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Liu Y, Li T, Zhu H, Cao L, Liang L, Liu D, Shen Q. Methionine inducing carbohydrate esterase secretion of Trichoderma harzianum enhances the accessibility of substrate glycosidic bonds. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:120. [PMID: 38664812 PMCID: PMC11046756 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of plant biomass into biochemicals is a promising way to alleviate energy shortage, which depends on efficient microbial saccharification and cellular metabolism. Trichoderma spp. have plentiful CAZymes systems that can utilize all-components of lignocellulose. Acetylation of polysaccharides causes nanostructure densification and hydrophobicity enhancement, which is an obstacle for glycoside hydrolases to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds. The improvement of deacetylation ability can effectively release the potential for polysaccharide degradation. RESULTS Ammonium sulfate addition facilitated the deacetylation of xylan by inducing the up-regulation of multiple carbohydrate esterases (CE3/CE4/CE15/CE16) of Trichoderma harzianum. Mainly, the pathway of ammonium-sulfate's cellular assimilates inducing up-regulation of the deacetylase gene (Thce3) was revealed. The intracellular metabolite changes were revealed through metabonomic analysis. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing identified a novel differentially methylated region (DMR) that existed in the ThgsfR2 promoter, and the DMR was closely related to lignocellulolytic response. ThGsfR2 was identified as a negative regulatory factor of Thce3, and methylation in ThgsfR2 promoter released the expression of Thce3. The up-regulation of CEs facilitated the substrate deacetylation. CONCLUSION Ammonium sulfate increased the polysaccharide deacetylation capacity by inducing the up-regulation of multiple carbohydrate esterases of T. harzianum, which removed the spatial barrier of the glycosidic bond and improved hydrophilicity, and ultimately increased the accessibility of glycosidic bond to glycoside hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Li
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Cao
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lebin Liang
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Fagheei Aghmiyuni Z, Saderi H, Owlia P, Saidi N. Evaluation of the Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 Bacteriocin against Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Res Int 2024; 2024:4119960. [PMID: 38559901 PMCID: PMC10980545 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4119960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus acidophilus is lactic acid bacteria that produce bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins that exhibit activity against closely related bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 bacteriocin against Staphylococcus aureus. Material and Methods. We used four different phenotypic methods for antimicrobial activities against two standard strains: methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591 and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC 25923. The methods were (1) agar well diffusion, (2) overlay soft agar, (3) paper disk, and (4) modification of punch hole. The ammonium sulfate method was used to concentrate crude bacteriocin, and ultrafiltration and dialysis tubes were used to remove ammonium sulfate from the bacteriocins. Each method was repeated in triplicate. Result L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 showed antimicrobial activity against both MRSA and MSSA standard strains only by the overlay soft agar method and not by the agar well diffusion, punch hole modification, and paper disk methods. No antimicrobial effects were observed in crude bacteriocins concentrated. Conclusion The growth inhibition of S. aureus in overlay soft agar method may be due to the production of bacteriocin-like substances. The overlay soft agar method is a qualitative test, so there is a need for further study to optimize the conditions for the production of bacteriocin-like substances in the culture supernatant and precise comparison between the inhibitory activity and pheromone secretion of different strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Horieh Saderi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Owlia
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Saidi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Yao F, Yuan K, Zhou W, Tang W, Tang T, Yang X, Liu H, Li F, Xu Q, Peng C. Unlocking growth potential in Halomonas bluephagenesis for enhanced PHA production with sulfate ions. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuae013. [PMID: 38632039 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The mutant strain Halomonas bluephagenesis (TDH4A1B5P) was found to produce PHA under low-salt, non-sterile conditions, but the yield was low. To improve the yield, different nitrogen sources were tested. It was discovered that urea was the most effective nitrogen source for promoting growth during the stable stage, while ammonium sulfate was used during the logarithmic stage. The growth time of H. bluephagenesis (TDH4A1B5P) and its PHA content were significantly prolonged by the presence of sulfate ions. After 64 hr in a 5-L bioreactor supplemented with sulfate ions, the dry cell weight (DCW) of H. bluephagenesis weighed 132 g/L and had a PHA content of 82%. To promote the growth and PHA accumulation of H. bluephagenesis (TDH4A1B5P), a feeding regimen supplemented with nitrogen sources and sulfate ions with ammonium sodium sulfate was established in this study. The DCW was 124 g/L, and the PHA content accounted for 82.3% (w/w) of the DCW, resulting in a PHA yield of 101 g/L in a 30-L bioreactor using the optimized culture strategy. In conclusion, stimulating H. bluephagenesis (TDH4A1B5P) to produce PHA is a feasible and suitable strategy for all H. bluephagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Yao
- School of food science and pharmaceutical engineering, Nanjing Normal University (NNU), Nanjing, 210023, China
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
- COFCO Bio-Chemical Energy (Yushu) Co., Ltd., COFCO Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130400, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
- COFCO Bio-Chemical Energy (Yushu) Co., Ltd., COFCO Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130400, China
| | - Weitao Tang
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
- COFCO Bio-Chemical Energy (Yushu) Co., Ltd., COFCO Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130400, China
| | - Tang Tang
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
- COFCO Bio-Chemical Energy (Yushu) Co., Ltd., COFCO Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130400, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
- COFCO Bio-Chemical Energy (Yushu) Co., Ltd., COFCO Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130400, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
- COFCO Bio-Chemical Energy (Yushu) Co., Ltd., COFCO Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130400, China
| | - Fangliang Li
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
- COFCO Bio-Chemical Energy (Yushu) Co., Ltd., COFCO Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130400, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of food science and pharmaceutical engineering, Nanjing Normal University (NNU), Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Biotechnology Center, COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102209, China
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Xie W, Li X, Xu H, Chen F, Cheng KW, Liu H, Liu B. Optimization of Heterotrophic Culture Conditions for the Microalgae Euglena gracilis to Produce Proteins. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:519. [PMID: 37888454 PMCID: PMC10608195 DOI: 10.3390/md21100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is one of the few permitted edible microalgae. Considering consumer acceptance, E. gracilis grown heterotrophically with yellow appearances have wider food industrial applications such as producing meat analogs than green cells. However, there is much room to improve the protein content of heterotrophic culture cells. In this study, the effects of nitrogen sources, temperature, initial pH, and C/N ratios on the protein production of E. gracilis were evaluated under heterotrophic cultivation. These results indicated that ammonium sulfate was the optimal nitrogen source for protein production. The protein content of E. gracilis cultured by ammonium sulfate increased by 113% and 44.7% compared with that cultured by yeast extract and monosodium glutamate, respectively. The manipulation of the low C/N ratio further improved E. gracilis protein content to 66.10% (w/w), which was 1.6-fold of that in the C/N = 25 group. Additionally, amino acid analysis revealed that the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (NTP) could be affected by nitrogen sources. A superior essential amino acid index (EAAI) of 1.62 and a balanced amino acid profile further confirmed the high nutritional value of E. gracilis protein fed by ammonium sulfate. This study highlighted the vast potency of heterotrophic cultured E. gracilis as an alternative dietary protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Xie
- SZU-HKUST Joint Ph.D. Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China (H.X.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Huo Xu
- SZU-HKUST Joint Ph.D. Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China (H.X.)
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science & Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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Kamzolova SV, Lunina JN, Samoilenko VA, Morgunov IG. Effect of Nitrogen Concentration on the Biosynthesis of Citric Acid, Protein, and Lipids in the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101421. [PMID: 36291630 PMCID: PMC9599220 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica yeast is well known to be able to synthesize citric acid (CA) in large amounts. This study deals with CA biosynthesis, the production of biomass, as well as the accumulation and composition of proteins and lipids in Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 grown in media with glucose at different concentrations of ammonium sulfate (from 2 to 10 g/L). It was found that these concentrations of nitrogen source are limiting for the growth of Y. lipolytica and that nitrogen deficiency is the main cause of CA excretion. At the high concentration of (NH4)2SO4 (10 g/L), the accumulation of cell biomass, biomass yield (YX/S), and protein concentration was higher than in the medium with 2 g/L ammonium sulfate by 4.3 times, 143%, and 5.1 times, respectively. CA was accumulated in meaningful quantities only in media containing 3–10 g/L (NH4)2SO4 with the maximum concentration of CA (99.9 g/L) at 4 g/L ammonium sulfate. Also of interest is the technological mode with 6 g/L (NH4)2SO4, which is characterized by high productivity (1.11 g/L × h). It should be noted that biomass contains large amounts of essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids and can be used in food biotechnologies and agriculture.
