1
|
Wang Z, Li J, Song W, Yang J, Dong W, Zhang X. Bisphenol A degradation by chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and S(IV)/ClO 2 process: Mechanism, degradation pathways and toxicity assessment. Environ Pollut 2023; 339:122736. [PMID: 37838321 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and (bi)sulfite/ClO2 showed excellent performance in micropollutant removal from water; however, the degradation mechanisms and application boundaries of the two system have not been identified. In this study, bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as the target contaminant to give multiple comparisons of ClO2 and S(IV)/ClO2 process regarding the degradation performance of contaminant, generation of reactive species, transformation of products and toxicity variation. Both ClO2 and S(IV)/ClO2 can degrade BPA within 3 min. The BPA degradation mechanism was mainly based on direct oxidation in ClO2 process while it was attributed to radicals (especially SO4·-) generation in S(IV)/ClO2 process. Meanwhile, the effect of pH and coexisting substances (Cl-, Br-, HCO3- and HA) were evaluated. It was found that ClO2 preferred the neutral and alkaline condition and S(IV)/ClO2 preferred the acidic condition for BPA degradation. An unexpected speed-up of BPA degradation was observed in ClO2 process in the presence of Br-, HCO3- and HA. In addition, the intermediate products in BPA degradation were identified. Three exclusive products were found in ClO2 process, in which p-benzoquinone was considered to be the reason of the acute toxicity increase in ClO2 process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ge Y, Zhang X, Shu L, Yang X. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment: A Review. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 106:560-567. [PMID: 33629148 PMCID: PMC7904506 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an alternative disinfectant to chlorine, has been widely applied in water and wastewater disinfection. This paper aims at presenting an overview of the inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of ClO2 with viruses. The inactivation efficiencies vary greatly among different virus species. The inactivation rates for different serotypes within a family of viruses can differ by over 284%. Generally, to achieve a 4-log removal, the exposure doses, also being referred to as Ct values (mutiplying the concentration of ClO2 and contact time) vary in the range of 0.06-10 mg L-1 min. Inactivation kinetics of viruses show two phases: an initial rapid inactivation phase followed by a tailing phase. Inactivation rates of viruses increase as pH or temperature increases, but show different trends with increasing concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Both damages in viral proteins and in the 5' noncoding region within the genome contribute to virus inactivation upon ClO2 disinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexian Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Longfei Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chhetri RK, Baun A, Andersen HR. Acute toxicity and risk evaluation of the CSO disinfectants performic acid, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and their by-products hydrogen peroxide and chlorite. Sci Total Environ 2019; 677:1-8. [PMID: 31051379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicological evaluation of combined sewer overflow (CSO) disinfectants, with their degradation products, is important for ensuring safe use. For this form of toxicity, data for organisms representing different trophic levels are needed. We studied the toxicity of the alternative disinfectants peracetic acid (PAA), performic acid (PFA) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and their degradation products hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorite (ClO2-) on Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna. ClO2 was more toxic to D. magna (EC50 < 0.09 mg/L) and PFA was most toxic to V. fischeri (EC50 0.24 mg/L). EC50 of PFA, PAA, ClO2, H2O2 and ClO2- on D. magna were 0.85, 0.78, <0.09, 3.46 and 0.36 mg/L, respectively. Similarly, EC50 of PFA, PAA, ClO2, H2O2 and ClO2- on V. fischeri were 0.24, 0.42, 1.10, 5.67 and 30.93 mg/L, respectively. For both PFA and ClO2, the degradation in water was faster than for PAA, H2O2 and chlorite. Using these data together with literature values, we derived environmental quality standards. By combining these with typical concentrations of disinfectants used for CSOs, we estimated the dilution required for discharging CSOs after disinfection, which can be used for quick assessment of the environmental feasibility of disinfection systems at specific CSO