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Sun B, Yan Y, Ma M, Wen J, He Y, Sun Y, Yuan P, Xu P, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Cao L, Lu W. Based on HPLC and HS-GC-IMS Techniques, the Changes in the Internal Chemical Components of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Fruit at Different Harvesting Periods Were Analyzed. Molecules 2024; 29:1893. [PMID: 38675712 PMCID: PMC11055173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis, as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has clear pharmacological effects such as treating asthma, protecting nerves and blood vessels, and having anti-inflammatory properties. Although the Schisandra chinensis fruit contain multiple active components, the lignans have been widely studied as the primary pharmacologically active compound. The volatile chemical components of Schisandra chinensis include a large amount of terpenes, which have been proven to have broad pharmacological activities. However, when to harvest to ensure the highest accumulation of pharmacologically active components in Schisandra chinensis fruits is a critical issue. The Schisandra chinensis fruit trees in the resource nursery were all planted in 2019 and began bearing fruit in 2021. Their nutritional status and tree vigor remain consistently good. The content of lignans and organic acids in the fruits of Schisandra chinensis over seven different harvest periods was tested, and the results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the lignan content was higher, at 35 mg/g, in late July, and the organic acid content was higher, at 72.34 mg/g, in early September. If lignans and organic acids are to be selected as raw materials for pharmacological development, the harvest can be carried out at this stage. Using HS-GC-IMS technology, a total of 67 volatile flavor substances were detected, and the fingerprint of the volatile flavor substances in the different picking periods was established. It was shown by the results that the content of volatile flavor substances was the highest in early August, and 16 flavor substances were selected by odor activity value (OAV). The variable importance in projection (VIP) values of 16 substances were further screened, and terpinolene was identified as the key volatile flavor substance that caused the aroma characteristics of Schisandra chinensis fruit at different harvesting periods. If the aroma component content of Schisandra chinensis fruit is planned to be used as raw material for development and utilization, then early August, when the aroma component content is higher, should be chosen as the time for harvest. This study provides a theoretical basis for the suitable harvesting time of Schisandra chinensis for different uses, and promotes the high-quality development of the Schisandra chinensis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yiping Yan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Mingjie Ma
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jinli Wen
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yanli He
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yining Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Pengqiang Yuan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Peilei Xu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yiming Yang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Li Cao
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wenpeng Lu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (B.S.); (Y.Y.)
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Liu ZX, Wang L, Fu XS, Long YQ, Zeng J, Chen GY, Zhou RB, Liu XD. Analysis of quality evaluation and optimal harvest period of Aurantii Fructus from different sources using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Phytochem Anal 2024. [PMID: 38639073 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The active constituents in Aurantii Fructus sourced from different regions within Hunan Province exhibit variations, with certain samples demonstrating substandard quality. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and quality of Aurantii Fructus from various sources, establish a robust methodology for quality evaluation, and determine the optimal harvesting period. MATERIALS AND METHODS The components of Aurantii Fructus were qualitatively analyzed using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to identify potential markers, enabling qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the quality and optimal harvest period of Aurantii Fructus. RESULTS Overall, 155 compounds were identified in Aurantii Fructus, with Huangpi exhibiting the highest number of components. Eleven potential markers were selected to assess the quality of Aurantii Fructus. The average content of Huangpi was the highest, indicating a high level of similarity. The samples' overall scores were ordered as follows: Huangpi > Xiangcheng > Choucheng > Daidai. Anren and Changde's Huangpi exhibited high contents, being rich in chemical components, resulting in favorable scores. Similarly, Changde's Xiangcheng displayed significant medicinal value. As the harvest time was delayed, there was an increase in fruit size, accompanied by thinner peels and a continuous decrease in the contents of potential markers. The best harvest period of Aurantii Fructus was within 1 week before and after the Lesser Heat. CONCLUSION The present study establishes a precise and efficient method for evaluating the quality of Aurantii Fructus, thereby providing more comprehensive insights into its composition. This research lays the foundation for subsequent development and utilization of Aurantii Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Sen Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Qing Long
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Yu Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Medicinal and Functional Food, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ri Bao Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Dan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources and Standardized Planting of Hunan Large-scale Genuine Medicinal Materials, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Soldo B, Jukić Špika M, Pasković I, Vuko E, Polić Pasković M, Ljubenkov I. The Composition of Volatiles and the Role of Non-Traditional LOX on Target Metabolites in Virgin Olive Oil from Autochthonous Dalmatian Cultivars. Molecules 2024; 29:1696. [PMID: 38675515 PMCID: PMC11051971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipoxygenase pathway has a significant influence on the composition of the volatile components of virgin olive oil (VOO). In this work, the influence of the maturity index (MI) on the activity of the lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) in the fruits of the autochthonous Dalmatian olive cultivars Oblica, Levantinka and Lastovka was studied. The analysis of the primary oxidation products of linoleic acid in the studied cultivars showed that LOX synthesises a mixture of 9- and 13-hydroperoxides of octadecenoic acid in a ratio of about 1:2, which makes it a non-traditional plant LOX. By processing the fruits of MI~3, we obtained VOOs with the highest concentration of desirable C6 volatile compounds among the cultivars studied. We confirmed a positive correlation between MI, the enzyme activity LOX and the concentration of hexyl acetate and hexanol in cultivars Oblica and Lastovka, while no positive correlation with hexanol was observed in the cultivar Levantinka. A significant negative correlation was found between total phenolic compounds in VOO and LOX enzyme activity, followed by an increase in the MI of fruits. This article contributes to the selection of the optimal harvest time for the production of VOOs with the desired aromatic properties and to the knowledge of the varietal characteristics of VOOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Soldo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Maja Jukić Špika
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (M.P.P.)
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Elma Vuko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Marija Polić Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Ivica Ljubenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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Park JR, Kim EG, Jang YH, Kim KM. Utilization of the Winkler scale of plants using big data temperature presented by the Korea Meteorological Administration. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1349606. [PMID: 38283972 PMCID: PMC10811219 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1349606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Rice is an important food source that can provide a stable supply of calories for most people around the world. However, owing to the recent rapid temperature rise, we are facing social issues related to the increase in the Winkler scale. In this study, a strategy for screening potential candidate genes related to the yield according to the Winkler scale is presented, and the possibility of using a candidate gene identified through sequence haplotype and homology analysis as a breeding source is suggested. Methods QTL for the Winkler scale was identified using a population of 120 double haploids derived from a cross between Cheongchoneg, Indica, and Nagdong, Japonica. Results and discussion A total of 79 candidate genes were detected in the identified QTL region, and OsHAq8 was finally screened. Through haplotype analysis, OsHAq8 was derived from the Indica group and orthologous to Graminae's activator of Hsp90 ATPase, suggesting that it is a candidate gene involved in yield according to temperature during the growing period. The expression level of OsHAq8 increased as the Winkler scale increased. The findings of this study can serve as a crucial indicator for predicting harvest time and grain quality while achieving a stable yield through marker selection and adaptation to climate change. Climate change occurs more frequently. In these situations, it is very important to predict harvest time and apply relevant candidate genes to breeding. The candidate genes presented in this study can be effectively applied to rice breeding in preparation for climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ryoung Park
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyeong Kim
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Jang
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Delgado-Osorio A, Navajas-Porras B, Pérez-Burillo S, Hinojosa-Nogueira D, Toledano-Marín Á, Pastoriza de la Cueva S, Paliy O, Rufián-Henares JÁ. Cultivar and Harvest Time of Almonds Affect Their Antioxidant and Nutritional Profile through Gut Microbiota Modifications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:84. [PMID: 38247508 PMCID: PMC10812595 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Almonds are a rich source of beneficial compounds for human health. In this work, we assessed the influence of almond cultivars and harvest time on their morphological (length, width and thickness) and nutritional (ash, moisture, proteins) profiles. We also evaluated the impact of an in vitro digestion and fermentation process on almonds' antioxidant and phenolic content, as well as their support of gut microbiota community and functionality, including the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactic and succinic acids. The length, width, and thickness of almonds varied significantly among cultivars, with the latter two parameters also exhibiting significant changes over time. Moisture content decreased with maturity, while protein and ash increased significantly. Total antioxidant capacity released by almonds after digestion and fermentation had different trends depending on the antioxidant capacity method used. The fermentation step contributed more to the antioxidant capacity than the digestion step. Both cultivar and harvest time exerted a significant influence on the concentration of certain phenolic compounds, although the total content remained unaffected. Similarly, fecal microbiota modulation depended on the cultivar and maturity stage, with the Guara cultivar and late maturity showing the largest effects. Cultivar type also exerted a significant impact on the concentration of SCFAs, with the Guara cultivar displaying the highest total SCFAs concentration. Thus, we conclude that cultivar and harvest time are key factors in shaping the morphological and nutritional composition of almonds. In addition, taking into account all the results obtained, the Guara variety has the best nutritional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Delgado-Osorio
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-O.); (B.N.-P.); (S.P.-B.); (D.H.-N.); (Á.T.-M.); (S.P.d.l.C.)
| | - Beatriz Navajas-Porras
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-O.); (B.N.-P.); (S.P.-B.); (D.H.-N.); (Á.T.-M.); (S.P.d.l.C.)
| | - Sergio Pérez-Burillo
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-O.); (B.N.-P.); (S.P.-B.); (D.H.-N.); (Á.T.-M.); (S.P.d.l.C.)
| | - Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-O.); (B.N.-P.); (S.P.-B.); (D.H.-N.); (Á.T.-M.); (S.P.d.l.C.)
| | - Ángela Toledano-Marín
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-O.); (B.N.-P.); (S.P.-B.); (D.H.-N.); (Á.T.-M.); (S.P.d.l.C.)
| | - Silvia Pastoriza de la Cueva
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-O.); (B.N.-P.); (S.P.-B.); (D.H.-N.); (Á.T.-M.); (S.P.d.l.C.)