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Souza EFC, Soratto RP, Fernandes AM, Gupta SK. Performance of conventional and enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers on potato tuber mineral composition and marketability. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:3078-3087. [PMID: 34778954 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato is an essential crop for global food security, and its cultivation requires a significant amount of readily available nitrogen (N) to ensure tuber quality. Therefore, managing N with enhanced-efficiency fertilizers becomes a potential strategy to meet the seasonal potato N demand. A 3 site-years (SYs) study was conducted to assess the marketable attributes and mineral composition of table-stock potato in response to N rates and fertilizers urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) with nitrification inhibitor dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). RESULTS At 75% of recommended N rate (RNR), ammonium sulfate and ASN+DMPP ensured marketable tuber yields equivalent to that observed at 100% of RNR. Urea promoted greater tuber K and Mg concentrations than ammonium sulfate and ASN+DMPP. Although inconsistent across SYs, ASN+DMPP generally reduced starch and reducing sugars contents and increased pulp pH and protein content than other fertilizers. Increasing N rates from 50% up to 75% and 100% of RNR increased marketable tuber yields and protein content, whereas soluble solids increased from 50% to 100% of RNR. Conversely, increasing N rates from zero to 75% of RNR reduced tuber firmness, whereas N application reduced tuber P concentration, regardless of N rates. CONCLUSION Although ASN+DMPP showed potential for increasing marketable tuber yield and protein content, potatoes receiving ammonium sulfate and ASN+DMPP lowered tuber K and Mg concentrations compared to those receiving urea. Overall, potato tuber quality improvements are N source-specific, demanding strategies under which these fertilizers can ensure/improve tuber nutritional composition along with size quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson F C Souza
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Rogério P Soratto
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Universitária Ave, 3780, 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Center of Tropical Roots and Starches, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Adalton M Fernandes
- Center of Tropical Roots and Starches, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sanjay K Gupta
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Vergara C, Araujo KEC, Sperandio MVL, Santos LA, Urquiaga S, Zilli JÉ. Dark septate endophytic fungi increase the activity of proton pumps, efficiency of 15N recovery from ammonium sulphate, N content, and micronutrient levels in rice plants. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:825-838. [PMID: 31090019 PMCID: PMC6863334 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants colonised by dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi show increased uptake of nutrients available in the environment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of DSE fungi on the activity of proton pumps, nitrogen (N) recovery from ammonium sulphate, and nutrient accumulation in rice plants. Treatments consisted of non-inoculated plants and plants inoculated with two isolates of DSE fungi, A101 and A103. To determine N recovery from the soil, ammonium sulphate enriched with 15N was added to a non-sterile substrate while parameters associated with the activity of proton pumps and with NO3- uptake were determined in a sterile environment. The A101 and A103 fungal isolates colonised the roots of rice plants, promoting 15N uptake, growth, and accumulation of nutrients as compared with the mock control. A103 induced the expression of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) isoforms OsA5 and OsA8, the activity of the PM H+-ATPase and H+-pyrophosphatase. Our results suggest that the inoculation of rice plants with DSE fungi represents a strategy to improve the N recovery from ammonium sulphate and rice plant growth through the induction of OsA5 and OsA8 isoforms and stimulation of the PM H+-ATPase and H+-pyrophosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vergara
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Agronomia, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leandro Azevedo Santos
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Agronomia, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Segundo Urquiaga
- Embrapa Agrobiologia, BR 465, km 07, Seropédica, RJ, 23891-000, Brazil
| | - Jerri Édson Zilli
- Embrapa Agrobiologia, BR 465, km 07, Seropédica, RJ, 23891-000, Brazil.
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Luján-Facundo MJ, Fernández-Navarro J, Alonso-Molina JL, Amorós-Muñoz I, Moreno Y, Mendoza-Roca JA, Pastor-Alcañiz L. The role of salinity on the changes of the biomass characteristics and on the performance of an OMBR treating tannery wastewater. Water Res 2018; 142:129-137. [PMID: 29864648 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tannery wastewaters are difficult to treat biologically due to the high salinity and organic matter concentration. Conventional treatments, like sequential batch reactors (SBR) and membrane bioreactors (MBR), have showed settling problems, in the case of SBR, and ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling in the case of MBR, slowing their industrial application. In this work, the treatment of tannery wastewater with an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) is assessed. Forward osmosis (FO) membranes are characterized by a much lower fouling degree than UF membranes. The permeate passes through the membrane pores (practically only water by the high membrane rejection) from the feed solution to the draw solution, which is also an industrial wastewater (ammonia absorption effluent) in this work. Experiments were carried out at laboratory scale with a FO CTA-NW membrane from Hydration Technology Innovations (HTI). Tannery wastewater was treated by means of an OMBR using as DS an actual industrial wastewater mainly consisting of ammonium sulphate. The monitoring of the biological process was carried out with biological indicators like microbial hydrolytic enzymatic activities, dissolved and total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the mixed liquor and microbial population. Results indicated a limiting conductivity in the reactor of 35 mS cm-1 (on the 43th operation day), from which process was deteriorated. This process performance diminution was associated by a high decrease of the dehydrogenase activity and a sudden increase of the protease and lipase activities. The increase of the bacterial stress index also described appropriately the process performance. Regarding the relative abundance of bacterial phylotypes, 37 phyla were identified in the biomass. Proteobacteria were the most abundant (varying the relative abundance between 50.29% and 34.78%) during the first 34 days of operation. From this day on, Bacteroidetes were detected in a greater extent varying the relative abundance of this phylum between 27.20% and 40.45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Luján-Facundo
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain.
| | - J Fernández-Navarro
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - J L Alonso-Molina
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - I Amorós-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Y Moreno
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - J A Mendoza-Roca
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - L Pastor-Alcañiz
- Depuración de Aguas del Mediterráneo (DAM), Avenida Benjamín Franklin, 21, 46980, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Schrapers KT, Sponder G, Liebe F, Liebe H, Stumpff F. The bovine TRPV3 as a pathway for the uptake of Na +, Ca 2+, and NH 4+. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193519. [PMID: 29494673 PMCID: PMC5832270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption of ammonia from the gastrointestinal tract results in problems that range from hepatic encephalopathy in humans to poor nitrogen efficiency of cattle with consequences for the global climate. Previous studies on epithelia and cells from the native ruminal epithelium suggest functional involvement of the bovine homologue of TRPV3 (bTRPV3) in ruminal NH4+ transport. Since the conductance of TRP channels to NH4+ has never been studied, bTRPV3 was overexpressed in HEK-293 cells and investigated using the patch-clamp technique and intracellular calcium imaging. Control cells contained the empty construct. Divalent cations blocked the conductance for monovalent cations in both cell types, with effects higher in cells expressing bTRPV3. In bTRPV3 cells, but not in controls, menthol, thymol, carvacrol, or 2-APB stimulated whole cell currents mediated by Na+, Cs+, NH4+, and K+, with a rise in intracellular Ca2+ observed in response to menthol. While only 25% of control patches showed single-channel events (with a conductance of 40.8 ± 11.9 pS for NH4+ and 25.0 ± 5.8 pS for Na+), 90% of bTRPV3 patches showed much larger conductances of 127.8 ± 4.2 pS for Na+, 240.1 ± 3.6 pS for NH4+, 34.0 ± 1.7 pS for Ca2+, and ~ 36 pS for NMDG+. Open probability, but not conductance, rose with time after patch excision. In conjunction with previous research, we suggest that bTRPV3 channels may play a role in the transport of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and NH4+ across the rumen with possible repercussions for understanding the function of TRPV3 in other epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T. Schrapers
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sponder
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Liebe
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Liebe
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Stumpff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Burkhardt J, Pariyar S. How does the VPD response of isohydric and anisohydric plants depend on leaf surface particles? Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:91-100. [PMID: 26417842 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is the driving force for plant transpiration. Plants have different strategies to respond to this 'atmospheric drought'. Deposited aerosols on leaf surfaces can interact with plant water relations and may influence VPD response. We studied transpiration and water use efficiency of pine, beech and sunflower by measuring sap flow, gas exchange and carbon isotopes, thereby addressing different time scales of plant/atmosphere interaction. Plants were grown (i) outdoors under rainfall exclusion (OD) and in ventilated greenhouses with (ii) ambient air (AA) or (iii) filtered air (FA), the latter containing <1% ambient aerosol concentrations. In addition, some AA plants were sprayed once with 25 mM salt solution of (NH4 )2 SO4 or NaNO3 . Carbon isotope values (δ(13) C) became more negative in the presence of more particles; more negative for AA compared to FA sunflower and more negative for OD Scots pine compared to other growth environments. FA beech had less negative δ(13) C than AA, OD and NaNO3 -treated beech. Anisohydric beech showed linearly increasing sap flow with increasing VPD. The slopes doubled for (NH4 )2 SO4 - and tripled for NaNO3 -sprayed beech compared to control seedlings, indicating decreased ability to resist atmospheric demand. In contrast, isohydric pine showed constant transpiration rates with increasing VPD, independent of growth environment and spray, likely caused by decreasing gs with increasing VPD. Generally, NaNO3 spray had stronger effects on water relations than (NH4 )2 SO4 spray. The results strongly support the role of leaf surface particles as an environmental factor affecting plant water use. Hygroscopic and chaotropic properties of leaf surface particles determine their ability to form wicks across stomata. Such wicks enhance unproductive water loss of anisohydric plant species and decrease CO2 uptake of isohydric plants. They become more relevant with increasing number of fine particles and increasing VPD and are thus related to air pollution and climate change. Wicks cause a deviation from the analogy between CO2 and water pathways through stomata, bringing some principal assumptions of gas exchange theory into question.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burkhardt
