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Simon J, Thisse J, Chabert C, Barasinski C, Ambroise Grandjean G. Research procedure acceptability through women during pregnancy and postpartum: A pilot study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 164:971-978. [PMID: 37726975 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility and relevancy of a systematic data collection process in characterizing factors influencing research acceptability through women during pregnancy and early postpartum. METHODS A pilot prospective observational crossover unicentric study was conducted in Est France. All the women (except language barrier and intensive care transfer) were called upon to complete a survey (33 questions). The primary endpoints were the participation rate and the completeness of the information. The secondary endpoint was the participants' sociodemographic background and preferences regarding research (bivariate analysis, P value <0.20). RESULTS Within the research period (February 23-March 8, 114 childbirths), 105 women fitting the criteria were called upon for the survey. The participation rate and completeness were high. The participation rate was 93% with six lost to follow-up, and one refusal. The global filling rate was 95%. We highlighted two plausible variables of interests for research participation: women age older (P value 0.119) and level of education (P value 0.176). A sufficient cooling-off period, the commitment of women's health providers, and the possibility to accede research results might favor women's involvement. Acceptability would appear to be decreasing when the protocol implied fetal or neonatal data collection (compared to maternal data), unless research led to a better therapeutic option. CONCLUSION The data collection process is highly feasible and provide consistent data. Larger-scale output obtention should enhance the conception and rollout of projects, first by calculating sample size based on potentials for recruitments adjusted to populations, characteristics and second by fitting the experimental design to women's expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Simon
- Département de Maïeutique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jeanne Thisse
- Département de Maïeutique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Camille Chabert
- Département de Maïeutique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Chloé Barasinski
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaëlle Ambroise Grandjean
- Département de Maïeutique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Département d'Obstétrique, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
- IADI Inserm, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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Vos SC, Adatorwovor R, Roberts MK, Lee Sherman D, Bonds D, Dunfee MN, Spring B, Schoenberg NE. Community engagement through social media: A promising low-cost strategy for rural recruitment? J Rural Health 2023:10.1111/jrh.12809. [PMID: 37985592 PMCID: PMC11102927 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For the same reasons that rural telehealth has shown promise for enhancing the provision of care in underserved environments, social media recruitment may facilitate more inclusive research engagement in rural areas. However, little research has examined social media recruitment in the rural context, and few studies have evaluated the feasibility of using a free social media page to build a network of rural community members who may be interested in a research study. Here, we describe the rationale, process, and protocols of developing and implementing a social media approach to recruit rural residents to participate in an mHealth intervention. METHODS Informed by extensive formative research, we created a study Facebook page emphasizing community engagement in an mHealth behavioral intervention. We distributed the page to local networks and regularly posted recruitment and community messages. We collected data on the reach of the Facebook page, interaction with our messages, and initiations of our study intake survey. FINDINGS Over 21 weeks, our Facebook page gained 429 followers, and Facebook users interacted with our social media messages 3,080 times. Compared to messages that described desirable study features, messages that described community involvement resulted in higher levels of online interaction. Social media and other recruitment approaches resulted in 225 people initiating our in-take survey, 9 enrolling in our pilot study, and 26 placing their names on a waiting list. CONCLUSIONS A standalone social media page highlighting community involvement shows promise for recruiting in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Vos
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Deanna Lee Sherman
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Delaney Bonds
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Bonnie Spring
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy E. Schoenberg
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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3
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Bobier C, Rodger D. Xenotransplantation Clinical Trials and Equitable Patient Selection. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37795637 DOI: 10.1017/s096318012300052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplant patient selection recommendations restrict clinical trial participation to seriously ill patients for whom alternative therapies are unavailable or who will likely die while waiting for an allotransplant. Despite a scholarly consensus that this is advisable, we propose to examine this restriction. We offer three lines of criticism: (1) The risk-benefit calculation may well be unfavorable for seriously ill patients and society; (2) the guidelines conflict with criteria for equitable patient selection; and (3) the selection of seriously ill patients may compromise informed consent. We conclude by highlighting how the current guidance reveals a tension between the societal values of justice and beneficence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bobier
- Department of Theology and Philosophy, Hendrickson Institute for Ethical Leadership, St. Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Rodger
- Operating Department Practice, Institute of Health and Social Care, School of Allied and Community Health, London South Bank University, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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Kraft SA, Russell H, Bensen JT, Bonini KE, Robinson JO, Sahin‐Hodoglugil N, Renna K, Hindorff LA, Kaufman D, Horowitz CR, Waltz M, Zepp JM, Knight SJ. Conducting clinical genomics research during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned from the CSER consortium experience. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:391-399. [PMID: 36341765 PMCID: PMC9839535 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical research studies have navigated many changes throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to describe the pandemic's impact on research operations in the context of a clinical genomics research consortium that aimed to enroll a majority of participants from underrepresented populations. We interviewed (July to November 2020) and surveyed (May to August 2021) representatives of six projects in the Clinical Sequencing Evidence-Generating Research (CSER) consortium, which studies the implementation of genome sequencing in the clinical care of patients from populations that are underrepresented in genomics research or are medically underserved. Questions focused on COVID's impact on participant recruitment, enrollment, and engagement, and the transition to teleresearch. Responses were combined and thematically analyzed. Projects described factors at the project, institutional, and community levels that affected their experiences. Project factors included the project's progress at the pandemic's onset, the urgency of in-person clinical care for the disease being studied, and the degree to which teleresearch procedures were already incorporated. Institutional and community factors included institutional guidance for research and clinical care and the burden of COVID on the local community. Overall, being responsive to community experiences and values was essential to how CSER navigated evolving challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Kraft
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric BioethicsSeattle Children′s Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Heidi Russell
- Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Jeannette T. Bensen
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of North Carolina‐Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Katherine E. Bonini
- Institute for Genomic HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jill O. Robinson
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health PolicyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Nuriye Sahin‐Hodoglugil
- Institute for Human GeneticsUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kathleen Renna
- Division of Genomic MedicineNational Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Division of Genomics and SocietyNational Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Lucia A. Hindorff
- Division of Genomic MedicineNational Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dave Kaufman
- Division of Genomics and SocietyNational Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Carol R. Horowitz
- Institute for Health Equity ResearchIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Margaret Waltz
- Department of Social MedicineUniversity of North Carolina‐Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jamilyn M. Zepp
- Department of Translational and Applied GenomicsCenter for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente NorthwestPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Sara J. Knight
