evergreen accessions continue to generate new buds. When winter temperature decreases 10°C, evergreen variants cease growing, but as soon as temperatures arise budding starts, weeks before the response of the deciduous varieties. In order to understand the genetic components that control the evergreen/deciduous phenotype, several segregating populations were constructed, and high-resolution genetic maps were assembled. Analysis of three segregating populations showed that the evergreen/deciduous trait in pomegranate is controlled by one major gene that mapped to linkage group 3. Fine mapping with advanced F3 and F4 populations and data from the pomegranate genome sequences revealed that a gene encoding for a putative and unique MADS transcription factor (PgPolyQ-MADS) is responsible for the evergreen trait. Ectopic expression of PgPolyQ-MADS in Arabidopsis generated small plants and early flowering. The deduced protein of PgPolyQ-MADS includes eight glutamines (polyQ) at the N-terminus. Three-dimensional protein model suggests that the polyQ domain structure might be involved in DNA binding of PgMADS. Interestingly, all the evergreen pomegranate varieties contain a mutation within the polyQ that cause a stop codon at the N terminal. The polyQ domain of PgPolyQ-MADS resembles that of the ELF3 prion-like domain recently reported to act as a thermo-sensor in Arabidopsis, suggesting that similar function could be attributed to PgPolyQ-MADS protein in control of dormancy. The study of the evergreen trait broadens our understanding of the molecular mechanism related to response to environmental cues. This enables the development of new cultivars that are better adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Harel-Beja
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Ron Ophir
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amir Sherman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ravit Eshed
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ada Rozen
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Taly Trainin
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ofir Tal
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Irit Bar-Yaakov
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
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Karban R, Pearse IS. Loss of branches due to winter storms could favor deciduousness in oaks. Am J Bot 2021; 108:2309-2314. [PMID: 34622439 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Ecologists have an incomplete understanding of the factors that select for deciduous, evergreen, and marcescent leaf habits. Evergreens have more opportunities for photosynthesis but may experience costs when abiotic conditions are unfavorable such as during ice and windstorms. METHODS We documented branch loss for species of oaks (Quercus spp.) in a common garden in California during an unusual windstorm. RESULTS Branches of marcescent trees were more likely to break during the storm, and this pattern had a negligible phylogenetic signature. Branches of evergreen and marcescent species were mostly alive before breaking, which likely accrued a fitness cost, while those of deciduous species were mostly already dead. One explanation for the overrepresentation of broken branches from marcescent species is that their petioles are inflexible and have greater wind loading compared to the flexible petioles of evergreen leaves and the leafless condition of deciduous branches. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that branch loss during unusual winter storms may be an important cost of a marcescent leaf habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ian S Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg C, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
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D'Odorico P, Schönbeck L, Vitali V, Meusburger K, Schaub M, Ginzler C, Zweifel R, Velasco VME, Gisler J, Gessler A, Ensminger I. Drone-based physiological index reveals long-term acclimation and drought stress responses in trees. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:3552-3570. [PMID: 34462922 PMCID: PMC9292485 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring early tree physiological responses to drought is key to understanding progressive impacts of drought on forests and identifying resilient species. We combined drone-based multispectral remote sensing with measurements of tree physiology and environmental parameters over two growing seasons in a 100-y-old Pinus sylvestris forest subject to 17-y of precipitation manipulation. Our goal was to determine if drone-based photochemical reflectance index (PRI) captures tree drought stress responses and whether responses are affected by long-term acclimation. PRI detects changes in xanthophyll cycle pigment dynamics, which reflect increases in photoprotective non-photochemical quenching activity resulting from drought-induced photosynthesis downregulation. Here, PRI of never-irrigated trees was up to 10 times lower (higher stress) than PRI of irrigated trees. Long-term acclimation to experimental treatment, however, influenced the seasonal relationship between PRI and soil water availability. PRI also captured diurnal decreases in photochemical efficiency, driven by vapour pressure deficit. Interestingly, 5 years after irrigation was stopped for a subset of the irrigated trees, a positive legacy effect persisted, with lower stress responses (higher PRI) compared with never-irrigated trees. This study demonstrates the ability of remotely sensed PRI to scale tree physiological responses to an entire forest and the importance of long-term acclimation in determining current drought stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra D'Odorico
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Plant Ecology Research LaboratorySchool of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Valentina Vitali
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Biogeochemistry UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Christian Ginzler
- Land Change Science UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaOntarioCanada
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12
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Kunert N, Zailaa J, Herrmann V, Muller‐Landau HC, Wright SJ, Pérez R, McMahon SM, Condit RC, Hubbell SP, Sack L, Davies SJ, Anderson‐Teixeira KJ. Leaf turgor loss point shapes local and regional distributions of evergreen but not deciduous tropical trees. New Phytol 2021; 230:485-496. [PMID: 33449384 PMCID: PMC8048579 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climate change on tropical forests will depend on how diverse tropical tree species respond to drought. Current distributions of evergreen and deciduous tree species across local and regional moisture gradients reflect their ability to tolerate drought stress, and might be explained by functional traits. We measured leaf water potential at turgor loss (i.e. 'wilting point'; πtlp ), wood density (WD) and leaf mass per area (LMA) on 50 of the most abundant tree species in central Panama. We then tested their ability to explain distributions of evergreen and deciduous species within a 50 ha plot on Barro Colorado Island and across a 70 km rainfall gradient spanning the Isthmus of Panama. Among evergreen trees, species with lower πtlp were associated with drier habitats, with πtlp explaining 28% and 32% of habitat association on local and regional scales, respectively, greatly exceeding the predictive power of WD and LMA. In contrast, πtlp did not predict habitat associations among deciduous species. Across spatial scales, πtlp is a useful indicator of habitat preference for tropical tree species that retain their leaves during periods of water stress, and holds the potential to predict vegetation responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kunert