sites. Minimal dilutions in the receiving water, in the orders of 44, 70 or 138-fold, are needed for ClO2, PFA and PAA, respectively. This highlights PFA as the most widely applicable disinfectant, taking into account both its efficiency and the lower risk of unwanted environmental effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Chhetri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang R, Chen B, Wang T, Li P, Ding F. Effects of chlorine dioxide on the germination, oxidative metabolism and growth of barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5765. [PMID: 30962491 PMCID: PMC6453926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of chlorine dioxide, ClO2, on the germination, oxidative metabolism and growth of barley seedlings were investigated. Barley seeds were separately treated with 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg.L-1 ClO2 solutions. Differences in the percentage of seed germination were observed in treatments with 1000 and 2000 mg.L-1 ClO2 solutions only. However, 1000 and 2000 mg.L-1 ClO2 significantly decreased the germination percentage. No significant difference in the MDA content, electrolyte leakage and amount of chlorophyll was observed in seedlings germinated from seeds treated with 0, 500 and 1000 mg.L-1 of ClO2. Similarly, POD and CAT activities showed no significant differences in seedlings germinated from seeds treated with 0 and 500 mg.L-1 while with 1000 mg.L-1 ClO2 there was an increase of these activities. Although there was no significant difference in the above ground part fresh weight between barley seedlings in which seeds were treated with distilled water and ClO2, the fresh weight of barley roots in which seeds were treated with ClO2 was significantly higher than that of control. The total length of barley roots and the number of roots were also increased. The lignin content of barley roots was markly reduced. Staining with Evans blue indicated that barley roots were not obviously damaged. Furtherly, the stimulation of the cell membrane H+-ATPase activity and root activity were observed to be induced by ClO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Wang
- Institutional affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P.R. China
| | - Bingcui Chen
- Institutional affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Institutional affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P.R. China
| | - Piwu Li
- Institutional affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ding
- Institutional affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
López-Gálvez F, Randazzo W, Vásquez A, Sánchez G, Decol LT, Aznar R, Gil MI, Allende A. Irrigating Lettuce with Wastewater Effluent: Does Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide Inactivate Viruses? J Environ Qual 2018; 47:1139-1145. [PMID: 30272803 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.12.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water obtained from urban wastewater is currently being used as irrigation water in water-scarce regions in Spain. However, wastewater can contain enteric viruses that water reclamation treatment cannot remove or inactivate completely. In the present study, greenhouse-grown baby lettuce ( L.) was irrigated with secondary treatment effluent from a wastewater treatment plant untreated and treated using chlorine dioxide (ClO). The effect of ClO treatment on the physicochemical characteristics and the presence of enteric viruses in irrigation water and lettuce was assessed. The presence of human noroviruses genogroups I and II (NoV GI and NoV GII), and human astroviruses (HAstV), was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, to check for the loss of infectivity induced by the disinfection treatment, positive samples were re-analyzed after pretreatment with the intercalating dye PMAxx before RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. There were no significant differences in the proportion of positive samples and the concentration of enteric viruses between treated and untreated reclaimed water without PMAxx pretreatment ( > 0.05). A significantly lower concentration of NoV GI was detected in ClO-treated water when samples were pretreated with PMAxx ( < 0.05), indicating that inactivation was due to the disinfection treatment. Laboratory-scale validation tests indicated the suitability of PMAxx-RT-qPCR for discrimination between potentially infectious and ClO-damaged viruses. Although the applied ClO treatment was not able to significantly reduce the enteric virus load of the secondary effluent from the wastewater treatment plant, none of the lettuce samples analyzed ( = 36) was positive for the presence of NoV or HAstV.