- Plant Nutrition Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Pariyar
- Plant Nutrition Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Prachakittikul P, Wantawin C, Noophan PL, Boonapatcharoen N. ANAMMOX-like performances for nitrogen removal from ammonium-sulfate-rich wastewater in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2015; 51:220-228. [PMID: 26634619 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1094336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium removal by the ANaerobic AMonium OXidation (ANAMMOX) process was observed through the Sulfate-Reducing Ammonium Oxidation (SRAO) process. The same concentration of ammonium (100 mg N L(-1)) was applied to two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (AnSBRs) that were inoculated with the same activated sludge from the Vermicelli wastewater treatment process, while nitrite was fed in ANAMMOX and sulfate in SRAO reactors. In SRAO-AnSBR, in substrates that were fed with a ratio of NH4(+)/SO4(2-) at 1:0.4 ± 0.03, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48 h and without sludge draining, the Ammonium Removal Rate (ARR) was 0.02 ± 0.01 kg N m(-3).d(-1). Adding specific ANAMMOX substrates to SRAO-AnSBR sludge in batch tests results in specific ammonium and nitrite removal rates of 0.198 and 0.139 g N g(-1) VSS.d, respectively, indicating that the ANAMMOX activity contributes to the removal of ammonium in the SRAO process using the nitrite that is produced from SRAO. Nevertheless, the inability of ANAMMOX to utilize sulfate to oxidize ammonium was also investigated in batch tests by augmenting enriched ANAMMOX culture in SRAO-AnSBR sludge and without nitrite supply. The time course of sulfate in a 24-hour cycle of SRAO-AnSBR showed an increase in sulfate after 6 h. For enriched SRAO culture, the uptake molar ratio of NH4(+)/SO4(2-) at 8 hours in a batch test was 1:0.82 lower than the value of 1:0.20 ± 0.09 as obtained in an SRAO-AnSBR effluent, while the stoichiometric ratio of 1:0.5 that includes the ANAMMOX reaction was in this range. After a longer operation of more than 2 years without sludge draining, the accumulation of sulfate and the reduction of ammonium removal were observed, probably due to the gradual increase in the sulfur denitrification rate and the competitive use of nitrite with ANAMMOX. The 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and PCR cloning analyses resulted in the detection of the ANAMMOX bacterium (Candidatus Brocadia sinica JPN1) Desulfacinum subterraneum belonging to the genus Desulfacinum and bacteria that are involved in sulfur metabolism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SBTPe-001 and Paracoccus denitrificans strain IAM12479) in SRAO-AnSBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pensiri Prachakittikul
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology-Thonburi , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Chalermraj Wantawin
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology-Thonburi , Bangkok , Thailand
- b Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), King Mongkut's University of Technology-Thonburi , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Pongsak Lek Noophan
- c Department of Environmental Engineering , Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Nimaradee Boonapatcharoen
- d Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bang Khun Thian , Bangkok , Thailand
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Pedri ZC, Lozano LMS, Hermann KL, Helm CV, Peralta RM, Tavares LBB. Influence of nitrogen sources on the enzymatic activity and grown by Lentinula edodes in biomass Eucalyptus benthamii. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:940-7. [PMID: 26675911 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose is the most abundant environmental component and a renewable organic resource in soil. There are some filamentous fungi which developed the ability to break down and use cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as an energy source. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of three nitrogen resources (ammonium sulfate, saltpetre, soybean) in the holocellulolitic activity of Lentinula edodes EF 50 using as substrate sawdust E. benthamii. An experimental design mixture was applied with repetition in the central point consisting of seven treatments (T) of equal concentrations of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate and soybean. The enzymatic activity of avicelase, carboxymetilcellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanases and manganese peroxidase was determined. The humidity, pH, water activity (aw) and qualitative analysis of mycelial growth in 8 times of cultivation were evaluated. The results showed negative effect on enzyme production in treatments with maximum concentration of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate. The treatments with cooked soybean flour expressed higher enzymatic activities in times of 3, 6 and 9 days of culture, except in the activity of manganese peroxidase. The highest production was observed in the treatment with ammonium sulfate, and soybean (83.86 UI.L-1) at 20 days of cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Pedri
- Programa de Pós-graduação, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - L M S Lozano
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - K L Hermann
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - C V Helm
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Colombo, PR, Brazil
| | - R M Peralta
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - L B B Tavares
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
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Ahmad SA, Shukor MY, Shamaan NA, Mac Cormack WP, Syed MA. Molybdate reduction to molybdenum blue by an Antarctic bacterium. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:871941. [PMID: 24381945 PMCID: PMC3870105 DOI: 10.1155/2013/871941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A molybdenum-reducing bacterium from Antarctica has been isolated. The bacterium converts sodium molybdate or Mo⁶⁺ to molybdenum blue (Mo-blue). Electron donors such as glucose, sucrose, fructose, and lactose supported molybdate reduction. Ammonium sulphate was the best nitrogen source for molybdate reduction. Optimal conditions for molybdate reduction were between 30 and 50 mM molybdate, between 15 and 20°C, and initial pH between 6.5 and 7.5. The Mo-blue produced had a unique absorption spectrum with a peak maximum at 865 nm and a shoulder at 710 nm. Respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A, sodium azide, potassium cyanide, and rotenone failed to inhibit the reducing activity. The Mo-reducing enzyme was partially purified using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The partially purified enzyme showed optimal pH and temperature for activity at 6.0 and 20°C, respectively. Metal ions such as cadmium, chromium, copper, silver, lead, and mercury caused more than 95% inhibition of the molybdenum-reducing activity at 0.1 mM. The isolate was tentatively identified as Pseudomonas sp. strain DRY1 based on partial 16s rDNA molecular phylogenetic assessment and the Biolog microbial identification system. The characteristics of this strain would make it very useful in bioremediation works in the polar and temperate countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. Shukor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N. A. Shamaan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 13th Floor, Menara B, Persiaran MPAJ, Jalan Pandan Utama, Pandan Indah, 55100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W. P. Mac Cormack
- lnstituto Antartico Argentino, Cerrito 1248 (1010), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. A. Syed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Fuertes-Mendizábal T, González-Torralba J, Arregui LM, González-Murua C, González-Moro MB, Estavillo JM. Ammonium as sole N source improves grain quality in wheat. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:2162-71. [PMID: 23339023 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skilful handling of N fertilizer, including N source type and its timing, is necessary to obtain maximum profitability in wheat crops in terms of production and quality. Studies on grain yield and quality with ammonium as sole N source have not yet been conducted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of N source management (nitrate vs. ammonium), and splitting it into two or three amendments during the wheat life cycle, on grain yield and quality under irrigated conditions. RESULTS This experiment demonstrates that Cezanne wheat plants growing with ammonium as exclusive N source are able to achieve the same yield as plants growing with nitrate and that individual wheat plants grown in irrigated pots can efficiently use late N applied in GS37. Ammonium nutrition increased both types of grain reserve proteins (gliadins and glutenins) and also increased the ratio gli/glu with respect to nitrate nutrition. The splitting of the N rate enhanced the ammonium effect on grain protein composition. CONCLUSIONS The application of ammonium N source, especially when split into three amendments, has an analogous effect on grain protein content and composition to applications at a higher N rate, leading to higher N use efficiency.
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Rodriguez-Gomez D, Hobley TJ. Is an organic nitrogen source needed for cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30? World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:2157-65. [PMID: 23712479 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources on Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 cellulase production was investigated in submerged cultivations. Stirred tank bioreactors and shake flasks, with and without pH control, respectively, were employed. The experimental design involved the addition of individual organic nitrogen sources (soy peptone, glutamate, glycine and alanine) within a basal medium containing Avicel (i.e. micro crystalline cellulose) and ammonium sulphate. It was found that in the shake flask experiments, the highest cellulase activities (~0.1 ± 0.02 FPU ml(-1)) were obtained with media containing soy peptone (3-6 g l(-1)) and glutamate (3.6 g l(-1)). However, these improvements in the cellulase titers in the presence of the organic nitrogen sources appeared to be related to smaller changes in the pH of the medium. This was confirmed using stirred tank bioreactors with pH control. No significant differences were observed in the highest cellulase titers and the protein pattern (according to the SDS-PAGE) of supernatants from pH controlled stirred tank bioreactor cultivations, when different nitrogen sources were used in the medium. Here the cellulase activities (~1.0 ± 0.2 FPU ml(-1)) were also much greater (8-150 times) than in shake flask cultivation. Consequently, the addition of ammonium sulphate as sole nitrogen source to Avicel basal medium is recommended when performing cultivations in stirred tank bioreactors with strict pH controlled conditions.