| | - Oleg Paliy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | - José Ángel Rufián-Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain; (A.D.-O.); (B.N.-P.); (S.P.-B.); (D.H.-N.); (Á.T.-M.); (S.P.d.l.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, Avda. de Madrid 15, 2a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
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Yeboah S, Hong SJ, Park Y, Choi JH, Eum HL. Postharvest Quality Improvement of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L. cv Nagano) with Forced-Air Precooling and Modified Atmosphere Packaging. Foods 2023; 12:3961. [PMID: 37959080 PMCID: PMC10650560 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimum postharvest storage conditions increase the postharvest quality and shelf life of horticultural crops. The effects of forced-air precooling (FAP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on shelf life, physicochemical quality, and health-promoting properties of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Nagano) harvested at 90 and 50% coloring stages in May and July respectively, stored at 11 °C, 95% relative humidity were assessed. Fruits were subjected to four treatments: FAP + 30 μm polyethylene liner (FOLO); FAP-only (FOLX); 30 μm polyethylene liner-only (FXLO); and control (FXLX). The quality attributes, viz. weight loss, firmness, color, soluble solids content (SSC), soluble sugars, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-dephenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were evaluated. The investigated parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) among treatments except for soluble sugars. FOLO maintained sensory quality (weight loss, firmness, and color), physicochemical (SSC and soluble sugars), and health-promoting properties compared to other treatments during storage. The 50% coloring fruits had a huge variation between treatments than 90% coloring. The results revealed more TPC and antioxidant capacity in the 50% than in the 90% coloring fruits. The study highlights the need to consider the ideal fruit coloring stage at harvest under the effect of FAP and MAP treatments in preserving bell pepper's postharvest quality and shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Yeboah
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sae Jin Hong
- Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeri Park
- Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Hee Choi
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyang Lan Eum
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
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Ryu DH, Cho JY, Yang SH, Kim HY. Effects of Harvest Timing on Phytochemical Composition in Lamiaceae Plants under an Environment-Controlled System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1909. [PMID: 38001762 PMCID: PMC10669742 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lamiaceae family is widely recognized for its production of essential oils and phenolic compounds that have promising value as pharmaceutical materials. However, the impact of environmental conditions and different harvest stages on the phytochemical composition of Lamiaceae plants remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of harvest time on the phytochemical composition, including rosmarinic acid (RA) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), of four Lamiaceae plants-Korean mint (AR), lemon balm (MO), opal basil (OBP), and sage (SO)-and was conducted under an environment-controlled system. Although all four plants had RA as the dominant compound, its distribution varied by species. The flowered plants, including AR and OBP, exhibited a rapid increase of RA during the transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. In contrast, non-flowered groups, including MO and SO, showed a steady increase in the content of total phenolics and RA. The main components of VOCs also differed depending on the plant, with characteristic fragrance compounds identified for each one (AR: estragole; MO: (Z)-neral and geranial; OBP: methyl eugenol, eugenol, and linalool; and SO: (Z)-thujone, camphor, and humulene). The total VOCs content was highest on the 60th day after transplanting regardless of the species, while the trends of total phenolics, RA content, and antioxidant activities were different depending on whether plant species flowered during the cultivation cycle. There was a steady increase in species that had not flowered, and the highest content and activity of the flowering period were confirmed in the flowering plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Ryu
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.R.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Jwa-Yeong Cho
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.R.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.R.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Setiawati T, Arofah AN, Nurzaman M, Annisa A, Mutaqin AZ, Hasan R. Effect of sucrose as an elicitor in increasing quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) content of chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) callus culture based on harvest time differences. BioTechnologia (Pozn) 2023; 104:289-300. [PMID: 37850113 PMCID: PMC10578125 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2023.130731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) contains secondary metabolites, such as flavonoid compounds, especially luteolin-7-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin), in its tissues. Utilizing sucrose as an elicitor through callus culture presents an alternative method to enhance the production of secondary metabolites. This research aimed to determine the best sucrose concentration and harvest time for maximizing quercitrin content in chrysanthemum callus culture. The research employed a completely randomized design with four treatment groups: 0, 30, 45, and 60 g/l of sucrose added to MS medium containing 4 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Callus samples were harvested on the 15th and 30th days of culture. The observed parameters included callus morphology (color and texture), fresh weight, dry weight, the diameter of the callus, and quercitrin content analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that all callus cultures exhibited intermediate textures and varied colors, predominantly shades of brown. The treatment involving 45 g/l of sucrose with a 30th-day harvest yielded the highest fresh weight, dry weight, and quercitrin content, namely 2.108 g, 0.051 g, and 0.437 mg/g DW, respectively. Notably, the quercitrin content exhibited a 63.67% increase compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia Setiawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Annisa N. Arofah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Nurzaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Annisa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Asep Z. Mutaqin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Rusdi Hasan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
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Aeineh M, Najafian S, Hosseinifarahi M. Evaluation of pharmaceutical compounds at vegetative and reproductive growth stages of Marrubium vulgare, a medicinal plant to cleanse the body. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37599619 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2245116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Marrubium vulgareis a plant with high bioactive potential. The rich bioactive compounds of medicinal horehound, as well as their antioxidant activity have led to its wider application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The present work aimed to determine the phenolic compounds, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity at vegetative and reproductive growth stages of Marrubium vulgare. The experiments were performed in Eram Garden with five replications and using SPSS software (v. 13) and Mann-Whitney U-Test at p ≤ 0.01. The total content of flavonoids and main phenolic compounds increased when plants collected at vegetative stage. On the other hand, the highest vanillin content was observed in full flowering stage. Overall, this study can provide useful information about the best harvest period for horehound to produce the desired compounds for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and plant industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Aeineh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Hosseinifarahi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security Research Group, Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran
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10
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Dai Y, Ye Z, Liu H, Zhu R, Sun L, Li S, Xie G, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Qin M. The chemical profiling of Salvia plebeia during different growth periods and the biosynthesis of its main flavonoids ingredients. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1228356. [PMID: 37645462 PMCID: PMC10461478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Salvia plebeia (Lamiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant widely distributed across Asia and Oceania. However, the composition and accumulation patterns of its active ingredients in different organs during the growth and their biosynthetic mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, we conducted metabolite profiling, transcriptomic analysis, and biological functional verification to explore the distribution, accumulation, and biosynthesis mechanisms of flavonoids in S. plebeia. We identified 70 metabolites including 46 flavonoids, 16 phenolic acids, seven terpenoids, and one organic acid, of which 21 were previously unreported in S. plebeia. Combining metabolomic-transcriptomic analysis and biological functional verification, we identified the key genes involved in biosynthesis of its main active ingredients, hispidulin and homoplantaginin, including SpPAL, SpC4H, Sp4CL2, Sp4CL5, SpCHS1, SpCHI, SpFNS, SpF6H1, SpF6OMT1, SpF6OMT2, SpUGT1, SpUGT2, and SpUGT3. Using the identified genes, we reconstructed the hispidulin and homoplantaginin biosynthesis pathways in Escherichia coli, and obtained a yield of 5.33 and 3.86 mg/L for hispidulin and homoplantaginin, respectively. Our findings provide valuable insights into the changes in chemical components in different organs of S. plebeia during different growth and harvest stages and establishes a foundation for identifying and synthesizing its active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Dai
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lanlan Sun
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoyong Xie
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjian Qin
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Ye Y, Wang Y, Liu P, Chen J, Zhang C. Uncovering the Nutritive Profiles of Adult Male Chinese Mitten Crab ( E. sinensis) Harvested from the Pond and Natural Water Area of Qin Lake Based on Metabolomics. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112178. [PMID: 37297423 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
E. sinensis, normally harvested in October and November, is an economic aquatic product in China. Pond culture has been widely applied for the production of E. sinensis, wherein a stable food supply for crabs is provided. In order to improve the nutritional quality of E. sinensis products, this study evaluated the effect of the local pond culture on the nutritive profiles of E. sinensis and screened out the best harvest time for the nutrient-rich crabs, thereby guiding the local crab industry to improve its aquaculture mode and harvest strategy. The results indicated that pond culture enhanced the levels of protein, amino acids, and specific organic acid derivatives, and reduced the levels of peptides and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Compared with E. sinensis harvested in October, peptide levels were significantly increased, whereas sugar, phenolic acid, and nucleotide levels were decreased in those harvested in November. Overall, the study revealed that the nutritive profile of the pond-reared E. sinensis was significantly modulated by a high-protein diet, thus lacking the diversity of metabolites. Additionally, October could be more appropriate for harvesting E. sinensis than November.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pengyan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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12
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Passa K, Simal C, Tsormpatsidis E, Papasotiropoulos V, Lamari FN. Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds in Strawberry Genotypes over the Harvest Period. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12091881. [PMID: 37176939 PMCID: PMC10181119 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) over the harvest period have been assessed in twenty-five strawberry genotypes cultivated in western Greece. Using liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC--MS), twenty-eight volatiles were monitored at early (T1) and mid-harvest (T3) time points to investigate the effect of the genotype and harvest time on strawberry volatilome. A quantitative impact of both harvest date and genotype on VOCs associated with aroma was demonstrated, with the most significant VOCs being terpenes, esters, and acids, followed by lactones and furanones. Harvest date was crucial for terpenoid and phenylpropanoid content, and important for esters, short-chain acids, and lactones. Six out of the twenty-five genotypes (four commercial varieties, including 'Rociera', 'Victory', 'Leyre', and 'Inspire', and two advanced selection genotypes (G2 and G8) were evaluated at two additional time points, covering the entire harvest season. The volatile levels were higher in fruits harvested at early stages (T1-T2) for most of the genotypes examined. The G2 genotype turned out to have a less ample but more stable volatile profile throughout harvesting, while 'Victory', 'Leyre', and 'Inspire' exhibited less abrupt changes than 'Rociera'. This study demonstrates that the determination of VOCs provides significant information regarding the differences in strawberry genotypes related to aroma and enables the selection of genotypes based on specific VOCs content and/or volatile stability over the harvest period. Furthermore, this study pinpoints that growers could opt for optimal harvest dates based on the genotypes and the VOC content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondylia Passa
- Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics & Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Carmen Simal
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Vasileios Papasotiropoulos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics & Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Fotini N Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Kröncke N, Wittke S, Steinmann N, Benning R. Analysis of the Composition of Different Instars of Tenebrio molitor Larvae using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Prediction of Amino and Fatty Acid Content. Insects 2023; 14:310. [PMID: 37103125 PMCID: PMC10141721 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Insects are a sustainable protein source for food and feed. The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a promising candidate for industrial insect rearing and was the focus of this study. This research revealed the diversity of Tenebrio molitor larvae in the varying larval instars in terms of the nutritional content. We hypothesized that water and protein are highest in the earlier instar, while fat content is very low but increases with larval development. Consequently, an earlier instar would be a good choice for harvest, since proteins and amino acids content decrease with larval development. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was represented in this research as a tool for predicting the amino and fatty acid composition of mealworm larvae. Samples were scanned with a near-infrared spectrometer using wavelengths from 1100 to 2100 nm. The calibration for the prediction was developed with modified partial least squares (PLS) as the regression method. The coefficient for determining calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) were >0.82 and >0.86, with RPD values of >2.20 for 10 amino acids, resulting in a high prediction accuracy. The PLS models for glutamic acid, leucine, lysine and valine have to be improved. The prediction of six fatty acids was also possible with the coefficient of the determination of calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) > 0.77 and >0.66 with RPD values > 1.73. Only the prediction accuracy of palmitic acid was very weak, which was probably due to the narrow variation range. NIRS could help insect producers to analyze the nutritional composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae fast and easily in order to improve the larval feeding and composition for industrial mass rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kröncke
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stefan Wittke
- Laboratory for (Marine) Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nico Steinmann
- Laboratory for (Marine) Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Rainer Benning
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
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14
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Simkova K, Veberic R, Hudina M, Grohar MC, Ivancic T, Smrke T, Pelacci M, Jakopic J. Variability in 'Capri' Everbearing Strawberry Quality during a Harvest Season. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061349. [PMID: 36981274 PMCID: PMC10048161 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberries are appreciated by consumers for their characteristic taste and health benefits, which enhance their demand throughout the year. Everbearing strawberries can produce fruits for a longer period and could thus meet this demand, but the fruit quality depends on environmental factors and the cultivar. This study focused on the effect of environmental conditions on the physical attributes and the composition of everbearing Capri cultivar fruit harvested from the end of June to the end of October. A positive correlation was observed between temperature and organic acid content (r = 0.87), and a positive correlation was observed between sunshine duration, anthocyanin (r = 0.87) and phenolic compound contents (r = 0.89). Additionally, the composition of sugars was affected by the environmental conditions. While strawberries harvested towards the end of October, when lower temperatures predominated, were larger in size and had a higher sugar/acid ratio, fruit harvested in the middle of August, when there were longer periods of sunshine, had higher anthocyanin and phenolic compound contents. In conclusion, strawberries with higher sugar/acid ratios are obtained when temperatures are lower, while strawberries exposed to longer periods of sunshine are richer in health-promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Simkova
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Veberic
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Hudina
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mariana Cecilia Grohar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Ivancic
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Smrke
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Massimiliano Pelacci
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Jakopic
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chen J, Guo L, Yang G, Yang A, Zheng Y, Wang L. Metabolomic profiling of developing perilla leaves reveals the best harvest time. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:989755. [PMID: 36531401 PMCID: PMC9748349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.989755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were applied to analyze metabolites in perilla leaves (PLs) during its developmental process. In total, 118 metabolites were identified, including volatile and non-volatile compounds, such as terpenoids, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and others. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated great variations of metabolites during PLs development. Clustering analysis (CA) clarified the dynamic patterns of the metabolites. The heatmap of CA showed that most of the detected metabolites were significantly accumulated at stage 4 which is the pre anthesis period, and declined afterwards. The results of the present study provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic dynamics of developing PLs which suggested that pre anthesis period is the best harvest time for PLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guiya Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aitong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuguang Zheng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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Han D, Hu H, Yang J, Liang X, Ai J, Abula A, Li M, Wang Y, Xi H, Li L, Gu R, Wang J. The ideal harvest time for seed production in maize (Zea mays L.) varieties of different maturity groups. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:5867-5874. [PMID: 35426139 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correct time for harvesting is a key factor contributing to the production of high-quality maize seeds. We conducted field experiments to harvest seeds at 11 developmental stages for 3 years, to investigate seed vigor traits in three early maturity maize varieties and two late maturity varieties in one location. RESULTS Significant correlations (r = 0.72 ~ 0.89) were found among six seed-related traits: standard germination (SG), accelerated aging germination (AAG), cold test germination (CTG), hundred-seed weight (HSW), seed moisture content (SMC), and ≥ 10 °C accumulated temperature from pollination to harvest (AT10). Analysis of variance showed that harvest stage, year, and variety had significant effects on all traits, and harvest stage displayed the greatest effect. The responses of SG, AAG, CTG, HSW and SMC to harvest stage fitted quadratic models, and AT10 fitted a linear model. From the quadratic models, an ideal harvest time (IHT, the final date to reach maximum SG, AAG, and CTG) could be calculated for each variety. The three early maturity varieties reached their IHT at 54.94-58.44 days after pollination (DAP); the two later maturity varieties reached IHT several days later (at 59.87-59.90 DAP). The early maturity varieties consistently required less AT10 to reach the IHT than the later maturity varieties. However, all of the varieties reached the IHT at similar SMC levels of about 35%. CONCLUSION The later maturity varieties reached the IHT at later DAPs when they acquired more AT10 than the early maturity varieties but both reached it at similar SMC levels. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengxu Han
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Cereal Crops of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Hairui Hu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Cereal Crops of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- Institute of Cereal Crops of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Junmin Ai
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Abulaiti Abula
- Institute of Cereal Crops of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingdong Li
- Institute of Cereal Crops of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yejian Wang
- Institute of Cereal Crops of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Haojiang Xi
- Institute of Cereal Crops of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Riliang Gu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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Zheng W, Zhou M, Chai RP, Liang HZ, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zheng XH, Jin Y, Guo BL, Ma BP. Quality analysis of hawthorn leaves (the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var major N.E.Br) in different harvest time. Phytochem Anal 2022; 33:1147-1155. [PMID: 35908761 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Harvest time plays an important role on the quality of medicinal plants. The leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var major N.E.Br (hawthorn leaves) could be harvested in summer and autumn according to the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Pharmacopoeia). However, little is known about the difference of the chemical constituents in hawthorn leaves with the harvest seasonal variations. OBJECTIVE The chemical constituents of hawthorn leaves in different months were comprehensively analysed to determine the best harvest time. METHODS Initially, the chemical information of the hawthorn leaves were obtained by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to compare the chemical compositions of hawthorn leaves harvested in different months. Then, an absolute quantitation method was established using high-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD) to determine the contents of five compounds and clarify the changes of these components with the harvest seasonal variations. Meanwhile, a semi-quantitative method by integrating HPLC-CAD with inverse gradient compensation was also established and verified. RESULTS Fifty-eight compounds were identified through UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. PCA revealed that the harvest season of hawthorn leaves had a significant effect on the chemical compositions. The contents of five components were relatively high in autumn. Other four main components without reference standards were further analysed through the semi-quantitative method, which also showed a high content in autumn. CONCLUSIONS This work emphasised the effect of harvest time on the chemical constituents of hawthorn leaves and autumn is recommended to ensure the quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (China), Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Lin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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18
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Zhang M, Wang R, Wu T, Yang Y, He Z, Ma Z, Tan Z, Lin B, Wang M. Comparisons of Corn Stover Silages after Fresh- or Ripe-Corn Harvested: Effects on Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation in Growing Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101248. [PMID: 35625099 PMCID: PMC9137847 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both waxy corn stover after fresh- (CF) and ripe-corn (CR) harvested are important byproducts of corn cropping system and have 20 d difference in harvest time. The study aimed to investigate the effects of prolonging harvest time on the nutritive value of corn stover silage by comparing CF with CR silages. In vitro ruminal experiment was firstly performed to investigate substrate degradation and fermentation of CF and CR silages. The CR diet was formulated by replacing 50% forage of CF silage with CR silage on a dry matter (DM) basis. Fourteen crossbred steers (Simmental × Limousin × local Chinese) aged 13 months with an average weight of 318.1 ± 37.1 kg were selected and randomly allocated into two dietary treatment groups. Although the CR silage had greater DM and fiber contents than CF silage, it did not alter in vitro degradation (p > 0.05), but with lower molar percentage of propionate and acetate to propionate ratio (p < 0.05). The cattle fed CR diet had a higher DM intake and lower fiber digestibility with reduction in 18S rRNA gene copies of protozoa and fungi and 16S rRNA gene copies of Fibrobacter succinogenes (p < 0.05). Further 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis indicated a similar diversity of bacteria community between CR and CF treatments (p > 0.05). Few differences were observed in the abundance of genera larger than 1% (p > 0.05), except for the reduction in abundance of genera Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group in CR treatment (p < 0.05). In summary, prolonging 20 d harvest time of corn stover silage increases the forage fiber and DM content, which promotes feed intake with decreased fiber degradation, although rumen fermentation and growth performance are not changed in growing beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yingbai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bo Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (M.W.)