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EpidemiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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Schmit C, Ajayi KV, Ferdinand AO, Giannouchos T, Ilangovan G, Nowell WB, Kum HC. Communicating With Patients About Software for Enhancing Privacy in Secondary Database Research Involving Record Linkage: Delphi Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e20783. [PMID: 33320097 PMCID: PMC7772068 DOI: 10.2196/20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is substantial prior research on the perspectives of patients on the use of health information for research. Numerous communication barriers challenge transparency between researchers and data participants in secondary database research (eg, waiver of informed consent and knowledge gaps). Individual concerns and misconceptions challenge the trust in researchers among patients despite efforts to protect data. Technical software used to protect research data can further complicate the public's understanding of research. For example, MiNDFIRL (Minimum Necessary Disclosure For Interactive Record Linkage) is a prototype software that can be used to enhance the confidentiality of data sets by restricting disclosures of identifying information during the record linkage process. However, software, such as MiNDFIRL, which is used to protect data, must overcome the aforementioned communication barriers. One proposed solution is the creation of an interactive web-based frequently asked question (FAQ) template that can be adapted and used to communicate research issues to data subjects. OBJECTIVE This study aims to improve communication with patients and transparency about how complex software, such as MiNDFIRL, is used to enhance privacy in secondary database studies to maintain the public's trust in researchers. METHODS A Delphi technique with 3 rounds of the survey was used to develop the FAQ document to communicate privacy issues related to a generic secondary database study using the MiNDFIRL software. The Delphi panel consisted of 38 patients with chronic health conditions. We revised the FAQ between Delphi rounds and provided participants with a summary of the feedback. We adopted a conservative consensus threshold of less than 10% negative feedback per FAQ section. RESULTS We developed a consensus language for 21 of the 24 FAQ sections. Participant feedback demonstrated preference differences (eg, brevity vs comprehensiveness). We adapted the final FAQ into an interactive web-based format that 94% (31/33) of the participants found helpful or very helpful. The template FAQ and MiNDFIRL source code are available on GitHub. The results indicate the following patient communication considerations: patients have diverse and varied preferences; the tone is important but challenging; and patients want information on security, identifiers, and final disposition of information. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide insights into what research-related information is useful to patients and how researchers can communicate such information. These findings align with the current understanding of health literacy and its challenges. Communication is essential to transparency and ethical data use, yet it is exceedingly challenging. Developing FAQ template language to accompany a complex software may enable researchers to provide greater transparency when informed consent is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cason Schmit
- Population Informatics Lab, Department of Health Policy & Management, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kobi V Ajayi
- Population Informatics Lab, Department of Health Policy & Management, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alva O Ferdinand
- Southwest Rural Health Research Center, Department of Health Policy & Management, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Theodoros Giannouchos
- Population Informatics Lab, Department of Health Policy & Management, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Gurudev Ilangovan
- Population Informatics Lab, Department of Health Policy & Management, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Hye-Chung Kum
- Population Informatics Lab, Department of Health Policy & Management, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States
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Abstract
This paper considers the moral status of bystanders affected by medical research trials. Recent proposals advocate a very low threshold of permissible risk imposition upon bystanders that is insensitive to the prospective benefits of the trial, in part because we typically lack bystanders' consent. I argue that the correct threshold of permissible risk will be sensitive to the prospective gains of the trial. I further argue that one does not always need a person's consent to expose her to significant risks of even serious harm for the sake of others. That we typically need the consent of participants is explained by the fact that trials risk harmfully using participants, which is very hard to justify without consent. Bystanders, in contrast, are harmed as a side-effect, which is easier to justify. I then consider whether the degree of risk that a trial may impose on a bystander is sensitive to whether she is a prospective beneficiary of that trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Frowe
- Department of Philosophy, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Eyal N. Study bystanders and ethical treatment of study participants-A proof of concept. Bioethics 2020; 34:941-947. [PMID: 33103813 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ethics of research on human subjects is often construed as a fine balance between the interests of patients in need of novel health interventions, and those of study participants who should remain safe in the process. But there is a third group in the mix. Some people belong to neither category, yet research can affect or jeopardize them. Call such people "bystanders." This article shows that thinking about bystander protection can question whether there is an upper limit on the risks that studies may legitimately visit upon their participants. Thus, thinking about appropriate bystander protection can shed light on the appropriate protection of study participants. Core research ethics, which focuses on the latter, must consider the former as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eyal
- Center for Population-Level Bioethics (IFH), Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy (SPH) and Department of Pilosophy (SAS), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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8
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Pung J, Rienhoff O. Key components and IT assistance of participant management in clinical research: a scoping review. JAMIA Open 2020; 3:449-458. [PMID: 33215078 PMCID: PMC7660951 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Managing participants and their data are fundamental for the success of a clinical trial. Our review identifies and describes processes that deal with management of trial participants and highlights information technology (IT) assistance for clinical research in the context of participant management. Methods A scoping literature review design, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement, was used to identify literature on trial participant-related proceedings, work procedures, or workflows, and assisting electronic systems. Results The literature search identified 1329 articles of which 111 were included for analysis. Participant-related procedures were categorized into 4 major trial processes: recruitment, obtaining informed consent, managing identities, and managing administrative data. Our results demonstrated that management of trial participants is considered in nearly every step of clinical trials, and that IT was successfully introduced to all participant-related areas of a clinical trial to facilitate processes. Discussion There is no precise definition of participant management, so a broad search strategy was necessary, resulting in a high number of articles that had to be excluded. Nevertheless, this review provides a comprehensive overview of participant management-related components, which was lacking so far. The review contributes to a better understanding of how computer-assisted management of participants in clinical trials is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pung
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Otto Rienhoff
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Gartel G, Scuderi H, Servay C. Implementation of Common Rule Changes to the Informed Consent Form: A Research Staff and Institutional Review Board Collaboration. Ochsner J 2020; 20:76-80. [PMID: 32284686 DOI: 10.31486/toj.19.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Common Rule, which governs federally funded clinical research involving human subjects, formally defines the requirements for institutional review board (IRB) membership, functions and operations, and review of research, as well as the requirements for obtaining informed consent from research participants. The revisions to the Common Rule effective in January 2019 changed some content requirements for informed consent forms. Methods: This article summarizes the history of informed consent requirements, the changes made to the requirements by the revision to the Common Rule, and the ways in which IRBs and research staff work together to develop informed consent forms that comply with the regulations and provide all the information potential research subjects need to decide whether to participate in a study. Results: Clinical research coordinators, under their investigators’ supervision, are responsible for ensuring that research consent forms comply with the requirements of the federal regulations and the institution. Many IRBs have provided education regarding these new requirements, as well as consent templates that contain all the required elements. To ensure that the Common Rule's requirements are met, the IRB reviews each study submission, including the consent form. The IRB panel makes revisions to the consent forms as needed and returns the approved consent form to the investigator and clinical research coordinator. Conclusion: Research coordinators play an essential role in developing consent forms and providing the required review information to the IRB. In turn, through optimizing and standardizing consent forms and ensuring that all requirements of the Common Rule are followed, IRBs ensure that the rights of participants are protected and upheld.
