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Scott A, Le Heiget A, Stefanson R, Ahloy-Dallaire J, King M. Burlap and buddies: the effects of social enrichment (preweaning mixing) and object enrichment (burlap) on piglet performance, behavior, and welfare in the preweaning environment. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae053. [PMID: 38660373 PMCID: PMC11041402 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
When weaned in commercial operations, piglets are not only separated from their sow but also mixed with unfamiliar pigs in an unfamiliar environment with a new diet. These abrupt changes can be stressful for piglets, often having negative welfare consequences. Our objective was to study the effects of early-life preweaning socialization and object enrichment in the preweaning environment. We compared piglet performance, behavior, and welfare across six treatments that combined multi-litter group size (1 vs. 2 vs. 4 litters) and burlap (yes vs. no). We recorded piglet behavior and lesion-scored sows and piglets. Normal conforming data, expressed per experimental unit (and behavior data were averaged over time), were analyzed by ANOVA. When given the opportunity in the sow barn, piglets in multi-litter groups socialized with other litters. Burlap use (P = 0.08) was observed in < 5% of the observations but tended to increase in mixed litter groups. Cross-sucking was observed in ~12% of the observations within mixed litter groups and tended to increase with mixed group size (P = 0.08). While there was no difference in the proportion of piglets nursing (P > 0.10), piglets were less active in the single crate groups and most active in the groups of two litters mixed (P = 0.03). Additionally, observed piglet/sow biting behaviors did not differ between treatments; however, piglet-piglet biting (P = 0.07), and pen object manipulation (P = 0.07) tended to be observed more frequently in non-enriched groups. Piglet displacements were observed more often in non-enriched groups around the pen (P = 0.03) but tended to be observed more often in enriched groups at the teat (P = 0.07). Preweaning socialization and object enrichment had no impact on the average number of piglets weaned per sow or total piglet mortality (P > 0.10). However, the proportion of laid-on piglets decreased as the number of mixed litters increased (P = 0.02). The average number of lesions per piglet did not differ between treatments. Although the final lesion scores of sow teat and udder condition did not differ between treatments (P > 0.10), sow udder scores tended to worsen more in the single litters than in the mixed litters (P = 0.08). Overall, social and object enrichment allows piglets to socialize at a younger age and to redirect their attention toward an object (burlap) which does not negatively impact piglet or sow performance, or behavior, and may improve piglet welfare around weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Scott
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Arielle Le Heiget
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Reyna Stefanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Jamie Ahloy-Dallaire
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Meagan King
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
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Scott A, Le Heiget A, Stefanson R, Ahloy-Dallaire J, King M. Burlap and buddies: the effects of social enrichment (preweaning mixing) and object enrichment (burlap) on piglet behavior and welfare in the postweaning environment. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae057. [PMID: 38638597 PMCID: PMC11025631 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of weaning piglets in commercial swine operations subjects them to numerous abrupt and stressful changes often resulting in negative welfare consequences. The objective was to study the postweaning effects of early-life (1 to 3 d of age) preweaning socialization in multi-litter groups as well as object enrichment (burlap sheet) in the pre- and postweaning environment by comparing six treatments that combined mixing of one vs. two vs. four litters mixed preweaning with and without burlap provision. An ANOVA linear model was run on all normal data, expressed per experimental unit (and behavior data were averaged over time), while non-normal data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Non-enriched groups of piglets were observed manipulating pen objects more often than the enriched groups (P = 0.005). Biting behaviors, including the chewing of ears and tails of pen-mates but excluding fighting, were observed the least in groups of pigs of four litters mixed preweaning, while piglets that were not mixed preweaning were observed biting the most (P = 0.03). Piglets who were not mixed preweaning also manipulated the burlap more frequently than the piglets from groups of 4 litters mixed preweaning (P = 0.02). Biting (P < 0.001) and displacements (P = 0.03) and fighting (P = 0.002) throughout the pen were observed less in the enriched groups. There were fewer lesions per pig in the enriched groups vs. non-enriched groups initially (P = 0.07) and 1 wk after weaning (P = 0.10). Furthermore, pigs mixed in groups of four litters preweaning also tended to have lower lesion scores (P = 0.07) 1-wk postweaning compared to the other treatments. However, there were no differences between treatments in the proportion of piglets resting, eating/drinking, being active, or using the burlap, or for the observed frequency of displacements at the feeder, social behaviors, or belly nosing (P > 0.10). Overall, social enrichment encourages socialization with unfamiliar conspecifics at a younger age while object enrichment allows pigs to redirect their attention toward objects such as burlap. Both may improve pig behavior and welfare after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Scott
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Arielle Le Heiget
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Reyna Stefanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jamie Ahloy-Dallaire
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Meagan King
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Lu CC, Ho ST, Hu OYP, Hsiong CH, Cheng YC, Hsu CH, Lin TC. Pharmacokinetics of desflurane uptake and disposition in piglets. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1339690. [PMID: 38628643 PMCID: PMC11018996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1339690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many respiratory but few arterial blood pharmacokinetics of desflurane uptake and disposition have been investigated. We explored the pharmacokinetic parameters in piglets by comparing inspiratory, end-tidal, arterial blood, and mixed venous blood concentrations of desflurane. Methods Seven piglets were administered inspiratory 6% desflurane by inhalation over 2 h, followed by a 2-h disposition phase. Inspiratory and end-tidal concentrations were detected using an infrared analyzer. Femoral arterial blood and pulmonary artery mixed venous blood were sampled to determine desflurane concentrations by gas chromatography at 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min during each uptake and disposition phase. Respiratory and hemodynamic parameters were measured simultaneously. Body uptake and disposition rates were calculated by multiplying the difference between the arterial and pulmonary artery blood concentrations by the cardiac output. Results The rates of desflurane body uptake increased considerably in the initial 5 min (79.8 ml.min-1) and then declined slowly until 120 min (27.0 ml.min-1). Similar characteristics of washout were noted during the subsequent disposition phase. Concentration-time curves of end-tidal, arterial, and pulmonary artery blood concentrations fitted well to zero-order input and first-order disposition kinetics. Arterial and pulmonary artery blood concentrations were best fitted using a two-compartment model. After 2 h, only 21.9% of the desflurane administered had been eliminated from the body. Conclusion Under a fixed inspiratory concentration, desflurane body uptake in piglets corresponded to constant zero-order infusion, and the 2-h disposition pattern followed first-order kinetics and best fitted to a two-compartment model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cherng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Tai Ho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Oliver Yao-Pu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuan-Chen Cheng
- Internship, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hao Hsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Chou Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Galli GM, Andretta I, Levesque C, Stefanello T, Carvalho CL, Perez Pelencia JY, Bueno Martins G, Souza de Lima Cony B, Romeiro de Oliveira C, Franceschi CH, Kipper M. Using probiotics to improve nutrient digestibility and gut-health of weaned pigs: a comparison of maternal and nursery supplementation strategies. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356455. [PMID: 38585295 PMCID: PMC10996282 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal probiotic supplementation has been found to have a positive impact on the gut health of piglets, not only during the lactation period, but also after weaning. Providing probiotics to nursery pigs is also a common strategy for supplementation. The goal of this study was to evaluate which would be the most effective strategy to improve nutrient digestibility, energy metabolism, and intestinal health in weaned pigs considering the maternal or nursery options. A total of 32 newly weaned pigs were randomly split into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement considering maternal probiotic supplementation (with or without) in gestation-lactation and probiotic supplementation in the nursery period (with or without). After weaning, experimental diets were provided for 22 days. Total fecal and urine collection was performed from day 15 to 21. Blood samples were collected from all pigs on days 3 and 22 of the experiment to assess serum biochemistry and intestinal permeability. All pigs were euthanized on day 22 for intestinal tissue collection. Pigs born from probiotic-fed sows had greater (p < 0.05) total tract digestibility of dry matter (+1%) and gross energy (+1.3%), and greater (p < 0.05) metabolizable energy coefficient (+1.3%), which resulted in a 46 kcal/kg increase (p < 0.05) in the metabolizable energy content of the diet. Nitrogen intake (p = 0.035), uptake (p = 0.007), and retention (p = 0.012) were all increased in these pigs. Fecal moisture was reduced in pigs born from probiotic-fed sows and pigs fed the probiotic diet only in the nursery (p < 0.05). Pigs born from probiotic-fed sows had reduced intestinal permeability by 16% (p < 0.05), whereas pigs fed the probiotic diet in the nursery only tended to improve this response (p < 0.10). The villus:crypt ratio of pigs born from probiotic-fed sows was greater compared to the control (p < 0.05), while serum levels of alanine aminotransferase were lower (p < 0.05). Pigs born from probiotic-fed sows had increased nutrient digestibility and improved gut health. Therefore, it is concluded that supplementing the sow diets with probiotics rather than just providing diets in the nursery phase is an advantageous strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Miotto Galli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ines Andretta
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Crystal Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Thais Stefanello
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Lopes Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Bueno Martins
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna Souza de Lima Cony
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Romeiro de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Haubert Franceschi
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Ma L, Zhou B, Liu H, Chen S, Zhang J, Wang T, Wang C. Dietary rutin improves the antidiarrheal capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity and cecal microbiota composition. J Sci Food Agric 2024. [PMID: 38466088 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early weaning is prone to damage intestinal barrier function, resulting in diarrhea, whereas rutin, as a natural flavonoid with multiple biological functions, shows potential in piglets. Therefore, the effects of dietary rutin on growth, antidiarrheal, barrier function, antioxidant status and cecal microbiota of weaned piglets were investigated with the control group (CON) (basal diet) and Rutin (basal diet+500 mg kg-1 rutin) groups fed for 14 days. RESULTS The results showed that dietary 500 mg kg-1 rutin significantly decreased diarrhea index, serum diamine oxidase activity and total aerobic bacterial population in mesenteric lymph nodes, whereas it significantly increased the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) and serum growth hormone content, jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio, and also enhanced jejunal claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 mRNA and protein expression. Meanwhile, dietary rutin significantly decreased inflammation-associated mRNA expression, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, swollen mitochondrial number and mitochondrial area in the jejunum, whereas it increased the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities and activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Moreover, dietary rutin significantly increased Firmicutes abundance and decreased Campylobacterota abundance, which were closely associated with the decreased diarrhea index and MDA content or increased Claudin-1 expression and T-SOD activity. CONCLUSION Dietary 500 mg kg-1 rutin increased G:F by improving intestinal morphology, and alleviated diarrhea by enhancing intestinal barrier, which might be associated with the enhanced antioxidant capacity via activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway and the improved cecal microbial composition in weaned piglets. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Fritz K, Sanidas G, Cardenas R, Ghaemmaghami J, Byrd C, Simonti G, Valenzuela A, Valencia I, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Gallo V, Koutroulis I, Dean T, Kratimenos P. Hypercapnia Causes Injury of the Cerebral Cortex and Cognitive Deficits in Newborn Piglets. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0268-23.2023. [PMID: 38233145 PMCID: PMC10913040 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0268-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In critically ill newborns, exposure to hypercapnia (HC) is common and often accepted in neonatal intensive care units to prevent severe lung injury. However, as a "safe" range of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide levels in neonates has not been established, the potential impact of HC on the neurodevelopmental outcomes in these newborns remains a matter of concern. Here, in a newborn Yorkshire piglet model of either sex, we show that acute exposure to HC induced persistent cortical neuronal injury, associated cognitive and learning deficits, and long-term suppression of cortical electroencephalogram frequencies. HC induced a transient energy failure in cortical neurons, a persistent dysregulation of calcium-dependent proapoptotic signaling in the cerebral cortex, and activation of the apoptotic cascade, leading to nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation. While neither 1 h of HC nor the rapid normalization of HC was associated with changes in cortical bioenergetics, rapid resuscitation resulted in a delayed onset of synaptosomal membrane lipid peroxidation, suggesting a dissociation between energy failure and the occurrence of synaptosomal lipid peroxidation. Even short durations of HC triggered biochemical responses at the subcellular level of the cortical neurons resulting in altered cortical activity and impaired neurobehavior. The deleterious effects of HC on the developing brain should be carefully considered as crucial elements of clinical decisions in the neonatal intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Fritz
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19134
| | - Georgios Sanidas
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Rodolfo Cardenas
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Javid Ghaemmaghami
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Chad Byrd
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Gabriele Simonti
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Adriana Valenzuela
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Ignacio Valencia
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19134
| | - Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19134
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Terry Dean
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Panagiotis Kratimenos
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
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Murtaza A, Hoa NT, Dieu-Huong D, Afzal H, Tariq MH, Cheng LT, Chung YC. Advancing PEDV Vaccination: Comparison between Inactivated and Flagellin N-Terminus-Adjuvanted Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:139. [PMID: 38400123 PMCID: PMC10892538 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations can serve as an important preventive measure against the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus that currently threatens the swine industry. This study focuses on the development of a fusion protein vaccine, FliC99-mCOE, which combines the N-terminus of flagellin (FliC99) with a modified core neutralizing epitope (mCOE) of PEDV. In silico immunoinformatic analysis confirmed the construct's non-toxic, non-allergenic, and highly antigenic nature. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated FliC99-mCOE's strong binding to the TLR-5 immunological receptor. Repeated exposure simulations and immunological simulations suggested enhanced cell-mediated immunity. Both FliC99-mCOE and an inactivated PEDV vaccine were produced and tested in mice. The results from cell proliferation, ELISA, and neutralization assays indicated that FliC99-mCOE effectively stimulated cellular immunity and neutralized PEDV. We conclude that the FliC99-mCOE fusion protein may serve as a promising vaccine candidate against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Murtaza
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan (N.-T.H.); (D.D.-H.); (H.A.)