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVA22630USA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchInstitute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesGregor‐Mendel Str. 33ViennaA‐1190Austria
| | - Joseph Zailaa
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of California Los Angeles621 Charles E. Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVA22630USA
| | | | - S. Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Rolando Pérez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Sean M. McMahon
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMD21307USA
| | - Richard C. Condit
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Steven P. Hubbell
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of California Los Angeles621 Charles E. Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 37012WashingtonDC20013USA
| | - Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVA22630USA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
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13
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Sancho-Knapik D, Escudero A, Mediavilla S, Scoffoni C, Zailaa J, Cavender-Bares J, Álvarez-Arenas TG, Molins A, Alonso-Forn D, Ferrio JP, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Deciduous and evergreen oaks show contrasting adaptive responses in leaf mass per area across environments. New Phytol 2021; 230:521-534. [PMID: 33340114 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increases in leaf mass per area (LMA) are commonly observed in response to environmental stresses and are achieved through increases in leaf thickness and/or leaf density. Here, we investigated how the two underlying components of LMA differ in relation to species native climates and phylogeny, across deciduous and evergreen species. Using a phylogenetic approach, we quantified anatomical, compositional and climatic variables from 40 deciduous and 45 evergreen Quercus species from across the Northern Hemisphere growing in a common garden. Deciduous species from shorter growing seasons tended to have leaves with lower LMA and leaf thickness than those from longer growing seasons, while the opposite pattern was found for evergreens. For both habits, LMA and thickness increased in arid environments. However, this shift was associated with increased leaf density in evergreens but reduced density in deciduous species. Deciduous and evergreen oaks showed fundamental leaf morphological differences that revealed a diverse adaptive response. While LMA in deciduous species may have diversified in tight coordination with thickness mainly modulated by aridity, diversification of LMA within evergreens appears to be dependent on the infrageneric group, with diversification in leaf thickness modulated by both aridity and cold, while diversification in leaf density is only modulated by aridity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Sonia Mediavilla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Joseph Zailaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | | | | | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, Palma, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - David Alonso-Forn
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza, E-50018, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
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14
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Withington JM, Goebel M, Bułaj B, Oleksyn J, Reich PB, Eissenstat DM. Remarkable Similarity in Timing of Absorptive Fine-Root Production Across 11 Diverse Temperate Tree Species in a Common Garden. Front Plant Sci 2021; 11:623722. [PMID: 33584764 PMCID: PMC7875864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.623722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term minirhizotron observations of absorptive fine roots provide insights into seasonal patterns of belowground root production and carbon dynamics. Our objective was to compare root dynamics over time across mature individuals of 11 temperate trees species: five evergreen and six deciduous. We analyzed the timing and growth on 1st-and 2nd-order roots in minirhizotron images down to a vertical depth of 35 cm, as well as monthly and total annual length production. Production patterns were related to total annual precipitation of the actual and previous year of root production over 6 years. The main or largest peak of annual fine-root production occurred between June and September for almost all species and years. In most years, when peaks occurred, the timing of peak root production was synchronized across all species. A linear mixed model revealed significant differences in monthly fine-root length production across species in certain years (species x year, P < 0.0001), which was strongly influenced by three tree species. Total annual root production was much higher in 2000-2002, when there was above-average rainfall in the previous year, compared with production in 2005-2007, which followed years of lower-than-average rainfall (2003-2006). Compared to the wetter period all species experienced a decline of at least 75% in annual production in the drier years. Total annual root length production was more strongly associated with previous year's (P < 0.001) compared with the actual year's precipitation (P = 0.003). Remarkably similar timing of monthly absorptive fine-root growth can occur across multiple species of diverse phylogeny and leaf habit in a given year, suggesting a strong influence of extrinsic factors on absorptive fine-root growth. The influence of previous year precipitation on annual absorptive fine-root growth underscores the importance of legacy effects in biological responses and suggests that a growth response of temperate trees to extreme precipitation or drought events can be exacerbated across years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Withington
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, United States
| | - Marc Goebel
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bartosz Bułaj
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Department of Forest Resources, The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David M. Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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15
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Pratt RB, Tobin MF, Jacobsen AL, Traugh CA, De Guzman ME, Hayes CC, Toschi HS, MacKinnon ED, Percolla MI, Clem ME, Smith PT. Starch storage capacity of sapwood is related to dehydration avoidance during drought. Am J Bot 2021; 108:91-101. [PMID: 33349932 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The xylem tissue of plants performs three principal functions: transport of water, support of the plant body, and nutrient storage. Tradeoffs may arise because different structural requirements are associated with different functions or because suites of traits are under selection that relate to resource acquisition, use, and turnover. The structural and functional basis of xylem storage is not well established. We hypothesized that greater starch storage would be associated with greater sapwood parenchyma and reduced fibers, which would compromise resistance to xylem tensions during dehydration. METHODS We measured cavitation resistance, minimum water potential, starch content, and sapwood parenchyma and fiber area in 30 species of southern California chaparral shrubs (evergreen and deciduous). RESULTS We found that species storing greater starch within their xylem tended to avoid dehydration and were less cavitation resistant, and this was supported by phylogenetic independent contrasts. Greater sapwood starch was associated with greater parenchyma area and reduced fiber area. For species without living fibers, the associations with parenchyma were stronger, suggesting that living fibers may expand starch storage capacity while also contributing to the support function of the vascular tissue. Drought-deciduous species were associated with greater dehydration avoidance than evergreens. CONCLUSIONS Evolutionary forces have led to an association between starch storage and dehydration resistance as part of an adaptive suite of traits. We found evidence for a tradeoff between tissue mechanical traits and starch storage; moreover, the evolution of novel strategies, such as starch-storing living fibers, may mitigate the strength of this tradeoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandon Pratt