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10
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Abstract
Background: Before undertaking a research project, investigators must determine if the planned activity is human subjects research or a quality improvement project because specific regulations govern the conduct of human subjects research. Making this determination, however, can be confusing because human subjects research and quality improvement projects share similar characteristics. Methods: The definitions, questions, and examples provided in this article will help investigators decide between quality improvement projects and human subjects research or determine when to seek regulatory guidance. Results: While quality improvement and human subjects research are both rigorous processes and at times involve similar methods, the two types of studies have distinctly different overall aims. Quality improvement projects use data-driven methods to improve health delivery and quality. Such projects examine changes in human behavior and are largely experiential learning processes. Research is a systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. Conclusion: In most instances, the goals of human subjects research and quality improvement projects do not intersect, and quality improvement projects are generally not subject to US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulatory protections. However, some projects are both quality improvement and human subjects research, and sometimes, a quality improvement project develops into a human subjects research project. Investigators must be aware of the criteria defining human subjects research to ensure that HHS regulations for the protection of human subjects are applied when necessary.
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Walch-Patterson A. Exemptions and Limited Institutional Review Board Review: A Practical Look at the 2018 Common Rule Requirements for Exempt Research. Ochsner J 2020; 20:87-94. [PMID: 32284688 DOI: 10.31486/toj.19.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The revised Common Rule sought to modernize an outdated regulatory framework, provide clarity to the research community about the application of regulations, and reduce regulatory burden. From the advance notice of proposed rulemaking in 2011 to the implementation of the Final Rule, a significant amount of commentary and opinion was generated about the rules that govern most federally funded human subjects research. Methods: This article provides insight into the changes to the regulatory framework for low-risk research, clarifies when exemptions can be applied, and explains the use of limited institutional review board (IRB) review. Results: In attempting to fulfill the objectives of reducing regulatory burden, freeing IRB administrative resources, and protecting human subjects, the new regulations acknowledge low-risk research and privacy concerns, as well as the increased use of biospecimens. In the Final Rule, the Office for Human Research Protections updated the definition of human subject and expanded the exemption framework. The definition of human subject in the Final Rule includes biospecimens, and the new exemption framework includes expanded definitions, modifications to existing exemption categories, the creation of new categories, and the creation of a new concept called limited IRB review. The expanded exemption framework was designed to help alleviate the regulatory burdens of low-risk research. Conclusion: Whether the revised regulations will meet the needs of the research community and human subject participants is unknown. While the revised Common Rule includes some welcome modifications and additions, the changes have also introduced new concepts that are not fully elucidated and have therefore introduced new ambiguities.
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Abstract
Background: The 2018 revisions to the Common Rule that were effective in January 2019 introduced a new category of informed consent: broad consent. Methods: Investigators and institutional review board (IRB) members need to understand (1) what broad consent is, (2) the role of broad consent under the revised Common Rule, (3) how and when broad consent can be used, (4) exempt research categories that relate to broad consent, and (5) the scope of limited IRB review as it relates to broad consent. Results: Under the prior regulations, researchers had two consent options: obtain study-specific informed consent or request the IRB to waive the requirement to obtain informed consent. The revision to the Common Rule introduced the third option of broad consent, but its applicability is limited. Broad consent can only be used to obtain an individual's consent for the storage, maintenance, and secondary research use of identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens. The regulatory authority for broad consent is at 45 CFR §46.116(d). None of the required elements of broad consent can be omitted or altered because each element is considered essential. Broad consent shares many of the requirements for study-specific informed consent, but several elements are unique: a description of the types of secondary research that may be conducted; statements describing the private information or biospecimens that might be used in research, whether sharing of the information or biospecimens might occur, and the types of institutions or researchers that might conduct research with the information or biospecimens; information on how long the information or biospecimens may be stored, maintained, and used; a statement that subjects will or will not be informed of the details of any subsequent research; a statement that research results will or will not be disclosed to subjects; and contact information for obtaining answers to questions about the subjects' rights regarding storage and use of information or biospecimens and whom to contact regarding research-related harm. Conclusion: Broad consent provides flexibility that did not exist prior to the revision, giving researchers the option to obtain broad consent for the storage, maintenance, and secondary research use of identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens. With an understanding of the regulations, an investigator can plan how best to organize his or her research plan and decide whether to obtain study-specific informed consent, to apply for a waiver of consent, or to obtain broad consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Maloy
- Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research Management, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Pat F. Bass
- Office of Research, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
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13
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Abstract
Background: Institutional review boards (IRBs), duly constituted under the Office of Human Research Protection, have the federally mandated responsibility of reviewing research involving human subjects to ensure that a proposed protocol meets the appropriate ethical guidelines before subjects may be enrolled in any study. The road leading to the current regulations and ethical considerations has been long and checkered. Methods: This paper reviews the history of human subjects participating in research, including examples of egregious events, and the ethical analyses that precipitated the evolution of the mandated protections afforded participants in research under current federal regulations. Results: Key documents-from the Nuremberg Code in 1947 to the Belmont Report in 1978 to Moral Science: Protecting Participants in Human Subjects Research in 2011-that have informed the ethics debate regarding human subjects protection in research activities are presented in light of their historic significance, highlighting the complexity of the issues surrounding protection of human subjects in research. Conclusion: The examples from history and the scarcity of contemporary examples demonstrate that the regulations for the protection of humans participating in research have evolved in a way that minimizes the probability that subjects will be harmed when they choose to participate in research. The examples also reinforce the importance of individual responsibility. Failure of IRBs to provide appropriate review and oversight can lead to severe consequences, as can abrogation by the investigator to place the well-being of the subjects as the primary responsibility in any research protocol. Understanding how we arrived at the current approach and some of the failures that directed this course can support efforts to continually reevaluate and improve the safety of subjects who are willing to participate in research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. White
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA and The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA
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14
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Abstract
New advances in digital technologies and data-collection methods support expansion of the traditional research model in the current Digital Age. As researchers continue to explore ways to collect, manage, and share individual-level research study data, investigators must also acknowledge new ethical considerations that arise. To ensure protection of research participants, participants must remain a priority across the research continuum by researchers, institutional review boards, funding agencies, and consumers. Big data and data sharing also require additional investments and oversight to ensure proper management and, and even more important, protection of human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Mattos
- Acute and Specialty Care, University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer H Lingler