| | - Nguyen-Thanh Hoa
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan (N.-T.H.); (D.D.-H.); (H.A.)
| | - Do Dieu-Huong
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan (N.-T.H.); (D.D.-H.); (H.A.)
| | - Haroon Afzal
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan (N.-T.H.); (D.D.-H.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Hamza Tariq
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Chi Chung
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
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Qi H, Wang R, Wang C, Wang R, Shen J, Fang H, Zhang J. Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomics Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Corn-Steep-Liquor-Derived Candida utilis Feed on Black Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:306. [PMID: 38254475 PMCID: PMC10812819 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this experiment, glucose master liquor and corn steep liquor were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, and Candida utilis was used as a strain to ferment yeast feed. The OD value and number of yeast cells were used as response values to optimize the medium components of the yeast feed through a response surface methodology. The optimal medium components were a glucose master liquor concentration of 8.3%, a corn steep liquor concentration of 1.2%, and a KH2PO4 concentration of 0.14%. Under this condition of fermentation, the OD value was 0.670 and the number of yeast cells was 2.72 × 108/mL. Then, we fed Candida utilis feed to Dongliao black piglets, and the effects of the yeast feed on the piglets' growth performance, fecal microbiota, and plasma metabolic levels were investigated through 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics. In total, 120 black piglets with an average initial weight of 6.90 ± 1.28 kg were randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed the basic diet (the CON group), and the other was supplemented with 2.5% Candida utilis add to the basic diet (the 2.5% CU group). After a pre-feeding period, the formal experiments were performed for 21 days. The results showed that the addition of Candida utilis to the diet did not affect growth performance compared with the control group. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in the serum biochemical indices. However, piglets in the 2.5% CU group had a significantly altered fecal microbiota, with an increased abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Lactobacillus, and Muribaculaceae_unclassified. Regarding the plasma metabolome, the 12 differential metabolites detected were mainly enriched in the histidine, tryptophan, primary bile acid, and caffeine metabolic pathways. Regarding the integrated microbiome-metabolome analysis, differential metabolites correlated with fecal flora to variable degrees, but most of them were beneficial bacteria of Firmicutes. Collectively, dietary Candida utilis feed had no adverse effect on growth performance; however, it played an important role in regulating fecal flora and maintaining metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chuanqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Yu C, Wang D, Shen C, Luo Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xu W, Xu J. Remodeling of Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Response to Early Weaning in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:190. [PMID: 38254359 PMCID: PMC10812452 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in hepatic glucose metabolism in response to early weaning. A total of 60 piglets were randomly selected and weaned at 21 days old. Six piglets were slaughtered on the weaning day (d0) and at 1 (d1), 4 (d4), 7 (d7), and 14 (d14) days postweaning. The results illustrated that body weight significantly increased from d4 to d14 (p < 0.001). Serum glucose fell sharply after weaning and then remained at a low level from d1 to d14 (p < 0.001). Serum insulin decreased from d4 (p < 0.001), which caused hepatic glycogen to be broken down (p = 0.007). The glucose-6-phosphatase activity increased from d0 to d4 and then decreased from d4 to d14 (p = 0.039). The pyruvate carboxylase activity presented a significant sustained increase from d0 to d14 (p < 0.001). The succinate (p = 0.006) and oxaloacetate (p = 0.003) content on d4 was lower than that on d0. The succinate dehydrogenase activity (p = 0.008) and ATP (p = 0.016) production decreased significantly on d4 compared to that on d0. Taken together, these findings reveal the dynamic changes of metabolites and enzymes related to hepatic glycometabolism and the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle in piglets after weaning. Our findings enrich weaning stress theory and might provide a reference for dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianxiong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Veterinary and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (C.Y.)
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10
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Blavi L, Villagómez-Estrada S, Solà-Oriol D, Pérez JF. Exploring zinc deficiency using serum Zn levels: consequences and potential solutions in suckling pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad396. [PMID: 38035764 PMCID: PMC10799317 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Three trials were undertaken to provide an answer to different questions: 1) Are suckling pigs able to maintain physiological serum Zn levels throughout lactation and do these levels vary between high and low body weight (BW) pigs?, 2) Are serum Zn levels in pigs soon after weaning a predisposing factor for diarrhea?, and 3) Is it possible to increase serum Zn levels at weaning by supplementing Zn during lactation. In trial 1, blood samples were taken from pigs during lactation. Eight pigs (one piglet per litter) had blood drawn on days 0 (farrowing), 7, 14, 21, and 28 (weaning), and 60 pigs (selected from the whole farrowing batch with 35 sows), categorized as either heavy (8.63 kg) or light (5.50 kg) had blood drawn on day 28. Serum Zn levels at birth were 1.2 mg/L and decreased (P < 0.01) to 0.67 mg/L on day 28. Heavier pigs showed greater (P < 0.01) serum Zn levels (0.98 mg/L) than light BW pigs (0.79 mg/L). In trial 2, blood samples were obtained from 240 pigs at weaning (26.2 ± 2.5 d) with an average initial BW of 6.94 ± 1.87 kg and were distributed into 24 pens (10 pigs/pen) by BW. Diarrhea incidence was recorded daily from days 0 to 35 post-weaning. From the 240 pigs, a group of 110 pigs with uniform BW (6.5 ± 1.9 kg) was selected and separated into two groups based on serum Zn levels at weaning with 55 pigs with low serum Zn (LZn: <0.71 mg/L) and 55 pigs with high serum Zn (HZn: >0.9 mg/L). Pigs with LZn were 2.49 times as likely to have diarrhea as pigs with HZn (P < 0.02). In trial 3, a total of 96 suckling pigs were allotted four treatments that consisted of the daily administration of 0, 6, 18, or 30 mg of Zn as Zn citrate in capsule form during the last 7 d of lactation. Pigs were individually weighed, and blood samples were obtained on days 14, 21 (weaning), and 7 after weaning. Serum Zn levels linearly increased by day as Zn citrate supplementation increased (interaction, P < 0.001). However, only light pigs supplemented with 18 and 30 mg/L of Zn experienced an increase in serum Zn levels during lactation. In conclusion, a decrease in serum Zn levels occurs during lactation and is more severe in low BW pigs. Low Zn status (< 0.7 mg/L) at weaning may be a predisposing factor for diarrhea. However, Zn supplementation during lactation can mitigate this decrease in light pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Blavi
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Sandra Villagómez-Estrada
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidad UTE, Quito 17012764, Ecuador
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - José F Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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11
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Hansen SV, Canibe N, Nielsen TS, Woyengo TA. Zinc status and indicators of intestinal health in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 challenged newly weaned pigs fed diets with different levels of zinc. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae018. [PMID: 38245836 PMCID: PMC10939430 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18 challenge on newly weaned pigs when fed one of three Zn levels (150, 1,400, or 2,500 ppm) on performance, Zn status, ETEC shedding, and diarrhea. The ETEC challenge was hypothesized to have a more pronounced negative impact on pigs fed a diet containing 150 ppm Zn compared to 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn for 14 d after weaning. The study included 72 ETEC F18 susceptible pigs weaned at ~28 d of age (d 0 of the study). The pigs were distributed according to initial weight and litter to one of the three dietary Zn levels. Half of the pigs were challenged with ETEC on d 1 and 2. The challenge reduced (P ≤ 0.03) feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) during d 3 to 5. Challenged pigs fed 150 ppm Zn had lower (P = 0.01) ADG during d 5 to 7 compared to those fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn, whereas control pigs' ADG were not affected by dietary Zn content. Challenged pigs fed 150 ppm Zn also showed lower (P < 0.01) fecal dry matter (DM) on d 5 compared to control pigs fed 150 ppm Zn and challenged pigs fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn. Challenge increased (P < 0.01) ETEC shedding in all groups, but challenged pigs fed 150 ppm Zn showed higher (P ≤ 0.05) fecal shedding of ETEC and toxins than when fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm. On d 3, C-reactive protein concentration in plasma was lower (P < 0.03) for pigs fed 1,400 and 2,500 compared to 150 ppm Zn. Plasma haptoglobin and pig major acute phase protein were unaffected by dietary Zn content. On d 0, the serum Zn concentration was 586 ± 36.6 µg/L, which pigs fed 150 ppm Zn maintained throughout the study. The serum Zn concentration increased (P ≤ 0.07) in pigs fed 1,400 or 2,500 ppm Zn. The challenge decreased (P < 0.01) the serum Zn concentration in pigs fed 2,500 ppm Zn. On d 5 and 7, serum Zn concentration was similar for challenged pigs fed 1,400 and 2,500 ppm Zn, while control pigs fed 2,500 ppm Zn had higher (P < 0.01) serum Zn concentration than 1,400 ppm Zn. On d 7, serum Zn concentration tended (P = 0.08) to be lower for pigs with diarrhea (fecal DM ≤ 18%). In summary, these results indicate that newly weaned pigs fed 150 ppm Zn are more susceptible to ETEC F18 colonization and its adverse consequences such as diarrhea and reduced growth, even though challenge did not increase acute phase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Veronika Hansen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tina Skau Nielsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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12