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Rumiantsev AM, Padkina MV, Sambuk EV. [Effect of nitrogen source on gene expression of first steps of methanol utilization pathway in Pichia pastoris]. Genetika 2013; 49:454-460. [PMID: 23866622 DOI: 10.7868/s0016675813040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast that is widely used for the expression of heterologous proteins. Here, we have investigated the dependence of AOX1 and CAT1 expression on the source of nitrogen. It has shown that the expression of AOX1 and CAT1 depends on the source of nitrogen. In the presence of a rich nitrogen source, such as glutamine or ammonium sulfate, the AOX1 and CAT1 expression was dramatically induced. With proline as the nitrogen source AOX1 and CATI expression was reduced by more than threefold. The expression of these genes is controlled at the level of transcription. We have shown the impact of the nitrogen source on the growth rate in the presence of methanol as a sole carbon source. The specific growth rate was highest on media that contained proline as a nitrogen source compared to media with a rich nitrogen source.
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El-Tanboly ES, El-Hofi M, Youssef YB, El-Desoki W, Ismail A. Utilization of salt whey from Egyptian Ras (cephalotyre) cheese in microbial milk clotting enzymes production. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 2013; 12:9-20. [PMID: 24584861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial milk-clotting enzymes are valued as calf rennet substitutes in the cheese industry. The worldwide increase of cheese production coupled with a reduced supply of calf rennet has prompted a search for calf rennet substitutes, including microbial and plant rennets. However, most plant rennets have proved unsuitable because they impart a bitter taste to the cheese. Microbial rennet appears to be more promising because its production is cheaper, biochemical diversity is greater, and genetic modification is easier. Most cheese manufacturing facilities in Egypt perform land spreading of salt whey. However, this practice increases the chloride levels of soil, and elevates the risk of crop damage. One possible application for salt whey is to use it as a whole medium for growth and production of milk clotting enzyme from fungi. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mucor pusillus QM 436 was identified to produce the highest milk-clotting activity during screening of 19 fungal strains. Salted whey results from Ras (Cephalotyre) cheese manufacture as a whole medium for growth of Mucor pusillus QM 436 and production of the enzyme. RESULTS The milk-clotting enzyme from Mucor pusillus QM 436 was purified to 7.14-fold with 54.4% recovery by precipitation in ammonium sulfate, ethanol and fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme was active in the pH range 5.5-7.5 and was inactivated completely by heating 5 min at 70°C and 30 min at 65°C. The highest level of enzyme activity was obtained at 60°C, pH 5.5. A positive and proportional relationship occurred in the presence of CaCl2 in milk, with inhibition which occurred in the presence of NaCl. CONCLUSIONS The high level of milk-clotting activity coupled with a low level of thermal stability suggested that the milk-clotting enzyme from Mucor pusillus QM 436 should be considered as a potential substitute for calf rennet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud El-Hofi
- Dairy Sciences Department, National Research Centre in Dokki Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Azza Ismail
- Dairy Sciences Department, National Research Centre in Dokki Cairo, Egypt
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Rao DH, Vishweshwaraiah YL, Gowda LR. The enzymatic lectin of field bean (Dolichos lablab): salt assisted lectin-sugar interaction. Phytochemistry 2012; 83:7-14. [PMID: 22959225 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Field bean seed contains a Gal/GalNAc lectin (DLL-II) that exhibits associated polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and does not bind to its sugar specific affinity matrix. The molecular basis for this lack of binding is not known. The DLL-II gene was therefore cloned and its sequence analyzed. A conserved aromatic residue in the sugar binding site required for a stacking interaction with the apolar backbone of Gal is replaced by His in DLL-II, which explains the lack of binding. However, specific sugar binding is achieved by including (NH₄)₂SO₄ in the buffer. Interestingly two other salts of the Hofmeister series, K₂HPO₄ and Na₂SO₄ also assist binding to immobilized galactose. In the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄ the surface hydrophobicity of DLL-II and dissociation constant for 8-anilino 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid were enhanced three fold. This increased surface hydrophobicity in the presence of salt is probably the cause for assisted sugar binding in legume lectins that lack aromatic stacking interactions. Accordingly, two other lectins which lack the conserved aromatic residue show similar salt assisted binding. The salt concentrations required for Gal/GalNAc binding are not physiologically relevant in vivo, suggesting that the role of DLL-II per se in the seed is primarily that of a PPO purportedly for plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devavratha H Rao
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
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Razon LF. Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas profile of a process for the production of ammonium sulfate from nitrogen-fixing photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Bioresour Technol 2012; 107:339-346. [PMID: 22226591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an alternative means for nitrogen fixation that may consume less energy and release less greenhouse gases than the Haber-Bosch process is explored. A life-cycle assessment was conducted on a process to: culture the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, in open ponds; harvest the biomass and exopolysaccharides and convert these to biogas; strip and convert the ammonia from the biogas residue to ammonium sulfate; dry the ammonium sulfate solution to ammonium sulfate crystals and transport the finished product. The results suggest that substantial reductions in non-renewable energy use and greenhouse gas emissions may be realized. The study opens the possibility that Haber-Bosch ammonia may be replaced with ammonia from a biomass process which simultaneously generates renewable energy. The process is intrinsically safer than the Haber-Bosch process. However, there are trade-offs in terms of land use and possibly, water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Razon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 1004 Manila, Philippines.
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Li G, Dong G, Li B, Li Q, Kronzucker HJ, Shi W. Isolation and characterization of a novel ammonium overly sensitive mutant, amos2, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 2012; 235:239-52. [PMID: 21866344 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH(4)(+)) toxicity is a significant agricultural problem globally, compromising crop growth and productivity in many areas. However, the molecular mechanisms of NH(4)(+) toxicity are still poorly understood, in part due to a lack of valuable genetic resources. Here, a novel Arabidopsis mutant, amos2 (ammonium overly sensitive 2), displaying hypersensitivity to NH(4) (+) in both shoots and roots, was isolated. The mutant exhibits the hallmarks of NH(4)(+) toxicity at significantly elevated levels: severely suppressed shoot biomass, increased leaf chlorosis, and inhibition of lateral root formation. Amos2 hypersensitivity is associated with excessive NH(4)(+) accumulation in shoots and a reduction in tissue potassium (K(+)), calcium (Ca(2+)), and magnesium (Mg(2+)). We show that the lesion is specific to the NH(4)(+) ion, is independent of NH(4)(+) metabolism, and can be partially rescued by elevated external K(+). The amos2 lesion was mapped to a 16-cM interval on top of chromosome 1, where no similar mutation has been previously mapped. Our study identifies a novel locus controlling cation homeostasis under NH(4)(+) stress and provides a tool for the future identification of critical genes involved in the development of NH(4)(+) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
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Ariz I, Artola E, Asensio AC, Cruchaga S, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Moran JF. High irradiance increases NH(4)(+) tolerance in Pisum sativum: Higher carbon and energy availability improve ion balance but not N assimilation. J Plant Physiol 2011; 168:1009-15. [PMID: 21371777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of NO(3)(-) fertilization has had a major ecological impact. NH(4)(+) nutrition may help to reduce this impact, although high NH(4)(+) concentrations are toxic for most plants. The underlying tolerance mechanisms are not yet fully understood, although they are thought to include the limitation of C, the disruption of ion homeostasis, and a wasteful NH(4)(+) influx/efflux cycle that carries an extra energetic cost for root cells. In this study, high irradiance (HI) was found to induce a notable tolerance to NH(4)(+) in the range 2.5-10mM in pea plants by inducing higher C availability, as shown by carbohydrate content. This capacity was accompanied by a general lower relative N content, indicating that tolerance is not achieved through higher net N assimilation on C-skeletons, and it was also not attributable to increased GS content or activity in roots or leaves. Moreover, HI plants showed higher ATP content and respiration rates. This extra energy availability is related to the internal NH(4)(+) content regulation (probably NH(4)(+) influx/efflux) and to an improvement of the cell ionic balance. The limited C availability at lower irradiance (LI) and high NH(4)(+) resulted in a series of metabolic imbalances, as reflected in a much higher organic acid content, thereby suggesting that the origin of the toxicity in plants cultured at high NH(4)(+) and LI is related to their inability to avoid large-scale accumulation of the NH(4)(+) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Ariz
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Public University of Navarre-CSIC-Government of Navarre, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Ksheminskaia GP, Gaĭda GZ, Ivash MF, Gonchar MV. [Chromate-resistant Mutants Of Yeast Pichia Guilliermondii: Isolation And Characterization]. Mikrobiologiia 2011; 80:308-319. [PMID: 21861366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Pan C, Fischer CR, Hyatt D, Bowen BP, Hettich RL, Banfield JF. Quantitative tracking of isotope flows in proteomes of microbial communities. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.006049. [PMID: 21285414 PMCID: PMC3069347 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.006049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope probing (SIP) has been used to track nutrient flows in microbial communities, but existing protein-based SIP methods capable of quantifying the degree of label incorporation into peptides and proteins have been demonstrated only by targeting usually less than 100 proteins per sample. Our method automatically (i) identifies the sequence of and (ii) quantifies the degree of heavy atom enrichment for thousands of proteins from microbial community proteome samples. These features make our method suitable for comparing isotopic differences between closely related protein sequences, and for detecting labeling patterns in low-abundance proteins or proteins derived from rare community members. The proteomic SIP method was validated using proteome samples of known stable isotope incorporation levels at 0.4%, ∼50%, and ∼98%. The method was then used to monitor incorporation of (15)N into established and regrowing microbial biofilms. The results indicate organism-specific migration patterns from established communities into regrowing communities and provide insights into metabolism during biofilm formation. The proteomic SIP method can be extended to many systems to track fluxes of (13)C or (15)N in microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongle Pan
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6164, USA.