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Crispim Massuela D, Hartung J, Munz S, Erpenbach F, Graeff-Hönninger S. Impact of Harvest Time and Pruning Technique on Total CBD Concentration and Yield of Medicinal Cannabis. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11010140. [PMID: 35009146 PMCID: PMC8747189 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The definition of optimum harvest and pruning interventions are important factors varying inflorescence yield and cannabinoid composition. This study investigated the impact of (i) harvest time (HT) and (ii) pruning techniques (PT) on plant biomass accumulation, CBD and CBDA-concentrations and total CBD yield of a chemotype III medical cannabis genotype under indoor cultivation. The experiment consisted of four HTs between 5 and 11 weeks of flowering and three PTs-apical cut (T); removal of side shoots (L) and control (C), not pruned plants. Results showed that inflorescence dry weight increased continuously, while the total CBD concentration did not differ significantly over time. For the studied genotype, optimum harvest time defined by highest total CBD yield was found at 9 weeks of flowering. Total CBD-concentration of inflorescences in different fractions of the plant's height was significantly higher in the top (9.9%) in comparison with mid (8.2%) and low (7.7%) fractions. The T plants produced significantly higher dry weight of inflorescences and leaves than L and C. Total CBD yield of inflorescences for PTs were significantly different among pruned groups, but do not differ from the control group. However, a trend for higher yields was observed (T > C > L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Crispim Massuela
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-459-23066
| | - Jens Hartung
- Biostatistics, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Munz
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Federico Erpenbach
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Simone Graeff-Hönninger
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
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20
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Li H, Rafie R, Xu Z, Siddiqui RA. Phytochemical profile and anti-oxidation activity changes during ginger ( Zingiber officinale) harvest: Baby ginger attenuates lipid accumulation and ameliorates glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:133-144. [PMID: 35035916 PMCID: PMC8751441 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the phenolic content and anti-oxidation properties of ginger at different harvesting time and tested its effects on lipid droplet formation and glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. Ginger samples at different stages of maturity were harvested every two weeks starting from mid-October for 16 weeks. Our data indicate that ginger has the highest phenolic contents and superior anti-oxidation activity when harvested early (immature baby ginger); however, the concentration of phenolic contents and its anti-oxidation activity were progressively reduced up to 50% as ginger matures. Furthermore, the data indicate that baby ginger extract inhibits lipid accumulation and triglyceride content in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells up to 20% in a dose-dependent manner. Baby ginger exhibited significant inhibition of α-amylase enzyme activity by 29.5% and ameliorated glucose uptake in HepG2 cell at similar level. Our results suggest that harvesting ginger at an appropriate (early) time may be beneficial for optimizing its biological active contents and qualitative properties. The data also suggest that a regular use of ginger can potentially lower incidences of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science Laboratory, Agricultural Research StationVirginia State UniversityPetersburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Reza Rafie
- Cooperate ExtensionCollege of AgricultureVirginia State UniversityPetersburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Medicine of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Chemical & Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science & TechnologyShijiazhuangChina
| | - Rafat A. Siddiqui
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science Laboratory, Agricultural Research StationVirginia State UniversityPetersburgVirginiaUSA
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21
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Hao J, Li Y, Jia Y, Wang Z, Rong R, Bao J, Zhao M, Fu Z, Ge G. Comparative Analysis of Major Flavonoids among Parts of Lactuca indica during Different Growth Periods. Molecules 2021; 26:7445. [PMID: 34946527 PMCID: PMC8705863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
L. indica L. cv. Mengzao, a medicinal plant of the Ixeris genus, is rich in flavonoids. In order to thoroughly analyze the the distribution and dynamic change of major flavonoids in its various parts from different growth periods, the flavonoids extracted from L. indica L. cv. Mengzao were identified and quantitatively analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Results indicated that 15 flavonoids were identified from L. indica L. cv. Mengzao, and rutin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and apigenin are the major flavonoids in L. indica L. cv. Mengzao. In general, the total flavonoids' content in different parts of L. indica L. cv. Mengzao followed the order flowers > leaves > stems > roots. Flowers and leaves are the main harvesting parts of L. indica L. cv. Mengzao, and the flowering period is the most suitable harvesting period. This study provides valuable information for the development and utilization of L. indica L. cv. Mengzao and determined the best part to harvest and the optimal time for harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Hao
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Hinggan League Forestry and Grassland Workstation, Ulanhot 137499, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Muqier Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
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22
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Xu DQ, Cheng SY, Zhang JQ, Lin HF, Chen YY, Yue SJ, Tian M, Tang YP, Zhao YC. Morus alba L. Leaves - Integration of Their Transcriptome and Metabolomics Dataset: Investigating Potential Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis at Different Harvest Times. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:736332. [PMID: 34868120 PMCID: PMC8637763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mulberry leaf is a classic herb commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has also been used as animal feed for livestock and its fruits have been made into a variety of food products. Traditionally, mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf harvesting after frost is thought to have better medicinal properties, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unsolved. To elucidate the biological basis of mulberry leaves after frost, we first explored the content changes of various compounds in mulberry leaves at different harvest times. Significant enrichment of flavonoids was observed with a total of 224 differential metabolites after frost. Subsequently, we analyzed the transcriptomic data of mulberry leaves collected at different harvest times and successfully annotated 22,939 unigenes containing 1,695 new genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed 26, 20, and 59 unigenes related to flavonoids synthesis in three different groups harvested at different times. We found that the expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis-related unigenes also increased when harvested at a delayed time, which was consistent with the flavonoid accumulation discovered by the metabolomic analysis. The results indicated that low temperature may be a key trigger in flavonoid biosynthesis of mulberry leaves by increasing the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes. This study also provided a theoretical basis for the optimal harvest time of mulberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-Yan Cheng
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Han-Feng Lin
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Liu ZD, Lan JX, Chen SQ. [Quality analysis of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus in different harvest time by HPLC combined with electronic eye technology]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2021; 46:5253-5259. [PMID: 34738427 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210720.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a local variety of medicinal material, Citri Trifoliatae Fructus is widely used in many places, whereas its harvest time remains unclear. Therefore, studying its harvest time can make more reasonable use of this medicinal material. In this study, we determined the flavonoids content and compared the color of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus harvested in different time, aiming to guide the harvest of this medicinal material. The fresh fruits of Citrus trifoliata were collected from Xinxiang city, Henan province, graded according to the diameter range, and then dried. The contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin in Citri Trifoliatae Fructus were determined by HPLC, and the color values of the samples were detected by electronic eye. The correlation analysis of the obtained data was carried out to explore the relationships of color and diameter with quality. The results showed that the contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin varied significantly in different harvest time, within the ranges of 0.21-1.20, 2.21-11.59, and 3.73-23.16 mg·g~(-1), respectively. With the delay of harvest time, Citri Trifoliatae Fructus showed the color changing from green to yellow, gradually increased diameter, and gradually decreased contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin. The contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin were negatively correlated with the degree of red and green(a~*) and positively correlated with the degree of yellow and blue(b~*). The contents of naringen and poncirin had significantly negative correlations with the diameter. This study indicates that the quality of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus can be judged by its diameter and skin color, which provides a theoretical basis for the rational harvest of this medicinal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Decoction Pieces, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jin-Xu Lan
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Decoction Pieces, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Sui-Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Decoction Pieces, Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450046, China
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24
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Xiao M, Li XW, Wu X, Zhao WW, Zan K, Chen XQ. [Content determination of eight phenols in Ilex hainanensis harvested at different time by HPLC-DAD]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2021; 46:5038-5043. [PMID: 34738399 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210720.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study intends to develop a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxyl-1-butene-4-O-β-D-(6″-O-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside, pubescenoside B, huazhongilexone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C in Ilex hainanensis. The HPLC conditions are as follows: Waters XBridge C_(18 )column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), mobile phase of 0.5% formic acid in water(A)-acetonitrile(B), gradient elution(0-8 min, 5%-12% B; 8-18 min, 12%-18% B; 18-30 min, 18%-25% B; 30-40 min, 25%-30% B; 40-42 min, 30%-80% B; 42-45 min, 80% B) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), detection wavelengths of 282, 324, and 360 nm, column temperature of 25 ℃, and injection volume of 5 μL. The content of the 8 phenols in 8 samples was 0.30-6.29, 0.29-3.27, 0.15-10.4, 0.51-5.85, 0.49-9.02, 0.51-4.68, 1.93-13.4, and 0.87-5.95 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Moreover, the content of phenols in the samples collected in October was higher than that of samples harvested in other months. The established method is accurate and sensitive for the determination of phenols in I. hainanensis, which is useful for the quality improvement of this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiu-Wei Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ke Zan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069, China
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25
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Yu X, He Q, Wang D. Dynamic Analysis of Major Components in the Different Developmental Stages of Tenebrio molitor. Front Nutr 2021; 8:689746. [PMID: 34616761 PMCID: PMC8488123 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.689746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, is an important resource insect with a high protein percentage that is widely farmed in many countries. In this study, the content dynamics for protein, fat, chitin, and other components in the whole development process of yellow mealworms were analyzed by sampling from different instars and combining with their growth conditions. The results of the component dynamic analyses in the different development stages showed that the percentages of protein, fat, and chitin were the highest in the larval stage, pupal stage, and adult stage, respectively. The results of amino acid composition dynamic analysis also indicated comparatively higher essential amino acids in the earlier instar (e.g., before the 9th instar) larvae. Therefore, we found that the earlier instar is better than the final instar as the insect farming harvest time. Furthermore, the larvae in the earlier instar consumed dramatically less feed and could effectively reduce the farming costs of insect farmers. This finding provides an alternative option to farm insects for different purposes and in an economic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiang He
- Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dun Wang
- Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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26
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Afshar M, Najafian S, Radi M. Seasonal variation on the major bioactive compounds: total phenolic and flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activity of rosemary from shiraz. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4287-4292. [PMID: 34542368 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1978998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rich bioactive compounds of medicinal rosemary, as well as their antioxidant activity has led to its wider application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. In the present work, seasonal variations of phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were evaluated. This experiment was performed based on a complete randomised design with three replications. The total content of flavonoids and some phenolic compounds (caffeic acid and quercetin) increased when plants received sunlight for a longer period of time than the colder seasons. On the other hand, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in rosemary, which was accompanied by an increase in the important phenolic composition of rosmarinic acid in the cold season. Overall, this study can provide useful information about the best harvest period for rosemary to produce the desired compounds for use in the food, pharmaceutical and plant industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Afshar
- Department of Horticultural Science, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Radi
- Department of food science and technology, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
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27
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Kim MJ, Son SY, Jeon SG, Kim JG, Lee CH. Metabolite Profiling of Dioscorea (Yam) Leaves to Identify Bioactive Compounds Reveals Their Potential as Renewable Resources. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10081751. [PMID: 34451796 PMCID: PMC8399132 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are cultivated and consumed as edible tubers, while their leaves are discarded as waste or burned with negative environmental impact. Herein, the metabolites of two yam species (Danma, DAN; Dunggeunma, DUN), harvested in June, July, and August, were profiled using GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated to stimulate the utilization of yam leaves as a by-product. We observed that the relative levels of amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and saponins decreased linearly with prolonged harvest time, while fatty acid, phenanthrene, and flavonoid levels gradually increased. Furthermore, the leaf extracts obtained in August exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. To determine the antioxidant-contributing metabolites, OPLS-DA was performed for the leaf metabolites of DAN and DUN leaves harvested in August. Hydroxytyrosol-glucoside, apigenin-rhamnoside, and rutin were more abundant in DUN, while luteolin, phenanthrene derivatives, epicatechin, and kaempferide were relatively higher in DAN and their respective metabolites were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity. Moreover, secondary metabolites were more abundant in the leaves than in the roots, and consequently, the antioxidant activity of the former was also higher. Overall, the potential value of yam leaves as a renewable source of bioactive compounds is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Su-Young Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Su-Gyeong Jeon
- Insititute for Bioresources Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Andong 36614, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Genomics Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.K.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6177 (C.-H.L.)