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Fu Y, Li E, Casey TM, Johnson TA, Adeola O, Ajuwon KM. Impact of maternal live yeast supplementation to sows on intestinal inflammatory cytokine expression and tight junction proteins in suckling and weanling piglets. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae008. [PMID: 38206189 PMCID: PMC10836509 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of maternal nutrition during gestation and lactation in modulating the gastrointestinal development and health of offspring. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of live yeast (LY) supplementation to sows during late gestation and throughout lactation on markers of gut health of piglets prior to weaning and immediately postweaning. On day 77 of gestation, forty sows were allotted based on parity and expected farrowing dates to two dietary treatments: without (CON) or with (LY) supplementation at 0.05% and 0.1% of diet during gestation and lactation, respectively. On postnatal days (PND) 0, 10, 18, and postweaning days (PWD) 7 and 14, one piglet from each of 10 sows per treatment were selected for intestinal tissue collection (n = 10). Real-time PCR and western blotting analyses were used to determine the mucosal expression of immune and antioxidant-regulatory genes and tight junction markers of gut health in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Inflammatory and tight junction markers on PND 0 were not affected by maternal dietary treatment. On PND 18, maternal LY supplementation increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tended (P = 0.08) to increase expression of IL-10 in the ileal muocsa. Maternal LY supplementation also increased (P < 0.05) expression of IL-1β in the ileal mucosa on PWD 14. Likewise, expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 was increased (P < 0.05) by LY on PND 10, 18, and PWD 14, with a tendency (P = 0.09) for a greater mRNA abundance of catalase on PND 14 in the ileal mucosa. Compared to CON piglets, LY piglets had a higher (P < 0.05) protein abundance of E-cadherin in the jejunal mucosa on PND 0, PWD 7, and PWD 14. Levels of occludin and claudin-4 were also higher (P < 0.05) in the jejunum of LY piglets on PWD 14. No differences were found in jejunal histomorphological measurements between treatments. In conclusion, this study shows that maternal LY supplementation affects key markers of gut health and development in the offspring that may impact the future growth potential and health of newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechi Fu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Enkai Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Theresa M Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Pierce JL, Lyons JW, Chevalier TB, Lindemann MD. Effects of a second iron-dextran injection administered to piglets during lactation on differential gene expression in liver and duodenum at weaning. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae005. [PMID: 38219027 PMCID: PMC10874211 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Six female littermate piglets were used in an experiment to evaluate the mRNA expression in tissues from piglets given one or two 1 mL injections of iron dextran (200 mg Fe/mL). All piglets in the litter were administered the first 1 mL injection < 24 h after birth. On day 7, piglets were paired by weight (mean body weight = 1.72 ± 0.13 kg) and one piglet from each pair was randomly selected as control (CON) and the other received a second injection (+Fe). At weaning on day 22, each piglet was anesthetized, and samples of liver and duodenum were taken from the anesthetized piglets and preserved until mRNA extraction. differential gene expression data were analyzed with a fold change cutoff (FC) of |1.2| P < 0.05. Pathway analysis was conducted with Z-score cutoff of P < 0.05. In the duodenum 435 genes were significantly changed with a FC ≥ |1.2| P < 0.05. In the duodenum, Claudin 1 and Claudin 2 were inversely affected by + Fe. Claudin 1 (CLDN1) plays a key role in cell-to-cell adhesion in the epithelial cell sheets and was upregulated (FC = 4.48, P = 0.0423). Claudin 2 (CLDN2) is expressed in cation leaky epithelia, especially during disease or inflammation and was downregulated (FC = -1.41, P = 0.0097). In the liver, 362 genes were expressed with a FC ≥ |1.2| P < 0.05. The gene most affected by a second dose of 200 mg Fe was hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) with a FC of 40.8. HAMP is a liver-produced hormone that is the main circulating regulator of Fe absorption and distribution across tissues. It also controls the major flows of Fe into plasma by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin (SLC4A1). This leads to the retention of Fe in Fe-exporting cells and decreased flow of Fe into plasma. Gene expression related to metabolic pathway changes in the duodenum and liver provides evidence for the improved feed conversion and growth rates in piglets given two iron injections preweaning with contemporary pigs in a companion study. In the duodenum, there is a downregulation of gene clusters associated with gluconeogenesis (P < 0.05). Concurrently, there was a decrease in the mRNA expression of genes for enzymes required for urea production in the liver (P < 0.05). These observations suggest that there may be less need for gluconeogenesis, and possibly less urea production from deaminated amino acids. The genomic and pathway analyses provided empirical evidence linking gene expression with phenotypic observations of piglet health and growth improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Pierce
- James Pierce Consulting, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Tyler B Chevalier
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Merlin D Lindemann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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14
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Adi YK, Boonprakob R, Kirkwood RN, Tummaruk P. Factors affecting birth weight and stillbirth in sows housed in a tropical environment. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14500. [PMID: 37909804 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This study analysed data from a commercial swine herd in Thailand equipped with a free-farrowing housing system, comprising 17,196 piglets from 1318 litters, to explore the impact of sow and litter characteristics on the piglet birth weight and the incidence of stillbirth. The piglets were classified into four groups based on the total number of piglets born per litter (TB): ≤9 (n = 1434), 10-12 (n = 3232), 13-15 (n = 6537) and ≥16 (n = 5993). Sows were classified into four groups based on parity number: 1, 2-4, 5-7 and ≥8. The piglets were categorized into quartiles based on their birth order ranking: Q1 (n = 4786), Q2 (n = 4143), Q3 (n = 3808) and Q4 (n = 4456). Piglet birth weight was individually measured before colostrum ingestion. On average, TB, the number of live-born piglets and the incidence of stillbirth were 13.1 ± 3.7, 11.5 ± 3.8 and 6.3%, respectively. Among these litters, 26.6% had TB numbers ≥16. The average piglet birth weight was 1.37 ± 0.36 kg, with 18.3% of piglets weighing ≤1.0 kg at birth. Piglet birth weight was influenced by birth order ranking, as Q4 piglets were found to be heavier than piglets born in Q1-Q3 (p < .001). Moreover, the percentage of piglets with a birth weight of ≤1.0 kg increased from 5.9% in litters with TB of ≤9-25.3% in litters with TB of ≥16 (p < .001). Additionally, primiparous sows had lower piglet birth weights compared to sows with parity numbers 2-4, 5-7 and ≥8 (p < .001). Piglets born in the fourth quartile (Q4) had a higher risk of stillbirth compared to those born in the first (Q1), second (Q2) and third (Q3) quartiles (12.5% vs. 2.2%, 4.1% and 6.6%, respectively, p < .001). The incidence of stillbirth in litters with TB ≥16 was also higher than that in litters with TB ≤9 and 10-12 (p < .05). Furthermore, sows with parity numbers ≥8 had a higher incidence of stillbirth (9.7%) compared to primiparous sows (4.0%, p < .001), sows with 2-4 parity (5.2%, p < .001) and sows with 5-7 parity (7.6%, p = .003). In summary, a high incidence of stillbirth was found in piglets born in the last quartile of litters, in litters with >16 piglets and for sows with parity numbers ≥8. Piglets born in the last quartile of litters were heavier than those born in the first to third quartiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosua Kristian Adi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rafa Boonprakob
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roy N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Yeh TW, Rairat T, Wang CM, Wu CF, Huang SW, Chou CC, Kuo HC. Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone, in suckling piglets following oral and intramuscular administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:36-47. [PMID: 37593974 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Toltrazuril (TZR) is currently the only registered chemotherapeutic drug in the European Union for the treatment of Cystoisospora suis. This study investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue concentration-time profiles of TZR and its active metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZR-SO2 ), after oral (per os, p.o.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration to suckling piglets. Following a single administration of TZR orally at 50 mg/piglet or intramuscularly at 45 mg/piglet, higher concentrations of TZR and TZR-SO2 were observed in all three investigated tissues after p.o. administration. The mean TZR concentration in serum peaked at 14 μg/mL (34.03 h) and 5.36 μg/mL (120 h), while TZR-SO2 peaked at 14.12 μg/mL (246 h) and 9.92 μg/mL (330 h) after p.o. and i.m. administration, respectively. TZR was undetectable in the liver after p.o. administration (18 days) and in the jejunum (24 days) after i.m. injection, while TZR-SO2 was still detectable in all three tissues after 36 days regardless of administration routes. This study showed that p.o. formulation exhibited faster absorption and higher serum/tissue TZR/TZR-SO2 concentrations than i.m. formulation. Both formulations generated sufficient therapeutic concentrations in the serum and jejunum, and sustained enough time to protect against Cystoisospora suis infection in the piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Wei Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chao-Ming Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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16
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López-Figueroa C, Cano E, Navarro N, Pérez-Maíllo M, Pujols J, Núñez JI, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J. Clinical, Pathological and Virological Outcomes of Tissue-Homogenate-Derived and Cell-Adapted Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in a Neonatal Pig Model. Viruses 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 38257745 PMCID: PMC10819582 DOI: 10.3390/v16010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality rates in neonatal piglets. Two distinct genogroups, S-INDEL (G1a, G1b) and non-S INDEL (G2a, G2b, and G2c), circulate worldwide and are characterized by varying degrees of virulence. Here, we compared the early pathogenesis of a PEDV S-INDEL strain obtained from intestine homogenate (CALAF-HOMOG) or adapted to cell culture by 22 passages (CALAF-ADAP) and a virulent non-S INDEL strain (PEDV-USA) in newborn piglets. After orogastric inoculation of PEDV strains, body weight, temperature and clinical signs were monitored for 48 hpi. Pathological studies were performed at 48 hpi and RNA extracts from jejunal content (at 48 hpi) and rectal swabs (at 0 and 48 hpi) were tested for the presence of PEDV RNA as well as sequenced and compared to the inoculum. Piglets inoculated with PEDV-USA and CALAF-HOMOG isolates showed more severe weight loss, diarrhea, villi fusion and atrophy compared to CALAF-ADAP inoculated piglets. The viral load of rectal swabs was higher in the PEDV-USA inoculated group, followed by CALAF-HOMOG and CALAF-ADAP isolates. Similarly, viral RNA load in jejunal content was comparable among PEDV-USA and CALAF-HOMOG inoculated piglets and higher than that of CALAF-ADAP ones. The comparison of three full PEDV sequences of the inocula with the corresponding ones of pigs after 48 hpi yielded a nucleotide identity >99.9%. This study highlights variations in virulence among S-INDEL and non-S INDEL strains and between S-INDEL isolates obtained from homogenate and cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Figueroa
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Cano
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Navarro
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez-Maíllo
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I. Núñez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Hao L, Wang C, Wang H, Zhou M, Wang Y, Hu H. Dietary of different forms of Humulus scandens on growth performance and intestinal bacterial communities in piglets. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 8:txad139. [PMID: 38221957 PMCID: PMC10782920 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at elucidating the effects of feeding different forms of Humulus scandens (Hu) on performance and bacterial communities in piglets. A total of 160 piglets were divided into four groups: (1) a control (CG, basal diet); (2) a basal diet with Hu pulp (HS), basal diet + Hu pulp; (3) a basal diet with Hu juice (HSJ), basal diet + Hu juice; and (4) a basal diet with Hu residue (HSR), basal diet + Hu residue. Results showed that HS, HSJ, and HSR supplementation led to rich average daily gain (ADG) and poor feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 28 to 70 d of age, increased 120 d body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and ADG and decreased FCR during 71 to 120 d of age. Three experiment groups presented greater (P < 0.05) IgA, IgG, and IgM and lower (P < 0.05) glucose, and blood urea nitrogen. The content of diamine oxidase significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in HS group. The crude protein and crude fiber digestibility were improved (P < 0.05) in HS group and the Ca digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) in HS and HSJ groups. HSR supplementation improved the abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes. Hu supplementation with different forms increased the proportion of Lactobacillus in cecum content. These results indicated that supplemental feeding of Hu with different forms improved serum immunity, nutrient digestibility, and bacterial communities in piglets, promoting growth and development, which may be regarded as a reference for developing novel feed resources for piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Huaizhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Business Environment Promotion Department, Jinan Enterprise Service Center, Central, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Environmental Protection Equipment Department, Jinan Department of Husbandry Extension, Changqing, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