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Shcherbakov BA, Kochkina GA, Ivanushkina NE, Laurinavichus KS, Ozerskaia SM, Akimenko VK. [Growth of the yeast Geomyces pannorum under anaerobic conditions]. Mikrobiologiia 2010; 79:848-851. [PMID: 21774171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Dayie TK, Thakur CS. Site-specific labeling of nucleotides for making RNA for high resolution NMR studies using an E. coli strain disabled in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. J Biomol NMR 2010; 47:19-31. [PMID: 20309608 PMCID: PMC2859161 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-010-9405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a versatile organism for making nucleotides labeled with stable isotopes ((13)C, (15)N, and/or (2)H) for structural and molecular dynamics characterizations. Growth of a mutant E. coli strain deficient in the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (K10-1516) on 2-(13)C-glycerol and (15)N-ammonium sulfate in Studier minimal medium enables labeling at sites useful for NMR spectroscopy. However, (13)C-sodium formate combined with (13)C-2-glycerol in the growth media adds labels to new positions. In the absence of labeled formate, both C5 and C6 positions of the pyrimidine rings are labeled with minimal multiplet splitting due to (1)J(C5C6) scalar coupling. However, the C2/C8 sites within purine rings and the C1'/C3'/C5' positions within the ribose rings have reduced labeling. Addition of (13)C-labeled formate leads to increased labeling at the base C2/C8 and the ribose C1'/C3'/C5' positions; these new specific labels result in two- to three-fold increase in the number of resolved resonances. This use of formate and (15)N-ammonium sulfate promises to extend further the utility of these alternate site specific labels to make labeled RNA for downstream biophysical applications such as structural, dynamics and functional studies of interesting biologically relevant RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kwaku Dayie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, 1115 Biomolecular Sciences Bldg (#296), College Park, MD 20742-3360, USA.
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Li ZK, Shi LN, Yang ZY, Zhang XJ, Wang YM, Chen QC, Wu K. [Immobilized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Comamonas aquatic LNL3 and its partial nitrification characterization]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2009; 30:2952-2957. [PMID: 19968113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new kind of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)-Comamonas aquatic LNL3 was screened out and immobilized by Poly (HEA)-Poly (HEMA) copolymer carrier using irradiation techniques. Four kinds of impact factors on short-cut nitrification, including temperature, pH, DO and free ammonia (FA) concentration had been investigated. The result showed that AOB-Comamonas aquatic LNL3 had short-cut nitrification capability and the optimal temperature, pH, DO and FA concentration were 30 degrees C, 8.5, 4.03 mg/L and 9 mg/L respectively. Corresponding to above results, ammonia nitrogen removal rate and short-cut nitrification efficiency were 93.52%, 94.73%; 79.74%, 94.67%; 91.17%, 94.66% and 90%, 94.4% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollutant Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Abstract
AIMS To isolate and characterize bacteria capable of degrading nicotine from the rhizospheric soil of a tobacco plant and to use them to degrade the nicotine in tobacco solid waste. METHODS AND RESULTS A bacterium, strain S33, was newly isolated from the rhizospheric soil of a tobacco plant, and identified as Agrobacterium sp. based on morphology, physiological tests, Biolog MicroLog3 4.20 system and 16S rRNA gene sequence. Using nicotine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen in the medium, it grew optimally with 1.0 g l(-1) of nicotine at 30 degrees C and pH 7.0, and nicotine was completely degraded within 6 h. The resting cells prepared from the glucose-ammonium medium or LB medium could not degrade nicotine within 10 h, while those prepared from the nicotine medium could completely degrade 3 g l(-1) of nicotine in 1.5 h at a maximal rate of 1.23 g nicotine h(-1) g(-1) dry cell. Using the medium containing nicotine, glucose and ammonium simultaneously to cultivate strain S33, the resting cells could degrade 98.87% of nicotine in tobacco solid waste with the concentration as 30 mg nicotine g(-1) dry weight tobacco solid waste within 7 h at a maximal rate of 0.46 g nicotine h(-1) g(-1) dry cell. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that Agrobacterium sp. has the ability to degrade nicotine. Agrobacterium sp. S33 could use nicotine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The use of resting cells of the strain S33 prepared from the nicotine-glucose-ammonium medium was an effective method to degrade nicotine and detoxify tobacco solid waste. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Nicotine in tobacco wastes is both toxic and harmful to human health and the environment. This study showed that Agrobacterium sp. S33 may be suitable for the disposal of tobacco wastes and reducing the nicotine content in tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Pirintsos SA, Munzi S, Loppi S, Kotzabasis K. Do polyamines alter the sensitivity of lichens to nitrogen stress? Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2009; 72:1331-1336. [PMID: 19376578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of lichens measuring photosynthetic efficiency and polyamines as modulator of nitrogen stress tolerance was investigated. Two lichen species with a markedly different tolerance to nitrogen compounds, namely Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr., were incubated with deionized water (control) and solutions of KNO(3), NH(4)NO(3) and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and then exposed to different light conditions. The F(v)/F(m) parameter (maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II) was used as stress indicator. The results showed that F(v)/F(m) values, in the produced experimental conditions, were independent from the light gradient. Photosynthetic efficiency of E. prunastri was impaired by high ammonium concentrations, while nitrate had no effect; X. parietina was hardly influenced by nitrogen compounds. External supply of polyamines reduced the sensitivity of E. prunastri, while polyamine inhibitors reduced the tolerance of X. parietina to NH(4)(+), suggesting that polyamines play an important role in modulating the sensitivity/tolerance to nitrogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pirintsos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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29
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Syed DG, Lee JC, Li WJ, Kim CJ, Agasar D. Production, characterization and application of keratinase from Streptomyces gulbargensis. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:1868-1871. [PMID: 18990563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A Streptomyces gulbargensis newly isolated, thermotolerant feather-degrading bacterial strain was investigated for its ability to produce keratinase enzyme. Maximum keratinolytic activity was observed at 45 degrees C and pH 9.0 at 120 h of incubation. Activity was completely stable (100%) between 30 and 45 degrees C and pH 7.0-9.0, respectively. Addition of starch to the growth medium affects the activity by means of increase in keratinase secretion. After seven days of cultivation, 10-fold increase (14.3 U ml(-1)) in keratinase activity was observed in the presence of 3g starch (per liter) of the medium. The enzyme was monomeric and had a molecular mass of 46 kDa. The enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by CaCl(2) and partly inhibited by EDTA, whereas, Na(2)SO(3) enhance the enzyme activity by 2.9 times more. In addition, native chicken feather was completely degraded at 96 h of incubation. The results obtained showed that newly isolated strain S. gulbargensis could be a useful in biotechnology in terms of valorization of keratin-containing wastes or in the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dastager G Syed
- National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology CSIR, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
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30