- Department of Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Bärnighausen T. Sex partners as bystanders in HIV prevention trials: Two test cases for research ethics. Clin Trials 2019; 16:455-457. [PMID: 31368799 DOI: 10.1177/1740774519865878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research involving human subjects can impose risk on some 'bystanders'- people who are not themselves research subjects but whom the study may affect. We examine the consequences of research for a particular category of bystanders - research subjects' sex partners - in trials testing interventions to reduce (1) HIV transmission (HIV treatment-as-prevention trials) and (2) HIV acquisition (HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis trials). Both types of trials provide useful test cases for assessing whether bystanders to research deserve special consideration in ethics reviews, and potentially some of the benefits and protections that research subjects receive. In HIV treatment-as-prevention trials, there are two groups of people who are alike in many important respects but treated very differently by research ethics: research subjects who contribute data on the primary endpoint of the trial (because some of them have sex with the people receiving the treatment conditions of the trials) - and bystanders who are not enrolled in the trials but who could have contributed primary endpoint data in the same way as the first group. In pre-exposure trials, the sex partners of people participating in pre-exposure prophylaxis trials are bystanders, even though they are necessary for the success of the trial. Research subjects' autonomy is fiercely protected by trial enrolment processes. Bystanders, by contrast, often have no choice but to be affected by the study, because of their relationship to a research subject. In HIV prevention trials, standing by can come with important risks, including the same ones on which the success of the research hinges. It is thus important to consider the ethical obligations to protect bystanders, and the related procedural responsibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Mattos MK, Sereika SM, Beach SR, Kim H, Klunk WE, Knox M, Nadkarni NK, Parker LS, Roberts JS, Schulz R, Tamres L, Lingler JH. Research Use of Ecological Momentary Assessment for Adverse Event Monitoring Following Amyloid-β Results Disclosure. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:1071-1079. [PMID: 31322563 PMCID: PMC6839594 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As calls for transparency in human subjects research grow, investigators conducting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker research are increasingly required to consider their ethical obligations regarding the return of AD biomarker test results to research participants. When disclosing these test results to potentially vulnerable participants, investigators may face unique challenges to identify adverse events, particularly psychological events. The purpose of this paper is to describe our research team’s experience with developing and implementing a process for enhanced adverse event monitoring following the return of amyloid-β (Aβ) imaging results to research participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Ethical and logistical considerations are presented along with preliminary findings from an ongoing randomized controlled trial of Aβ imaging results disclosure in MCI. Following receipt of amyloid imaging results, participants underwent 14 days of adverse event monitoring using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), a strategy to capture health, behaviors, and mood as they occur in participants’ natural settings in real time. EMA telephone calls were placed at random during waking hours to screen for mood changes. Investigators were alerted for positive depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation screenings, or for two days of failed call attempts. Preliminary feasibility of twenty-four participants with MCI who participated in EMA mood assessments was successfully completed 83% (SD = 0.4) of the time over 14 days with no alerts for anxiety or depression screening items. EMA, when used with standard adverse event monitoring, is a promising and novel approach to maximize early detection of negative psychological reactions following AD biomarker results disclosed in research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Mattos
- Acute and Specialty Care, University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Susan M Sereika
- Departments of Health and Community Systems, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Graduate School of Public Health and Clinical Translational Science Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott R Beach
- University Center for Social & Urban Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hyejin Kim
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa Knox
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neelesh K Nadkarni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa S Parker
- Center for Bioethics & Health Law, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard Schulz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, Sociology, Psychology, Community Health, Nursing, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; University Center for Social and Urban Research; Center for Caregiving Research, Policy and Training; Geriatric Education Center of Pennsylvania; Aging Institute of UPMC Senior Services, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Tamres
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer H Lingler
- Department of Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Greenblum J, Hubbard R. The common rule's 'reasonable person' standard for informed consent. Bioethics 2019; 33:274-277. [PMID: 30474124 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laura Odwazny and Benjamin Berkman have raised several challenges regarding the new reasonable person standard in the revised Common Rule, which states that informed consent requires potential research subjects be provided with information a reasonable person would want to know to make an informed decision on whether to participate in a study. Our aim is to offer a response to the challenges Odwazny and Berkman raise, which include the need for a reasonable person standard that can be applied consistently across institutional review boards and that does not stigmatize marginal groups. In response, we argue that the standard ought to be based in an ordinary rather than ideal person conception of reasonable person and that the standard ought to employ what we call a liberal constraint: the reasonability standard must be malleable enough such that a wide variety of individuals with different, unique value systems would endorse it. We conclude by suggesting some of the likely consequences our view would have, if adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Greenblum
- University Health System, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Ryan Hubbard
- Gulf Coast State College, Panama City, Florida, United States
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18
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Lee E. Our flawed approach to undue inducement in medical research. Bioethics 2019; 33:13-18. [PMID: 30014475 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Some worry that offering too much money to participate in medical research can seduce people into participating against their better judgment. These overly attractive offers that impair judgment are often referred to as 'undue inducements'. The current approach to prevent undue inducement is to limit the size of such offers. The hope is that smaller offers will not be attractive enough to impair judgment. Even if this is true, I argue that we should reject this solution. In Section 1, I go over the problem of undue inducement, and our current approach to preventing it, in more detail. In Section 2, I argue that, like money, therapeutic benefits of medical research may also unduly induce. In Section 3, I argue that the current approach to preventing undue inducement is absurd in the case of therapeutic inducements. In Section 4, I argue that our current approach is analogously problematic in the case of monetary inducements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lee
- Department of Philosophy, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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19
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Shepherd L, Macklin R. Erosion of informed consent in U.S. research. Bioethics 2019; 33:4-12. [PMID: 30474129 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates four recent randomized clinical trials in which the informed consent of participants was either not sought at all, or else was conducted with critical information missing from the consent documents. As these studies have been taking place, various proposals to conduct randomized clinical trials without consent have been appearing in the medical literature. Some of the explanations offered for why it is appropriate to bypass consent or disclosure requirements appear to represent a fundamental misunderstanding of applicable government regulations and even the research enterprise. Others are the result of conceptual disagreements about the importance and application of traditional research ethics norms to 'comparative effectiveness research' and modern research environments. Common among these explanations, however, is a failure to appreciate when a research intervention, rather than merely an observation or review of data, is taking place. Review committees and investigators are failing to see, or choosing to ignore, interventions in the lives of research subjects. When these studies have come to light, government agencies with oversight authority have done little or backed down. Prestigious medical journals have published research results knowing that the required consent was not obtained, or they have stood by the published studies even after the inadequacy of consent is discovered. This article critically examines this erosion of consent in theory and practice and calls for restoring the requirement of informed consent to its proper place as a priority in human subjects research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Shepherd
- Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ruth Macklin
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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20
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Abstract
It has been long recognized that sex-based biases related to participant inclusion exist in research. To help address inequities in research participation, the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act was passed into law in 1993. Although this act was primarily designed to increase inclusion of females and minorities in research funded by National Institutes of Health, it has also helped raise global awareness of the value of routinely including females and minority groups in research. Subsequent work has demonstrated a continued gap in inclusion of females in medical and surgical research and female animals and cell lines in basic science research. Hand surgeons have recognized that certain conditions have greater incidence in one sex over the other, but there has been no widespread discussion on whether, when, and how sex should be used as an outcomes variable. This review investigated the recent hand surgery literature to assess for equity in inclusion of both sexes in research as well as whether outcomes were analyzed based on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loree K Kalliainen