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18
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Neary JM, Guthrie AP, Jacobs L. Public and industry knowledge and perceptions of US swine industry castration practices. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e79. [PMID: 38487455 PMCID: PMC10936257 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In the United States (US), surgical castration of male piglets is typically performed without any form of analgesia. This may raise concerns with the public; however, there is no information regarding current public knowledge on swine industry practices in the US. In this study we gained insight into public knowledge and perception on castration with and without analgesia in comparison to knowledge of industry stakeholders on these same topics. Through an online survey, 119 respondents were asked four questions about castration in the US swine industry. Industry respondents were contacted via social media and networking. The general public sample was accessed through Mechanical Turk. Survey responses were categorised by experience (industry vs public). Industry respondents were more aware of practices compared to the general public. Most public respondents were unaware of castration practices and the lack of analgesia use. Respondents from rural communities were more aware of castration practices than (sub)urban communities and more aware of analgesia use than those from urban communities. Those with more education had greater awareness of castration practices (occurrence not frequency). Based on the results from this first US sample, knowledge on industry practices was especially lacking for public respondents, but also for a minority of industry respondents, indicating opportunities for education and further research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Neary
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, USA
| | - AP Guthrie
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 250 Drillfield Drive, 24061
| | - L Jacobs
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, USA
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19
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Liu X, Wei X, Feng Y, Liu H, Tang J, Gao F, Shi B. Supplementation with Complex Dietary Fiber during Late Pregnancy and Lactation Can Improve Progeny Growth Performance by Regulating Maternal Antioxidant Status and Milk Quality. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:22. [PMID: 38275642 PMCID: PMC10812556 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the nutritional benefits of complex dietary fiber (beta-glucan and fructo-oligosaccharides, CDF) supplementation in sows and piglets during late pregnancy and lactation. Twenty-four sows were randomly divided into two groups: the control group was fed a basal diet (n = 12), and the experimental group was fed a CDF diet (0.25% CDF replaced the same proportion of corn in the basal diet, n = 12). Dietary treatment was given from day 107 of pregnancy to day 25 of lactation. The results of this experiment showed that CDF increased the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of sows during lactation and the weaning body weight (BW) and average daily gain of piglets. Dietary CDF supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity and immune level of sows and decreased the serum zonulin level. Dietary supplementation with CDF increased the levels of antioxidant activity, immunoglobulin, and anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10 (IL-10) in milk. Meanwhile, piglets in the CDF group had increased serum antioxidant activity, immunoglobulin, and growth-related hormone levels; decreased malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and D-lactic acid (D-LA) levels; and increased fecal short-chain fatty acid content. In addition, the CDF group increased the diversity of microorganisms in sow feces. In conclusion, the supplementation of a diet with CDF in late pregnancy and lactation can alleviate the oxidative stress of sows, improve milk quality, and have significant positive effects on the antioxidant capacity and growth performance of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baoming Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (J.T.); (F.G.)
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20
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Ringer SK, Schmid A, Weiss M, Ohlerth S, Spielmann N, Clausen NG. Non-surgical external jugular vein catheterization using an ear vein access in piglets. Lab Anim 2023; 57:642-649. [PMID: 37077144 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231167224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of external jugular vein catheterization through an ear vein in piglets. Forty-six sevoflurane-midazolam anaesthetized piglets were included. External jugular vein catheterization was conducted through the ear vein using the Seldinger technique. Part 1 (n = 27): optimal puncture site was based on the deltoid tuberosity as a landmark to reach the external jugular vein. The final position of the catheter was verified in 25 piglets using computer tomography. Catheterization time was recorded and patency of the catheter assessed by repeated blood sampling for up to 4 h. Part 2 (n = 19): ear vein catheterization was without taking into account any landmarks. Functionality for blood sampling was evaluated as described in part 1. Catheter advancement was possible in 25/27 and 18/19 piglets in parts 1 and 2, respectively. Median (range) time required for successful catheterization was 1.95 (1-10) min (n = 38). The deltoid tuberosity was a good landmark to reach the external jugular vein. But blood sampling was also possible through catheters ending slightly cranial to the external jugular vein. Despite successful catheter advancement, blood sampling was not possible from one catheter in each part of the study (total: two piglets). One of these catheters presented luminal damage, while the other one presented as normal after being removed from the animal. Summarizing, central vein catheterization through the ear vein was feasible in 93.5% and repeated blood sampling was possible in 89.1% of the piglets (n = 46).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ringer
- Section Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Schmid
- Section Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Weiss
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Ohlerth
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Spielmann
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N G Clausen
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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21
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Hodgkinson SM, Xiong X, Yan Y, Wu Y, Szeto IMY, Li R, Wescombe P, Duan S, Liu H, Yin Y, Lim WXJ, Moughan PJ. An Accurate Estimate of the Amino Acid Content of Human Milk Collected from Chinese Women Adjusted for Differences in Amino Acid Digestibility. J Nutr 2023; 153:3439-3447. [PMID: 37863267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid (AA) composition of human milk is used to define the AA requirements of the infant. Thus, it is important that estimates of composition be as complete and accurate as possible. When determining AA composition using standard hydrolysis methods, some AAs are progressively destroyed while others are incompletely released. For accuracy, AA composition needs to be determined using multiple hydrolysis times. The true ileal digestibility of AAs also needs to be taken into consideration. OBJECTIVE The objective was to bring together AA compositional (determined using multiple hydrolysis intervals) and digestibility data determined using the piglet to give an estimate of the absorbed AA profile of human milk with reference in particular to Asian females. METHODS Mature milk was collected from Chinese females. AA analysis using multiple hydrolysis intervals and a nonlinear regression model was used to accurately estimate AA composition. Human milk, as well as a protein-free diet, were fed to piglets (n = 6), and ileal digesta were collected (piglet age, 21 d) to determine the true ileal AA digestibility of AAs in human milk. RESULTS True ileal AA digestibility coefficients ranged from (mean ± standard error of the mean) 0.61 ± 0.081 for tyrosine to 1.01 ± 0.030 for tryptophan, with a digestibility for total nitrogen of 0.90 ± 0.013. Convergence criteria were met for the modeling for each AA, and the model had a level of significance of P < 0.0001 for each AA. The amount of available AAs (total AA content as per the model prediction multiplied by the true ileal AA digestibility coefficient determined in the piglet) are reported. CONCLUSIONS An estimate of the absorbed AA profile of mature milk collected from Chinese females is provided. For the first time, data is presented for cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xia Xiong
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalu Yan
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co. Ltd., Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute (YMINI), Beijing, China; Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Yuliang Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co. Ltd., Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute (YMINI), Beijing, China; Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hohhot, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Philip Wescombe
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co. Ltd., Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute (YMINI), Beijing, China; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Sufang Duan
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co. Ltd., Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute (YMINI), Beijing, China; Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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22
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Barszcz M, Gawin K, Tuśnio A, Konopka A, Święch E, Taciak M, Skomiał J, Tokarčiková K, Čobanová K, Grešáková Ľ. Comparison between Organic and Inorganic Zinc Forms and Their Combinations with Various Dietary Fibers in Respect of the Effects on Electrolyte Concentrations and Mucosa in the Large Intestine of Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16743. [PMID: 38069066 PMCID: PMC10706017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of Zn sources, used with potato fiber (PF) or lignocellulose (LC), on electrolyte concentration and the mucus layer in the large intestine of pigs. The experiment involved 24 barrows with an initial body weight of 10.8 ± 0.82 kg, divided into four groups fed the following diets: LC and ZnSO4, LC and Zn glycinate (ZnGly), PF and ZnSO4, or PF and ZnGly. Fiber supplements provided 10 g crude fiber/kg diet, while Zn additives introduced 120 mg Zn/kg diet. After four weeks of feeding, the pigs were sacrificed and digesta and tissue samples were taken from the cecum and colon. PF increased the water content and decreased the phosphorus concentration in the large intestine in comparison with LC. PF also increased calcium, iron, and chloride concentrations in the descending colon. Mucus layer thickness and histological parameters of the large intestine were not affected. ZnGly diets increased MUC12 expression in the cecum as compared to the LC-ZnSO4 group. In the ascending colon, the PF-ZnGly diet increased MUC5AC expression, while both PF groups had greater MUC20 expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO4 group. In the transverse colon, the LC-ZnGly group and both PF groups had higher MUC5AC expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO4 group, and both ZnGly groups had higher MUC20 expression than ZnSO4 groups. PF and ZnGly increased MUC4 and MUC5AC expression in the descending colon. PF and ZnGly may exert a beneficial effect on colon health in pigs by upregulating the expression of the MUC5AC and MUC20 genes and are more effective than LC and ZnSO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Kamil Gawin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Tuśnio
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Adrianna Konopka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewa Święch
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Skomiał
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (K.G.); (A.T.); (A.K.); (E.Ś.); (J.S.)
| | - Katarina Tokarčiková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Čobanová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
| | - Ľubomira Grešáková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia; (K.T.); (K.Č.); (Ľ.G.)
