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Agusil JP, Arjona MI, Duch M, Fusté N, Plaza JA. Multidimensional Anisotropic Architectures on Polymeric Microparticles. Small 2020; 16:e2004691. [PMID: 33079486 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Next generation life science technologies will require the integration of building blocks with tunable physical and chemical architectures at the microscale. A central issue is to govern the multidimensional anisotropic space that defines these microparticle attributes. However, this control is limited to one or few dimensions due to profound fabrication tradeoffs, a problem that is exacerbated by miniaturization. Here, a vast number of anisotropic dimensions are integrated combining SU-8 photolithography with (bio)chemical modifications via soft-lithography. Microparticles in a 15-D anisotropic space are demonstrated, covering branching, faceting, fiducial, topography, size, aspect ratio, stiffness, (bio)molecular and quantum dot printing, top/bottom surface coverage, and quasi-0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D surface patterning. The strategy permits controlled miniaturization on physical dimensions below 1 µm and molecular patterns below 1 µm2 . By combining building blocks, anisotropic microparticles detect pH changes, form the basis for a DNA-assay recognition platform, and obtain an extraordinary volumetric barcoding density up to 1093 codes µm-3 in a 3 × 12 × 0.5 µm3 volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Agusil
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Tillers s/n, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - María Isabel Arjona
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Tillers s/n, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Av. de la Fuente Nueva s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Marta Duch
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Tillers s/n, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Naüm Fusté
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Tillers s/n, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - José A Plaza
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Tillers s/n, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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2
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Cabezas MD, Meckes B, Mirkin CA, Mrksich M. Subcellular Control over Focal Adhesion Anisotropy, Independent of Cell Morphology, Dictates Stem Cell Fate. ACS Nano 2019; 13:11144-11152. [PMID: 31532622 PMCID: PMC6924571 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although microscale patterning techniques have been used to control cell morphology and shape, they only provide indirect control over the formation of the subcellular cytoskeletal elements that determine contractility. This paper addresses the hypotheses that nanoscale anisotropic features of a patterned matrix can direct the alignment of internal cytoskeletal actin fibers within a confined shape with an unbiased aspect ratio, and that this enhanced control over cytoskeletal architecture directs programmed cell behaviors. Here, large-area polymer pen lithography is used to pattern substrates with nanoscale extracellular matrix protein features and to identify cues that can be used to direct cytoskeletal organization in human mesenchymal stem cells. This nanopatterning approach is used to identify how anisotropic focal adhesions around the periphery of symmetric patterns yield an organized and contractile actin cytoskeleton. This work reports the important finding that anisotropic cues that increase cell contractility within a circular shape redirect cell differentiation from an adipogenic to an osteogenic fate. Together, these experiments introduce a programmable approach for using subcellular spatial cues to control cell behavior within defined geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Cabezas
- Department of Chemistry, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian Meckes
- Department of Chemistry, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Corresponding authors:,
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Chemistry, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Corresponding authors:,
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3
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Angelin A, Bog U, Kumar R, Niemeyer CM, Hirtz M. Writing Behavior of Phospholipids in Polymer Pen Lithography (PPL) for Bioactive Micropatterns. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E891. [PMID: 31096642 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based membranes play crucial roles in regulating the interface between cells and their external environment, the communication within cells, and cellular sensing. To study these important processes, various lipid-based artificial membrane models have been developed in recent years and, indeed, large-area arrays of supported lipid bilayers suit the needs of many of these studies remarkably well. Here, the direct-write scanning probe lithography technique called polymer pen lithography (PPL) was used as a tool for the creation of lipid micropatterns over large areas via polymer-stamp-mediated transfer of lipid-containing inks onto glass substrates. In order to better understand and control the lipid transfer in PPL, we conducted a systematic study of the influence of dwell time (i.e., duration of contact between tip and sample), humidity, and printing pressure on the outcome of PPL with phospholipids and discuss results in comparison to the more often studied dip-pen nanolithography with phospholipids. This is the first systematic study in phospholipid printing with PPL. Biocompatibility of the obtained substrates with up to two different ink compositions was demonstrated. The patterns are suitable to serve as a platform for mast cell activation experiments.
