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Pan L, He Q, Wu Y, Zhang N, Cai H, Yang B, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu X. Synthesis, radiolabeling, and evaluation of a potent β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitor for PET imaging of BACE1 in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128543. [PMID: 35031452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) plays important roles in the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein, and can be regarded as an important target for the diagnosis and treatment of AD. This study aimed to report the synthesis and evaluation of an 18F-labeled 2-amino-3,4-dihydroquinazoline analog as a potential BACE1 radioligand. A fluoropropyl side chain was introduced to the phenyl of this 3,4-dihydroquinazoline scaffold to generate the radioligand. Our preliminary data indicated that although the 2-amino-3,4-dihydroquinazoline scaffold possessed favorable in-vitro properties as a PET ligand, its poor brain uptake hindered the in-vivo imaging of BACE1. Further investigation would be required to optimize the scaffold for the development of a blood-brain-barrier-permeable BACE1-targeted PET ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan, 617067, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yunchun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin 644000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Seifert A, Düsterhöft S, Wozniak J, Koo CZ, Tomlinson MG, Nuti E, Rossello A, Cuffaro D, Yildiz D, Ludwig A. The metalloproteinase ADAM10 requires its activity to sustain surface expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:715-732. [PMID: 32372373 PMCID: PMC7873107 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase ADAM10 critically contributes to development, inflammation, and cancer and can be controlled by endogenous or synthetic inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that loss of proteolytic activity of ADAM10 by either inhibition or loss of function mutations induces removal of the protease from the cell surface and the whole cell. This process is temperature dependent, restricted to mature ADAM10, and associated with an increased internalization, lysosomal degradation, and release of mature ADAM10 in extracellular vesicles. Recovery from this depletion requires de novo synthesis. Functionally, this is reflected by loss and recovery of ADAM10 substrate shedding. Finally, ADAM10 inhibition in mice reduces systemic ADAM10 levels in different tissues. Thus, ADAM10 activity is critically required for its surface expression in vitro and in vivo. These findings are crucial for development of therapeutic ADAM10 inhibition strategies and may showcase a novel, physiologically relevant mechanism of protease removal due to activity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chek Z Koo
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Yildiz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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3
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Zhang HY, Li J, Guo N, Zhang BY. Brain functions and unusual β-amyloid accumulation in the hypertensive white matter lesions of rats. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2019; 33:1073-1084. [PMID: 31389227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with stroke-prone renovascular hypertension (RHRSP) to establish an animal model of hypertensive white matter lesions (WML), so as to explore the brain functions and unusual β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in WML. Hypertensive WML and brain dysfunctions were evaluated by measuring the caudal arterial pressure of model rats, and by observing the histomorphological deformations o f the prefrontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus and corpus callosum, as well as by counting of the number of neurons using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) staining, and by evaluating the changes in rat brain functions, including memory and the ability of visual space learning, using the Morris Water Maze Test. In addition, the study discussed the correlation between Aβ accumulation and hypertensive WML cognitive impairment by adopting an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the level of Aβ 1-42, and by detecting the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) using Western blot. Results of the study showed that at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks after operation, the blood pressure and brain Aβ expression in the rats of the model group notably increased (P less than 0.01), along with deformed and degenerated brain tissues, confirming that the unusual Aβ accumulation may participate in the occurrence and development of hypertensive WML as well as the induction of cerebral cognitive decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihaer City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihaer City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - N Guo
- Electrophysiology Science, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihaer City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - B Y Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihaer City, Heilongjiang Province, China
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4