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Ian Wisecarver
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Allison Cummings
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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21
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Pang PCI, Chang S, Verspoor K, Clavisi O. The Use of Web-Based Technologies in Health Research Participation: Qualitative Study of Consumer and Researcher Experiences. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e12094. [PMID: 30377139 PMCID: PMC6234342 DOI: 10.2196/12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health consumers are often targeted for their involvement in health research including randomized controlled trials, focus groups, interviews, and surveys. However, as reported by many studies, recruitment and engagement of consumers in academic research remains challenging. In addition, there is scarce literature describing what consumers look for and want to achieve by participating in research. OBJECTIVE Understanding and responding to the needs of consumers is crucial to the success of health research projects. In this study, we aim to understand consumers' needs and investigate the opportunities for addressing these needs with Web-based technologies, particularly in the use of Web-based research registers and social networking sites (SNSs). METHODS We undertook a qualitative approach, interviewing both consumer and medical researchers in this study. With the help from an Australian-based organization supporting people with musculoskeletal conditions, we successfully interviewed 23 consumers and 10 researchers. All interviews were transcribed and analyzed with thematic analysis methodology. Data collection was stopped after the data themes reached saturation. RESULTS We found that consumers perceive research as a learning opportunity and, therefore, expect high research transparency and regular updates. They also consider the sources of the information about research projects, the trust between consumers and researchers, and the mobility of consumers before participating in any research. Researchers need to be aware of such needs when designing a campaign for recruitment for their studies. On the other hand, researchers have attempted to establish a rapport with consumer participants, design research for consumers' needs, and use technologies to reach out to consumers. A systematic approach to integrating a variety of technologies is needed. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the feedback from both consumers and researchers, we propose 3 future directions to use Web-based technologies for addressing consumers' needs and engaging with consumers in health research: (1) researchers can make use of consumer registers and Web-based research portals, (2) SNSs and new media should be frequently used as an aid, and (3) new technologies should be adopted to remotely collect data and reduce administrative work for obtaining consumers' consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cheong-Iao Pang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shanton Chang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Karin Verspoor
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ornella Clavisi
- Musculoskeletal Australia, Elsternwick, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Musculoskeletal Trials Network, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Lee S, Kim WJ, Jeon Y, Lim CH, Sun K. Specification of Subject Sex in Oncology-Related Animal Studies. Acute Crit Care 2018; 33:178-184. [PMID: 31723882 PMCID: PMC6786696 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2017.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence for clinically significant differences between the sexes has attracted the attention of researchers. However, failures to report a test animal sex and balance the sex ratios of study samples remain widespread in preclinical investigations. We analyzed the sex-reporting rate and sex distributions of test animals in published oncology studies. Methods We selected five oncology journals included in the Scientific Citation Index (SCI) based on impact factors. We identified preclinical investigations with in vivo mouse experiments published in 2015 for inclusion in our study sample. We classified each article by whether or not it reported test subject sex, and by which sex was included. We also recorded whether there were justifications for using one particular sex in single-sex studies (e.g., anatomical reasons) and whether sex-based analyses were conducted for both-sex studies. Results We surveyed a total of 382 articles. Half (50.3%) failed to report test animal sex. Among articles that did report sex, 91.7% were single-sex studies, of which 69.4% did not provide any justifications for using the sex included in the study. Relatively few studies 15.7 studies included animals of both sexes, and only 2.3 studies conducted sex-based analyses. These findings are consistent with those of previous research that used other methods to collect data from the literature such as text mining, but our analysis of the provision of justifications for using one sex versus the other is a novel feature. Conclusions Many researchers overlook test subject sex as a factor, but test animal sex should be reported in all preclinical investigations to enhance the reproducibility of research and avoid faulty conclusions drawn from one-sided studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyo Lee
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jun Kim
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Jeon
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Hak Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Sun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Korea
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23
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Andriessen K, Krysinska K, Draper B, Dudley M, Mitchell PB. Harmful or Helpful? A Systematic Review of How Those Bereaved Through Suicide Experience Research Participation. Crisis 2018; 39:364-376. [PMID: 29618271 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the bereaved through suicide are interested in participating in postvention studies. However, there is a contradiction between the positive experiences of research participation and concerns raised by ethical boards. AIMS To review studies on the experience of research participation by those bereaved through suicide, including initial contact with the study and its short- and long-term impacts. METHOD Systematic searches in Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, as well as Google Scholar identified 12 papers reporting on 11 studies. RESULTS The majority (73-100%) of study participants evaluated participation positively, and would recommend it to others (90-100%), as it was related to altruism, social support, and personal growth. A minority experienced participation as negative (2-10%) or upsetting (5-22%) due to feelings of guilt or painful memories. However, having a painful experience does not preclude seeing it as helpful. LIMITATIONS Most studies concerned face-to-face psychological autopsy studies, and only two studies included a control group. CONCLUSION Research applying standardized measures may enhance our understanding of the factors germane to (non-)participation and to the likelihood of a positive/negative research experience. Vigilant recruitment and providing optimum care for participants are indicated. Further research may continue to improve participant safety and the research design of suicide bereavement studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Andriessen
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Karolina Krysinska
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Draper
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Dudley
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Conducting research with dying persons can be controversial and challenging due to concerns for the vulnerability of the dying and the potential burden on those who participate with the possibility of little benefit. AIM To conduct an integrative review to answer the question 'What are dying persons' perspectives or experiences of participating in research? DESIGN A structured integrative review of the empirical literature was undertaken. DATA SOURCES Cumulative Index Nursing and Allied Health Complete, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Informit and Embase databases were searched for the empirical literature published since inception of the databases until February 2017. RESULTS From 2369 references, 10 papers were included in the review. Six were qualitative studies, and the remaining four were quantitative. Analysis revealed four themes: value of research, desire to help, expression of self and participation preferences. Dying persons value research participation, regarding their contribution as important, particularly if it provides an opportunity to help others. Participants perceived that the potential benefits of research can and should be measured in ways other than life prolongation or cure. Willingness to participate is influenced by study type or feature and degree of inconvenience. CONCLUSION Understanding dying persons' perspectives of research participation will enhance future care of dying persons. It is essential that researchers do not exclude dying persons from clinically relevant research due to their prognosis, fear or burden or perceived vulnerability. The dying should be afforded the opportunity to participate in research with the knowledge it may contribute to science and understanding and improve the care and treatment of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Bloomer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery and Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison M Hutchinson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery and Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Brooks
- School of Nursing and Midwifery and Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mari Botti
- School of Nursing and Midwifery and Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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25