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23
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Romero M, Calvo L, Morales JI, Magro A, Rodríguez AI, Segura J, Escudero R, López-Bote C, Olivares Á. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Split-Suckling in Pigs According to Birth Weight. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3521. [PMID: 38003139 PMCID: PMC10668783 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight litters were used, with a total number of 645 piglets involved in the study. The split-suckling technique was applied to half of the litters at the end of farrowing by removing the heaviest piglets over three periods of 1 h. The piglets were individually weighed at 0, 1 d, and at weaning. Piglet losses were recorded daily. Traceability was maintained until the carcass splitting and meat analysis took place. Carcasses were eviscerated and weighed individually. Total mortality at weaning was affected by body weight, where the low-body-weight piglets showed a mortality rate almost four times higher than that of the normal-weight piglets. Mortality was highest in the first days of life, especially in the low-body-weight piglets. At weaning, split-suckling treatment caused a slight increase in mortality compared to the control group piglets (25% vs. 17.1%). Split-suckling had a positive effect on weight gain during the first 24 h of life (p = 0.014), and there was an interaction between treatment and parity (p = 0.007), with split-suckling being more effective in the primiparous sows compared to the multiparous sows. The piglets from litters receiving the split-suckling treatment had a lower average daily gain during the lactation period (p < 0.001) than the piglets from the control group. Weight gain during the first 24 h of life of the piglets subjected to split-suckling was higher than those of the control group. A lower IgG and α-tocopherol in plasma in the heavier piglets subjected to split-suckling treatment was observed in comparison to their respective control. The piglets from litters receiving the treatment showed a lower average daily gain during the lactation period (p < 0.001) than the piglets from the control group. No difference in slaughter weight was observed according to treatment. The pigs which received split-suckling treatment showed lower subcutaneous fat thickness (p < 0.0013) and higher lean meat yield (p < 0.0027), this effect being more marked in pigs from primiparous sows. Intramuscular fat concentration was higher in the Longissimus Dorsi muscle of the low-body-weight piglets. In the pigs that received split-suckling treatment, a higher concentration of C18:3n-3 (p = 0.036) and a tendency towards a higher concentration of C18:2n-6 (p = 0.107) and unsaturation index (p = 0.113) was observed in intramuscular fatty acids at slaughter, together with a lower concentration of C16:0 (p = 0.053) and SFA (p = 0.064). In conclusion, long-term response to split-suckling, particularly in low-birth-weight piglets, suggests an alteration in adiposity and metabolic regulation in these piglets that receive high levels of colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Romero
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Copiso, Avda. de Valladolid, 105, 42005 Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Luis Calvo
- Incarlopsa, Ctra. N-400, Km. 95,4, 16400 Castilla La Mancha, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Magro
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Segura
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Escudero
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clemente López-Bote
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Olivares
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Tian Z, Chen J, Lin T, Zhu J, Gan H, Chen F, Zhang S, Guan W. Dietary Supplementation with Lysozyme-Cinnamaldehyde Conjugates Enhances Feed Conversion Efficiency by Improving Intestinal Health and Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets Infected with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3497. [PMID: 38003115 PMCID: PMC10668808 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of lysozyme-cinnamaldehyde conjugates (LC) as a potential alternative to antibiotics in treating piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). The results demonstrated that piglets fed with the LC diet exhibited lower rectal temperature and fecal scores at 9 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-ETEC challenge. Furthermore, LC supplementation led to significant improvements in the mechanical and immune barriers of the jejunum and ileum, as indicated by an increased villi-height-to-crypt-depth ratio (VCR) and the expression of tight junction proteins, mucin, and β-defensins. Furthermore, the LC diet lowered the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in the plasma. Further analyses showed that the LC diet downregulated genes (specifically TLR4 and MyD88) linked to the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in the small intestine. Additionally, 16SrDNA sequencing data revealed that LC supplementation increased the α diversity of intestinal microorganisms and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. In summary, the LC-supplemented diet effectively mitigated the adverse effects of E. coli K88, including intestinal barrier damage and inflammation. Furthermore, it improved the structure of the intestinal flora, ultimately contributing to better growth performance in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezhe Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Tongbin Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Junhua Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Haoyang Gan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.T.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (F.C.)
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Grześkowiak Ł, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Influence of high- and low-fermentable dietary fibres in sows' diet on the colostrum potential against Clostridioides difficile toxin-induced effects in IPEC-J2 cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1376-1380. [PMID: 37203280 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sow colostrum has been reported to protect the IPEC-J2 cells and piglet colon tissues from detrimental effect of Clostridioides difficile toxins. Since dietary fibre can influence the colostrum composition in sows, we hypothesised that it can also differentially affect the colostrum potential against C. difficile toxin-induced effects in IPEC-J2. IPEC-J2 were incubated with colostrum from sows fed either high-fermentable sugar beet pulp (SBP) or low-fermentable lignocellulose (LNC) fibres and in combination with the toxins and analysed by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell viability using propidium iodide in flow cytometry. Toxins drastically decreased the integrity of IPEC-J2. Colostrum from the sows fed either SBP or LNC exerted protective effect against toxins on IPEC-J2 integrity and this effect was numerically superior in the SBP group. Differences in the percentages of TEER between different treatments were noted after 2 h (p = 0.043), 3 h (p = 0.017) and 4 h (p = 0.017) of incubation and a tendency for differences was noted after 5 h of incubation (p = 0.071). Colostrum from either SBP- or LNC-fed sows did not protect the IPEC-J2 from toxin-induced death. Colostrum of the sows fed either high-fermentable or low-fermentable fibres has a potential to protect IPEC-J2 from the loss of integrity, which may be important in protection from C. difficile-infection development in neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grześkowiak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Koehler RC, Reyes M, Hopkins CD, Armstrong JS, Cao S, Kulikowicz E, Lee JK, Tandri H. Rapid, selective and homogeneous brain cooling with transnasal flow of ambient air for pediatric resuscitation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1842-1856. [PMID: 37466218 PMCID: PMC10676140 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231189463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurologic outcome from out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest remains poor. Although therapeutic hypothermia has been attempted in this patient population, a beneficial effect has yet to be demonstrated, possibly because of the delay in achieving target temperature. To minimize this delay, we developed a simple technique of transnasal cooling. Air at ambient temperature is passed through standard nasal cannula with an open mouth to produce evaporative cooling of the nasal passages. We evaluated efficacy of brain cooling with different airflows in different size piglets. Brain temperature decreased by 3°C within 25 minutes with nasal airflow rates of 16, 32, and 16 L/min in 1.8-, 4-, and 15-kg piglets, respectively, whereas rectal temperature lagged brain temperature. No substantial spatial temperature gradients were seen along the neuroaxis, suggesting that heat transfer is via blood convection. The evaporative cooling did not reduce nasal turbinate blood flow or sagittal sinus oxygenation. The rapid and selective brain cooling indicates a high humidifying capacity of the nasal turbinates is present early in life. Because of its simplicity, portability, and low cost, transnasal cooling potentially could be deployed in the field for early initiation of brain cooling prior to maintenance with standard surface cooling after pediatric cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael Reyes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - C Danielle Hopkins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jillian S Armstrong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Suyi Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ewa Kulikowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Harikrishna Tandri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Park GN, Song S, Choe S, Shin J, An BH, Kim SY, Hyun BH, An DJ. Spike Gene Analysis and Prevalence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from Pigs in South Korea: 2013-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:2165. [PMID: 38005843 PMCID: PMC10674705 DOI: 10.3390/v15112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
From late 2013-2022, 1131 cases of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reported to the Korean Animal Health Integrated System (KAHIS). There were four major outbreaks from winter to spring (2013-2014, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2021-2022), with the main outbreaks occurring in Chungnam (CN), Jeonbuk (JB), and Jeju (JJ). Analysis of the complete spike (S) gene of 140/1131 KAHIS PEDV cases nationwide confirmed that 139 belonged to the G2b genotype and 1 to the G2a genotype. Among them, two strains (K17GG1 and K17GB3) were similar to an S INDEL isolated in the United States (strain OH851), and 12 strains had deletions (nucleotides (nt) 3-99) or insertions (12 nt) within the S gene. PEDVs in JJ formed a regionally independent cluster. The substitution rates (substitutions/site/year) were as follows: 1.5952 × 10-3 in CN, 1.8065 × 10-3 in JB, and 1.5113 × 10-3 in JJ. A Bayesian skyline plot showed that the effective population size of PEDs in JJ fell from 2013-2022, whereas in CN and JB it was maintained. Genotyping of 340 Korean PEDV strains, including the 140 PEDVs in this study and 200 Korean reference strains from GenBank, revealed that only the highly pathogenic non-INDEL type (G2b) was dominant from 2020 onwards. Therefore, it is predicted that the incidence of PED will be maintained by the G2b (non-INDEL) genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (G.-N.P.); (S.S.); (S.C.); (J.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.)
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Gagné-Thivierge C, Vincent AT, Paquet VE, Gauthier ML, Denicourt M, Lambert MÈ, Charette SJ. Draft genome sequences of four Staphylococcus hyicus strains, SC302, SC304, SC306, and SC310, isolated from swine from Eastern Canada. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0062623. [PMID: 37772837 PMCID: PMC10586159 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00626-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Staphylococcus hyicus causes porcine exudative epidermitis in piglets, which represents both health and welfare concerns. Few genome sequences of this pathogen are published. We provide four additional ones to help future genomic analysis of S. hyicus. These are genomes of strains isolated from Canadian swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Gagné-Thivierge
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antony T. Vincent
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département Des Sciences Animales, Faculté Des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie E. Paquet
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gauthier
- Laboratoire de santé animale, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martine Denicourt
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréa, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lambert
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréa, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Tucker BS, Petrovski KR, Craig JR, Morrison RS, Smits RJ, Kirkwood RN. Associations between Surface and Rectal Temperature Profiles of Low-Birth-Weight Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3259. [PMID: 37893983 PMCID: PMC10603746 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of infrared cameras to record surface temperature has shown some promise in older pigs, but neonatal piglets are metabolically less mature and experience rapid temperature changes during their first 24 h. The present experiment aimed to compare rectal temperature to surface temperature at the base of the ear, measured using an infrared camera, for piglets of different birth weights. During farrowing, 48 multiparous sows were monitored, and rectal and surface temperatures were recorded for their lower-birth-weight (≤1.2 kg) piglets within 3 min of birth and at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.50, 2, 3, 4, and 24 h. Piglet birth weights were assigned to one of three categories (BWC): BWC1 (≤0.80 kg), BWC2 (0.81 to 1.10 kg), or BWC3 (1.11 to 1.20 kg). Piglet rectal temperatures at 1.25 h after birth were assigned to one of three categories: RC1 (≤32.0 °C), RC2 (32.1 to 35.0 °C), or RC3 (≥35.1 °C). Surface temperatures showed a similar recovery pattern to rectal temperatures in the first 24 h across all piglet birth weights, although large and variable differences seen in the current study militate against surface temperature being an appropriate replacement for neonatal rectal temperature for use in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony S. Tucker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (K.R.P.); (R.N.K.)
| | - Kiro R. Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (K.R.P.); (R.N.K.)
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Jessica R. Craig
- Rivalea Australia Pty. Ltd., JBS Australia Pork Division, Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (J.R.C.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rebecca S. Morrison
- Rivalea Australia Pty. Ltd., JBS Australia Pork Division, Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia; (J.R.C.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Robert J. Smits
- Research and Innovation, Australian Pork Limited, Barton, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (K.R.P.); (R.N.K.)