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Song Y, Fan H, Anderson MJ, Wright JG, Hua DH, Koehne J, Meyyappan M, Li J. Electrochemical Activity Assay for Protease Analysis Using Carbon Nanofiber Nanoelectrode Arrays. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3971-3979. [PMID: 30726059 PMCID: PMC6501207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong demand for bioanalytical techniques to rapidly detect protease activities with high sensitivity and high specificity. This study reports an activity-based electrochemical method toward this goal. Nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) fabricated with embedded vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are functionalized with specific peptide substrates containing a ferrocene (Fc) tag. The kinetic proteolysis curves are measured with continuously repeated ac voltammetry, from which the catalytic activity is derived as the inverse of the exponential decay time constant based on a heterogeneous Michaelis-Menten model. Comparison of three peptide substrates with different lengths reveals that the hexapeptide H2N-(CH2)4-CO-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-Gly-Ala-NH-CH2-Fc is the optimal probe for cathepsin B. The activity strongly depends on temperature and is the highest around the body temperature. With the optimized peptide substrate and measuring conditions, the limit of detection of cathepsin B activity and concentration can reach 2.49 × 10-4 s-1 and 0.32 nM, respectively. The peptide substrates show high specificity to the cognate proteases, with negligible cross-reactions among three cancer-related proteases cathepsin B, ADAM10, and ADAM17. This electrochemical method can be developed into multiplex chips for rapid profiling of protease activities in cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Huafang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Morgan J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jestin Gage Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Duy H. Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jessica Koehne
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - M. Meyyappan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Jiang L, Zhou W, Liu Z, Li S, Lu H. Overexpression of Amyloid Precursor Protein Promotes the Onset of Seborrhoeic Keratosis and is Related to Skin Ageing. Acta Derm Venereol 2018; 98:594-600. [PMID: 29487944 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seborrhoeic keratosis (SK) is an age-related skin disease. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression characteristics of APP in SK tissues (n = 50), and explore whether the production of APP is related to the onset of SK and skin ageing, including ultraviolet (UV)-induced ageing, as observed in normal skin (n = 79). The results of immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR showed that APP and its downstream products (i.e. amyloid-β42) were more highly expressed in SK than in paired adjacent normal skin tissues. In contrast, the expression of its key secretase (i.e. β-secretase1) was generally low. Furthermore, APP expression was higher in UV-exposed than non-exposed skin sites, and expression in the older age group (61-85 years) was greater than that in the younger age group (41-60 years) in SK tissues (p<0.05). APP expression correlated positively with age in epidermis (p<0.05), but not in dermis. These findings suggest that overexpression of APP may promote the onset of SK and is a marker of skin ageing and UV damage. Further research will elucidate whether therapeutic mitigation of increased levels of APP in the skin might delay the onset of SK and skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, P.R, China
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6
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Paltsev MA, Zuev VA, Kozhevnikova EO, Linkova NS, Kvetnaia TV, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM. [Molecular markers of Alzheimer disease early diagnostic: investigation perspectives of peripheral tissues.]. Adv Gerontol 2017; 30:809-817. [PMID: 29608821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of elderly and old age people. For intravital diagnosis of the expression of signaling molecules - AD markers, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral tissues are used: lymphocytes and blood platelets, buccal and olfactory epithelium, skin fibroblasts. There are several changes in the production of hyper phosphorylated form of τ-protein, BACE1 and peptide Аβ42 in CSF in case of AD, but CSF taking may have a number of side effects. Less traumatic taking of sampling tissues for the diagnosis of AD is in use of epithelium biopsy and blood portion. An increase in the expression of the hyper phosphorylated form of τ-protein is shown in blood lymphocytes of AD patients. An increase in the content of high molecular weight forms of phosphorylated t-protein and amyloid precursor protein-APP was also revealed in blood platelets of AD patients. Changes in the amount of 2 miRNA families - miR-132 family and miR-134 family were revealed in blood cells 1-5 years before the manifestation of clinical signs of AD. An increase in the concentration of bound calcium, synthesis of peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42, τ protein was observed in AD skin fibroblasts. In the olfactory and buccal epithelium an increase in the expression of hyper phosphorylated form of τ-protein and Aβ peptide was detected in patients with AD. Verification of AD markers in peripheral tissues for biopsy have the important significant for life diagnostics, prevention and and target AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Paltsev
- Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation 49, Leningradsky Prospekt, 125993, Moscow, GSP-3, Russian Federation
| | - V A Zuev