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Michael F Tobin
- University of Houston-Downtown, Department of Natural Sciences, One Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77002, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Courtney A Traugh
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Mark E De Guzman
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Christine C Hayes
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Hayden S Toschi
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Evan D MacKinnon
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Marta I Percolla
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Michael E Clem
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Paul T Smith
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
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16
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Rivas R, Barros V, Falcão H, Frosi G, Arruda E, Santos M. Corrigendum: Ecophysiological Traits of Invasive C 3 Species Calotropis procera to Maintain High Photosynthetic Performance Under High VPD and Low Soil Water Balance in Semi-Arid and Seacoast Zones. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:611685. [PMID: 33262780 PMCID: PMC7686530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.611685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00717.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Rivas
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Barros
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hiram Falcão
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Frosi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Emília Arruda
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Mauro Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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17
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Rivas R, Barros V, Falcão H, Frosi G, Arruda E, Santos M. Ecophysiological Traits of Invasive C 3 Species Calotropis procera to Maintain High Photosynthetic Performance Under High VPD and Low Soil Water Balance in Semi-Arid and Seacoast Zones. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:717. [PMID: 32714338 PMCID: PMC7343903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The evergreen C3 plant Calotropis procera is native to arid environments. Thus, it grows under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), intense light, and severe drought conditions. We measured several ecophysiological traits in C. procera plants growing in semi-arid and seacoast environments to assess the attributes that support its photosynthetic performance under these contrasting conditions. Gas exchange analysis, primary metabolism content, nutrients, the antioxidant system, and leaf anatomy traits were measured under field conditions. In the semi-arid environment, C. procera was exposed to a prolonged drought season with a negative soil water balance during the 2 years of the study. Calotropis procera plants were exposed to a positive soil water balance only in the rainy season in the seacoast environment. The leaves of C. procera showed the same photosynthetic rate under high or low VPD, even in dry seasons with a negative soil water balance. Photosynthetic pigments, leaf sugar content, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were increased in both places in the dry season. However, the anatomical adjustments were contrasting: while, in the semi-arid environment, mesophyll thickness increased in the driest year, in the seacoast environment, the cuticle thickness and trichome density were increased. The ability to maintain photosynthetic performance through the seasons would be supported by new leaves with different morpho-anatomical traits, with contrasting changes between semi-arid and seacoast environments. Furthermore, our results suggest that an efficient antioxidative system and leaf sugar dynamics can contribute to protecting the photosynthetic machinery even under severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Rivas
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Barros
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hiram Falcão
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Frosi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Emília Arruda
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Mauro Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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18
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Wang JA, Sulla-Menashe D, Woodcock CE, Sonnentag O, Keeling RF, Friedl MA. Extensive land cover change across Arctic-Boreal Northwestern North America from disturbance and climate forcing. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:807-822. [PMID: 31437337 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of disturbance agents, such as wildfires, land use, and climate-driven expansion of woody shrubs, is transforming the distribution of plant functional types across Arctic-Boreal ecosystems, which has significant implications for interactions and feedbacks between terrestrial ecosystems and climate in the northern high-latitude. However, because the spatial resolution of existing land cover datasets is too coarse, large-scale land cover changes in the Arctic-Boreal region (ABR) have been poorly characterized. Here, we use 31 years (1984-2014) of moderate spatial resolution (30 m) satellite imagery over a region spanning 4.7 × 106 km2 in Alaska and northwestern Canada to characterize regional-scale ABR land cover changes. We find that 13.6 ± 1.3% of the domain has changed, primarily via two major modes of transformation: (a) simultaneous disturbance-driven decreases in Evergreen Forest area (-14.7 ± 3.0% relative to 1984) and increases in Deciduous Forest area (+14.8 ± 5.2%) in the Boreal biome; and (b) climate-driven expansion of Herbaceous and Shrub vegetation (+7.4 ± 2.0%) in the Arctic biome. By using time series of 30 m imagery, we characterize dynamics in forest and shrub cover occurring at relatively short spatial scales (hundreds of meters) due to fires, harvest, and climate-induced growth that are not observable in coarse spatial resolution (e.g., 500 m or greater pixel size) imagery. Wildfires caused most of Evergreen Forest Loss and Evergreen Forest Gain and substantial areas of Deciduous Forest Gain. Extensive shifts in the distribution of plant functional types at multiple spatial scales are consistent with observations of increased atmospheric CO2 seasonality and ecosystem productivity at northern high-latitudes and signal continental-scale shifts in the structure and function of northern high-latitude ecosystems in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Wang
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Curtis E Woodcock
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Friedl