| | - Choong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
- Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- MetaMass Co. Ltd., Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.K.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6177 (C.-H.L.)
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28
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Najar B, Pistelli L, Ferri B, Angelini LG, Tavarini S. Crop Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Two Thymus vulgaris Chemotypes along Three Years of Organic Cultivation in a Hilly Area of Central Italy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165109. [PMID: 34443694 PMCID: PMC8398316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus vulgaris L. is one of the most commonly used medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), owing to a range of therapeutic properties of its essential oil. Plant growth, biomass yield, essential oil content and composition are influenced by chemotype, environmental conditions, cultivation techniques and vegetative development. Since in MAPs cultivation special attention is paid on high quality of raw material, the adoption of sustainable agriculture methods is of pivotal importance. Therefore, we evaluated the agronomic and qualitative performances of two Thymus vulgaris L. chemotypes, organically cultivated under the Mediterranean climate of hilly lands of central Italy for three consecutive years (2017–2019). Along the trial, total above-ground dry biomass significantly increased from the 1st to 3rd year after planting and large variations in the main biological, biometric and productive traits were observed between the two chemotypes. The ‘thymol’ chemotype EO obviously showed thymol as the major constituent (51.26–49.87%) followed by γ-terpinene and p-cymene. The ‘linalool’ chemotype EO showed high percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (about 90%) with linalool (75%), linalyl acetate (8.15%) and b-caryophyllene (3.2%) as main constituents. This study highlighted that T. vulgaris can be successfully organically grown in the hilly lands of Tuscany, with interesting biomass and essential oil yields, even though the plants were in the initial years of crop establishment (start in 2017). The introduction of this species into organic cultivation systems could contribute to obtain high-quality raw material, as well as to enhance crop rotation diversification, which is of pivotal importance in the management of organic farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Najar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.N.); (B.F.)
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.N.); (B.F.)
- NUTRAFOOD Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.A.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benedetta Ferri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.N.); (B.F.)
| | - Luciana Gabriella Angelini
- NUTRAFOOD Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.A.); (S.T.)
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Tavarini
- NUTRAFOOD Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.A.); (S.T.)
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Giampaoli O, Sciubba F, Conta G, Capuani G, Tomassini A, Giorgi G, Brasili E, Aureli W, Miccheli A. Red Beetroot's NMR-Based Metabolomics: Phytochemical Profile Related to Development Time and Production Year. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081887. [PMID: 34441664 PMCID: PMC8393249 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Red beetroot (RB) is a well-known health-promoting food consumed worldwide. RB is commonly used in food processing and manufacturing thanks to the high content of components that can also be employed as natural coloring agents. These bioactive molecules vary their concentration depending on beetroot seasonality, harvest time and climate conditions. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the variation of the RB phytochemical profile related to the root development during three different harvest times, using an 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach. Changes of carbohydrates and secondary metabolite concentrations were observed from July to September. Secondly, we compared the metabolic profiles of the final processed beet juices in three different production years to observe the effect of climate conditions on the RB's final product metabotype. A PCA analysis performed on juice extracts showed that production years 2016 and 2017 were characterized by a high content of choline and betaine, while 2018 by a high content of amino acids and dopamine and a low content of inorganic nitrates. This study suggests that the harvest time and roots growth conditions could be used to modulate the RB phytochemical profile, according to the final requirements of use, food or coloring agent source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Giampaoli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.T.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.T.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgia Conta
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.T.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Capuani
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.T.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alberta Tomassini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.T.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Giorgi
- R&D, Aureli Mario S.S. Agricola, Via Mario Aureli 7, 67050 Ortucchio (Aq), Italy; (G.G.); (W.A.)
| | - Elisa Brasili
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Walter Aureli
- R&D, Aureli Mario S.S. Agricola, Via Mario Aureli 7, 67050 Ortucchio (Aq), Italy; (G.G.); (W.A.)
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Abstract
The medicinal composition of rosemary essential oil has led to its widespread use in the food, cosmetic, health and herbal industries. In the present work, seasonal variations of essential constituents of essential oil, essential oil yield were evaluated. The predominant components of rosemary were: camphene, limonene, α-pinene, camphor, borneol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, (E)- caryophyllene and bornyl acetate. The highest rate of linalool was seen in summer, while camphor, limonene and borneol showed the highest percentage in cold season. Some of the compounds such as α-pinene, camphene, bornyl acetate and (E)- caryophyllene in the spring with the activation of some important plant enzymes such as peroxidase showed the highest amount. It is hoped that this research will provide very useful information about the best time to harvest the valuable rosemary plant and can be useful for the health, food and herbal industries that use this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Afshar
- Department of Horticultural Science, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Radi
- Department of food science and technology, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
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31
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Salamatullah AM, Alkaltham MS, Özcan MM, Uslu N, Hayat K. Effect of Maturing Stages on Bioactive Properties, Fatty Acid Compositions, and Phenolic Compounds of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Kernels Harvested at Different Harvest Times. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:471-478. [PMID: 33692242 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of harvesting time on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and phenolic compounds of peanut kernels. The moisture content (air-dried basis) of peanut kernels was determined between 4.47% (September 15, 2019) and 7.93% (October 6, 2019), whereas the oil contents changed from 45.95% (October 6, 2019) to 49.25% (September 22, 2019). The total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phenolic contents were low throughout the harvest, showing differences depending on the harvest time. Total phenolic content changed from 0.28 mg GAE/L (September 29, 2019) to 0.43 mg GAE/L (September 8, 2019), whereas the antioxidant activity varied from 4.42% (August 25, 2019) to 4.70% (September 1, 2019). The dominant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, depending on the harvest time, followed by stearic, behenic, arachidic, and linolenic acids. The (+)-catechin content ranged from 2.17 mg/L (September 8, 2019) to 5.15 mg/L (September 1, 2019), whereas 1,2-dihydroxybenzene content changed between 2.67 mg/L (October 6, 2019) and 5.85 mg/L (September 29, 2019). The phenolic compound content fluctuated depending on the harvest time. The results showed that peanut kernel and oil had distinctive phenolic profiles and fatty acid contents. The findings of the present study may provide information for the best time to harvest peanut to achieve its maximum health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Saeed Alkaltham
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Mehmet Musa Özcan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University
| | - Nurhan Uslu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University
| | - Khizar Hayat
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University
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Tang Q, Zhang R, Zhou J, Zhao K, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Wu C, Chen F, Mu D, Ding Z, Xie H, He Y. The levels of bioactive ingredients in Citrus aurantium L. at different harvest periods and antioxidant effects on H 2 O 2 -induced RIN-m5F cells. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:1479-1490. [PMID: 32844448 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus aurantium L. (Aurantii fructus) is a multi-purpose citrus fruit with high medicinal and nutritional value, but currently there are no data that can be used to investigate the appropriate harvest time to obtain high-quality citrus bioactive ingredients from it. RESULTS Phytochemicals and the levels of the main bioactive ingredients were investigated by ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS). The flavanone, polymethoxyflavone, coumarin, synephrine, and limonin content in the citrus fruit was analyzed at different harvest periods, and significant differences, ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 116.26 ± 40.20 g kg-1 (DW), were shown. These compounds were present in higher amounts in June and then decreased gradually, while the biomass accumulation of most of them showed an increasing tendency around harvest time. The H2 O2 -induced RIN-m5F cells model was employed to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. Citrus fruit harvested from June 11 to July 7 possessed an excellent antioxidant capacity by inhibiting the intensity of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P < 0.01) and improving superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) activity (P < 0.01). The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of citrus leaves, stems, and roots were also evaluated, and these showed great variation compared with other citrus fruits. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that harvesting time was related closely to the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSION Citrus fruit can be appropriately harvested from June to early July when the levels of bioactive ingredients and antioxidant activity reach higher values. This research provides practical information for producing high-quality citrus products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiali Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Kanghong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Changqiao Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Detian Mu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zixuan Ding
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongqi Xie
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingjie He
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Wang Y, Yao X, Yang L, Fei X, Cao Y, Wang K, Guo S. Effects of Harvest Time on the Yield, Quality and Active Substance of Torreya grandis Nut and Its Oil. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:175-184. [PMID: 33456001 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Torreya grandis is an important economic tree species in China. It provides nutritional value and is important to the health care industry. There are ongoing issues with product quality which are primarily related to improper management and early harvest. This study was carried out during the fruit ripening processes to evaluate the influence of harvesting date on T. grandis quality, and to determine the optimal harvest period. The effects of harvest time on the variation of quality and nutritional parameters of T. grandis nuts and its oil were evaluated, and the optimal harvest period was determined. The results showed that harvest timing had a strong effect on both oil yield and quality. Prolonged ripening could induce higher levels of kernel rate, fruit inclusions, oil and nutritional quality. When the sample harvested in the mid-September, the kernel rate and oil content were increased by 1.88±0.31% and 6.65±0.47%, respectively, compared to samples harvested in the beginning of late-August. Similarly, the mid-September harvest resulted in total unsaturated fatty acids content of the oil being increased by 5.3±0.34%, the FFA and peroxide value being decreased by 40.7±0.15% and 76±0.08%, respectively, and total tocopherols and free amino acids were increased 7.5±0.24% and 47.3±0.15%, respectively, compared to the samples harvested on Aug. 25. The results indicated that the optimal harvest time of T. grandis fruits was mid-September as it was beneficial for improving the quality of T. grandis nut and its oil. It was suggested that T. grandis fruit should be harvested later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF)
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF)
| | | | - Xueqian Fei
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF)
| | - Yongqing Cao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF)
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF)
| | - Shaohai Guo
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF)
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Napoli E, Giovino A, Carrubba A, How Yuen Siong V, Rinoldo C, Nina O, Ruberto G. Variations of Essential Oil Constituents in Oregano ( Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum (= O. heracleoticum) over Cultivation Cycles. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1174. [PMID: 32927767 PMCID: PMC7570328 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oregano is-probably-the most appreciated and widespread aromatic plant in Sicily. With the aim of evaluating the modifications of oregano's essential oil composition over time, between 2013 and 2015 six weekly samplings of three different oregano plantations were carried out, from the beginning of flowering (early May) until the traditional harvest moment (end of June). Samples were hydrodistilled and the obtained essential oils (EOs) were evaluated by means of a combination of GC-FID and GC-MS. The Origanum plants under study were demonstrated to belong to the high-yielding, thymol-type biotypes, with thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene as three main components, among the total of about 50 of the evaluated EOs. In each location, EO yields were found to increase throughout survey dates. Significant variations were found in many EO components, both across years and throughout harvest dates within locations. The choice of the harvest moment was confirmed to be crucial in assessing quality aspects of oregano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Napoli
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (V.H.Y.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Antonio Giovino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione (CREA-DC), Strada Statale 113 km 245.500, 90011 Bagheria, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Carrubba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali—Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 4 Ingr. L, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vandana How Yuen Siong
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (V.H.Y.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Carmelo Rinoldo
- Assessorato Regionale dell’Agricoltura, dello Sviluppo Rurale e della Pesca Mediterranea, Ispettorato dell’Agricoltura di Agrigento—U.O. S6.11, U.I.A. di Aragona, Via Scalo Caldare, 92021 Aragona, Italy; (C.R.); (O.N.)