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Kharitonova MA, Vershinina VI. [Biosynthesis of secreted ribonucleases by Bacillus intermedius and Bacillus circulans during nitrogen starvation]. Mikrobiologiia 2009; 78:220-225. [PMID: 19449735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Ghosalkar A, Sahai V, Srivastava A. Optimization of chemically defined medium for recombinant Pichia pastoris for biomass production. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:7906-7910. [PMID: 18325760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A chemically defined medium was optimized for the maximum biomass production of recombinant Pichia pastoris in the fermentor cultures using glycerol as the sole carbon source. Optimization was done using the statistical methods for getting the optimal level of salts, trace metals and vitamins for the growth of recombinant P. pastoris. The response surface methodology was effective in optimizing nutritional requirements using the limited number of experiments. The optimum medium composition was found to be 20 g/L glycerol, 7.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 8.5 g/L KH2PO4, 1.5 mL/L vitamin solution and 20 mL/L trace metal solution. Using the optimized medium 11.25 g DCW/L biomass was produced giving a yield coefficient of 0.55 g biomass/g of glycerol in a batch culture. Chemostat cultivation of recombinant P. pastoris was done in the optimized medium at different dilution rates to determine the kinetic parameters for growth on glycerol. Maximum specific growth rate of 0.23 h(-1) and Monod saturation constant of 0.178 g/L were determined by applying Monod model on the steady state data. Products of fermentation pathway, ethanol and acetate, were not detected by HPLC even at higher dilution rates. This supports the notion that P. pastoris cells grow on glycerol by a respiratory route and are therefore an efficient biomass and protein producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosalkar
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Membrillo I, Sánchez C, Meneses M, Favela E, Loera O. Effect of substrate particle size and additional nitrogen source on production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by Pleurotus ostreatus strains. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:7842-7847. [PMID: 18359224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (IE-8 and CP-50) were grown on defined medium added with wheat straw extract (WSE). Mycelia from these cultures were used as an inoculum for solid fermentation using sugar cane bagasse (C:N=142). This substrate was used separately either as a mixture of heterogeneous particle sizes (average size 2.9 mm) or as batches with two different particle sizes (0.92 mm and 1.68 mm). Protein enrichment and production of lignocellulolytic enzymes on each particle size was compared. The effect of ammonium sulphate (AS) addition was also analyzed (modified C:N=20), this compound favored higher levels of protein content. Strain CP-50 showed the highest increase of protein content (48% on particle size of 1.68 mm) when compared to media with no additional N source. However, strain IE-8 produced the highest levels of all enzymes: xylanases (5.79 IU/g dry wt on heterogeneous particles) and cellulases (0.18 IU/g dry wt on smallest particles), both without the addition of AS. The highest laccase activity (0.040 IU/g dry wt) was obtained on particles of 1.68 mm in the presence of AS. Since effect of particle size and addition AS was different for each strain, these criteria should be considered for diverse biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Membrillo
- División de Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Ecatepec, Ecatepec 55210, Mexico
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Nath A, Dixit M, Bandiya A, Chavda S, Desai AJ. Enhanced PHB production and scale up studies using cheese whey in fed batch culture of Methylobacterium sp. ZP24. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:5749-5755. [PMID: 18032031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 produced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from disaccharides like lactose and sucrose. As Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 showed growth associated PHB production, an intermittent feeding strategy having lactose and ammonium sulfate at varying concentration was used towards reaching higher yield of the polymer. About 1.5-fold increase in PHB production was obtained by this intermittent feeding strategy. Further increase in PHB production by 0.8-fold could be achieved by limiting the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the fermenter. The decreased DO is thought to increase flux of acetyl CO-A towards PHB accumulation over TCA cycle. Cheese whey, a dairy waste product and being a rich source of utilizable sugar and other nutrients, when used in the bioreactor as a main substrate replacing the lactose, led to further increase in the PHB production by 2.5-fold. A total of 4.58-fold increase in the PHB production was obtained using limiting DO conditions with processed cheese whey supplemented with ammonium sulfate in fed batch culture of Methylobacterium sp. ZP24. The present investigation therefore reflects on the possibility of developing a cheap biological route for production of green thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Faculty of Science, Baroda 390 002, Gujarat, India
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Vinod PK, Sengupta N, Bhat PJ, Venkatesh KV. Integration of global signaling pathways, cAMP-PKA, MAPK and TOR in the regulation of FLO11. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1663. [PMID: 18301741 PMCID: PMC2246015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, responds to various environmental cues by invoking specific adaptive mechanisms for their survival. Under nitrogen limitation, S. cerevisiae undergoes a dimorphic filamentous transition called pseudohyphae, which helps the cell to forage for nutrients and reach an environment conducive for growth. This transition is governed by a complex network of signaling pathways, namely cAMP-PKA, MAPK and TOR, which controls the transcriptional activation of FLO11, a flocculin gene that encodes a cell wall protein. However, little is known about how these pathways co-ordinate to govern the conversion of nutritional availability into gene expression. Here, we have analyzed an integrative network comprised of cAMP-PKA, MAPK and TOR pathways with respect to the availability of nitrogen source using experimental and steady state modeling approach. Our experiments demonstrate that the steady state expression of FLO11 was bistable over a range of inducing ammonium sulphate concentration based on the preculturing condition. We also show that yeast switched from FLO11 expression to accumulation of trehalose, a STRE response controlled by a transcriptional activator Msn2/4, with decrease in the inducing concentration to complete starvation. Steady state analysis of the integrative network revealed the relationship between the environment, signaling cascades and the expression of FLO11. We demonstrate that the double negative feedback loop in TOR pathway can elicit a bistable response, to differentiate between vegetative growth, filamentous growth and STRE response. Negative feedback on TOR pathway function to restrict the expression of FLO11 under nitrogen starved condition and also with re-addition of nitrogen to starved cells. In general, we show that these global signaling pathways respond with specific sensitivity to regulate the expression of FLO11 under nitrogen limitation. The holistic steady state modeling approach of the integrative network revealed how the global signaling pathways could differentiate between multiple phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Vinod
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Neelanjan Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - P. J. Bhat
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - K. V. Venkatesh
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
- *E-mail:
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Andrade do Canto CS, Rodrigues JAD, Ratusznei SM, Zaiat M, Foresti E. Feasibility of nitrification/denitrification in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor with liquid circulation applied to post-treatment. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:644-54. [PMID: 17336516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was performed on the biological removal of ammonium nitrogen from synthetic wastewater by the simultaneous nitrification/denitrification (SND) process, using a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). System behavior was analyzed as to the effects of sludge type used as inoculum (autotrophic/heterotrophic), wastewater feed strategy (batch/fed-batch) and aeration strategy (continuous/intermittent). The presence of an autotrophic aerobic sludge showed to be essential for nitrification startup, despite publications stating the existence of heterotrophic organisms capable of nitrifying organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. As to feed strategy, batch operation (synthetic wastewater containing 100 mg COD/L and 50 mg N-NH(4)(+)/L) followed by fed-batch (synthetic wastewater with 100 mg COD/L) during a whole cycle seemed to be the most adequate, mainly during the denitrification phase. Regarding aeration strategy, an intermittent mode, with dissolved oxygen concentration of 2.0mg/L in the aeration phase, showed the best results. Under these optimal conditions, 97% of influent ammonium nitrogen (80% of total nitrogen) was removed at a rate of 86.5 mg N-NH(4)(+)/Ld. In the treated effluent only 0.2 mg N-NO(2)(-)/L,4.6 mg N-NO(3)(-)/L and 1.0 mg N-NH(4)(+)/L remained, demonstrating the potential viability of this process in post-treatment of wastewaters containing ammonium nitrogen.