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. Small 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Rani E, Mohshim SA, Ahmad MZ, Goodacre R, Alang Ahmad SA, Wong LS. Polymer Pen Lithography-Fabricated DNA Arrays for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Unamplified Ganoderma Boninense DNA. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030561. [PMID: 30960545 PMCID: PMC6474127 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for lithography methods to enable the fabrication of diagnostic devices for the biomedical and agri-food sectors. In this regard, scanning probe lithography methods have emerged as a possible approach for this purpose, as they are not only convenient, robust and accessible, but also enable the deposition of “soft” materials such as complex organic molecules and biomolecules. In this report, the use of polymer pen lithography for the fabrication of DNA oligonucleotide arrays is described, together with the application of the arrays for the sensitive and selective detection of Ganoderma boninense, a fungal pathogen of the oil palm. When used in a sandwich assay format with DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles, this system is able to generate a visually observable result in the presence of the target DNA. This assay is able to detect as little as 30 ng of Ganoderma-derived DNA without any pre-amplification and without the need for specialist laboratory equipment or training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Rani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Siti Akhtar Mohshim
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Zamharir Ahmad
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lu Shin Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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Li L, Huang Z, Wang Y, Brown KA. Design of Elastomer-CNT Film Photoactuators for Nanolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E314. [PMID: 30960297 PMCID: PMC6419169 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer pen lithography (PPL) is an approach to multiplexing scanning probe lithography, in which an array of probes on a compliant film-coated rigid substrate are used to write patterns on a surface. Recently, it was shown that these nominally passive pen arrays can be rendered photo-active by making them out of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)⁻carbon nanotube (CNT) composite. While such photoactuated pens in principle represent a rapid, maskless, and versatile nanomanufacturing strategy, a key challenge that remains is learning how to effectively control the writing of each pen, individually. In this research, we studied the design of PDMS⁻CNT thin-film photoactuators and experimentally explored the role of illumination radius, film thickness, and CNT concentration. Additionally, we have proposed a model that predicts actuation efficiency, actuation time, and the crosstalk between pens. Based upon these results, we have generated a map of working efficiency to elucidate the ideal choice for specific actuation requirements. This work lays the foundation for studying further photoactuatable composite films as actuators in applications beyond lithography including soft robotics and adaptive optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering and Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The effectiveness of combinatorial experiments is determined by the rate at which distinct experimental conditions can be prepared and interrogated. This has been particularly limiting at the intersection of nanotechnology and soft materials research, where structures are difficult to reliably prepare and materials are incompatible with conventional lithographic techniques. For example, studying nanoparticle-based heterogeneous catalysis or the interaction between biological cells and abiotic surfaces requires precise tuning of materials composition on the nanometer scale. Scanning probe techniques are poised to be major players in the combinatorial nanoscience arena because they allow one to directly deposit materials at high resolution without any harsh processing steps that limit material compatibility. The chief limitation of scanning probe techniques is throughput, as patterning with single probes is prohibitively slow in the context of large-scale combinatorial experiments. A recent paradigm shift circumvents this problem by fundamentally altering the architecture of scanning probes by replacing the conventionally used cantilever with a soft compliant film on a rigid substrate, a substitution that allows a densely packed array of probes to function in parallel in an inexpensive format. This is a major lithographic advance in terms of scalability, throughput, and versatility that, when combined with the development of approaches to actuate individual probes in cantilever-free arrays, sets the stage for scanning-probe-based tools to address scientific questions through nanocombinatorial studies in biology and materials science. In this review, we outline the development of cantilever-free scanning probe lithography and prospects for nanocombinatorial studies enabled by these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science & Engineering, and Physics Department , Boston University , 110 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | | | | | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science & Engineering, and Physics Department , Boston University , 110 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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8
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Lee IN, Hosford J, Wang S, Hunt JA, Curran JM, Heath WP, Wong LS. Large-area Scanning Probe Nanolithography Facilitated by Automated Alignment and Its Application to Substrate Fabrication for Cell Culture Studies. J Vis Exp 2018:56967. [PMID: 29985313 PMCID: PMC6101695 DOI: 10.3791/56967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy has enabled the creation of a variety of methods for the constructive ('additive') top-down fabrication of nanometer-scale features. Historically, a major drawback of scanning probe lithography has been the intrinsically low throughput of single probe systems. This has been tackled by the use of arrays of multiple probes to enable increased nanolithography throughput. In order to implement such parallelized nanolithography, the accurate alignment of probe arrays with the substrate surface is vital, so that all probes make contact with the surface simultaneously when lithographic patterning begins. This protocol describes the utilization of polymer pen lithography to produce nanometer-scale features over centimeter-sized areas, facilitated by the use of an algorithm for the rapid, accurate, and automated alignment of probe arrays. Here, nanolithography of thiols on gold substrates demonstrates the generation of features with high uniformity. These patterns are then functionalized with fibronectin for use in the context of surface-directed cell morphology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ning Lee