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 3, Dynamo pr., St. Petersburg, 197110, Russian Federation;
| | - E O Kozhevnikova
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 3, Dynamo pr., St. Petersburg, 197110, Russian Federation;
| | - N S Linkova
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 3, Dynamo pr., St. Petersburg, 197110, Russian Federation;
- Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29, Polytechnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
| | - T V Kvetnaia
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 3, Dynamo pr., St. Petersburg, 197110, Russian Federation;
| | - V O Polyakova
- D.O.Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 3, Mendeleevskaya line, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
- Saint-Petersburg University, 7/9, Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - I M Kvetnoy
- D.O.Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 3, Mendeleevskaya line, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
- Saint-Petersburg University, 7/9, Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
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7
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Hong YG, Roh S, Paik D, Jeong S. Development of a Reporter System for In Vivo Monitoring of γ-Secretase Activity in Drosophila. Mol Cells 2017; 40:73-81. [PMID: 28152299 PMCID: PMC5303891 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase complex represents an evolutionarily conserved family of transmembrane aspartyl proteases that cleave numerous type-I membrane proteins, including the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the receptor Notch. All known rare mutations in APP and the γ-secretase catalytic component, presenilin, which lead to increased amyloid βpeptide production, are responsible for early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. β-amyloid protein precursor-like (APPL) is the Drosophila ortholog of human APP. Here, we created Notch- and APPL-based Drosophila reporter systems for in vivo monitoring of γ-secretase activity. Ectopic expression of the Notch- and APPL-based chimeric reporters in wings results in vein truncation phenotypes. Reporter-mediated vein truncation phenotypes are enhanced by the Notch gain-of-function allele and suppressed by RNAi-mediated knockdown of presenilin. Furthermore, we find that apoptosis partly contributes to the vein truncation phenotypes of the APPL-based reporter, but not to the vein truncation phenotypes of the Notch-based reporter. Taken together, these results suggest that both in vivo reporter systems provide a powerful genetic tool to identify genes that modulate γ-secretase activity and/or APPL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gi Hong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Seyun Roh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Donggi Paik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605,
USA
| | - Sangyun Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
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8
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Abstract
Investigation of intramembranal protease catalysis demands the generation of intact biomembrane assemblies with structural integrity and lateral mobility. Here, we report the development of a microsphere supported-biomembrane platform enabling characterization of γ-secretase and substrate within proteolipobead assemblies via microscopy and flow cytometry. The active enzyme loading levels were tracked using an activity-based probe, with the biomembranes delineated by carbocyanine lipid reporters. Proteolipobeads formed from HeLa proteoliposomes gave rise to homogeneous distributions of active γ-secretase within supported biomembranes with native-like fluidity. The substrate loading into supported biomembranes was detergent-dependent, as evidenced by even colocalization of substrate and lipid tracers in confocal 3D imaging of individual proteolipobeads. Moreover, the loading level was tunable with bulk substrate concentration. γ-Secretase substrate cleavage and its inhibition within γ-secretase proteolipobeads were observed. This platform offers a means to visualize enzyme and substrate loading, activity, and inhibition in a controllable biomembrane microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lane Gilchrist
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, 140th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Kwangwook Ahn
- Chemistry Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemistry Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
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9
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Baranger K, Marchalant Y, Bonnet AE, Crouzin N, Carrete A, Paumier JM, Py NA, Bernard A, Bauer C, Charrat E, Moschke K, Seiki M, Vignes M, Lichtenthaler SF, Checler F, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S. MT5-MMP is a new pro-amyloidogenic proteinase that promotes amyloid pathology and cognitive decline in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:217-36. [PMID: 26202697 PMCID: PMC4700096 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-type 5-matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP) is a proteinase mainly expressed in the nervous system with emerging roles in brain pathophysiology. The implication of MT5-MMP in Alzheimer's disease (AD), notably its interplay with the amyloidogenic process, remains elusive. Accordingly, we crossed the genetically engineered 5xFAD mouse model of AD with MT5-MMP-deficient mice and examined the