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Sangkharak K, Prasertsan P. Optimization of polyhydroxybutyrate production from a wild type and two mutant strains of Rhodobacter sphaeroides using statistical method. J Biotechnol 2007; 132:331-40. [PMID: 17765994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interaction studies using central composite design (CCD) gave the optimum concentrations of acetate at 4 g l(-1) and (NH4)2SO4 at 0.01 g l(-1) with an optimum temperature of 35 degrees C. Rhodobacter sphaeroides N20 gave the highest PHB (7.8 g l(-1)) and biomass (DCW) (8.2 g l(-1)) values compared to the wild type strain and the mutant strain U7. The CCD results predicted that the optimum medium for the mutant strain N20 consisted of 3.90 g l(-1) acetate, 0.01 g l(-1) (NH4)2SO4 at 33.5 degrees C (R2=0.985). Validation of this model by culturing the mutant strain in this optimum medium exhibited similar values of PHB (7.76 g l(-1)), biomass (8.32 g l(-1)) and the PHB content in the cell 93.2% of DCW. Similar amounts of PHB were also obtained in batch fermentations using a 5-l bioreactor. The effect of pH and aeration rate was also studied and the optimum values were found to be pH 7.0 with an aeration rate of 1.0 vvm. Under these optimal conditions, strain N20 produced the highest amount of PHB production (8.76 g l(-1)), PHB content (95.4% of DCW) as well as the product yield (Yp/x) (0.72). These results are the highest values ever obtained from photosynthetic bacteria reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokphorn Sangkharak
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90112, Thailand
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Razani SH, Mousavi SM, Yeganeh HMM, Marc I. Fatty acid and carotenoid production by Sporobolomyces ruberrimus when using technical glycerol and ammonium sulfate. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 17:1591-1597. [PMID: 18156773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The production of carotenoids, lipid content, and fatty acid composition were all studied in a strain of Sporobolomyces ruberrimus when using different concentrations of technical glycerol as the carbon source and ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source. The total lipids represented an average of 13% of the dry weight, and the maximum lipids were obtained when using 65.5 g/l technical glycerol (133.63 mg/ g). The optimal conditions for fatty acid production were at 27 degrees C using 20 g of ammonium sulfate and a pH range from 6 to 7, which produced a fatty acid yield of 32.5+/-1 mg/g, including 1.27+/- 0.15 mg of linolenic acid (LNA), 7.50+/-0.45 mg of linoleic acid (LLA), 5.50+/-0.35 mg of palmitic acid (PA), 0.60+/-0.03 mg of palmitoleic acid (PAL), 1.28+/-0.11 mg of stearic acid (SA), 9.09+/-0.22 mg of oleic acid, 2.50+/-0.10 mg of erucic acid (EA), and 4.25+/-0.20 mg of lignoceric acid (LCA), where the palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids combined formed about 37% of the total fatty acids. The concentration of total carotenoids was 2.80 mg/g when using 20 g of ammonium sulfate, and consisted of torularhodin (2.70 mg/g) and beta-carotene (0.10 mg/ g), at 23 degrees C and pH 6. However, the highest amount with the maximum specific growth rate was obtained (micromax=0.096 h(-1)) with an ammonium sulfate concentration of 30 g/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hadi Razani
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Faculty of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
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Kohzu A, Miyajima T, Tateishi T, Watanabe T, Takahashi M, Wada E. Dynamics of 15N natural abundance in wood-decomposing fungi and their ecophysiological implications. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2007; 43:83-94. [PMID: 17558746 DOI: 10.1080/10256010701360256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nine species of basidiomycota and one species of ascomycota were grown in an ammonium sulphate media and on beech wood; and the general (15)N dynamic patterns of the hyphae were examined. The fungal body initially became depleted in (15)N in both the types of incubation. However, the underlying mechanisms were quite different, that is, significant fungal (15)N drop on the beech wood is associated with the fungal N reallocation and the uptake of atmospheric ammonia and/or NO(x), in addition to isotope fractionation during assimilation. Although the (15)N values of the wood-decomposing basidiocarps were generally close to the (15)N values of the wood, it does not always indicate that the wood derived N was the sole N source for the fungi throughout the growth periods as shown in our wood-decomposing experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Kohzu
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Kim JD, Lee CG. Purification and characterization of extracellular beta-glucosidase from Sinorhizobium kostiense AFK-13 and its algal lytic effect on Anabaena flos-aquae. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 17:745-752. [PMID: 18051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A beta-glucosidase from the algal lytic bacterium Sinorhizobium kostiense AFK-13, grown in complex media containing cellobiose, was purified to homogeneity by successive ammonium sulfate precipitation, and anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatographies. The enzyme was shown to be a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular mass of 52 kDa and isoelectric point of approximately 5.4. It was optimally active at pH 6.0 and 40'C and possessed a specific activity of 260.4 U/mg of protein against 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG). A temperature-stability analysis demonstrated that the enzyme was unstable at 50 degrees C and above. The enzyme did not require divalent cations for activity, and its activity was significantly suppressed by Hg+2 and Ag+, whereas sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 moderately inhibited the enzyme to under 70% of its initial activity. In an algal lytic activity analysis, the growth of cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena flos-aquae, A. cylindrica, A. macrospora, Oscillatoria sancta, and Microcystis aeruginosa, was strongly inhibited by a treatment of 20 ppm/disc or 30 ppm/disc concentration of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Dong Kim
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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Wang J, Yu HQ. Biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by Ralstonia eutropha ATCC 17699 in batch cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:871-8. [PMID: 17318537 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by Ralstonia eutropha ATCC 17699 at various glucose and (NH4)2SO4 concentrations in batch cultures were investigated. The biosynthesis of EPS by R. eutropha closely coupled with cell growth, while PHB was synthesized only under nitrogen-deficient and cell-growth-limited conditions. Experimental results show that the specific PHB production rate had an exponential correlation with both specific cell growth rate and EPS production rate. Furthermore, PHB was observed as the main storage of carbon and energy source by R. eutropha under nitrogen-limited conditions. In addition, experiments were conducted based on central composite design to optimize the batch culture for a high PHB yield. The PHB yield on glucose reached a maximum value of 0.34 g/g at glucose concentrations of 38.2 g/l and (NH4)2SO4 of 3.2 g/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Rispoli FJ, Shah V. Mixture design as a first step for optimization of fermentation medium for cutinase production from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:349-55. [PMID: 17279396 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutinase enzymes from fungi have found diverse applications in industry. However, most of the available literature on cutinase production is related to the cultivation of genetically engineered bacteria or yeast cells. In the present study, we use mixture design experiments to evaluate the influence of six nutrient elements on production of cutinase from the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The nutritional elements were starch, glucose, ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate, and potassium phosphate. In the experimental design, we imposed the constraints that exactly one factor must be omitted in each set of experiments and no factor can account for more than one third of the mixture. Thirty different sets of experiments were designed. Results obtained showed that while starch is found to have negative influence on the production of the enzyme, yeast extract and potassium phosphate have a strong positive influence. Magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and glucose have low positive influence on the enzyme production. Contour plots have also been created to obtain information concerning the interaction effects of the media components on enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred J Rispoli
- Department of Mathematics, Dowling College, Idle Hour Blvd, Oakdale, NY 11955, USA
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Mantovani TRD, Linde GA, Colauto NB. Effect of the addition of nitrogen sources to cassava fiber and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios on Agaricus brasiliensis growth. Can J Microbiol 2007; 53:139-43. [PMID: 17496959 DOI: 10.1139/w06-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The same substratum formulation to grow Agaricus bisporus has been used to grow Agaricus brasiliensis since its culture started in Brazil. Despite being different species, many of the same rules have been used for composting or axenic cultivation when it comes to nitrogen content and source in the substrate. The aim of this study was to verify the mycelial growth of A. brasiliensis in different ammonium sulfate and (or) urea concentrations added to cassava fiber and different carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios to increase the efficiency of axenic cultivation. Two nitrogen sources (urea and (or) ammonium sulfate) added to cassava fiber were tested for the in vitro mycelial growth in different C:N ratios (ranging from 2.5:l to 50:l) in the dark at 28 °C. The radial mycelial growth was measured after 8 days of growth and recorded photographically at the end of the experiment. Nitrogen from urea enhanced fungal growth better than ammonium sulfate or any mixture of nitrogen. The best C:N ratios for fungal growth were from 10:l to 50:l; C:N ratios below 10:l inhibited fungal growth.Key words: Agaricus brasiliensis, Agaricus blazei, Agaricus subrufescens, nitrogen, C:N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R D Mantovani
- Universidade Paranaense-Sede, Tomé de Souza, Umuarama, Brazil
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Aarnes H, Eriksen AB, Petersen D, Rise F. Accumulation of ammonium in Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings measured by in vivo 14N-NMR. J Exp Bot 2007; 58:929-34. [PMID: 17210989 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
(14)N-NMR and (31)P-NMR have been used to monitor the in vivo pH in roots, stems, and needles from seedlings of Norway spruce, a typical ammonium-tolerant plant. The vacuolar and cytoplasmic pH measured by (31)P-NMR was found to be c. pH 4.8 and 7.0, respectively, with no significant difference between plants growing with ammonium or nitrate as the N-source. The (1)H-coupled (14) NH 4+ resonance is pH-sensitive: at alkaline pH it is a narrow singlet line and below pH 4 it is an increasing multiplet line with five signals. The pH values in ammonium-containing compartments measured by (14)N-NMR ranged from 3.7 to 3.9, notably lower than the estimated pH values of the P(i) pools. This suggests that, in seedlings of Norway spruce, ammonium is stored in vacuoles with low pH possibly to protect the seedlings against the toxic effects of ammonium ( NH 4+) or ammonia (NH3). It was also found that concentrations of malate were 3-6 times higher in stems than in roots and needles, with nitrate-grown plants containing more malate than plants grown with ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aarnes