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Iafrate RP, Lipori GP, Harle CA, Nelson DR, Barnash TJ, Leebove PT, Adams KA, Montgomery D. Consent2Share: an integrated broad consenting process for re-contacting potential study subjects. J Clin Transl Res 2016; 2:113-122. [PMID: 30873469 PMCID: PMC6410634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Obtaining sufficient subjects into research studies is an ongoing barrier to conducting clinical research. Privacy rules add to the complexity of identifying qualified study subjects. The process described facilitates consent of patients coming to their clinically scheduled appointments who are asked to consent to having researchers review their electronic medical records (EHR), and if they meet study criteria for future research, being contacted by those researchers and asked if they wish to be involved in a research project. Methods: An interdisciplinary group representing the Institutional Review Board (IRB), Information Technology (IT), Hospital, University and Research developed an initial paper then electronic method to consent all patients attending a medical subspecialty clinic. All consent data are integrated to the EHR to facilitate linking to clinical information. Results: Although the paper consenting method resulted in over an 80% "yes" rate of consent, it was complicated by significant procedural challenges which prevented scalability. Revising the process has resulted in nearly 28,000 patients consenting in a 3 year period and in 20 IRB approved protocols using subjects who agreed to Consent2Share. Conclusions: A multi-disciplinary effort is essential to develop a successful electronic based, integrated process to assist investigators and patients to facilitate study subject accrual. Relevance for patients: Consent2Share more efficiently assists researchers in identifying and contacting potential study subjects that meet entrance criteria. The process provides a model to comply with the proposed Notice of Public Rule Making (NPRM) where institutions will be strongly encouraged to develop broad research consent procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peter Iafrate
- Institutional Review Board, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Gloria P Lipori
- Operational Planning & Analysis, University of Florida Health and University of Florida Health Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Christopher A Harle
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Timothy J Barnash
- Practice Management Applications, UF Health Physicians, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Patricia T Leebove
- Medical Specialties and Transplant Clinic, UF Health Physicians, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Kathleen A Adams
- Medical Specialties and Transplant Clinic, UF Health Physicians, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Debbi Montgomery
- Information Technology, UF Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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26
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Martinsen EMH, Leiten EO, Bakke PS, Eagan TML, Grønseth R. Participation in research bronchoscopy: a literature review. Eur Clin Respir J 2016; 3:29511. [PMID: 26847517 PMCID: PMC4742466 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v3.29511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchoscopy is the preferred method for collecting biological samples from the lower airways of subjects in clinical research. However, ensuring participation in clinical research can be challenging when the research includes an invasive procedure. For this report we reviewed the literature to look for information on participation in research bronchoscopy studies to better design our own study, the Bergen COPD Microbiome study (MicroCOPD). We performed a systematic literature search on participation in research bronchoscopy studies in February 2014 using the search engines of PubMed and EMBASE. The literature search resulted in seven relevant papers. Motivation was an end point in six of the seven papers, but reasons for declining participation and recruitment strategies also seemed important. Human subjects participate in research bronchoscopy studies for personal benefit and altruistic reasons. Inconvenience associated with research, in addition to fear of procedures, is considered a barrier. Radio, especially news stations, generated the most inquiries for a clinical study involving bronchoscopy. There is a lack of information on participation in research bronchoscopy studies in the literature. A bronchoscopy study has been initiated at Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, to examine the role of the microbiome in COPD, and participation will be explored as a substudy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Per Sigvald Bakke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikal Lind Eagan
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune Grønseth
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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27
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Fiscella K, Tobin JN, Carroll JK, He H, Ogedegbe G. Ethical oversight in quality improvement and quality improvement research: new approaches to promote a learning health care system. BMC Med Ethics 2015; 16:63. [PMID: 26383770 PMCID: PMC4574354 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-015-0056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutional review boards (IRBs) distinguish health care quality improvement (QI) and health care quality improvement research (QIR) based primarily on the rigor of the methods used and the purported generalizability of the knowledge gained. Neither of these criteria holds up upon scrutiny. Rather, this apparently false dichotomy may foster under-protection of participants in QI projects and over-protection of participants within QIR. DISCUSSION Minimal risk projects should entail minimal oversight including waivers for informed consent for both QI and QIR projects. Minimizing the burdens of conducting QIR, while ensuring minimal safeguards for QI projects, is needed to restore this imbalance in oversight. Potentially, such ethical oversight could be provided by the integration of Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Ethical Committees, using a more integrated and streamlined approach such as a two-step process involving a screening review, followed by a review by committee trained in QIR. Standards for such ethical review and training in these standards, coupled with rapid review cycles, could facilitate an appropriate level of oversight within the context of creating and sustaining learning health care systems. We argue that QI and QIR are not reliably distinguishable. We advocate for approaches that improve protections for QI participants while minimizing over-protection for participants in QIR through reasonable ethical oversight that aligns risk to participants in both QI and QIR with the needs of a learning health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fiscella
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA.
- Family Medicine Research, 1381 South Ave, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Jonathan N Tobin
- Clinical Directors Network (CDN), New York, NY, USA.
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
- The Rockefeller University Center for Clinical and Translational Science, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Hua He
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Gbenga Ogedegbe
- Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Abstract
The Bereavement Program at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center was established in 2005. The program makes contact with the next of kin on 4 occasions postnotification of death. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate program effectiveness for those individuals who we successfully made contact with on all 4 occasions (N = 39). At 12 months postnotification, the majority viewed the NIH as a source of support (56%), and the frequency of positive emotional ratings increased (59%). There are limitations to this analysis, and biases may be present. In sum, this analysis serves as an example of a successful hospital-based bereavement program that enrolls patients who have been treated at the institution in any capacity who are also patients enrolled in institutional review board-approved research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Lynes
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jayne Phillips
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Keane
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danetta Sloan
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann Berger
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Sofaer N. Reciprocity-based reasons for benefiting research participants: most fail, the most plausible is problematic. Bioethics 2014; 28:456-71. [PMID: 24602060 PMCID: PMC4240465 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A common reason for giving research participants post-trial access (PTA) to the trial intervention appeals to reciprocity, the principle, stated most generally, that if one person benefits a second, the second should reciprocate: benefit the first in return. Many authors consider it obvious that reciprocity supports PTA. Yet their reciprocity principles differ, with many authors apparently unaware of alternative versions. This article is the first to gather the range of reciprocity principles. It finds that: (1) most are false. (2) The most plausible principle, which is also problematic, applies only when participants experience significant net risks or burdens. (3) Seldom does reciprocity support PTA for participants or give researchers stronger reason to benefit participants than equally needy non-participants. (4) Reciprocity fails to explain the common view that it is bad when participants in a successful trial have benefited from the trial intervention but lack PTA to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Sofaer
- King's College London, Centre of Medical Law and Ethics, The Dickson Poon School of Law, StrandLondon WC2R 2LS, UK
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31
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Abstract