impact of MT5-MMP deficiency in bigenic 5xFAD/MT5-MMP(-/-) mice. At early stages (4 months) of the pathology, the levels of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and its amyloid precursor protein (APP) C-terminal fragment C99 were largely reduced in the cortex and hippocampus of 5xFAD/MT5-MMP(-/-), compared to 5xFAD mice. Reduced amyloidosis in bigenic mice was concomitant with decreased glial reactivity and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, and the preservation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning, without changes in the activity of α-, β- and γ-secretases. The positive impact of MT5-MMP deficiency was still noticeable at 16 months of age, as illustrated by reduced amyloid burden and gliosis, and a better preservation of the cortical neuronal network and synaptophysin levels in bigenic mice. MT5-MMP expressed in HEKswe cells colocalized and co-immunoprecipitated with APP and significantly increased the levels of Aβ and C99. MT5-MMP also promoted the release of a soluble APP fragment of 95 kDa (sAPP95) in HEKswe cells. sAPP95 levels were significantly reduced in brain homogenates of 5xFAD/MT5-MMP(-/-) mice, supporting altogether the idea that MT5-MMP influences APP processing. MT5-MMP emerges as a new pro-amyloidogenic regulator of APP metabolism, whose deficiency alleviates amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Marchalant
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
- Psychology Department, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Amandine E Bonnet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Crouzin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Alex Carrete
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie A Py
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Bauer
- Labex DistAlz, IPMC UMR 7275 CNRS-UNS, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Eliane Charrat
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Katrin Moschke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Mothoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Michel Vignes
- UMR5247 IBMM CNRS University of Montpellier 1 and University of Montpellier 2, 34095, Montepellier, France
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France.
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10
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Decourt B, Gonzales A, Beach TG, Malek-Ahmadi M, Walker A, Sue L, Walker DG, Sabbagh MN. BACE1 levels by APOE genotype in non-demented and Alzheimer's post-mortem brains. Curr Alzheimer Res 2013; 10:309-15. [PMID: 23036023 PMCID: PMC4104947 DOI: 10.2174/1567205011310030010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The APOE genotype is a known susceptibility factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is apparent that the presence of the APOE ε40 allele increases the risk for developing AD, lowers the age of onset in AD, and may influence the pathological burden seen in AD. In this study, we asked whether BACE1 levels differ by APOE genotype in the AD and non-demented (ND) brain. We isolated mid-frontal cortex (MFC) and mid-temporal cortex (MTC) from post-mortem ND and AD subjects that were APOE ε3/3, ε3/4, ε4/4 carriers. All AD subjects met NINDS-ADRDA and NIA-Reagan criteria for a diagnosis of AD. The MFC and MTC were homogenized and the lysates underwent ELISA and Western blotting for BACE1. The ELISA revealed that total BACE1 levels were lower in the MFC of AD compared to ND subjects. Furthermore, in APOE ε4 carriers BACE1 levels were lower than ε3/3 carriers in the ND frontal cortex. No difference in BACE1 levels was observed in AD MFC and in ND and AD MTC tissues. The ELISA results were confirmed by Western blotting. Our data suggest that brain BACEl levels may be influenced by the apolipoprotein E genotype before the onset of AD, providing an alternative explanation for the lower amyloid beta 42 levels in CSF in ND and AD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Decourt
- Haldeman Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
| | - Amanda Gonzales
- Haldeman Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
| | - Michael Malek-Ahmadi
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
| | - Aaron Walker
- Haldeman Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
| | - Lucia Sue
- Civin Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
| | - Douglas G. Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
| | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Haldeman Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City AZ 85351, USA
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11
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May PC, Dean RA, Lowe SL, Martenyi F, Sheehan SM, Boggs LN, Monk SA, Mathes BM, Mergott DJ, Watson BM, Stout SL, Timm DE, Smith LaBell E, Gonzales CR, Nakano M, Jhee SS, Yen M, Ereshefsky L, Lindstrom TD, Calligaro DO, Cocke PJ, Greg Hall D, Friedrich S, Citron M, Audia JE. Robust central reduction of amyloid-β in humans with an orally available, non-peptidic β-secretase inhibitor. J Neurosci 2011; 31:16507-16. [PMID: 22090477 PMCID: PMC6633289 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3647-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, cerebral deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is critical for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Aβ generation is initiated when β-secretase (BACE1) cleaves the amyloid precursor protein. For more than a decade, BACE1 has been a prime target for designing drugs to prevent or treat AD. However, development of