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30
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Han Q, Liu R, Wang H, Zhang R, Liu H, Li J, Bao J. Gut Microbiota-Derived 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Alleviates Diarrhea in Piglets via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:15132-15144. [PMID: 37797200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
With the improvement in sow prolificacy, formula feeding has been increasingly used in the pig industry. Diarrhea remains a serious health concern in formula-fed (FF) piglets. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an efficacious strategy to reshape gut microbiota and the metabolic profile for treating diarrhea. This study aims to investigate whether FMT from breast-fed piglets could alleviate diarrhea in FF piglets. The piglets were randomly assigned to the control (CON) group, FF group, and FMT group. Our results showed that FF piglets exhibited a higher diarrhea incidence, damaged colonic morphology, and disrupted barrier function. In contrast, FMT treatment normalized the morphology and barrier function. FMT suppressed the JNK/MAPK pathway and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, FF piglets had a lower abundance of the beneficial bacterial genus Bifidobacterium compared to CON piglets. Following FMT administration, Bifidobacterium was restored. Meanwhile, 5-HIAA, a metabolite of tryptophan, and AHR-responsive CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were upregulated. Importantly, integrated multiomics analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between Bifidobacterium and 5-HIAA. In vitro, 5-HIAA supplementation reversed the LPS-induced disruption of tight junctions and production of proinflammatory cytokines in IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, FMT reduced diarrhea incidence and improved growth performance. The alleviative effect of FMT on diarrhea was associated with Bifidobacterium and 5-HIAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Runze Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Haowen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
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Hu N, Mao P, Xiong X, Ma Z, Xie Z, Gao M, Wu Q, Ma W. Effect of N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Jejunal Morphology, Amino Acid Transporters, and Antioxidant Ability of Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3183. [PMID: 37893907 PMCID: PMC10603668 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is an important period that affects the performance of piglets. However, the regulation of dietary amino acid levels is considered to be an effective way to alleviate the weaning stress of piglets. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) plays an important role in improving the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of animals. A total of 36 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, a control group (CON) and a 500 mg/kg NCG group (NCG), and the experiment lasted for 28 days. The results show that the NCG treatment group showed an increased 0-28 days average weight gain and average daily feed intake, and also increased contents of GLU and HDL, and lower SUN in serum, and an upregulation of the expression of the amino acid transporters SNAT2, EAAC1, SLC3A1, and SLC3A2 mRNA in the jejunum (p < 0.05), as well as an increased villus length and VH:CD ratio, and claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 mRNA expression in the jejunum (p < 0.05). The NCG treatment group showed an increased content of GSH-Px in serum and T-AOC and SOD in the jejunum, and a lower content of MDA (p < 0.05); and the upregulation of the mRNA expression related to antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD1, Gpx4, GCLC, GCLM and Nrf2, AhR, CYP1A1) in the jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). In addition, compared with the control group, the NCG treatment group saw an upregulation in the mRNA expression of IL-10 and a decrease in the expression of IL-1β and IL-4 in the jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). In summary, the results of this study suggest that NCG improved growth performance and jejunal morphology, improved the jejunal transport of amino acids related to the ornithine cycle, and improved the antioxidant capacity in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenfeng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (N.H.); (P.M.); (X.X.); (Z.M.); (Z.X.); (M.G.); (Q.W.)
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Li N, Zhu J, Chen P, Bao C, Wang J, Abdelaal T, Chen D, Zhu S, Wang W, Mao J, Scicluna BP, Koning F, Li F, Lei L. High-dimensional analysis reveals an immune atlas and novel neutrophil clusters in the lungs of model animals with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-induced pneumonia. Vet Res 2023; 54:76. [PMID: 37705063 PMCID: PMC10500746 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increase in bacterial resistance, improving the anti-infectious immunity of the host is rapidly becoming a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of bacterial pneumonia. However, the specific lung immune responses and key immune cell subsets involved in bacterial infection are obscure. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) can cause porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease that has caused severe economic losses in the swine industry. Here, using high-dimensional mass cytometry, the major immune cell repertoire in the lungs of mice with APP infection was profiled. Various phenotypically distinct neutrophil subsets and Ly-6C+ inflammatory monocytes/macrophages accumulated post-infection. Moreover, a linear differentiation trajectory from inactivated to activated to apoptotic neutrophils corresponded with the stages of uninfected, onset, and recovery of APP infection. CD14+ neutrophils, which mainly increased in number during the recovery stage of infection, were revealed to have a stronger ability to produce cytokines, especially IL-10 and IL-21, than their CD14- counterparts. Importantly, MHC-II+ neutrophils with antigen-presenting cell features were identified, and their numbers increased in the lung after APP infection. Similar results were further confirmed in the lungs of piglets infected with APP and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by using a single-cell RNA-seq technique. Additionally, a correlation analysis between cluster composition and the infection process yielded a dynamic and temporally associated immune landscape where key immune clusters, including previously unrecognized ones, marked various stages of infection. Thus, these results reveal the characteristics of key neutrophil clusters and provide a detailed understanding of the immune response to bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peiru Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tamim Abdelaal
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangnan Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mater Dei Hospital, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Liancheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
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Ahlborn NG, Montoya CA, Roy D, Roy NC, Stroebinger N, Ye A, Samuelsson LM, Moughan PJ, McNabb WC. Differences in small intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of raw bovine, caprine, and ovine milk are explained by gastric amino acid retention in piglets as an infant model. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1226638. [PMID: 37731403 PMCID: PMC10507170 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1226638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rate of stomach emptying of milk from different ruminant species differs, suggesting that the small intestinal digestibility of nutrients could also differ across these milk types. Objective To determine the small intestinal amino acid (AA) digestibility of raw bovine, caprine, and ovine milk in the piglet as an animal model for the infant. Methods Seven-day-old piglets (n = 12) consumed either bovine, caprine, or ovine milk diets for 15 days (n = 4 piglets/milk). On day 15, fasted piglets received a single meal of fresh raw milk normalized for protein content and containing the indigestible marker titanium dioxide. Entire gastrointestinal tract contents were collected at 210 min postprandially. Apparent AA digestibility (disappearance) in different regions of the small intestine was determined. Results On average, 35% of the dietary AAs were apparently taken up in the small intestine during the first 210 min post-feeding, with 67% of the AA digestibility occurring in the first quarter (p ≤ 0.05) and 33% in the subsequent two quarters. Overall, except for isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, the small intestinal apparent digestibility of all AAs at 210 min postprandially in piglets fed ovine milk was, on average, 29% higher (p ≤ 0.05) than for those fed bovine milk. Except for lysine, there was no difference in the apparent digestibility (p > 0.05) of any AAs between piglets fed caprine milk or ovine milk. The apparent digestibility of alanine was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in piglets fed caprine milk than those fed bovine milk. When apparent digestibility was corrected for gastric AA retention, only small differences in the small intestinal apparent digestibility of AAs were observed across milk types. Conclusion Bovine, caprine and ovine milk had different apparent small intestinal AA digestibility at 210 min postprandially. When corrected for gastric AA retention, the differences in apparent digestibility across species largely disappeared. The apparent AA digestibility differed across small intestinal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G. Ahlborn
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts Group, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A. Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts Group, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Debashree Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C. Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda M. Samuelsson
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts Group, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul J. Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wang Z, Zeng B, Xue H, Liu C, Song W. Blidingia sp. extracts improve intestinal health and reduce diarrhoea in weanling piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1198-1205. [PMID: 37203256 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blidingia sp. is a prominent fouling green macroalga and we previously found that extracts from Blidingia sp. alleviated intestinal inflammation in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharides. However, whether these extracts are effective in weanling piglets remains unknown. In the present study, Blidingia sp. extracts were supplemented in the diet and their effects on growth performance, incidence of diarrhoea and intestinal function in weanling piglets were explored. The results showed that diets supplemented with 0.1% or 0.5% Blidingia sp. extract significantly increased average daily body weight gain and feed intake in weanling piglets. Meanwhile, piglets supplemented with 0.5% Blidingia sp. extract showed decreased incidence of diarrhoea as well as reduced fecal water and Na+ content. Furthermore, the diet supplemented with 0.5% Blidingia sp. extracts improved intestinal morphology, as indicated by the results of hematoxylin and eosin staining. Diet supplemented with 0.5% Blidingia sp. extracts also improved tight junction function, as indicated by increased expression of Occludin, Claudin-1 and Zonula occludens-1, and alleviated the inflammatory response, as indicated by decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (IL6) contents and increased IL10 levels. Taken together, our results showed that Blidingia sp. extracts had beneficial effects in weanling piglets and we suggest that Blidingia sp. extracts could be potentially used as an additive for piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Boxin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Haoran Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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35
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Shang L, Yang F, Wei Y, Dai Z, Chen Q, Zeng X, Qiao S, Yu H. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Gut Microbiota Characteristics of Diarrheal Piglets Treated with Gentamicin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1349. [PMID: 37760646 PMCID: PMC10525804 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of alterations in gut microbiota composition due to the use of antibiotics has been widely observed. However, a clear picture of the influences of gentamicin, which is employed for the treatment of bacterial diarrhea in animal production, are largely unknown. Here, we addressed this problem using piglet models susceptible to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4, which were treated with gentamicin. Gentamicin significantly alleviated diarrhea and intestinal injury. Through 16s RNS sequencing, it was found that gentamicin increased species richness but decreased community evenness. Additionally, clear clustering was observed between the gentamicin-treated group and the other groups. More importantly, with the establishment of a completely different microbial structure, a novel metabolite composition profile was formed. KEGG database annotation revealed that arachidonic acid metabolism and vancomycin resistance were the most significantly downregulated and upregulated pathways after gentamicin treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, we identified seven possible targets of gentamicin closely related to these two functional pathways through a comprehensive analysis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that gentamicin therapy for diarrhea is associated with the downregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. During this process, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis is induced, leading to increased levels of the vancomycin resistance pathway. An improved understanding of the roles of these processes will advance the conception and realization of new therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (F.Y.); (Z.D.); (Q.C.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (F.Y.); (Z.D.); (Q.C.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yushu Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China;
| | - Ziqi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (F.Y.); (Z.D.); (Q.C.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (F.Y.); (Z.D.); (Q.C.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (F.Y.); (Z.D.); (Q.C.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (F.Y.); (Z.D.); (Q.C.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (F.Y.); (Z.D.); (Q.C.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