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Pérez-Ramos IM, Knops JMH, Pesendorfer MB, Koenig WD, Mooney KA. Weather cues associated with masting behavior dampen the negative autocorrelation between past and current reproduction in oaks. Am J Bot 2019; 106:51-60. [PMID: 30633821 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The influence of weather conditions on masting and the ecological advantages of this reproductive behavior have been the subject of much interest. Weather conditions act as cues influencing reproduction of individual plants, and similar responses expressed across many individuals lead to population-level synchrony in reproductive output. In turn, synchrony leads to benefits from economies of scale such as enhanced pollination success and seed predator satiation. However, there may also be individual-level benefits from reproductive responses to weather cues, which may explain the origin of masting in the absence of economies of scale. In a previous study, we found support for a mechanism whereby individual responses to weather cues attenuate the negative autocorrelation between past and current annual seed production-a pattern typically attributed to resource limitation and reproductive tradeoffs among years. METHODS Here we provide a follow-up and more robust evaluation of this hypothesis in 12 species of oaks (Quercus spp.), testing for a negative autocorrelation (tradeoff) between past and current reproduction and whether responses to weather cues associated with masting reduce the strength of this negative autocorrelation. KEY RESULTS Our results showed a strong negative autocorrelation for 11 of the species, and that species-specific reproductive responses to weather cues dampened this negative autocorrelation in 10 of them. CONCLUSIONS This dampening effect presumably reflects a reduction in resource limitation or increased resource use associated with weather conditions, and suggests that responses to weather cues conferring these advantages should be selected for based on individual benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimna, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio M Pérez-Ramos
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 1052, 41080, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mario B Pesendorfer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Walter D Koenig
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA, 92697
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O'Brien MJ, Peréz-Aviles D, Powers JS. Resilience of seed production to a severe El Niño-induced drought across functional groups and dispersal types. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5270-5280. [PMID: 30080318 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More frequent and severe El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) are causing episodic periods of decreased rainfall. Although the effects of these ENSO-induced droughts on tree growth and mortality have been well studied, the impacts on other demographic rates such as reproduction are less well known. We use a four-year seed rain dataset encompassing the most severe ENSO-induced drought in more than 30 years to assess the resilience (i.e., resistance and recovery) of the seed composition and abundance of three forest types in a tropical dry forest. We found that forest types showed distinct differences in the timing, duration, and intensity of drought during the ENSO event, which likely mediated seed composition shifts and resilience. Drought-deciduous species were particularly sensitive to the drought with overall poor resilience of seed production, whereby seed abundance of this functional group failed to recover to predrought levels even two years after the drought. Liana and wind-dispersed species were able to maintain seed production both during and after drought, suggesting that ENSO events promote early successional species or species with a colonization strategy. Combined, these results suggest that ENSO-induced drought mediates the establishment of functional groups and dispersal types suited for early successional conditions with more open canopies and reduced competition among plants. The effects of the ENSO-induced drought on seed composition and abundance were still evident two years after the event suggesting the recovery of seed production requires multiple years that may lead to shifts in forest composition and structure in the long term, with potential consequences for higher trophic levels like frugivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O'Brien
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zürich, Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Peréz-Aviles
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Puglielli G, Varone L. Inherent variation of functional traits in winter and summer leaves of Mediterranean seasonal dimorphic species: evidence of a 'within leaf cohort' spectrum. AoB Plants 2018; 10:ply027. [PMID: 29868168 PMCID: PMC5965093 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The covariation pattern among leaf functional traits involved in resource acquisition has been successfully provided by the leaf economic spectrum (LES). Nevertheless, some aspects such as how the leaf trait variation sources affect LES predictions are still little investigated. Accordingly, the aim of this paper was to test whether leaf trait variations within different leaf cohorts could alter LES. Improving this knowledge can extend the potential of trait-based approaches in simulating future climate effects on ecosystems. A database on leaf morphological and physiological traits from different leaf cohorts of Cistus spp. was built by collecting data from literature. These species are seasonal dimorphic shrubs with two well-defined leaf cohorts during a year: summer leaves (SL) and winter leaves (WL). Traits included: leaf mass area (LMA), leaf thickness (LT), leaf tissue density (LTD), net photosynthetic rate on area (Aa) and mass (Am) base, nitrogen content on area (Na) and mass (Nm) base. The obtained patterns were analysed by standardized major axis regression and then compared with the global spectrum of evergreens and deciduous species. Climatic variable effect on leaf traits was also tested. Winter leaves and SL showed a great inherent variability for all the considered traits. Nevertheless, some relationships differed in terms of slopes or intercepts between SL and WL and between leaf cohorts and the global spectrum of evergreens and deciduous. Moreover, climatic variables differently affected leaf traits in SL and WL. The results show the existence of a 'within leaf cohort' spectrum, providing the first evidence on the role of leaf cohorts as LES source of variation. In fact, WL showed a high return strategy as they tended to maximize, in a short time, resource acquisition with a lower dry mass investment, while SL were characterized by a low return strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Puglielli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Varone