| | - Onofrio Nina
- Assessorato Regionale dell’Agricoltura, dello Sviluppo Rurale e della Pesca Mediterranea, Ispettorato dell’Agricoltura di Agrigento—U.O. S6.11, U.I.A. di Aragona, Via Scalo Caldare, 92021 Aragona, Italy; (C.R.); (O.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (V.H.Y.S.); (G.R.)
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Fu XM, Yang C, Wu ZG, Liu J, Wu JH, Pei JG, Huang X, Wang F. [Correlation between color and content of eight components of Gardeniae Fructus at different harvest time]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2020; 45:3191-3202. [PMID: 32726029 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200229.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This research is to establish an HPLC method for determination of geniposidic acid, genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, geniposide, p-trans-coumaroylgenipin gentiobioside, chlorogenic acid, crocin-Ⅰ, crocin-Ⅱ and crocin-Ⅲ in Gardeniae Fructus at different harvest time. The detection wavelength was 238, 320 and 440 nm. Principal component analysis(PCA), correlation analysis, regression analysis and partial least squares(PLS) analysis were used to explore the relationship of color and content of eight components in Gardeniae Fructus. The result showed that the trend of the eight components in Gardeniae Fructus at harvest time in different three years was varied similarly. According to the variation of eight components at different harvest time, the mature and immaturate Gardeniae Fructus were discriminated. The content of crocin-Ⅰwas correlated positively with a~* of color significance. The redder color of Gardeniae Fructus showed the higher value of a~* and content of crocin-Ⅰ, indicating the better quality of Gardeniae Fructus. This method provided reference for justifying the color and quality of Gardeniae Fructus and scientific evidence for "assessing quality by distinguishing color".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China Fan Cuisheng Studio of National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Zhi-Gui Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China Fan Cuisheng Studio of National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jian-Guo Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
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Chang YQ, Xue ZJ, Yang GY, Guo M, Zhang D, Zheng YG, Guo L. [Dynamic changes of volatile components of Qiai from different harvest time based on GC-MS and chemometrics analysis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2020; 45:2417-2424. [PMID: 32495601 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200219.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Artemisiae Argyi Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi, has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for a long time. Qiai is one of the top-geoherb of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Qiai contains various bioactive constituents, such as volatile oils, phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Phytochemical studies demonstrated that volatile compounds are the main bioactive constituents in Qiai. Try to investigate dynamic changes of volatile components of Qiai from different harvest time and explore the optimum harvest time of Qiai, in this study, the contents of total volatile oils in Qiai collected from five different harvest time were analyzed by steam distillation method. The results showed that the contents of volatile oils of Qiai were higher in the third harvest time(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is basically consistent with the traditional harvest time. Furthermore, a sensitive method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was established for qualitative analysis of volatile compounds in Qiai, and a total of thirty volatile compounds were identified. Chemometrics methods including principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis(OPLS-DA) were applied to explore chemical markers and dynamic changes of volatile components in Qiai from different harvest time, and the results indicated that there were obvious differences in the relative contents of volatile compounds of Qiai samples from different harvest time. Eight volatile compounds, including α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, D-camphor, trans-carveol, α-copaene, isobornylisobutyrate, humulene, and caryophyllene oxide were selected as potential chemical markers. Among the eight chemical markers, the relative contents of α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-copaene and caryophyllene oxide were higher in the third harvest period(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is consistent with the contents of total volatile oils. The present study could provide the basis for investigating the optimum harvest time of Qiai, and might be useful for the quality control of this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qing Chang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Zi-Jing Xue
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Gui-Ya Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Yu-Guang Zheng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Long Guo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang 050200, China
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Wang L, Yang L, Xiong F, Nie X, Li C, Xiao Y, Zhou G. Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels Affect the Growth and Quality Parameters of Astragalus mongolica. Molecules 2020; 25:E381. [PMID: 31963357 PMCID: PMC7024162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to overexploitation, wild resources of Astragalus mongolica, a Chinese herbal plant that is widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid areas of Northern China, have gradually become exhausted, and therefore, commercial cultivation is increasingly important to meet the growing demand for astragalus and reduce the pressure on wild populations. Nitrogen level is an important factor that affects the yield and quality of A. mongolica. However, uniform standards for fertilization among production areas have not yet been determined. In this study, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer treatment on the yield and quality of A. mongolica in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was explored using a control treatment (no added nitrogen, N0) and five different nutrient levels: 37.5 kg/ha (N1), 75 kg/ha (N2), 112.5 kg/ha (N3), 150 kg/ha (N4), and 187.5 kg/ha (N5). According to grey relational analysis, the optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment was the N4 level followed by the N5 and N2 levels. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the root biomass, plant height, root length, and root diameter. However, nitrogen fertilization had no significant effect on the content of Astragaloside IV and mullein isoflavone glucoside. The content of ononin and calycosin continually accumulated throughout the growing period. The results showed that the ononin and calycosin content under N4 and N2 is higher than other levels and there is not significantly different between different nitrogen fertilizer levels about them. The content of formononetin decreased gradually with the progression of the growing season. The optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment for A. mongolica is recommended to be 150 kg/ha and the content of active compounds and yield were observed to reach the maximum in October.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (L.W.); (L.Y.); (F.X.); (X.N.); (C.L.); (Y.X.)
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lucun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (L.W.); (L.Y.); (F.X.); (X.N.); (C.L.); (Y.X.)
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (L.W.); (L.Y.); (F.X.); (X.N.); (C.L.); (Y.X.)
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuqing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (L.W.); (L.Y.); (F.X.); (X.N.); (C.L.); (Y.X.)
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (L.W.); (L.Y.); (F.X.); (X.N.); (C.L.); (Y.X.)
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (L.W.); (L.Y.); (F.X.); (X.N.); (C.L.); (Y.X.)
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (L.W.); (L.Y.); (F.X.); (X.N.); (C.L.); (Y.X.)
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
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Tian Y, Zhang X, Li S, Liu K, Guo P. Effect of Harvest Time and Microbial Anaerobic Fermentation at Ruminal Degradability, In Vitro Digestibility to Milk Production and Milk Quality for Whole Plant Zhang Hybrid Millet in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100749. [PMID: 31569592 PMCID: PMC6826377 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With its drought tolerant and high productive characteristics, Zhang hybrid millet is becoming an important food source for both humans and animals. Whole plant Zhang hybrid millet has great potential in lowering feed cost while providing relatively high crude protein, vitamin, and mineral content. This study aimed to disclose whether harvest time and microbial anaerobic fermentation can improve ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole Zhang hybrid millet, and explore the effect of microbial anaerobic fermented whole Zhang hybrid millet as feedstuff on milk yield and milk quality. Results showed that the interaction effect of harvest time and microbial anaerobic fermentation had significant influence on the crude ash, Acid detergent fiber (ADF), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), and neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) content and effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM) of whole Zhang hybrid millet. Early harvested whole Zhang hybrid millet with microbial anaerobic fermentation appeared to have a better chemical profile with lower content of crude ash, Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ADF, and higher content of WSC, and a better ruminal degradability with lower EDDM, effective degradability of neutral crude protein EDCP, and effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF). Microbial anaerobic fermented whole Zhang hybrid millet as feedstuff did not significantly affect milk components, but significantly reduced somatic cell count ( SCC) compared with controls. Milk yield was numerically higher in whole Zhang hybrid millet groups. Collectively, harvest time and microbial anaerobic fermentation could further improve the nutritive value of whole Zhang hybrid millet. Microbial anaerobic fermented whole Zhang hybrid millet as an alternative feedstock for dairy diet was safe and feasible. Abstract This study assessed whether harvest time and microbial anaerobic fermentation could affect ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole Zhang hybrid millet, and estimate the effect of microbial anaerobic fermented whole Zhang hybrid millet as feedstuff on milk yield and milk quality. Protein degradation and intestinal digestion were determined using in situ nylon bag technique and three-step in vitro method, respectively. Results showed that harvest time, microbial anaerobic fermentation, or their interaction significantly affected EDDM, EDCP, and EDNDF (p < 0.05). In vitro fermentation was significantly influenced by harvest time. Early harvested samples appeared to have higher Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and lower acetate: propionate ratio than late harvested ones (p < 0.01). However, significant effect of harvest time and fermentation was failed to find in the estimation of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) (p > 0.05). Microbial anaerobic fermented whole Zhang hybrid millet as feedstuff provided similar milk compositions compared with controls, and it significantly reduced SCC (p = 0.04). Milk yield was numerically higher in whole Zhang hybrid millet groups. In conclusion, harvest time and microbial anaerobic fermentation could further improve ruminal utilization of whole Zhang hybrid millet. Whole Zhang hybrid millet could be an alternative feedstock for dairy cows with acceptable safety profile and potential benefit in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- Beijing Hao You Xun Tian Biotechnology Limited Liability Company, Beijing 100081, China.