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Deng S, Fang C, Zhuo R, Jiang Q, Song Y, Yang K, Zhang S, Hao J, Fang R. Maternal Supplementary Tapioca Polysaccharide Iron Improves the Growth Performance of Piglets by Regulating the Active Components of Colostrum and Cord Blood. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2492. [PMID: 37570300 PMCID: PMC10417719 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation with TpFe (tapioca polysaccharide iron) on reproductive performance, colostrum composition, cord blood active components of sows, and growth performance of their nursing piglets. Sixty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned to three groups at day 85 of gestation. The experimental diets included a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg FeSO4·H2O (CON group), the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe50 group), and the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe100 group), as calculated by Fe content. The experiment lasted from day 85 of gestation to the end of weaning (day 21 of lactation). Results showed that maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe improved (p < 0.05) feed intake during lactation, live births, and birth weight of the litter (alive) and increased (p < 0.05) colostrum IgM (immunoglobulin m), IgA (immunoglobulin A), as well as the IgG levels, while it decreased (p < 0.05) the urea nitrogen and somatic cell count of sows. Moreover, sows in the TpFe100 group had higher (p < 0.05) serum iron levels and IgG. Additionally, maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe increased (p < 0.05) iron level, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), catalase (CAT), IgG, red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) of cord blood, similar with the iron content, T-AOC, GSH-px, IgG, RBC, Hb, hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of weaned piglet blood. The diarrhea and mortality rates among the nursing piglets were decreased (p < 0.05), while the average weight at day 21 of age was increased (p < 0.05) in the TpFe100 group. Serum PRL (prolactin) levels of sows exhibited a positive correlation (p < 0.05) with live births. Suckling piglet diarrhea was positively correlated with colostrum urea nitrogen level but negatively correlated with colostrum IgM, IgG, and cord blood Hb content (p < 0.05). The mortality of suckling piglets was negatively correlated with serum iron content and IgM in colostrum, GSH-px, and IgG in cord serum of sows (p < 0.05). The average weight of weaning piglets was positively (p < 0.05) related to colostrum IgM and IgG levels, as well as cord serum RBC counts of sows on day 21. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with TpFe can improve the active components of colostrum and umbilical cord blood and improve the growth performance of suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengting Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chengkun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yating Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Juanyi Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
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Lagoda ME, O’Driscoll K, Galli MC, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Marchewka J, Boyle LA. Indicators of improved gestation housing of sows. Part II: Effects on physiological measures, reproductive performance and health of the offspring. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e52. [PMID: 38487422 PMCID: PMC10936399 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal stress is the mechanism through which poor welfare of pregnant sows has detrimental effects on the health and resilience of their piglets. We compared two gestation housing systems (IMPROVED versus [conventional] CONTROL) in terms of sow stress and welfare indicators and sought to determine whether potential benefits to the sows would translate into improved offspring health. Sows were mixed into 12 stable groups (six groups per treatment, 20 sows per group) 29 days post-service in pens with free-access, full-length individual feeding/lying-stalls. CONTROL pens had fully slatted concrete floors, with two blocks of wood and two chains suspended in the group area. IMPROVED pens were the same but with rubber mats and manila rope in each stall, and straw provided in three racks in the group area. Saliva was collected from each sow on day 80 of pregnancy and analysed for haptoglobin. Hair cortisol was measured in late gestation. Sows' right and left eyes were scored for tear staining in mid lactation and at weaning. Numbers of piglets born alive, dead, mummified, and total born were recorded. Piglets were weighed and scored for vitality and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) at birth. Presence of diarrhoea in farrowing pens was scored every second day throughout the suckling period. IMPROVED sows had lower haptoglobin levels and tear-stain scores during lactation. IMPROVED sows produced fewer mummified piglets, and these had significantly lower IUGR scores, and scored lower for diarrhoea than piglets of CONTROL sows. Hence, improving sow welfare during gestation improved the health and performance of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna E Lagoda
- Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour, ul. Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec 05-552
| | - Keelin O’Driscoll
- Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria C Galli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100Murcia, Spain
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour, ul. Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec 05-552
| | - Laura A Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
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Papakonstantinou GI, Psalla D, Pourlis A, Stylianaki I, Athanasiou LV, Tzika E, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Maragkakis G, Christodoulopoulos G, Papaioannou N, Papatsiros VG. Histopathological Pulmonary Lesions in 1st-Day Newborn Piglets Derived from PRRSV-1 MLV Vaccinated Sows at the Last Stage of Gestation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1609. [PMID: 37511984 PMCID: PMC10381811 DOI: 10.3390/life13071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines for the control of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) have been associated with the vertical and horizontal transmission of vaccine viruses. The present study aimed to describe pathological lung lesions in piglets born by gilts vaccinated with PRRSV-1 MLV. In total, 25 gilts were vaccinated at late gestation (100th day) and were divided into five groups according to the different vaccines (Vac) used: no vaccine-control group, Vac-1-strain DV, Vac-2-strain VP-046 BIS, Vac-3-strain 94881, Vac-4-strain 96V198. Within the first 0-9 h of the farrowing, blood samples were collected from all newborn piglets and lung samples were exanimated grossly, histopathologically and with scanning electron microscopy. PRRSV (RT-PCR-positive) and antibodies were detected in the serum of piglets from gilts vaccinated with Vac-2. In these piglets, moderate to severe interstitial pneumonia with thickened alveolar septa was noticed. Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia was also observed. The rest of the trial piglets showed unremarkable lung lesions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the 98.7% similarity of the PRRSV field strain (GR 2019-1) to the PRRS MLV vaccine strain VP-046 BIS. In conclusion, the Vac-2 PRRSV vaccine strain can act as an infectious strain when vaccination is administrated at late gestation, causing lung lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitra Psalla
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aris Pourlis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Veterinary School, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Ioanna Stylianaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzika
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - George Maragkakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Votanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Song S, Park GN, Shin J, Kim KS, An BH, Choe S, Kim SY, Hyun BH, An DJ. Rescue of a Live-Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus HSGP Strain Using a Virulent Strain and a Partially Attenuated Strain. Viruses 2023; 15:1601. [PMID: 37515287 PMCID: PMC10383568 DOI: 10.3390/v15071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In South Korea in 2013, the G1-based vaccine failed to prevent an outbreak of G2b-type porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is more pathogenic than the traditional G1-type strain, thereby allowing the virus to spread. In 2017 and 2018, field samples were cultured sequentially on Vero cells to isolate HS (virulent) and SGP-M1 (partially attenuated) strains, respectively, of the G2b type. The HS strain harbors a single amino acid (aa) change and two aa deletions in the N-terminal domain of S1 (55I56G57E→55K56Δ57Δ). The SGP-M1 strain harbors a seven aa deletion in the C-terminal domain of S2 (1380~1386ΔFEKVHVQ). By co-infecting various animal cells with these two strains (HS and SGP-M1), we succeeded in cloning strain HSGP, which harbors the mutations present in the two original viruses. The CPE pattern of the HSGP strain was different from that of the HS and SGP-M1 strains, with higher viral titers. Studies in piglets showed attenuated pathogenicity of the HSGP strain, with no clinical symptoms or viral shedding, and histopathologic lesions similar to those in negative controls. These findings confirm that deletion of specific sequences from the S gene attenuates the pathogenicity of PEDV. In addition, HSGP strains created by combining two different strains have the potential for use as novel attenuated live vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Lerch F, Yosi F, Vötterl J, Ehmig J, Koger S, Verhovsek D. Temporal Microbial Dynamics in Feces Discriminate by Nutrition, Fecal Color, Consistency and Sample Type in Suckling and Newly Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2251. [PMID: 37508029 PMCID: PMC10376145 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Feces enable frequent samplings for the same animal, which is valuable in studies investigating the development of the gut microbiome in piglets. Creep feed should prepare the piglet's gut for the postweaning period and shape the microbiome accordingly. Little is known about the variation that is caused by differences in fecal color and consistency and different sample types (feces versus swab samples). Therefore, this study evaluated the age-related alterations in the microbiome composition (16S rRNA gene) in feces of suckling and newly weaned piglets in the context of nutrition and fecal consistency, color and sample type from day 2 to 34 of life. Feces from 40 healthy piglets (2 each from 20 litters) were collected on days 2, 6, 13, 20, 27, 30 and 34. Weaning occurred on day 28. Half of the litters only drank sow milk during the suckling phase, whereas the other half had access to creep feed from day 10. Creep feeding during the suckling phase influenced the age-related total bacterial and archaeal abundances but had less of an influence on the relative bacterial composition. Results further showed different taxonomic compositions in feces of different consistency, color and sample type, emphasizing the need to consider these characteristics in comprehensive microbiome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederike Lerch
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fitra Yosi
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang 30662, Indonesia
| | - Julia Vötterl
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Ehmig
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Koger
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Verhovsek
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Van Ginneken C, Ayuso M, Van Bockstal L, Van Cruchten S. Preweaning performance in intrauterine growth-restricted piglets: Characteristics and interventions. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:697-707. [PMID: 35652465 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is frequently observed in pig production, especially when using highly prolific sows. IUGR piglets are born with low body weight and shape indicative of differences in organ growth. Insufficient uteroplacental nutrient transfer to the fetuses is the leading cause of growth restriction in the pig. Supplementing the sow's gestation diet with arginine and/or glutamine improves placenta growth and functionality and consequently is able to reduce IUGR incidence. IUGR piglets are at higher risk of dying preweaning and face higher morbidity than their normal-weight littermates. A high level of surveillance during farrowing and individual nutrient supplementation can reduce the mortality rates. Still, these do not reverse the long-term consequences of IUGR, which are induced by persistent structural deficits in different organs. Dietary interventions peri-weaning can optimize performance but these are less effective in combating the metabolic changes that occurred in IUGR, which affect reproductive performance later in life. IUGR piglets share many similarities with IUGR infants, such as a poorer outcome of males. Using the IUGR piglet as an animal model to further explore the structural and molecular basis of the long-term consequences of IUGR and the potential sex bias could aid in fully understanding the impact of prenatal undernutrition and finding solutions for both species and sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development (CoPeD), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development (CoPeD), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Comparative Perinatal Development (CoPeD), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development (CoPeD), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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42
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Oliviero C. Offspring of hyper prolific sows: Immunity, birthweight, and heterogeneous litters. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:580-584. [PMID: 35460115 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, in the last 3 decades, there has been a constant increase in litter size due to the use of superior maternal line genetics. Those sows giving birth to more piglets than their average number of functional teats are identified as hyperprolific sows (HPS). The large number of piglets born within a litter implies not only a challenge for their access to vital resources like colostrum and milk but has a direct effect on their average birth weight and heterogeneity. These conditions are detrimental to piglets' vitality in the first hours of life and also to their immunity development. An exceptionally large number of growing fetuses in HPS leads to intrauterine crowding and consequently to an increased number of piglets suffering from intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), which put piglets at a high risk of mortality after birth and up to later stages of life. Increased heterogeneity of birth weight within large litters increases the competition for colostrum intake, with the smaller piglets being less competitive and vital, and therefore affecting negatively their immunity. Low birth weight, long interval to reach the udder, and long duration of farrowing, all have negative effects on piglets' immunoglobulin absorption. In HPS litters, colostrum management should be focused on low birth weight piglets, anticipating their impaired capabilities associated with ingesting adequate colostrum, by shortening the time to reach the udder and reducing competition among piglets. The vitality of neonate piglets, especially low in birth weight or affected by IUGR should be enhanced to improve their body temperature and their early life stage energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Oliviero
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Muro BBD, Carnevale RF, Monteiro MS, Yao R, Ferreira FNA, Neta CSS, Pereira FA, Maes D, Janssens GPJ, Almond GW, Garbossa CAP, Watanabe TTN, Leal DF. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Creep Feeding Effects on Piglet Pre- and Post-Weaning Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2156. [PMID: 37443957 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the effects of providing piglets with creep feed during lactation on piglet pre- and post-weaning performance. A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Creep feeding in lactation improved pre-weaning piglet performance in 46% of the studies selected, while 58% of the included studies reported that creep feeding in lactation improved piglet performance during the nursery phase. Creep feeding increased the average piglet body weight (creep = 7.23 ± 0.30, no creep = 6.96 ± 0.31; p = 0.03) and litter weight (creep = 81.2 ± 4.18, no creep = 76.4 ± 4.22; p < 0.001) at weaning. The average piglet body weight and litter weight were positively associated (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) with total creep feed intake. Creep feeding of piglets for more than 14 days increased (p = 0.003) the litter weight at weaning compared to litters not provided or provided for shorter periods with creep feed. The present work strengthened the notion that creep feeding during lactation presents opportunities for improving weaning weights and post-weaning piglet performance compared to litters not provided or provided for shorter periods with creep feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B D Muro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Nerthus Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento LTDA, São Carlos 13563-651, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella F Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Monteiro
- Nerthus Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento LTDA, São Carlos 13563-651, SP, Brazil