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Fernández-Marín B, Hernández A, Garcia-Plazaola JI, Esteban R, Míguez F, Artetxe U, Gómez-Sagasti MT. Photoprotective Strategies of Mediterranean Plants in Relation to Morphological Traits and Natural Environmental Pressure: A Meta-Analytical Approach. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1051. [PMID: 28674548 PMCID: PMC5474485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a small geographic extension, Mediterranean Basin is characterized by an exceptional plant biodiversity. Adaptive responses of this biocoenosis are delineated by an unusual temporal dissociation along the year between optimal temperature for growth and water availability. This fact generates the combination of two environmental stress factors: a period of summer drought, variable in length and intensity, and the occurrence of mild to cold winters. Both abiotic factors, trigger the generation of (photo)oxidative stress and plants orchestrate an arsenal of structural, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to withstand such environmental injuries. In the last two decades an important effort has been made to characterize the adaptive morphological and ecophysiological traits behind plant survival strategies with an eye to predict how they will respond to future climatic changes. In the present work, we have compiled data from 89 studies following a meta-analytical approach with the aim of assessing the composition and plasticity of photosynthetic pigments and low-molecular-weight antioxidants (tocopherols, glutathione, and ascorbic acid) of wild Mediterranean plant species. The influence of internal plant and leaf factors on such composition together with the stress responsiveness, were also analyzed. This approach enabled to obtain data from 73 species of the Mediterranean flora, with the genus Quercus being the most frequently studied. Main highlights of present analysis are: (i) sort of photoprotective mechanisms do not differ between Mediterranean plants and other floras but they show higher plasticity indexes; (ii) α-tocopherol among the antioxidants and violaxanthin-cycle pigments show the highest responsiveness to environmental factors; (iii) both winter and drought stresses induce overnight retention of de-epoxidised violaxanthin-cycle pigments; (iv) this retention correlates with depressions of Fv/Fm; and (v) contrary to what could be expected, mature leaves showed higher accumulation of hydrophilic antioxidants than young leaves, and sclerophyllous leaves higher biochemical photoprotective demand than membranous leaves. In a global climatic change scenario, the plasticity of their photoprotective mechanisms will likely benefit Mediterranean species against oceanic ones. Nevertheless, deep research of ecoregions other than the Mediterranean Basin will be needed to fully understand photoprotection strategies of this extremely biodiverse floristic biome: the Mediterranean ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Bilbao, Spain
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Moreira X, Pearse IS. Leaf habit does not determine the investment in both physical and chemical defences and pair-wise correlations between these defensive traits. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:354-359. [PMID: 28008702 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant life-history strategies associated with resource acquisition and economics (e.g. leaf habit) are thought to be fundamental determinants of the traits and mechanisms that drive herbivore pressure, resource allocation to plant defensive traits, and the simultaneous expression (positive correlations) or trade-offs (negative correlations) between these defensive traits. In particular, it is expected that evergreen species - which usually grow slower and support constant herbivore pressure in comparison with deciduous species - will exhibit higher levels of both physical and chemical defences and a higher predisposition to the simultaneous expression of physical and chemical defensive traits. Here, by using a dataset which included 56 oak species (Quercus genus), we investigated whether leaf habit of plant species governs the investment in both physical and chemical defences and pair-wise correlations between these defensive traits. Our results showed that leaf habit does not determine the production of most leaf physical and chemical defences. Although evergreen oak species had higher levels of leaf toughness and specific leaf mass (physical defences) than deciduous oak species, both traits are essentially prerequisites for evergreenness. Similarly, our results also showed that leaf habit does not determine pair-wise correlations between defensive traits because most physical and chemical defensive traits were simultaneously expressed in both evergreen and deciduous oak species. Our findings indicate that leaf habit does not substantially contribute to oak species differences in plant defence investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - I S Pearse
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL, USA
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Moser JG, Oberbauer SF, Sternberg LDSL, Ellsworth PZ, Starr G, Mortazavi B, Olivas PC. Water uptake of Alaskan tundra evergreens during the winter-spring transition. Am J Bot 2016; 103:298-306. [PMID: 26823378 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The cold season in the Arctic extends over 8 to 9 mo, yet little is known about vascular plant physiology during this period. Evergreen species photosynthesize under the snow, implying that they are exchanging water with the atmosphere. However, liquid water available for plant uptake may be limited at this time. The study objective was to determine whether evergreen plants are actively taking up water while under snow and/or immediately following snowmelt during spring thaw. METHODS In two in situ experiments, one at the plot level and another at the individual species level, (2)H-labeled water was used as a tracer injected beneath the snow, after which plant stems and leaves were tested for the presence of the label. In separate experiments, excised shoots of evergreen species were exposed to (2)H-labeled water for ∼5 s or 60 min and tested for foliar uptake of the label. KEY RESULTS In both the plot-level and the species-level experiments, some (2)H-labeled water was found in leaves and stems. Additionally, excised individual plant shoots exposed to labeled water for 60 min took up significantly more (2)H-label than shoots exposed ∼5 s. CONCLUSIONS Evergreen tundra plants take up water under snow cover, some via roots, but also likely by foliar uptake. The ability to take up water in the subnivean environment allows evergreen tundra plants to take advantage of mild spring conditions under the snow and replenish carbon lost by winter respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Moser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
| | - Leonel da S L Sternberg
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 215 Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0421 USA
| | - Patrick Z Ellsworth
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 215 Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0421 USA
| | - Gregory Starr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 USA
| | - Behzad Mortazavi
- Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528 USA
| | - Paulo C Olivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
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Jensen AM, Warren JM, Hanson PJ, Childs J, Wullschleger SD. Needle age and season influence photosynthetic temperature response and total annual carbon uptake in mature Picea mariana trees. Ann Bot 2015; 116:821-32. [PMID: 26220656 PMCID: PMC4590327 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The carbon (C) balance of boreal terrestrial ecosystems is sensitive to increasing temperature, but the direction and thresholds of responses are uncertain. Annual C uptake in Picea and other evergreen boreal conifers is dependent on seasonal- and cohort-specific photosynthetic and respiratory temperature response functions, so this study examined the physiological significance of maintaining multiple foliar cohorts for Picea mariana trees within an ombrotrophic bog ecosystem in Minnesota, USA. METHODS Measurements were taken on multiple cohorts of needles for photosynthetic capacity, foliar respiration (Rd) and leaf biochemistry and morphology of mature trees from April to October over 4 years. The results were applied to a simple model of canopy photosynthesis in order to simulate annual C uptake by cohort age under ambient and elevated temperature scenarios. KEY RESULTS Temperature responses of key photosynthetic parameters [i.e. light-saturated rate of CO2 assimilation (Asat), rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport rate (Jmax)] were dependent on season and generally less responsive in the developing current-year (Y0) needles compared with 1-year-old (Y1) or 2-year-old (Y2) foliage. Temperature optimums ranged from 18·7 to 23·7, 31·3 to 38·3 and 28·7 to 36·7 °C for Asat, Vcmax and Jmax, respectively. Foliar cohorts differed in their morphology and photosynthetic capacity, which resulted in 64 % of modelled annual stand C uptake from Y1&2 cohorts (LAI 0·67 m(2 )m(-2)) and just 36 % from Y0 cohorts (LAI 0·52 m(2 )m(-2)). Under warmer climate change scenarios, the contribution of Y0 cohorts was even less; e.g. 31 % of annual C uptake for a modelled 9 °C rise in mean summer temperatures. Results suggest that net annual C uptake by P. mariana could increase under elevated temperature, and become more dependent on older foliar cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study illustrates the physiological and ecological significance of different foliar cohorts, and indicates the need for seasonal- and cohort-specific model parameterization when estimating C uptake capacity of boreal forest ecosystems under ambient or future temperature scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Jensen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
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Piper FI. Patterns of carbon storage in relation to shade tolerance in southern South American species. Am J Bot 2015; 102:1442-1452. [PMID: 26362192 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Carbon (C) allocation to storage in woody tissues at the expense of growth is thought to promote shade tolerance, yet few studies on the subject examined C storage during maximum growth and considered stand influences. I asked how C storage in different plant tissues relates to shade tolerance in temperate forests with contrasting climates and physiognomies, and whether relationships vary during the growing season. METHODS In the late spring and late summer, I harvested seedlings of eight species with contrasting light requirements from the understory of a cold rainforest and a Mediterranean forest in Chile. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations and pools (i.e., biomass x NSC concentration) were determined in leaves, aboveground wood, and roots. The effects of shade tolerance and sampling date on the NSCs were analyzed for each forest and tissue with linear mixed-effects models. KEY RESULTS In both forests, concentrations of NSC and soluble sugars in woody tissues, as well as fractions of NSC in these tissues, were lower in shade tolerant than in shade intolerant species. For root NSC concentrations, these trends depended on the sampling date: in the late spring the concentrations were similar in shade tolerant and intolerant species, while in the late summer they were lower in shade tolerant species. CONCLUSIONS Shade tolerance is not linked to C storage in the two studied forests, suggesting that allocation to growth or defenses could be more advantageous for low light persistence. Alternatively, high levels of C storage could be also selected in shade intolerant species to face herbivory or drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Simpson 471, Coyhaique, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, campus Patagonia, km 4 camino Coyhaique Alto, Coyhaique, Chile; and Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
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Kamiyama C, Oikawa S, Hikosaka K. Seasonal change in light partitioning among coexisting species of different functional groups along elevation gradient in subalpine moorlands. New Phytol 2014; 204:913-23. [PMID: 25103246 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Species niches are expected to differ between different functional groups and between species with different functional traits. However, it is still unclear how functional traits contribute to niche separation between species coexisting in a community and between sites along environmental gradients. We studied seasonal changes in light partitioning among coexisting species belonging to different functional groups in moorland plant communities at different altitudes. We estimated the lifetime light absorption per unit invested leaf biomass (ΦLleafmass) as a measure of the benefit/cost ratio of light acquisition. Evergreen species absorbed more light in spring, whereas deciduous species absorbed more light in summer. A similar tradeoff was also found between short and tall species within each functional group. As a result, evergreen and shorter species had comparable ΦLleafmass values to those of deciduous and taller species. Evergreen species had higher ΦLleafmass at higher altitudes relative to deciduous species, suggesting that evergreen habit is more advantageous for the lifetime light interception at higher altitudes. Our results demonstrate that phenological tradeoffs for light partitioning can contribute to the coexistence of species with different functional traits. Our results also reveal that the most advantageous traits differ depending on environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kamiyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Risk Analysis Research Center, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan
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Carpenter KL, Keidel TS, Pihl MC, Hughes NM. Support for a photoprotective function of winter leaf reddening in nitrogen-deficient individuals of Lonicera japonica. Molecules 2014; 19:17810-28. [PMID: 25372396 PMCID: PMC6271606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants growing in high-light environments during winter often exhibit leaf reddening due to synthesis of anthocyanin pigments, which are thought to alleviate photooxidative stress associated with low-temperature photoinhibition through light attenuation and/or antioxidant activity. Seasonal high-light stress can be further exacerbated by a limited photosynthetic capacity, such as nitrogen-deficiency. In the present study, we test the following hypotheses using three populations of the semi-evergreen vine Lonicera japonica: (1) nitrogen deficiency corresponds with reduced photosynthetic capacity; (2) individuals with reduced photosynthetic capacity synthesize anthocyanin pigments in leaves during winter; and (3) anthocyanin pigments help alleviate high-light stress by attenuating green light. All populations featured co-occurring winter-green and winter-red leafed individuals on fully-exposed (high-light), south-facing slopes in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. Consistent with our hypotheses, red leaves consistently exhibited significantly lower foliar nitrogen than green leaves, as well as lower total chlorophyll, quantum yield efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, and photosynthesis at saturating irradiance (Asat). Light-response curves measured using ambient sunlight versus red-blue LED (i.e., lacking green wavelengths) demonstrated significantly reduced quantum yield efficiency and a higher light compensation point under sunlight relative to red-blue LED in red leaves, but not in green leaves, consistent with a (green) light-attenuating function of anthocyanin pigments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that intraspecific anthocyanin synthesis corresponds with nitrogen deficiency and reduced photosynthetic capacity within populations, and support a light-attenuating function of anthocyanin pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylyn L Carpenter
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Timothy S Keidel
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Melissa C Pihl
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, University Station 3591, High Point, NC 27262, USA.