such agents has turned out to be extremely challenging, with major hurdles in cell penetration, oral bioavailability/metabolic clearance, and brain access. Using a fragment-based chemistry strategy, we have generated LY2811376 [(S)-4-(2,4-difluoro-5-pyrimidin-5-yl-phenyl)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazin-2-ylamine], the first orally available non-peptidic BACE1 inhibitor that produces profound Aβ-lowering effects in animals. The biomarker changes obtained in preclinical animal models translate into man at doses of LY2811376 that were safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers. Prominent and long-lasting Aβ reductions in lumbar CSF were measured after oral dosing of 30 or 90 mg of LY2811376. This represents the first translation of BACE1-driven biomarker changes in CNS from preclinical animal models to man. Because of toxicology findings identified in longer-term preclinical studies, this compound is no longer progressing in clinical development. However, BACE1 remains a viable target because the adverse effects reported here were recapitulated in LY2811376-treated BACE1 KO mice and thus are unrelated to BACE1 inhibition. The magnitude and duration of central Aβ reduction obtainable with BACE1 inhibition positions this protease as a tractable small-molecule target through which to test the amyloid hypothesis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. May
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Robert A. Dean
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Stephen L. Lowe
- Lilly–National University of Singapore Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Ferenc Martenyi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Scott M. Sheehan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Leonard N. Boggs
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Scott A. Monk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Brian M. Mathes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Dustin J. Mergott
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Brian M. Watson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Stephanie L. Stout
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - David E. Timm
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | | | | | | | - Stanford S. Jhee
- PAREXEL International Early Phase Los Angeles, Glendale, California 91206
| | - Mark Yen
- PAREXEL International Early Phase Los Angeles, Glendale, California 91206
- California Clinical Trials Medical Group, Glendale, California 91206, and
| | - Larry Ereshefsky
- PAREXEL International Early Phase Los Angeles, Glendale, California 91206
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 98284
| | - Terry D. Lindstrom
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - David O. Calligaro
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Patrick J. Cocke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - D. Greg Hall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Stuart Friedrich
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Martin Citron
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - James E. Audia
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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12
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Abstract
RATIONALE the exact etiology of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) is unclear, but it is interesting that several cardiovascular risk factors are associated with higher incidence of AD. The link between these risk factors and AD has yet to be identified; however, a common feature is endothelial dysfunction, specifically, decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). OBJECTIVE to determine the relationship between endothelial derived NO and the expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). METHODS AND RESULTS we used human brain microvascular endothelial cells to examine the role of NO in modulating APP expression and processing in vitro. Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) with the specific NOS inhibitor L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) led to increased APP and BACE1 (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme1) protein levels, as well as increased secretion of the amyloidogenic peptide amyloid β (Aβ) (control 10.93 ± 0.70 pg/mL; L-NAME 168.21 ± 27.38 pg/mL; P<0.001). To examine the role of NO in modulation of APP expression and processing in vivo, we used brain and cerebral microvessels from eNOS-deficient (eNOS(-/-)) mice. Brain tissue from eNOS(-/-) mice had statistically higher APP and BACE1 protein levels, as well as increased BACE1 enzyme activity and Aβ (Aβ(1)(-)(42) wild-type control, 0.737 pg/mg; eNOS(-/-), 1.475 pg/mg; P<0.05), compared with wild-type controls (n=6 to 8 animals per background). Brain microvessels from eNOS(-/-) mice also showed statistically higher BACE1 protein levels as compared with wild-type control. CONCLUSIONS our data suggest that endothelial NO plays an important role in modulating APP expression and processing within the brain and cerebrovasculature. The NO/cGMP pathway may be an important therapeutic target in preventing and treating mild cognitive impairment, as well as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Austin
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn., 55905, USA
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13
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Abstract