| | - Renjie Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Clarice S S Neta
- Agreceres Multimix Nutrição Animal LTDA, Rio Claro 13502-741, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Pereira
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Agreceres Multimix Nutrição Animal LTDA, Rio Claro 13502-741, SP, Brazil
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Cesar A P Garbossa
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane T N Watanabe
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Diego F Leal
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Nerthus Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento LTDA, São Carlos 13563-651, SP, Brazil
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Michelsen AM, Hakansson F, Pedersen Lund V, Kirchner MK, Otten ND, Denwood M, Rousing T, Houe H, Forkman B. Identifying areas of animal welfare concern in different production stages in Danish pig herds using the Danish Animal Welfare Index (DAWIN). Anim Welf 2023; 32:e47. [PMID: 38487445 PMCID: PMC10936401 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Animal welfare is of increasing public interest, and the pig industry in particular is subject to much attention. The aim of this study was to identify and compare areas of animal welfare concern for commercial pigs in four different production stages: (1) gestating sows and gilts; (2) lactating sows; (3) piglets; and (4) weaner-to-finisher pigs. One welfare assessment protocol was developed for each stage, comprising of between 20 and 29 animal welfare measures including resource-, management- and animal-based ones. Twenty-one Danish farms were visited once between January 2015 and February 2016 in a cross-sectional design. Experts (n = 26; advisors, scientists and animal welfare controllers) assessed the severity of the outcome measures. This was combined with the on-farm prevalence of each measure and the outcome was used to calculate areas of concern, defined as measures where the median of all farms fell below the value defined as 'acceptable welfare.' Between five and seven areas of concern were identified for each production stage. With the exception of carpal lesions in piglets, all areas of concern were resource- and management-based and mainly related to housing, with inadequate available space and the floor type in the resting area being overall concerns across all production stages. This means that animal-based measures were largely unaffected by perceived deficits in resource-based measures. Great variation existed for the majority of measures identified as areas of concern, demonstrating that achieving a high welfare score is possible in the Danish system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Michelsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Franziska Hakansson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vibe Pedersen Lund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Nina Dam Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tine Rousing
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hans Houe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Björn Forkman
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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45
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Prasad S, Streit B, Gruber C, Gonaus C. Enzymatic degradation of ochratoxin A in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. J Anim Sci 2023:7176388. [PMID: 37220904 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal feeds are often contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent natural mycotoxin hazardous to animal and human health that accumulates in blood and tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the in vivo application of an enzyme (OTA amidohydrolase; OAH) that degrades OTA into the non-toxic molecules phenylalanine and ochratoxin α (OTα) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Piglets were fed six experimental diets over 14 days, varying in OTA contamination level (50 or 500 μg/kg; OTA50 and OTA500) and presence of OAH; a negative control diet (no OTA added) and a diet containing OTα at 318 µg/kg. The absorption of OTA and OTα into the systemic circulation (plasma and dried blood spots, DBS), their accumulation in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues and in the digesta content of the GIT, and excretion through feces and urine were assessed. At the end of the trial, accumulation of OTA in blood was significantly higher in OTA groups (OTA50 and OTA500) in comparison to enzyme groups (OAH50 and OAH500, respectively). The supplementation of OAH explicitly reduced the absorption of OTA (P < 0.005) into plasma by 54% and 59% (from 40.53 ± 3.53 to 18.66 ± 2.28 ng/mL in piglets fed the 50 μg OTA/kg diets and from 413.50 ± 71.88 to 168.35 ± 41.02 ng/mL in piglets fed the 500 μg OTA/kg diets, respectively) and in DBS by 50% and 53% (from 22.79 ± 2.63 to 10.67 ± 1.93 ng/mL in piglets fed the 50 μg OTA/kg diets and from 232.85 ± 35.16 to 105.71 ± 24.18 ng/mL in piglets fed the 500 μg OTA/kg diets, respectively). The OTA concentrations in plasma were positively associated with the OTA levels detected in all tissues analyzed; adding OAH reduced OTA levels in the kidney, liver, and muscle (P < 0.005) by 52%, 67%, and 59%, respectively. The analysis of GIT digesta content showed that OAH supplementation led to OTA degradation in the proximal GIT where natural hydrolysis is inefficient. Overall, the data of present in-vivo study demonstrate that supplementation of swine feeds with OAH successfully reduced OTA levels in blood (plasma and DBS) as well as in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues. Therefore, an approach to use enzyme as feed additive might be most promising to mitigate the harmful effects of OTA on the productivity and welfare of pigs and at the same time improving the safety of pig-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreenath Prasad
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition & Health, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Barbara Streit
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition & Health, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christina Gruber
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition & Health, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christoph Gonaus
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition & Health, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Van Kerschaver C, Turpin D, Michiels J, Pluske J. Reducing Weaning Stress in Piglets by Pre-Weaning Socialization and Gradual Separation from the Sow: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101644. [PMID: 37238074 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The weaning of pigs in most commercial pork production systems is an abrupt event performed at a fairly young age, i.e., mostly between 2.5 and 5 weeks of age. This practice induces a stress response, and its impact on behavior, performance and the gastrointestinal tract has been well described. Historically, there has been a focus on pre- and post-weaning nutritional strategies and post-weaning housing conditions and medication to improve production and reduce mortality after weaning. However, alternative pre-weaning housing and management systems that promote the development of natural social behaviors of piglets before weaning have recently received more attention. Co-mingling of non-littermates before weaning is a strategy that aims to initiate social interactions prior to weaning. The separation of the litter from the sow in the period leading up to weaning, termed intermittent suckling, aims to enhance the gradual separation from the sow. In addition, these practices encourage the young pig to learn explorative nutrient sourcing. Altogether, they may reduce weaning-associated stress. In this review, these strategies are defined, and their effects on behavior, performance, mortality, gastrointestinal function and immunocompetence are described. Though these strategies may be adapted to a commercial setting, it also becomes clear that many factors can contribute to the success of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Van Kerschaver
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diana Turpin
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth 6151, Australia
| | - Joris Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Pluske
- Australasian Pork Research Institute Limited, Willaston 5118, Australia
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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47
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Wang P, Yang Q, Yan Z, Huang X, Gao X, Gun S. Identification of MicroRNAs Regulating Clostridium perfringens Type C Infection in the Spleen of Diarrheic Piglets. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3193-3207. [PMID: 37185732 PMCID: PMC10136749 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type C is one of the common bacteria in piglet diarrhea, which seriously affects the swine industry's development. The spleen plays crucial roles in the resistance and elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, and miRNAs play important roles in regulating piglet diarrhea caused by pathogens. However, the mechanism by which miRNAs in the spleen are involved in regulating C. perfringens type C causing diarrhea in piglets remains unclear. The expression profiles of the spleen miRNAs of 7-day-old piglets challenged by C. perfringens type C were studied using small RNA-sequencing in control (SC), susceptible (SS), and resistant (SR) groups. Eight-eight differentially expressed miRNAs were screened. The KEGG pathway analysis of target genes revealed that the miRNAs were involved in the MAPK, p53, and ECM-receptor interaction signaling pathways. NFATC4 was determined to be a direct target of miR-532-3p and miR-133b using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Thus, miR-133b and miR-532-3p targeted to NFATC4 were likely involved to piglet resistance to C. perfringens type C. This paper provides the valuable resources to deeply understand the genetic basis of C. perfringens type C resistance in piglets and a solid foundation to identify novel markers of C. perfringens type C resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Pierdon MK, Berdahl SE. Effect of Topical Spray Containing Lidocaine on Piglet Behaviour Post castration. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:195-204. [PMID: 34224284 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1946397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies examining the impact of topical lidocaine spray on postcastration pain behavior in piglets used scan sampling for the collection of behavior data. This methodology led to inconclusive results on the efficacy of topical lidocaine spray for pain relief. This study uses continuous coding to examine the effect of topical lidocaine on piglet behavior post castration. Castrated piglets received either no pain relief or topical lidocaine spray and are compared to gilts that were handled only. Postcastration piglet behavior was continuously coded for postural behaviors, social isolation, as well as nosing and playing. Behaviors in the castrated piglets differed from those that were handled only, but the piglets that received the spray did not exhibit significantly different behaviors from castrated pigs that received no spray. Play, exploratory behavior, and continuous behavioral observations proved to be sensitive modalities for detecting alterations in behavior postcastration and revealed that topical lidocaine spray does not provide effective pain mitigation for piglets undergoing castration and would thus not be recommended as a method for providing postcastration pain relief in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann K Pierdon
- Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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49
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Marchetti R, Faeti V, Gallo M, Pindo M, Bochicchio D, Buttazzoni L, Della Casa G. Protein Content in the Diet Influences Growth and Diarrhea in Weaning Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36899653 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research has been to assess the effect of the dietary protein level on piglet growth and post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) incidence. Piglet fecal microbiota and feces composition were also assessed. The experiment was carried out on 144 weaned piglets (Duroc × Large White; 72 piglets per treatment) and lasted from weaning (at 25 days of age) until the end of the post-weaning phase (at 95 days). Two dietary protein levels were compared: high (HP; 17.5% crude protein on average, during the experiment) and low (LP; 15.5% on average). Lower (p < 0.01) average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were observed in LP piglets in the first growth phase. However, at the end of the post-weaning period, the growth parameters were not significantly different in the two diets. Diarrhea scores were lower in piglets fed LP diets than in piglets fed HP diets (28.6% of the total vs. 71.4% in the HP piglets). Fibrobacteres, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes were more abundant in the feces of the piglets fed LP diets. Feces nitrogen content was lower in piglets fed LP diets. In conclusion, low protein levels in the diet can reduce the incidence of PWD while only marginally affecting growth parameters.
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50
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Zhang XL, Zhou YR, Xu SS, Xu S, Xiong YJ, Xu K, Xu CJ, Che JJ, Huang L, Liu ZG, Wang BY, Mu YL, Xiao SB, Li K. Characterization of Gut Microbiota Compositions along the Intestinal Tract in CD163/pAPN Double Knockout Piglets and Their Potential Roles in Iron Absorption. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0190622. [PMID: 36625575 PMCID: PMC9927099 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01906-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is known to play a role in regulating host metabolism, yet the mechanisms underlying this regulation are not well elucidated. Our study aimed to characterize the differences in gut microbiota compositions and their roles in iron absorption between wild-type (WT) and CD163/pAPN double-gene-knockout (DKO) weaned piglets. A total of 58 samples along the entire digestive tract were analyzed for microbial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The colonic microbiota and their metabolites were determined by metagenomic sequencing and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. Our results showed that no alterations in microbial community structure and composition were observed between DKO and WT weaned piglets, with the exception of colonic microbiota. Interestingly, the DKO piglets had selectively increased the relative abundance of the Leeia genus belonging to the Neisseriaceae family and decreased the Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 genus abundance. Functional capacity analysis showed that organic acid metabolism was enriched in the colon in DKO piglets. In addition, the DKO piglets showed increased iron levels in important tissues compared with WT piglets without any pathological changes. Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated that the specific bacteria such as Leeia and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 genus played a key role in host iron absorption. Moreover, the iron levels had significantly (P < 0.05) positive correlation with microbial metabolites, particularly carboxylic acids and their derivatives, which might increase iron absorption by preventing iron precipitation. Overall, this study reveals an interaction between colonic microbiota and host metabolism and has potential significance for alleviating piglet iron deficiency. IMPORTANCE Iron deficiency is a major risk factor for iron deficiency anemia, which is among the most common nutritional disorders in piglets. However, it remains unclear how the gut microbiota interacts with host iron absorption. The current report provides the first insight into iron absorption-microbiome connection in CD163/pAPN double knockout piglets. The present results showed that carboxylic acids and their derivatives contributed to the absorption of nonheme iron by preventing ferric iron precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song-Song Xu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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