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Tam LT, Eymann C, Antelmann H, Albrecht D, Hecker M. Global Gene Expression Profiling of Bacillus subtilis in Response to Ammonium and Tryptophan Starvation as Revealed by Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 12:121-30. [PMID: 17183219 DOI: 10.1159/000096467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global gene expression profile of Bacillus subtilis in response to ammonium and tryptophan starvation was analyzed using transcriptomics and proteomics which gained novel insights into these starvation responses. The results demonstrate that both starvation conditions induce specific, overlapping and general starvation responses. The TnrA regulon, the glutamine synthetase (glnA) as well as the sigma(L)-dependent bkd and roc operons were most strongly and specifically induced after ammonium starvation. These are involved in the uptake and utilization of ammonium and alternative nitrogen sources such as amino acids, gamma-aminobutyrate, nitrate/nitrite, uric acid/urea and oligopeptides. In addition, several carbon catabolite-controlled genes (e.g. acsA, citB), the alpha-acetolactate synthase/-decarboxylase alsSD operon and several aminotransferase genes were specifically induced after ammonium starvation. The induction of sigma(F)- and sigma(E)-dependent sporulation proteins at later time points in ammonium-starved cells was accompanied by an increased sporulation frequency. The specific response to tryptophan starvation includes the TRAP-regulated tryptophan biosynthesis genes, some RelA-dependent genes (e.g. adeC, ald) as well as spo0E. Furthermore, we recognized overlapping responses between ammonium and tryptophan starvation (e.g. dat, maeN) as well as the common induction of the CodY and sigma(H) general starvation regulons and the RelA-dependent stringent response. Many genes encoding proteins of so far unknown functions could be assigned to specifically or commonly induced genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Tam
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Solano-González E, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Avila-González L, Rodríguez-Vargas VH, Arroyo R, Ortega-López J. Location of the cell-binding domain of CP65, a 65kDa cysteine proteinase involved in Trichomonas vaginalis cytotoxicity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:2114-27. [PMID: 16891146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine proteinase (CP) of 65kDa, CP65, binds to the surface of HeLa cells and is involved in Trichomonas vaginalis cellular damage. To identify and locate the CP65 cellular-binding domain, we enriched the CP65 protein band by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography and the N-terminal sequence was obtained. A 618bp gene fragment was obtained by PCR using genomic DNA as template and primers derived from the N-terminal sequence of CP65 and the Asn papain-catalytic conserved region. This gene fragment encodes for 206 amino acid (aa) residues corresponding to the N-terminal region of a mature CP with 67-76% identity to the reported trichomonad cathepsin-L-like CPs. This gene fragment was expressed in a bacterial system for antibody production and functional analysis. Antibodies against the native trichomonad CP65 recognized the recombinant protein, referred to as rCP65, confirming its relationship with the CP65 gene. The rCP65 protein was bound to the surface of HeLa cells and competed with the native CP65 for binding. Antibodies to the rCP65 (alpha-rCP65) reacted with the trichomonad CP65 located on the parasite surface, and inhibited trichomonal cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. These data strongly suggest that this gene fragment encodes for the putative cell-binding domain (CBD) of CP65 located at its N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Solano-González
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Sixteen Bonsmara calves (4 males, 12 females) between 10 and 18 months of age were blocked according to age and sex and randomly assigned to 2 groups. They were offered licks containing bone meal and salt (50:50 ratio) (control) and bone meal and ammonium sulphate (NH4SO4) at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 18 % (treatment) to evaluate the effects of dietary anions on bone phosphate (P) concentration. Bone P concentration was significantly (P0.05) higher in the NH4SO4 group compared with the control group, indicating that NH4SO4 was able to increase the P content of bone at each of the 6 concentrations used in the lick relative to the control animals, thereby improving the P status of the animals. Ammonium sulphate at 15% and 18% in the lick also significantly (P 0.05) increased bone P compared with the lower concentrations of NH4SO4. Bone calcium (Ca) fluctuated as a result of the acidogenic lick. There was absorption of Ca when P was being resorbed and resorption of Ca when P was being absorbed into and out of bone. Bone Ca:P ratio ranged from 3.2 to 6.4 among the control group and 1.6 to 4.3 among the treatment group. Animals receiving the acidogenic lick had a higher percentage ash compared to the control group for most of the experimental period. Bone magnesium (Mg) fluctuated in response to the acidogenic lick, and it was difficult to show a relationship between bone Mg and Ca or P. The overall mean cortical bone thickness was significantly (P 0.05) greater in treatment (1.60 mm) compared with control (1.43 mm) calves and this was also true at sampling periods 2, 4, 5 and 6. Bone thickness followed bone P and not bone Ca. Results from this research indicate that the addition of ammonium sulphate to a lick had a beneficial effect in improving the P status by increasing bone P and improving the mineral status of bone by increasing the thickness of cortical bone and percentage ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Motsei
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho, 2735 South Africa.
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Zawilak-Pawlik AM, Kois A, Zakrzewska-Czerwinska J. A simplified method for purification of recombinant soluble DnaA proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 48:126-33. [PMID: 16517180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An improved, simplified method for the purification of recombinant, tagged DnaA proteins is described. The presented protocol allowed us to purify soluble DnaA proteins from two different bacterial species: Helicobacter pylori and Streptomyces coelicolor, but it can most likely also be used for the isolation of DnaA proteins from other bacteria, as it was adapted for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DnaA. The isolation procedure consists of protein precipitation with ammonium sulphate followed by affinity chromatography. The composition of the buffers used at each purification step is crucial for the successful isolation of the recombinant DnaA proteins. The universality of the method in terms of its application to differently tagged proteins (His-tagged or GST-tagged) as well as different properties of purified proteins (e.g., highly aggregating truncated forms) makes the protocol highly useful for all studies requiring purified and active DnaA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Zawilak-Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Weigla 12, 54-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Enwall K, Philippot L, Hallin S. Activity and composition of the denitrifying bacterial community respond differently to long-term fertilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:8335-43. [PMID: 16332820 PMCID: PMC1317341 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8335-8343.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the long-term effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on activity and composition of the denitrifying and total bacterial communities in arable soil. Soil from the following six treatments was analyzed in an experimental field site established in 1956: cattle manure, sewage sludge, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, and unfertilized and unfertilized bare fallow. All plots but the fallow were planted with corn. The activity was measured in terms of potential denitrification rate and basal soil respiration. The nosZ and narG genes were used as functional markers of the denitrifying community, and the composition was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of nosZ and restriction fragment length polymorphism of narG, together with cloning and sequencing. A fingerprint of the total bacterial community was assessed by ribosomal intergenic spacer region analysis (RISA). The potential denitrification rates were higher in plots treated with organic fertilizer than in those with only mineral fertilizer. The basal soil respiration rates were positively correlated to soil carbon content, and the highest rates were found in the plots with the addition of sewage sludge. Fingerprints of the nosZ and narG genes, as well as the RISA, showed significant differences in the corresponding communities in the plots treated with (NH4)2SO4 and sewage sludge, which exhibited the lowest pH. In contrast, similar patterns were observed among the other four treatments, unfertilized plots with and without crops and the plots treated with Ca(NO3)2 or with manure. This study shows that the addition of different fertilizers affects both the activity and the composition of the denitrifying communities in arable soil on a long-term basis. However, the treatments in which the denitrifying and bacterial community composition differed the most did not correspond to treatments with the most different activities, showing that potential activity was uncoupled to community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Enwall
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Box 7025, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Deszczynski M, Harding SE, Winzor DJ. Negative second virial coefficients as predictors of protein crystal growth: evidence from sedimentation equilibrium studies that refutes the designation of those light scattering parameters as osmotic virial coefficients. Biophys Chem 2005; 120:106-13. [PMID: 16300875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ammonium sulphate concentration on the osmotic second virial coefficient (BAA/MA) for equine serum albumin (pH 5.6, 20 degrees C) have been examined by sedimentation equilibrium. After an initial steep decrease with increasing ammonium sulphate concentration, BAA/MA assumes an essentially concentration-independent magnitude of 8-9 ml/g. Such behaviour conforms with the statistical-mechanical prediction that a sufficient increase in ionic strength should effectively eliminate the contributions of charge interactions to BAA/MA but have no effect on the covolume contribution (8.4 ml/g for serum albumin). A similar situation is shown to apply to published sedimentation equilibrium data for lysozyme (pH 4.5). Although termed osmotic second virial coefficients and designated as such (B22), the negative values obtained in published light scattering studies of both systems have been described incorrectly because of the concomitant inclusion of the protein-salt contribution to thermodynamic nonideality of the protein. Those negative values are still valid predictors of conditions conducive to crystal growth inasmuch as they do reflect situations in which there is net attraction between protein molecules. However, the source of attraction responsible for the negative virial coefficient stems from the protein-salt rather than the protein-protein contribution, which is necessarily positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Deszczynski
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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Wright DP, Johansson T, Le Quéré A, Söderström B, Tunlid A. Spatial patterns of gene expression in the extramatrical mycelium and mycorrhizal root tips formed by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus in association with birch (Betula pendula) seedlings in soil microcosms. New Phytol 2005; 167:579-96. [PMID: 15998408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional compartmentation of the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is considered important for the operation of ECM associations, although the molecular basis is poorly characterized. Global gene expression profiles of mycelium colonizing an ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) nutrient patch, rhizomorphs and ECM root tips of the Betula pendula-Paxillus involutus association were compared by cDNA microarray analysis. The expression profiles of rhizomorphs and nutrient patch mycelium were similar to each other but distinctly different from that of mycorrhizal tips. Statistical analyses revealed 337 of 1075 fungal genes differentially regulated among these three tissues. Clusters of genes exhibiting distinct expression patterns within specific tissues were identified. Genes implicated in the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) and urea cycles, and the provision of carbon skeletons for ammonium assimilation via beta-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, were highly expressed in rhizomorph and nutrient patch mycelium. Genes implicated in vesicular transport, cytoskeleton organization and morphogenesis and protein degradation were also differentially expressed. Differential expression of genes among the extramatrical mycelium and mycorrhizal tips indicates functional specialization of tissues forming ECM associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Wright
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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