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry, University of Manchester; School of Engineering, University of Liverpool
| | - Joseph Hosford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry, University of Manchester
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester
| | - John A Hunt
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University
| | | | - William P Heath
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester
| | - Lu Shin Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry, University of Manchester;
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Huang Z, Li L, Zhang XA, Alsharif N, Wu X, Peng Z, Cheng X, Wang P, Brown KA, Wang Y. Photoactuated Pens for Molecular Printing. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1705303. [PMID: 29271507 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photoactuation of pen arrays made of polydimethylsiloxane carbon nanotube composites is explored, and the first demonstration of photoactuated pens for molecular printing is reported. Photoactuation of these composites is characterized using atomic force microscopy and found to produce microscale motion in response to modest illumination, with an actuation efficiency as high as 200 nm mW-1 on the sub-1 s time scale. Arrays of composite pens are synthesized and it is found that local illumination is capable of moving selected pens by more than 3 µm out of the plane, bringing them into contact to perform controllable and high quality printing while completely shutting off the nonilluminated counterparts. In light of the scalability limitations of nanolithography, this work presents an important step and paves the way for arbitrary control of individual pens in massive arrays. As an example of a scalable soft actuator, this approach can also aid progress in other fields such as soft robotics and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xu A Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Nourin Alsharif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiyuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Bog U, de Los Santos Pereira A, Mueller SL, Havenridge S, Parrillo V, Bruns M, Holmes AE, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Fuchs H, Hirtz M. Clickable Antifouling Polymer Brushes for Polymer Pen Lithography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:12109-12117. [PMID: 28296390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein-repellent reactive surfaces that promote localized specific binding are highly desirable for applications in the biomedical field. Nonspecific adhesion will compromise the function of bioactive surfaces, leading to ambiguous results of binding assays and negating the binding specificity of patterned cell-adhesive motives. Localized specific binding is often achieved by attaching a linker to the surface, and the other side of the linker is used to bind specifically to a desired functional agent, as e.g. proteins, antibodies, and fluorophores, depending on the function required by the application. We present a protein-repellent polymer brush enabling highly specific covalent surface immobilization of biorecognition elements by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition click chemistry for selective protein adhesion. The protein-repellent polymer brush is functionalized by highly localized molecular binding sites in the low micrometer range using polymer pen lithography (PPL). Because of the massive parallelization of writing pens, the tunable PPL printed patterns can span over square centimeter areas. The selective binding of the protein streptavidin to these surface sites is demonstrated while the remaining polymer brush surface is resisting nonspecific adsorption without any prior blocking by bovine serum albumin (BSA). In contrast to the widely used BSA blocking, the reactive polymer brushes are able to significantly reduce nonspecific protein adsorption, which is the cause of biofouling. This was achieved for solutions of single proteins as well as complex biological fluids. The remarkable fouling resistance of the polymer brushes has the potential to improve the multiplexing capabilities of protein probes and therefore impact biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres de Los Santos Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Surfaces and Biointerfaces, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry ASCR , v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Summer L Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, Doane University, Crete, Nebraska, and the Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials (CNFM), University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Shana Havenridge
- Department of Chemistry, Doane University, Crete, Nebraska, and the Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials (CNFM), University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Viviana Parrillo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Surfaces and Biointerfaces, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry ASCR , v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andrea E Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, Doane University, Crete, Nebraska, and the Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials (CNFM), University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physical Institute & Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster , Münster, Germany
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11