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Song SY, Park DH, Seo SW, Park KM, Bae CS, Son HS, Kim HG, Lee JH, Yoon G, Shim JH, Im E, Rhee SH, Yoon IS, Cho SS. Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:E3343. [PMID: 31540334 PMCID: PMC6766869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yeap Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Mok Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Gyun Kim
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
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Liu H, Xiong H, Xue X, Liu MN, Wang HL, Liu W, Wei F, Li XR. [Study on quality characteristics of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in national resource survey and consideration on standards of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in Chinese Pharmacopoeia]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:68-76. [PMID: 30868814 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20181025.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The content of tyrosol,salidroside,echinacoside,rutin,acteoside,ligustroflavone,specnuezhenide,and quercetin were determined by HPLC,and the color of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus was determined by comparison with color card.Hundred-seed weight was analyzed by using gravimetric method.The correlation analysis and One-way ANOVA were used to analyze the relationship between the characters,the chemical composition,the harvest time and the geographical location of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,for giving a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus The results showed that 92% of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus were all up to quality standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and the contents of 7 components in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus(except quercetin) were higher than those in samples with black colors.The content of salidroside in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus harvested in June was the highest and the other7 components of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus were relatively high in 8-10 months.According to the quality parameters of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,the Ligustri Lucidi Fructus from six habitats can not be distinguished effectively.The results showed that there was a certain relationship between the color,harvest season and component content of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,and the habitats were not related to the quality parameters of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus.The study aimsat providing data support for the resource status of native Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,and a theoretical basis for the revision of standards of Ligustri Lucidi Fructusin the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100102,China
| | - Hui Xiong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100102,China
| | - Xue Xue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100102,China
| | - Meng-Nan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100102,China
| | - Hai-Li Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100102,China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine,National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050,China
| | - Feng Wei
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine,National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 100050,China
| | - Xiang-Ri Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100102,China
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Summo C, Palasciano M, De Angelis D, Paradiso VM, Caponio F, Pasqualone A. Evaluation of the chemical and nutritional characteristics of almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill). D.A. Webb) as influenced by harvest time and cultivar. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:5647-5655. [PMID: 29708600 PMCID: PMC7167047 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several workers have studied the effect of harvest time on chemical and nutritional composition of almonds, but the results are partly conflicting, probably due to differences in the cultivars considered and to different agronomic and climatic conditions in the growing areas. In this paper, the influence of harvest time and cultivar on the chemical and nutritional composition of almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill). D.A. Webb) were evaluated. Ten cultivars were considered, grown in the same orchard and subjected to the same agronomical regime. Almonds were collected at two different harvest times: (i) when the fruits were unripe, but already edible, and showed green and moist hull; and (ii) when the fruits were ripe, with dry brown hull. The analyses of proximate composition, fatty acid profile, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity were carried out. RESULTS Lipid content increased (P < 0.001) during ripening, while both protein and carbohydrate content decreased (P < 0.01). Fatty acid composition showed a not univocal behavior during ripening and was highly influenced by cultivar. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity varied among cultivars but increased during ripening with the exception of cv Marcona. The 'Genco' and 'Francolì' cultivars were found to be phenolic rich. CONCLUSION Harvest time and cultivar significantly influenced the chemical and nutritional composition of almonds. Genotype strongly influenced fatty acid composition and total phenolic compounds. The changes of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity suggest that the synthesis of antioxidants also occurs in the last stage of ripening. Unripe almonds, a valuable niche product, showed interesting nutritional value. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Summo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA)University of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Marino Palasciano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA)University of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Davide De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA)University of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Vito M Paradiso
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA)University of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Francesco Caponio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA)University of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Antonella Pasqualone
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA)University of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
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Hu JD, Mao G, Zhang ZW, Ma CD, Liang ZS, Xia GD, Dong JE. [Effect of different fertilization treatments on yield and secondary metabolites of Codonopsis pilosula]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2017; 42:2946-2953. [PMID: 29139262 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170714.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The research studies the effect of different fertilization treatments on yield and accumulation of secondary metabolites of Codonopsis pilosula by using single factor randomized block design, in order to ensure reasonable harvesting time and fertilization ratio, and provide the basis for standardized cultivation of C. pilosula. According to the clustering results, the nitrogen fertilizer benefitted for the improvement of root diameter and biomass of C. pilosula. The phosphate fertilizer could promote the content of C. pilosula polysaccharide. The organic fertilizers could increase the content of lobetyolin. With the time going on, C. pilosula's yield, polysaccharide and ehanol-soluble extracts increased while the content of lobetyolin decreased. According to various factors, October is a more reasonable harvest period. Organic fertilizers are more helpful to the yield and accumulation of secondary metabolites of C. pilosula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ge Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhang
- Shanxi BuChang Pharma Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Cun-de Ma
- Shanxi BuChang Pharma Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, China
| | | | | | - Juan-E Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
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43
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Hossain A, Moon HK, Kim JK. Effect of pre-treatment and extraction conditions on the antioxidant properties of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:2079-2085. [PMID: 28950752 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1378088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Persimmon is a very delicious fruit and the leaves of this tree are used as a traditional drug. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drying method (hot air and freeze-drying), extraction temperature (80, 90 and 100 °C) and extraction time (10, 30, 60 and 120 min) and harvest stage (flowering and fruiting) on the antioxidant contents and antioxidant activity of persimmon leaves. The results showed that the highest antioxidants were obtained in both methods of drying. Also, 100 °C for 120 min of extraction gave the highest antioxidant contents, but with no significant difference compared to 90 °C for 60 min of extraction. Persimmon leaves collected during flowering stage had the maximum amount of antioxidants compared to the fruiting stage. Finally, it can be said that persimmon leaves harvested during flowering stage and treated by hot air drying with these extraction conditions (90 °C for 60 min) are richer in bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Hossain
- a Department of Food and Food Service Industry , Kyungpook National University , Sangju , South Korea
| | - Hey Kyung Moon
- b Center for Scientific Instrument , Kyungpook National University , Sangju , South Korea
| | - Jong-Kuk Kim
- a Department of Food and Food Service Industry , Kyungpook National University , Sangju , South Korea
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Burken DB, Nuttelman BL, Gramkow JL, McGee AL, Sudbeck KM, Gardine SE, Hoegemeyer TC, Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE. Effects of agronomic factors on yield and quality of whole corn plants and the impact of feeding high concentrations of corn silage in diets containing distillers grains to finishing cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:367-381. [PMID: 32704661 PMCID: PMC7205347 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn plants were sampled over 2 consecutive years to assess the effects of corn hybrid maturity class, plant population, and harvest time on whole corn plant quality and yield in Nebraska. A finishing experiment evaluated the substitution of corn with corn silage in diets with corn modified distillers grains with solubles (MDGS). The first 2 harvest dates were at the mid- and late-silage harvest times whereas the final harvest was at the grain harvest stage of plant maturity. Whole plant yields increased as harvest time progressed (yr 1 quadratic P < 0.01; yr 2 linear P < 0.01). However, differences in TDN concentration in both years were quite minimal across harvest time, because grain percentage increased but residue NDF in-situ disappearance decreased as harvest time was delayed. In the finishing experiment, as corn silage inclusion increased from 15 to 55% (DM basis) by replacing dry rolled and high moisture corn grain with corn silage in diets containing 40% MDGS, DMI, ADG, and G:F linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.01), with the steers on the 15% corn silage treatment being 1.5%, 5.0%, and 7.7% more efficient than steers on treatments containing 30, 45, and 55% corn silage, respectively. Calculated dietary NEm and NEg decreased linearly as corn silage inclusion increased indicating that net energy values were greater for corn grain than for corn silage. In addition, dressing percentage decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as silage inclusion increased suggesting more fill as silage inclusion increases in diets. Cattle fed greater than 15% corn silage in finishing diets based on corn grain will gain slower and be slightly less efficient and likely require increased days to market at similar carcass fatness and size. When 30% silage was fed with 65% MDGS, DMI, and ADG were decreased (P < 0.01) compared to feeding 30% silage with 40% MDGS suggesting some benefit to including a proportion of corn in the diet. Conversely, when 45% silage was fed with 40% MDGS, ADG, and G:F were greater (P < 0.04) than when 45% silage was fed with just grain implying a greater energy value for MDGS than for corn grain. Substituting corn silage for corn grain in finishing diets decreased ADG and G:F which would increase days to finish to an equal carcass weight; however, in this experiment, increasing corn silage levels with MDGS present reduced carcass fat thickness without significantly decreasing marbling score.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Burken
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - B L Nuttelman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - J L Gramkow
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - A L McGee
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - K M Sudbeck
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - S E Gardine
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - T C Hoegemeyer
- Department of Agronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - T J Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - G E Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
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Zeng H, Su S, Xiang X, Sha X, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Guo S, Yan H, Qian D, Duan J. Comparative Analysis of the Major Chemical Constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Roots, Stems, Leaves and Flowers during Different Growth Periods by UPLC-TQ-MS/MS and HPLC-ELSD Methods. Molecules 2017; 22:E771. [PMID: 28489029 PMCID: PMC6154317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine containing multiple components that contribute to its notable bioactivities. This article investigated the distribution and dynamic changes of chemical constituents in various parts of S. miltiorrhiza from different growth periods. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-TQ-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) methods were developed for accurate determination of 24 compounds (including phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and saccharides) in S. miltiorrhiza. The established methods were validated with good linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery. Results indicated that there were category and quantity discrepancies in different parts of the plant, for the roots mainly contained salvianolic acids and tanshinones, and most of the saccharides are stachyose. In the aerial parts, salvianolic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenes, except the tanshinones, were detected, and the saccharides were mainly monosaccharides. Dynamic accumulation analysis suggested the proper harvest time for S. miltiorrhiza Bunge was the seedling stage in spring, and for the aerial parts was July to August. This study provided valuable information for the development and utilization value of the aerial parts of S. miltiorrhiza and was useful for determining the optimal harvest time of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Zeng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330046, China.