gamma-Secretase is an aspartyl protease that cleaves multiple substrates including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch proteins. Abnormal proteolysis of APP is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and overactive Notch signaling plays an oncogenic role in a variety of cancers. gamma-Secretase has emerged as a promising target for drug development in the treatment of AD and cancer. Assays with increased capacity for high-throughput screening would allow for quicker screening of chemical libraries and facilitate inhibitor development. We have developed a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF)-based assay that makes use of a novel biotinylated recombinant APP substrate and solubilized membrane preparation as the source of the gamma-secretase enzyme. The assay was miniaturized to a 1536-well format and validated in a pilot screen against a library of approximately 3,000 compounds. The overall assay performance was robust due to a calculated Z' factor of 0.74 and its demonstrated ability to identify known gamma-secretase inhibitors such as pepstatin A. This validated assay can readily be used for primary screening against large chemical libraries searching for novel inhibitors of gamma-secretase activity that may represent potential therapeutics for AD and a variety of neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Shelton
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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14
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Cho HJ, Jin SM, Youn HD, Huh K, Mook-Jung I. Disrupted intracellular calcium regulates BACE1 gene expression via nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT 1) signaling. Aging Cell 2008; 7:137-47. [PMID: 18081741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression is elevated in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and in aged-animal models. Because both AD and aging are associated with disrupted calcium homeostasis, we investigated the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) - a transcription factor regulated by the calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin - in BACE1 expression. BACE1 expression was stimulated by a calcium ionophore in primary cortical cultures, and by SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which was both blocked by pretreatment with either cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, or ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid, a calcium chelator. Gel shift assays revealed direct binding of NFAT1 to specific DNA sequences within the BACE1 gene promoter region. Treatment with amyloid beta (Abeta), one of the major factors in AD pathogenesis, stimulated activation and nuclear translocation of NFAT1 following up-regulation of BACE1 expression. In addition, primary cortical cultures from Tg2576 mouse brains generated more Abeta by ionophore stimulation, which was reversed by cyclosporin A treatment. Furthermore, NFAT1 activation was observed in Tg2576 mouse brains. These results suggest that calcium ionophore- or Abeta-induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration stimulate BACE1 expression, resulting in accelerated Abeta generation, and that this process is mediated through the calcineurin-NFAT1 signaling pathway. This process may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Xiong K, Clough RW, Luo XG, Struble RG, Li YM, Yan XX. [3H]-L-685,458 as a radiotracer that maps γ-secretase complex in the rat brain: Relevance to Aβ genesis and presence of active presenilin-1 components. Brain Res 2007; 1157:81-91. [PMID: 17512915 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase is a multimeric enzyme important for normal cell/neuronal proliferation, differentiation and plasticity. Determining in vivo gamma-secretase expression and activity remains a challenge because its subunit proteins can exist in immature and preassembled forms, but may execute cellular roles irrelevant to gamma-site cleavage. In this study, we characterized [3H]-L-685,458 as a radiotracer for the detection of active gamma-secretase in adult rat brain. In vitro autoradiography indicated that [3H]-L-685,458 binding was saturatable, displaceable by peptidomimetic and small molecule gamma-secretase inhibitors, and exhibited rapid association and dissociation kinetics. In cultured hippocampal slices, [3H]-L-685,458 binding density correlated with Abeta reduction following in-dish dosing of this radioligand or a non-radioactive gamma-secretase inhibitor. [3H]-L-685,458 binding sites in the adult brain were differentially distributed across regions and laminas, with heavy binding localized to the olfactory glomeruli, hippocampal CA3 and cerebellar molecular layer, and moderate binding in the cerebral cortex, amygdala and selected subcortical regions. All of these regions showed labeling for presenilin-1 N-terminal fragments (PS1-NTFs). A distinct correlation of dense binding sites with abundant presence of PS1-NTFs was verified in hippocampal mossy fiber terminals and olfactory bulb glomeruli, suggestive of a rich expression of gamma-secretase in the synapses at these locations that are characteristic of dynamic plasticity. Together, [3H]-L-685,458 is an excellent radiotracer for mapping active gamma-secretase complex, and may serve as a useful tool for studying the enzyme in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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16