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Tomlinson KW, Poorter L, Bongers F, Borghetti F, Jacobs L, van Langevelde F. Relative growth rate variation of evergreen and deciduous savanna tree species is driven by different traits. Ann Bot 2014; 114:315-24. [PMID: 24958787 PMCID: PMC4111386 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant relative growth rate (RGR) depends on biomass allocation to leaves (leaf mass fraction, LMF), efficient construction of leaf surface area (specific leaf area, SLA) and biomass growth per unit leaf area (net assimilation rate, NAR). Functional groups of species may differ in any of these traits, potentially resulting in (1) differences in mean RGR of groups, and (2) differences in the traits driving RGR variation within each group. We tested these predictions by comparing deciduous and evergreen savanna trees. METHODS RGR, changes to biomass allocation and leaf morphology, and root non-structural carbohydrate reserves were evaluated for juveniles of 51 savanna species (34 deciduous, 17 evergreen) grown in a common garden experiment. It was anticipated that drivers of RGR would differ between leaf habit groups because deciduous species have to allocate carbohydrates to storage in roots to be able to flush leaves again, which directly compromises their LMF, whereas evergreen species are not subject to this constraint. KEY RESULTS Evergreen species had greater LMF and RGR than deciduous species. Among deciduous species LMF explained 27 % of RGR variation (SLA 34 % and NAR 29 %), whereas among evergreen species LMF explained between 2 and 17 % of RGR variation (SLA 32-35 % and NAR 38-62 %). RGR and LMF were (negatively) related to carbohydrate storage only among deciduous species. CONCLUSIONS Trade-offs between investment in carbohydrate reserves and growth occurred only among deciduous species, leading to differences in relative contribution made by the underlying components of RGR between the leaf habit groups. The results suggest that differences in drivers of RGR occur among savanna species because these have different selected strategies for coping with fire disturbance in savannas. It is expected that variation in the drivers of RGR will be found in other functional types that respond differently to particular disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Tomlinson
- Community Ecology & Conservation Group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, Yunnan, China Resource Ecology Group
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Borghetti
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, 70910-970, Federal District, Brazil
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Hughes NM, Reinhardt K, Feild TS, Gerardi AR, Smith WK. Association between winter anthocyanin production and drought stress in angiosperm evergreen species. J Exp Bot 2010; 61:1699-709. [PMID: 20202995 PMCID: PMC2852665 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of many evergreen angiosperm species turn red under high light during winter due to the production of anthocyanin pigments, while leaves of other species remain green. There is currently no explanation for why some evergreen species exhibit winter reddening while others do not. Conditions associated with low leaf water potentials (Psi) have been shown to induce reddening in many plant species. Because evergreen species differ in susceptibility to water stress during winter, it is hypothesized that species which undergo winter colour change correspond with those that experience/tolerate the most severe daily declines in leaf Psi during winter. Six angiosperm evergreen species which synthesize anthocyanin in leaves under high light during winter and five species which do not were studied. Field Psi, pressure/volume curves, and gas exchange measurements were derived in summer (before leaf colour change had occurred) and winter. Consistent with the hypothesis, red-leafed species as a group had significantly lower midday Psi in winter than green-leafed species, but not during the summer when all the leaves were green. However, some red-leafed species showed midday declines similar to those of green-leafed species, suggesting that low Psi alone may not induce reddening. Pressure-volume curves also provided some evidence of acclimation to more negative water potentials by red-leafed species during winter (e.g. greater osmotic adjustment and cell wall hardening on average). However, much overlap in these physiological parameters was observed as well between red and green-leafed species, and some of the least drought-acclimated species were red-leafed. No difference was observed in transpiration (E) during winter between red and green-leaved species. When data were combined, only three of the six red-leafed species examined appeared physiologically acclimated to prolonged drought stress, compared to one of the five green-leafed species. This suggests that drought stress alone is not sufficient to explain winter reddening in evergreen angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Wake Forest University, Department of Biology, PO Box 7325 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106-7325, USA.