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiang Xiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiuxiu Sha
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Trombetta D, Smeriglio A, Marcoccia D, Giofrè SV, Toscano G, Mazzotti F, Giovanazzi A, Lorenzetti S. Analytical Evaluation and Antioxidant Properties of Some Secondary Metabolites in Northern Italian Mono- and Multi-Varietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils (EVOOs) from Early and Late Harvested Olives. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E797. [PMID: 28398235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity and the phenolic and α-tocopherol content of 10 Northern Italian mono- and multi-varietal extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs), after early and late olive harvests, was analyzed. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to evaluate sample similarity. Secoiridoids (SIDs), lignans and flavonoids were the most abundant phenolic compounds identified. The organic Casaliva (among mono-cultivar) and the organic multi-varietal (among blended oils) EVOOs had the higher total phenol content both in early (263.13 and 326.19 mg/kg, respectively) and late harvest (241.88 and 292.34 mg/kg, respectively) conditions. In comparison to late harvest EVOOs, early harvest EVOOs, in particular the organic mono-cultivar Casaliva, showed both higher antioxidant capacity (up to 1285.97 Oxygen Radicals Absorbance Capacity/ORAC units), probably due to the higher SID fraction (54% vs. 40%), and higher α-tocopherol content (up to 280.67 mg/kg). Overall, these results suggest that SIDs and α-tocopherol mainly contribute to antioxidant properties of the studied EVOOs. In light of this, the authors conclude that early harvest, organic mono-cultivar Casaliva EVOO represents the most interesting candidate to explicate healthy effects ascribed to these functional constituents, particularly regarding oxidative stress-related pathologies.
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Kiesel A, Nunn C, Iqbal Y, Van der Weijde T, Wagner M, Özgüven M, Tarakanov I, Kalinina O, Trindade LM, Clifton-Brown J, Lewandowski I. Site-Specific Management of Miscanthus Genotypes for Combustion and Anaerobic Digestion: A Comparison of Energy Yields. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:347. [PMID: 28367151 PMCID: PMC5355453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, the perennial C4 grass miscanthus is currently mainly cultivated for energy generation via combustion. In recent years, anaerobic digestion has been identified as a promising alternative utilization pathway. Anaerobic digestion produces a higher-value intermediate (biogas), which can be upgraded to biomethane, stored in the existing natural gas infrastructure and further utilized as a transport fuel or in combined heat and power plants. However, the upgrading of the solid biomass into gaseous fuel leads to conversion-related energy losses, the level of which depends on the cultivation parameters genotype, location, and harvest date. Thus, site-specific crop management needs to be adapted to the intended utilization pathway. The objectives of this paper are to quantify (i) the impact of genotype, location and harvest date on energy yields of anaerobic digestion and combustion and (ii) the conversion losses of upgrading solid biomass into biogas. For this purpose, five miscanthus genotypes (OPM 3, 6, 9, 11, 14), three cultivation locations (Adana, Moscow, Stuttgart), and up to six harvest dates (August-March) were assessed. Anaerobic digestion yielded, on average, 35% less energy than combustion. Genotype, location, and harvest date all had significant impacts on the energy yield. For both, this is determined by dry matter yield and ash content and additionally by substrate-specific methane yield for anaerobic digestion and moisture content for combustion. Averaged over all locations and genotypes, an early harvest in August led to 25% and a late harvest to 45% conversion losses. However, each utilization option has its own optimal harvest date, determined by biomass yield, biomass quality, and cutting tolerance. By applying an autumn green harvest for anaerobic digestion and a delayed harvest for combustion, the conversion-related energy loss was reduced to an average of 18%. This clearly shows that the delayed harvest required to maintain biomass quality for combustion is accompanied by high energy losses through yield reduction over winter. The pre-winter harvest applied in the biogas utilization pathway avoids these yield losses and largely compensates for the conversion-related energy losses of anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiesel
- Department Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher Nunn
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Yasir Iqbal
- Department Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Van der Weijde
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Moritz Wagner
- Department Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Mensure Özgüven
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture UniversityKonya, Turkey
| | - Ivan Tarakanov
- Russian State Agrarian University–Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyMoscow, Russia
| | - Olena Kalinina
- Department Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - John Clifton-Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Iris Lewandowski
- Department Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
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Genova G, Tosetti R, Tonutti P. Berry ripening, pre-processing and thermal treatments affect the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) juice. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:664-671. [PMID: 25683953 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape juice is an important dietary source of health-promoting antioxidant molecules. Different factors may affect juice composition and nutraceutical properties. The effects of some of these factors (harvest time, pre-processing ethylene treatment of grapes and juice thermal pasteurization) were here evaluated, considering in particular the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity. RESULTS Grapes (Vitis vinifera L., red-skinned variety Sangiovese) were collected twice in relation to the technological harvest (TH) and 12 days before TH (early harvest, EH) and treated with gaseous ethylene (1000 ppm) or air for 48 h. Fresh and pasteurized (78 °C for 30 min) juices were produced using a water bath. Three-way analysis of variance showed that the harvest date had the strongest impact on total polyphenols, hydroxycinnamates, flavonols, and especially on total flavonoids. Pre-processing ethylene treatment significantly increased the proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin and flavan-3-ol content in the juices. Pasteurization induced a significant increase in anthocyanin concentration. Antioxidant capacity was enhanced by ethylene treatment and pasteurization in juices from both TH and EH grapes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that an appropriate management of grape harvesting date, postharvest and processing may lead to an improvement in nutraceutical quality of juices. Further research is needed to study the effect of the investigated factors on juice organoleptic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Genova
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Tosetti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Tonutti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Piazzolla F, Pati S, Amodio ML, Colelli G. Effect of harvest time on table grape quality during on-vine storage. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:131-139. [PMID: 25565569 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postponing the harvest of grapes is a common practice in southern Italy, in order to delay harvest up to Christmas and make higher income from their sale. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of harvest time (over almost 3 months) on the quality of table grapes (cv. Italia). The experiment was repeated for two years (2010 and 2011). In 2010, grapes were harvested starting from 8 October and after 11, 27 and 48 days. In 2011, five harvest times were compared over a period of 56 days. Respiration rate, firmness, colour, sensory attributes, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), phenols and antioxidant activity were measured. In addition, in the second year, volatile compounds were evaluated. RESULTS For both years, harvest time influenced most parameters, which indicated that metabolic changes took place in the plants. In 2010, harvest time influenced respiration rate, cluster and berry appearance scores, colour attributes, crunchiness, pH, TA, total phenol content and antioxidant activity. In 2011, harvest time influenced respiration rate, colour attributes, most sensory attributes, TSS and TA. Generally, late harvested grapes showed higher firmness, berry appearance score, sweetness, fruity taste, overall sensory evaluation score and TSS. Regarding volatile compounds, terpene content decreased during ripening, while C6 compounds showed a nonlinear trend. CONCLUSION The results showed that table grape sensory quality could be increased by delaying harvest up to a certain time of the season, while excessive delay could reduce final grape quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piazzolla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Sandra Pati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Amodio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
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Ehrig K, Alban S. Sulfated galactofucan from the brown alga Saccharina latissima--variability of yield, structural composition and bioactivity. Mar Drugs 2014; 13:76-101. [PMID: 25548975 PMCID: PMC4306926 DOI: 10.3390/md13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (SP) from brown algae exhibit a wide range of bioactivities and are, therefore, considered promising candidates for health-supporting and medicinal applications. A critical issue is their availability in high, reproducible quality. The aim of the present study was to fractionate and characterize the SP extracted from Saccharina latissima (S.l.-SP) harvested from two marine habitats, the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, in May, June and September. The fractionation of crude S.l.-SP by anion exchange chromatography including analytical investigations revealed that S.l.-SP is composed of a homogeneous fraction of sulfated galactofucan (SGF) and a mixture of low-sulfated, uronic acid and protein containing heteropolysaccharides. Furthermore, the results indicated that S.l. growing at an intertidal zone with high salinity harvested at the end of the growing period delivered the highest yield of S.l.-SP with SGF as the main fraction (67%). Its SGF had the highest degree of sulfation (0.81), fucose content (86.1%) and fucose/galactose ratio (7.8) and was most active (e.g., elastase inhibition: IC50 0.21 μg/mL). Thus, S.l. from the North Atlantic harvested in autumn proved to be more appropriate for the isolation of S.l.-SP than S.l. from the Baltic Sea and S.l. harvested in spring, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that habitat and harvest time of brown algae should be considered as factors influencing the yield as well as the composition and thus also the bioactivity of their SP.
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