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Willems N, Urtizberea A, Verre AF, Iliut M, Lelimousin M, Hirtz M, Vijayaraghavan A, Sansom MSP. Biomimetic Phospholipid Membrane Organization on Graphene and Graphene Oxide Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. ACS Nano 2017; 11:1613-1625. [PMID: 28165704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Supported phospholipid membrane patches stabilized on graphene surfaces have shown potential in sensor device functionalization, including biosensors and biocatalysis. Lipid dip-pen nanolithography (L-DPN) is a method useful in generating supported membrane structures that maintain lipid functionality, such as exhibiting specific interactions with protein molecules. Here, we have integrated L-DPN, atomic force microscopy, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation methods to characterize the molecular properties of supported lipid membranes (SLMs) on graphene and graphene oxide supports. We observed substantial differences in the topologies of the stabilized lipid structures depending on the nature of the surface (polar graphene oxide vs nonpolar graphene). Furthermore, the addition of water to SLM systems resulted in large-scale reorganization of the lipid structures, with measurable effects on lipid lateral mobility within the supported membranes. We also observed reduced lipid ordering within the supported structures relative to free-standing lipid bilayers, attributed to the strong hydrophobic interactions between the lipids and support. Together, our results provide insight into the molecular effects of graphene and graphene oxide surfaces on lipid bilayer membranes. This will be important in the design of these surfaces for applications such as biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Ainhoa Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea F Verre
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Iliut
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Lelimousin
- CERMAV, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , BP 53, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Aravind Vijayaraghavan
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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12
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Kumar R, Bonicelli A, Sekula-Neuner S, Cato ACB, Hirtz M, Fuchs H. Click-Chemistry Based Allergen Arrays Generated by Polymer Pen Lithography for Mast Cell Activation Studies. Small 2016; 12:5330-5338. [PMID: 27511293 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The profiling of allergic responses is a powerful tool in biomedical research and in judging therapeutic outcome in patients suffering from allergy. Novel insights into the signaling cascades and easier readouts can be achieved by shifting activation studies of bulk immune cells to the single cell level on patterned surfaces. The functionality of dinitrophenol (DNP) as a hapten in the induction of allergic reactions has allowed the activation process of single mast cells seeded on patterned surfaces to be studied following treatment with allergen specific Immunoglobulin E antibodies. Here, a click-chemistry approach is applied in combination with polymer pen lithography (PPL) to pattern DNP-azide on alkyne-terminated surfaces to generate arrays of allergen. The large area functionalization offered by PPL allows an easy incorporation of such arrays into microfluidic chips. In such a setup, easy handling of cell suspension, incubation process, and read-out by fluorescence microscopy will allow immune cell activation screening to be easily adapted for diagnostics and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76201, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical Institute & Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Alice Bonicelli
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76201, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrew C B Cato
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76201, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76201, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Physical Institute & Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Patterning nanoscale features across macroscopic areas is challenging due to the vast range of length scales that must be addressed. With polymer pen lithography, arrays of thousands of elastomeric pyramidal pens can be used to write features across centimeter-scales, but deformation of the soft pens limits resolution and minimum feature pitch, especially with polymeric inks. Here, we show that by coating polymer pen arrays with a ∼175 nm silica layer, the resulting hard transparent arrays exhibit a force-independent contact area that improves their patterning capability by reducing the minimum feature size (∼40 nm), minimum feature pitch (<200 nm for polymers), and pen to pen variation. With these new arrays, patterns with as many as 5.9 billion features in a 14.5 cm(2) area were written using a four hundred thousand pyramid pen array. Furthermore, a new method is demonstrated for patterning macroscopic feature size gradients that vary in feature diameter by a factor of 4. Ultimately, this form of polymer pen lithography allows for patterning with the resolution of dip-pen nanolithography across centimeter scales using simple and inexpensive pen arrays. The high resolution and density afforded by this technique position it as a broad-based discovery tool for the field of nanocombinatorics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Hedrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Keith A. Brown
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Edward J. Kluender
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maria D. Cabezas
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Noh H, Jung GE, Kim S, Yun SH, Jo A, Kahng SJ, Cho NJ, Cho SJ. "Multipoint Force Feedback" Leveling of Massively Parallel Tip Arrays in Scanning Probe Lithography. Small 2015; 11:4526-4531. [PMID: 26081390 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale patterning with massively parallel 2D array tips is of significant interest in scanning probe lithography. A challenging task for tip-based large area nanolithography is maintaining parallel tip arrays at the same contact point with a sample substrate in order to pattern a uniform array. Here, polymer pen lithography is demonstrated with a novel leveling method to account for the magnitude and direction of the total applied force of tip arrays by a multipoint force sensing structure integrated into the tip holder. This high-precision approach results in a 0.001° slope of feature edge length variation over 1 cm wide tip arrays. The position sensitive leveling operates in a fully automated manner and is applicable to recently developed scanning probe lithography techniques of various kinds which can enable "desktop nanofabrication."