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Spasic D, Raemaekers T, Dillen K, Declerck I, Baert V, Serneels L, Füllekrug J, Annaert W. Rer1p competes with APH-1 for binding to nicastrin and regulates gamma-secretase complex assembly in the early secretory pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 176:629-40. [PMID: 17325205 PMCID: PMC2064021 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200609180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The γ-secretase complex, consisting of presenilin, nicastrin, presenilin enhancer-2 (PEN-2), and anterior pharynx defective-1 (APH-1) cleaves type I integral membrane proteins like amyloid precursor protein and Notch in a process of regulated intramembrane proteolysis. The regulatory mechanisms governing the multistep assembly of this “proteasome of the membrane” are unknown. We characterize a new interaction partner of nicastrin, the retrieval receptor Rer1p. Rer1p binds preferentially immature nicastrin via polar residues within its transmembrane domain that are also critical for interaction with APH-1. Absence of APH-1 substantially increased binding of nicastrin to Rer1p, demonstrating the competitive nature of these interactions. Moreover, Rer1p expression levels control the formation of γ-secretase subcomplexes and, concomitantly, total cellular γ-secretase activity. We identify Rer1p as a novel limiting factor that negatively regulates γ-secretase complex assembly by competing with APH-1 during active recycling between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. We conclude that total cellular γ-secretase activity is restrained by a secondary ER control system that provides a potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Spasic
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven/Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Gasthuisberg, Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Grigorenko AP, Rogaev EI. [Molecular basics of Alzheimer's disease]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2007; 41:331-45. [PMID: 17514900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies of molecular mechanisms for Alzheimer's Disease have led to the two major achievements. First, genes with mutations causing Alzheimer's Disease (presenilin genes PSI, PS2 and APP) or bearing a risk factor polymorphism (ApoE) for Alzheimer's Disease were described. Second, the new type of proteases and mechanisms of regulation of cellular differentiation and development by processes of intramembrane proteolysis were identified. These mechanisms, apparently, are universal for various cell types and organisms. Presenilin is a catalytic component of tetra-protein complex (epsilon-/gamma-secretase) cleaving type I transmembrane proteins. Other recently discovered aspartate proteases, IMPAS/SPP, cleave type II transmembrane proteins. Processing of transmembrane proteins by cellular intramembrane proteases results in production of signal peptides, transcriptional factors and short hydrophobic proteins (fragments of transmembrane domains), which may have a physiological function or play a key role in patogenic events associated with ageing (e.g., beta-amyloid formation in Alzheimer's Disease). To date approximately 160 mutations in PSI gene, more than 10 mutations in PS2 gene and 21 mutations in APP gene were described. Early preclinical diagnostics of some early forms of Alzheimer's Disease became possible. Since patogeneses of early and late onset forms of Alzheimer's Disease are similar, identification of molecular or epigenetic factors affecting primary molecular mechanisms (intramembrane or membrane associated proteolysis) underlying the disease may ultimately contribute to development of rational therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
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18
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Goggi JL, Lewis HD, Mok J, Harrison T, Shearman MS, Atack JR, Best JD. A comparative assessment of γ-secretase activity in transgenic and non-transgenic rodent brain. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 157:246-52. [PMID: 16859750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposits are one of the hallmarks of the neuropathological degeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Abeta concentrations have been reported to vary in different brain regions of AD patients. Abeta is produced by the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase, respectively. Previous studies have shown that over-expression of the gamma-secretase complex leads to increased gamma-secretase proteolytic activity increasing Abeta production. However, it is not known whether brain regions with highest Abeta concentration also express relatively higher levels of gamma-secretase activity. Accordingly, the relationship between Abeta levels and gamma-secretase activity across brain regions was investigated and correlated in the brains of transgenic and non-transgenic rodents commonly used in AD research. The data demonstrated that Abeta levels do vary in different brain regions in both transgenic and non-transgenic mice but are not correlated with regional gamma-secretase activity. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that while mutations in the APP and PS1 sequences affect the absolute Abeta levels this is not reflected in an increase in gamma-secretase proteolytic activity. The data in the current paper indicate that this assay is able to measure the level of gamma-secretase activity in rodent species. Using this methodology will aid our understanding of physiological gamma-secretase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Goggi
- Department of In Vivo Neuroscience, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Essex CM20 2QR, UK
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