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Chen JW, Zhang Q, Li XS, Cao KF. Independence of stem and leaf hydraulic traits in six Euphorbiaceae tree species with contrasting leaf phenology. Planta 2009; 230:459-68. [PMID: 19495788 PMCID: PMC2715567 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic traits and hydraulic-related structural properties were examined in three deciduous (Hevea brasiliensis, Macaranga denticulate, and Bischofia javanica) and three evergreen (Drypetes indica, Aleurites moluccana, and Codiaeum variegatum) Euphorbiaceae tree species from a seasonally tropical forest in south-western China. Xylem water potential at 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductivity (P50(stem)) was more negative in the evergreen tree, but leaf water potential at 50% loss of leaf hydraulic conductivity (P50(leaf)) did not function as P50(stem) did. Furthermore, P50(stem) was more negative than P50(leaf) in the evergreen tree; contrarily, this pattern was not observed in the deciduous tree. Leaf hydraulic conductivity overlapped considerably, but stem hydraulic conductivity diverged between the evergreen and deciduous tree. Correspondingly, structural properties of leaves overlapped substantially; however, structural properties of stem diverged markedly. Consequently, leaf and stem hydraulic traits were closely correlated with leaf and stem structural properties, respectively. Additionally, stem hydraulic efficiency was significantly correlated with stem hydraulic resistance to embolism; nevertheless, such a hydraulic pattern was not found in leaf hydraulics. Thus, these results suggest: (1) that the evergreen and deciduous tree mainly diverge in stem hydraulics, but not in leaf hydraulics, (2) that regardless of leaf or stem, their hydraulic traits result primarily from structural properties, and not from leaf phenology, (3) that leaves are more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than stem in the evergreen tree, but not always in the deciduous tree and (4) that there exists a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety for stem hydraulics, but not for leaf hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wen Chen
- Kunming Division, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, 650223 Kunming, Yunnan People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Kunming Division, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, 650223 Kunming, Yunnan People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Li
- Kunming Division, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, 650223 Kunming, Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Kunming Division, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, 650223 Kunming, Yunnan People’s Republic of China
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Anu A, Sabu TK. Biodiversity analysis of forest litter ant assemblages in the wayanad region of Western ghats using taxonomic and conventional diversity measures. J Insect Sci 2007; 7:6. [PMID: 20334594 PMCID: PMC2999399 DOI: 10.1673/031.007.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of litter ant assemblages in evergreen, deciduous and Shola evergreen (Shola) forest vegetation types of the Wayanad region of the Western Ghats was assessed employing conventional and taxonomic diversity indices. Non-dependence on quantitative data and the ability to relate the phylogenetic structure of assemblages with ecological conditions of the habitat, and to ascertain priorities for conservation of habitats, makes non-parametric taxonomic diversity measures, such as variation in taxonomic distinctness Lambda(+) and average taxonomic distinctness Delta(+), highly useful tools for assessment of litter ant biodiversity. Although Delta(+) values saturated leading to closer values for the 3 litter ant assemblages, Lambda(+) proved to be a more dependable index. Evenness in taxonomic spread was high in ant assemblages in deciduous forests and low in evergreen forests compared to the regional master list. Low Lambda(+) of ant assemblage in deciduous forests indicates that among the 3 forest vegetation types, deciduous forests provided the most favorable habitat conditions for litter ants. Low evenness, as is indicated by Lambda(+) in evergreen forests, was attributed to the presence of a group of taxonomically closely related ant assemblage more adapted to prevail in moist and wet ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anto Anu
- Litter Entomology Research Unit, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College, Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, India-673 008
| | - Thomas K. Sabu
- Litter Entomology Research Unit, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College, Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, India-673 008
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Lamaze T, Pasche F, Pornon A. Uncoupling nitrogen requirements for spring growth from root uptake in a young evergreen shrub (Rhododendron ferrugineum). New Phytol 2003; 159:637-644. [PMID: 33873599 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Internal cycling of nitrogen (N) was investigated in a subalpine field population of the evergreen shrub Rhododendron ferrugineum during spring growth. • The foliar nitrogen of 5-yr-old-plants was directly labeled with 15 N and subsequently traced to all plant compartments. In addition, 15 N-ammonium uptake was estimated in glasshouse experiments. • Before shoot growth, redistribution of 15 N occurred in the plant without net N transfer. During spring development, the decreases in both leaf 15 N and total N were almost identical in terms of percentage, and most of the 15 N withdrawn from the leaf compartments was recovered in the growing shoots. Net changes in the N contents of the various leaf and woody compartments indicate that internal remobilization (especially from 1-yr-old leaves) could have met most of the N needs of new shoot growth. Simultaneously, the rate of mineral N uptake was very low. • Thus, leaves in young plants provide N for new shoots (by contrast with old individuals) and allow, with woody tissues, almost complete uncoupling of N requirement for spring growth from root uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lamaze
- Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère, CNES-CNRS-IRD-UMR 5639, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31401 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - F Pasche
- Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère, CNES-CNRS-IRD-UMR 5639, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31401 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS-FRE 2629, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - A Pornon
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS-FRE 2629, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Grubb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA UK (email )
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Abstract
• The construction costs (CC) are reported of leaves from 162 wild woody species from 14 contrasting environments (desert to rain forest) and with different leaf life-spans. • Calorimetric methods were used to estimate the CC of deciduous, semideciduous and evergreen leaves. • Leaf CC showed a wide range (78%) between species, and deciduous species showed a slightly lower CC (6%) than both semideciduous and evergreen species. Mean leaf CC differed between ecosystems, with the highest and lowest CC in the tundra and rain forest, respectively. Leaf CC was positively correlated with lipid concentration. Leaf size (log) and specific leaf area (SLA, leaf area per leaf dry mass) were negatively correlated with leaf CC. Leaf CC did not show differences between different leaf life-spans or ecosystems when leaf size (log) or SLA were included as covariates. • The small differences in leaf CC among leaf life-span types and ecosystems (6% and 23%, respectively) suggest that SLA is more important in determining differences in the carbon balance between species than leaf CC. Leaf size is shown to be an important trait associated with other leaf characteristics. ABBREVIATIONS: A, ash concentration; CC, construction cost per unit dry mass; CCA , construction cost per unit area; Eg, growth efficiency; Hc, ash free heat of combustion; N, nitrogen; SLA, specific leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Villar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
- present address: Area de Ecología, Universidad de Córdoba, Colonia San José n°3, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Merino
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
- present address: Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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