In 2005, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research /National Institutes of Health funded the largest initiative to date to affect change in the delivery of oral care. This commentary provides the background for the first study related to periodontics in a Practice Based Research Network (PBRN). It was conducted in the Practitioners Engaged in Applied Research & Learning (PEARL) Network. The PEARL Network is headquartered at New York University College of Dentistry. The basic tenet of the PBRN initiative is to engage clinicians to participate in clinical studies, where they will be more likely to accept the results and to incorporate the findings into their practices. This process may reduce the translational gap that exists between new findings and the time it takes for them to be incorporated into clinical practice. The cornerstone of the PBRN studies is to conduct comparative effectiveness research studies to disseminate findings to the profession and improve care. This is particularly important because the majority of dentists practice independently. Having practitioners generate clinical data allows them to contribute in the process of knowledge development and incorporate the results in their practice to assist in closing the translational gap. With the advent of electronic health systems on the horizon, dentistry may be brought into the mainstream health care paradigm and the PBRN concept can serve as the skeletal framework for advancing the profession provided there is consensus on the terminology used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Curro
- Practitioners Engaged in Applied Research & Learning (PEARL) Network, Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine, and Radiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | | | - Ashley Grill
- Department of Dental Hygiene, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY
- PEARL Network, Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Dentistry, New York University
| | - Don Vena
- PEARL Network, EMMES Corporation, Rockville, MD
| | - Louis Terracio
- PEARL Network, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University
| | - Frederick Naftolin
- PEARL Network, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, New York University
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Ruiz-Canela M, Burgo CLD, Carlos S, Calatrava M, Beltramo C, Osorio A, de Irala J. Observational research with adolescents: a framework for the management of the parental permission. BMC Med Ethics 2013; 14:2. [PMID: 23286743 PMCID: PMC3585740 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-14-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waiving parent permission can be an option in some epidemiological and social research with adolescents. However, exemptions have not been uniformly considered or applied. Our aim is to critically assess the different factors that could be taken into account when making decisions about waiving active parental permission in observational research with adolescents. DISCUSSION In some cases alternatives to parental permission could be applied to protect the rights of both adolescents and parents and also to assure the benefits to adolescents as a group that can come from appropriately conducted studies. However, the criteria of ensuring minimal risk can be difficult to define and apply and a distinction between harm and discomfort is reviewed. Waiving active parental permission could be acceptable when the risk of harm is minimal; when the research questions are related to an activity for which adolescents are not legally considered to be children; when the risk of harm or discomfort may increase if parental permission is required; and when risk of discomfort is low because the questionnaire is not potentially offensive for some adolescents and/or for some parents. SUMMARY Stringent rules concerning parental permission in some studies could be detrimental to adolescents. A framework and a decision tree guide are proposed to help researchers and Research Ethics Committees in their decisions on whether active parental permission must be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Humanities, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lopez-del Burgo
- Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Carlos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Calatrava
- Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Beltramo
- Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Osorio
- Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Education, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jokin de Irala
- Institute for Culture and Society, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Optimal treatment decisions in children require sufficient evidence on the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals in pediatric patients. However, there is concern that not enough trials are conducted in children and that pediatric trials differ from those performed in adults. Our objective was to measure the prevalence of pediatric studies among clinical drug trials and compare trial characteristics and quality indicators between pediatric and adult drug trials. METHODS For conditions representing a high burden of pediatric disease, we identified all drug trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with start dates between 2006 and 2011 and tracked the resulting publications. We measured the proportion of pediatric trials and subjects for each condition and compared pediatric and adult trial characteristics and quality indicators. RESULTS For the conditions selected, 59.9% of the disease burden was attributable to children, but only 12.0% (292/2440) of trials were pediatric (P < .001). Among pediatric trials, 58.6% were conducted without industry funding compared with 35.0% of adult trials (P < .001). Fewer pediatric compared with adult randomized trials examined safety outcomes (10.1% vs 16.9%, P = .008). Pediatric randomized trials were slightly more likely to be appropriately registered before study start (46.9% vs 39.3%, P = .04) and had a modestly higher probability of publication in the examined time frame (32.8% vs 23.2%, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS There is substantial discrepancy between pediatric burden of disease and the amount of clinical trial research devoted to pediatric populations. This may be related in part to trial funding, with pediatric trials relying primarily on government and nonprofit organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence T. Bourgeois
- Division of Emergency Medicine and,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catia Pinto
- Public Health Unit, North Lisbon Healthcare Centers, Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Karen L. Olson
- Division of Emergency Medicine and,Children’s Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John P.A. Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, and,Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kenneth D. Mandl
- Division of Emergency Medicine and,Children’s Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lee R, Lampert S, Wilder L, Sowell AL. Subjects agree to participate in environmental health studies without fully comprehending the associated risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8:830-41. [PMID: 21556181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8030830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in environmental health research have greatly improved our ability to measure and quantify how individuals are exposed. These advances, however, bring bioethical uncertainties and potential risks that individuals should be aware of before consenting to participate. This study assessed how well participants from two environmental health studies comprehended consent form material. After signing the consent form, participants were asked to complete a comprehension assessment tool. The tool measured whether participants could recognize or recall six elements of the consent form they had just reviewed. Additional data were collected to look for differences in comprehension by gender, age, race, and the time spent reading the original consent form. Seventy-three participants completed a comprehension assessment tool. Scores ranged from 1.91 to 6.00 (mean = 4.66); only three people had perfect comprehension scores. Among the least comprehended material were questions on study-related risks. Overall, 53% of participants were not aware of two or more study-related risks. As environmental public health studies pose uncertainties and potential risks, researchers need to do more to assess participants’ understanding before assuming that individuals have given their ‘informed’ consent.
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Johnson SB, Baughcum AE, Rafkin-Mervis LE, Schatz DA. Participant and parent experiences in the oral insulin study of the Diabetes Prevention Trial for Type 1 Diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10:177-83. [PMID: 18823410 PMCID: PMC4206940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the experiences of participants and parents of children in the oral insulin study of the Diabetes Prevention Trial - Type 1. METHOD Before trial results were publicized, surveys were completed by 124 participants and 219 parents of children in the oral trial. RESULTS Although most of those surveyed were positive about the trial, survey results suggest that participant perspective (adult, child, parent, and gender), study procedures, and beliefs about placebo vs. active drug assignment have important implications for planning future clinical trials. Parents and children reported greater distress, worry, and difficulty making the decision to join the trial compared with adult participants. Mothers and female participants were particularly interested in additional psychosocial support during the study. Random assignment was viewed negatively by both parents and children, and close observation for diabetes onset was viewed as the most favorable aspect of the study. Adherence to study procedures declined over time and behaviors outside the study protocol to prevent/delay diabetes onset were common, particularly among those who believed the participant was taking a placebo. Children and respondents who believed that the participant was taking the active drug expressed confidence in oral insulin's ability to delay or prevent type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Although most participants were positive about the trial and many expressed optimism about the intervention's potential for success, future trials need to address negative reactions to random assignment, the unique concerns of children and their parents, declining adherence, and behaviors - external to the trial - designed to delay or prevent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bennett Johnson
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 2306-4300, USA.