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaul Noh
- Research and Development Center, Park Systems, Suwon, 443-270, South Korea
| | - Goo-Eun Jung
- Research and Development Center, Park Systems, Suwon, 443-270, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
| | - Sukhyun Kim
- Research and Development Center, Park Systems, Suwon, 443-270, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hun Yun
- Research and Development Center, Park Systems, Suwon, 443-270, South Korea
| | - Ahjin Jo
- Research and Development Center, Park Systems, Suwon, 443-270, South Korea
| | - Se-Jong Kahng
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang, Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang, Drive, 637459, Singapore
| | - Sang-Joon Cho
- Research and Development Center, Park Systems, Suwon, 443-270, South Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, South Korea
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15
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Arrabito G, Schroeder H, Schröder K, Filips C, Marggraf U, Dopp C, Venkatachalapathy M, Dehmelt L, Bastiaens PIH, Neyer A, Niemeyer CM. Configurable low-cost plotter device for fabrication of multi-color sub-cellular scale microarrays. Small 2014; 10:2870-2876. [PMID: 24678019 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The construction and operation of a low-cost plotter for fabrication of microarrays for multiplexed single-cell analyses is reported. The printing head consists of polymeric pyramidal pens mounted on a rotation stage installed on an aluminium frame. This construction enables printing of microarrays onto glass substrates mounted on a tilt stage, controlled by a Lab-View operated user interface. The plotter can be assembled by typical academic workshops from components of less than 15,000 Euro. The functionality of the instrument is demonstrated by printing DNA microarrays on the area of 0.5 cm2 using up to three different oligonucleotides. Typical feature sizes are 5 μm diameter with a pitch of 15 μm, leading to densities of up to 10(4)-10(5) spots/mm2. The fabricated DNA microarrays are used to produce sub-cellular scale arrays of bioactive epidermal growth factor peptides by means of DNA-directed immobilization. The suitability of these biochips for cell biological studies is demonstrated by specific recruitment, concentration, and activation of EGF receptors within the plasma membrane of adherent living cells. This work illustrates that the presented plotter gives access to bio-functionalized arrays usable for fundamental research in cell biology, such as the manipulation of signal pathways in living cells at subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- TU Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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16
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Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Greiner AM, Weschenfelder M, Waterkotte B, Bastmeyer M, Fuchs H. Interdigitated multicolored bioink micropatterns by multiplexed polymer pen lithography. Small 2013; 9:3266-3275. [PMID: 23554307 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexing, i.e., the application and integration of more than one ink in an interdigitated microscale pattern, is still a challenge for microcontact printing (μCP) and similar techniques. On the other hand there is a strong demand for interdigitated patterns of more than one protein on subcellular to cellular length scales in the lower micrometer range in biological experiments. Here, a new integrative approach is presented for the fabrication of bioactive microarrays and complex multi-ink patterns by polymer pen lithography (PPL). By taking advantage of the strength of microcontact printing (μCP) combined with the spatial control and capability of precise repetition of PPL in an innovative way, a new inking and writing strategy is introduced for PPL that enables true multiplexing within each repetitive subpattern. Furthermore, a specific ink/substrate platform is demonstrated that can be used to immobilize functional proteins and other bioactive compounds over a biotin-streptavidin approach. This patterning strategy aims specifically at application by cell biologists and biochemists addressing a wide range of relevant pattern sizes, easy pattern generation and adjustment, the use of only biofriendly, nontoxic chemicals, and mild processing conditions during the patterning steps. The retained bioactivity of the fabricated cm(2) area filling multiprotein patterns is demonstrated by showing the interaction of fibroblasts and neurons with multiplexed structures of fibronectin and laminin or laminin and ephrin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Brinkmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany; Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Germany
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17
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Brown KA, Eichelsdoerfer DJ, Shim W, Rasin B, Radha B, Liao X, Schmucker AL, Liu G, Mirkin CA. A cantilever-free approach to dot-matrix nanoprinting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12921-4. [PMID: 23861495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311994110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning probe lithography (SPL) is a promising candidate approach for desktop nanofabrication, but trade-offs in throughput, cost, and resolution have limited its application. The recent development of cantilever-free scanning probe arrays has allowed researchers to define nanoscale patterns in a low-cost and high-resolution format, but with the limitation that these are duplication tools where each probe in the array creates a copy of a single pattern. Here, we report a cantilever-free SPL architecture that can generate 100 nanometer-scale molecular features using a 2D array of independently actuated probes. To physically actuate a probe, local heating is used to thermally expand the elastomeric film beneath a single probe, bringing it into contact with the patterning surface. Not only is this architecture simple and scalable, but it addresses fundamental limitations of 2D SPL by allowing one to compensate for unavoidable imperfections in the system. This cantilever-free dot-matrix nanoprinting will enable the construction of surfaces with chemical functionality that is tuned across the nano- and macroscales.
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18
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Huang L, Braunschweig AB, Shim W, Qin L, Lim JK, Hurst SJ, Huo F, Xue C, Jang JW, Mirkin CA. Matrix-assisted dip-pen nanolithography and polymer pen lithography. Small 2010; 6:1077-81. [PMID: 19885890 PMCID: PMC3517014 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The controlled patterning of nanomaterials presents a major challenge to the field of nanolithography because of differences in size, shape and solubility of these materials. Matrix-assisted dip-pen nanolithography and polymer pen lithography provide a solution to this problem by utilizing a polymeric matrix that encapsulates the nanomaterials and delivers them to surfaces with precise control of feature size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Jong Kuk Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Sarah J. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Can Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847-467-5123
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