| | - Amy E Baughcum
- Department of Psychology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa E Rafkin-Mervis
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute, University of Miami Medical School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Desmond A Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Lampkin A, Yancey A, Wilson C, Fraser GE. Regional differences in attitudes that may affect health behavior and willingness to participate in research among Black Seventh-day Adventists. Ethn Dis 2009; 19:439-446. [PMID: 20073146 PMCID: PMC3433048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the attitudes and perceptions of Black Seventh-day Adventists regarding health research and the healthcare system in two regions of the United States. DESIGN Church members were selected from those who participated in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) and those who chose not to participate. Participants were selected from two regions of the United States. SETTING Participants were interviewed in their churches, in their homes, and in the research study office at Loma Linda University. Interviews were done in the Western and Southern regions of the United States. PARTICIPANTS 384 Black Seventh-day Adventists, aged >30 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Responses to the structured interviews from those in the Western region were compared to those in the Southern region. RESULTS Those in the Southern region included more elderly subjects; they were more likely to own their home despite earning less; and were more likely to be married. Compared to the Western region participants, we found Southern participants to have greater participation in church activities, greater mistrust of the healthcare system and particular concerns about racial inequalities in care. In contrast, they also reported more positive experiences with their personal healthcare provider than Western participants. Southerners felt that they had greater control over their own health, perhaps in part due to a greater identification with the health teachings of the Adventist church. CONCLUSIONS A number of clear differences were found between Black Adventist subjects living in either the Western or Southern regions of the United States. These factors should be considered carefully when planning the promotion for a research study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Lampkin
- School of Religion, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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Quigley M. Non-human primates: the appropriate subjects of biomedical research? J Med Ethics 2007; 33:655-8. [PMID: 17971469 PMCID: PMC2598095 DOI: 10.1136/jme.2007.020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Following the publication of the Weatherall report on the use of non-human primates in research, this paper reflects on how to provide appropriate and ethical models for research beneficial to humankind. Two of the main justifications for the use of non-human primates in biomedical research are analysed. These are the "least-harm/greatest-good" argument and the "capacity" argument. This paper argues that these are equally applicable when considering whether humans are appropriate subjects of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muireann Quigley
- Muireann Quigley, Rm 2.07 Williamson Building, School of Law, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL.
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MacNeil SD, Fernandez CV. Attitudes of research ethics board chairs towards disclosure of research results to participants: results of a national survey. J Med Ethics 2007; 33:549-53. [PMID: 17761827 PMCID: PMC2598188 DOI: 10.1136/jme.2006.017129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The offer of aggregate study results to research participants following study completion is increasingly accepted as a means of demonstrating greater respect for participants. The attitudes of research ethics board (REB) chairs towards this practice, although integral to policy development, are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the attitudes of REB chairs and the practices of REBs with respect to disclosure of results to research participants. DESIGN A postal questionnaire was distributed to the chairs of English-language university-based REBs in Canada. In total, 88 REB chairs were eligible. The questionnaire examined respondents' attitudes towards offering participants completed study results, methods for delivering this information, and barriers to disclosing results. FINDINGS The response rate was 89.8%. Chairs were highly supportive (94.8%) of offering results to research participants. Only 19.5% of chairs responded that a policy or guideline that governed the return of research results to participants existed at their institution. Most chairs (72.0%) supported the idea of their REB instituting a set of guidelines recommending that researchers offer results to participants in a lay format. Chairs identified the major impediments to the implementation of programmes offering to return results to participants as being financial cost (57.5%) and retaining contact with research participants (78.1%). CONCLUSIONS University-based REB chairs overwhelmingly support the offer of research results to participants. This is incongruent with the frequent lack of existing REB guidelines recommending this practice. REBs should support guidelines that diminish identified barriers and promote consistency in offering to return results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Internet is frequently used as a tool to recruit research subjects, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides general guidance regarding such advertising. The goal of this study was to explore the incidence and nature of ethically inappropriate recruiting advertisements on the Internet and to provide descriptive guidance to researchers for responsible Internet recruiting. METHODS In this study, 119 advertisements recruiting health volunteers and listed on the CenterWatch Clinical Trials Listing Service website were reviewed for content as well as text style and visual effects. RESULTS The majority of advertisements satisfied FDA guidance. However, 21 (18%) were ethically troubling with regard to font size, font style, and/or verbiage. In many advertisements, it was unclear if "medication" meant "investigational drug," "over-the-counter medication" or US FDA approved "prescription medication." Nearly 30% of the 119 advertisements used the terms "free," "no charge" or "no cost" as lures. CONCLUSION Ethically problematic recruiting advertisements can be coercive and misleading. Descriptive guidance provided in this paper can help clinical researchers create ethically appropriate recruiting advertisements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Bramstedt
- Bioethics Department, General Clinical Research Center, Research Subject Advocate Program, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Ave, Mailcode JJ-60, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about assent or dissent of children to non-therapeutic research is poor. OBJECTIVES To assess sociodemographic characteristics in healthy children and adolescents who were invited to participate in non-therapeutic research, to evaluate their motives for assent or dissent and their understanding of the information given. METHODS A total of 1281 healthy children and adolescents six to sixteen years of age were invited to participate in a non-therapeutic study and a questionnaire. RESULTS Assenting children were motivated by a desire to help sick children (n = 638, 98%) and to gain experience with participating in a research study (n = 503, 82%). Dissenting children made their decision because of worries about having a blood (n = 193, 46%) or a urine sample (n = 94, 26%) taken or because of worries about a doctor's examination (n = 136, 33%). Fewer children in the assent group (n = 166, 25%) than in the dissent group (136, 33%) worried about the doctor's examination (p = 0.01). In the assent and dissent group, 568 (86%) and 343 (85%) children, respectively, said they were able to understand some or all of the written information (p = 0.42), and 650 (97%) and 330 (98%), respectively, were able to understand some or all of the verbal information (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Sociodemographic characteristics may not influence healthy children's decision to volunteer for non-therapeutic research. Assenting children have altruistic and educational motives, whereas worries about procedures may cause children to dissent. A great majority of school children and adolescents feel capable of understanding and giving assent or dissent to non-therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Wolthers
- Children's Clinic Randers, Dytmaersken 9, DK-8900 Randers, Denmark.
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Abstract
This paper concerns the use of the Internet in the research process, from identifying research issues through qualitative research, through using the Web for surveys and clinical trials, to pre-publishing and publishing research results. Material published on the Internet may be a valuable resource for researchers desiring to understand people and the social and cultural contexts within which they live outside of experimental settings, with due emphasis on the interpretations, experiences, and views of 'real world' people. Reviews of information posted by consumers on the Internet may help to identify health beliefs, common topics, motives, information, and emotional needs of patients, and point to areas where research is needed. The Internet can further be used for survey research. Internet-based surveys may be conducted by means of interactive interviews or by questionnaires designed for self-completion. Electronic one-to-one interviews can be conducted via e-mail or using chat rooms. Questionnaires can be administered by e-mail (e.g. using mailing lists), by posting to newsgroups, and on the Web using fill-in forms. In "open" web-based surveys, selection bias occurs due to the non-representative nature of the Internet population, and (more importantly) through self-selection of participants, i.e. the non-representative nature of respondents, also called the 'volunteer effect'. A synopsis of important techniques and tips for implementing Web-based surveys is given. Ethical issues involved in any type of online research are discussed. Internet addresses for finding methods and protocols are provided. The Web is also being used to assist in the identification and conduction of clinical trials. For example, the web can be used by researchers doing a systematic review who are looking for unpublished trials. Finally, the web is used for two distinct types of electronic publication. Type 1 publication is unrefereed publication of protocols or work in progress (a 'post-publication' peer review process may take place), whereas Type 2 publication is peer-reviewed and will ordinarily take place in online journals.
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