Collapse
|
6
|
Venkatnarayanan S, Sriyutha Murthy P, Kirubagaran R, Venugopalan VP. Chlorine dioxide as an alternative antifouling biocide for cooling water systems: Toxicity to larval barnacle Amphibalanus reticulatus (Utinomi). Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 124:803-810. [PMID: 28111001 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is seen as an effective alternative to chlorine, which is widely used as an antifouling biocide. However, data on its efficacy against marine macrofoulants is scanty. In this study, acute toxicity of ClO2 to larval forms of the fouling barnacle Amphibalanus reticulatus was investigated. ClO2 treatment at 0.1mg/L for 20min elicited 45-63% reduction in naupliar metamorphosis, 70% inhibition of cyprid settlement and 80% inhibition of metamorphosis to juveniles. Increase in concentration to 0.2mg/L did not result in any significant difference in the settlement inhibition or metamorphosis. Treatment with 0.2mg/L of ClO2 elicited substantial reduction in the settlement of barnacle larvae compared to control. The study indicates the possibility of using ClO2 as an alternative antifouling biocide in power plant cooling water systems. However, more work needs to be done on the environmental effects of such switchover, which we are currently undertaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Venkatnarayanan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sriyutha Murthy
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Vayalam P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han GD, Na J, Chun YS, Kumar S, Kim W, Kim Y. Chlorine dioxide enhances lipid peroxidation through inhibiting calcium-independent cellular PLA 2 in larvae of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 143:48-56. [PMID: 29183610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids usually undergo lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Calcium-independent cellular phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) can maintain fatty acid compositions in phospholipids depending on physiological conditions. An insect iPLA2 (Pi-iPLA2) was predicted from the transciptome of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. It encodes 835 amino acids. It possesses five ankyrin repeats in the N terminal and patatin lipase domain in the C terminal. Pi-iPLA2 was expressed in all developmental stages of the Indianmeal moth. In the larval stage, it was expressed in all tissues tested. RNA interference (RNAi) specific to Pi-iPLA2 was performed using specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). It resulted in almost 70% of reduction in gene expression. Under such RNAi condition, P. interpunctella exhibited significant accumulation of lipid peroxidation based on the amount of malondialdehyde. RNAi of Pi-PLA2 expression also impaired cellular immune response of P. interpunctella. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an insecticidal agent by generating ROS, increased lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. However, the addition of vitamin E (an antioxidant) reduced the formation of lipid peroxidation. ClO2 treatment significantly reduced expression of Pi-iPLA2 but increased lipid peroxidation in larval fat body of P. interpunctella. Furthermore, larvae treated with dsRNA specific to Pi-iPLA2 were significantly susceptible to ClO2 treatment. These results suggest that Pi-iPLA2 plays a crucial role in repairing damaged fatty acids from phospholipids. Our results also suggest that ClO2 can elevate lipid peroxidation through inhibiting Pi-iPLA2 expression in addition to direct ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyung Deok Han
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jahyun Na
- Institute of Life Science and Natural resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Shik Chun
- Institute of Life Science and Natural resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chavan P, Kumar R, Kirubagaran R, Venugopalan VP. Comparative toxicological effects of two antifouling biocides on the marine diatom Chaetoceros lorenzianus: Damage and post-exposure recovery. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 144:97-106. [PMID: 28601522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling biocides are commonly used in coastal electric power stations to prevent biofouling in their condenser cooling systems. However, the environmental impact of the chemical biocides is less understood than the thermal stress effects caused by the condenser effluents. In this study, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, a representative marine diatom, was used to analyse the toxicity of two antifouling biocides, chlorine and chlorine dioxide. The diatom cells were subjected to a range of concentrations of the biocides (from 0.05 to 2mg/L, as total residual oxidants, TRO) for contact time of 30min. They were analysed for viability, genotoxicity, chlorophyll a and cell density endpoints. The cells were affected at all concentrations of the biocides (0.05-2mg/L), showing dose-dependent decrease in viability and increase in DNA damage. The treated cells were later incubated in filtered seawater devoid of biocide to check for recovery. The cells were able to recover in terms of overall viability and DNA damage, when they had been initially treated with low concentrations of the biocides (0.5mg/L of Cl2 or 0.2mg/L of ClO2). Chlorophyll a analysis showed irreparable damage at all concentrations, while cell density showed increasing trend of reduction, if treated above 0.5mg/L of Cl2 and 0.2mg/L of ClO2. The data indicated that in C. lorenzianus, cumulative toxic effects and recovery potential of ClO2 up to 0.2mg/L were comparable with those of Cl2, up to 0.5mg/L concentration in terms of the studied endpoints. The results indicate that at the biocide levels currently being used at power stations, recovery of the organism is feasible upon return to ambient environment. Similar studies should be carried out on other planktonic and benthic organisms, which will be helpful in the formulation of future guidelines for discharge of upcoming antifouling biocides such as chlorine dioxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chavan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Vayalam P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar S, Park J, Kim E, Na J, Chun YS, Kwon H, Kim W, Kim Y. Oxidative stress induced by chlorine dioxide as an insecticidal factor to the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2015; 124:48-59. [PMID: 26453230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel fumigant, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a commercial bleaching and disinfection agent. Recent study indicates its insecticidal activity. However, its mode of action to kill insects is yet to be understood. This study set up a hypothesis that an oxidative stress induced by ClO2 is a main factor to kill insects. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is a lepidopteran insect pest infesting various stored grains. Larvae of P. interpunctella were highly susceptible to ClO2 gas, which exhibited an acute toxicity. Physiological damages by ClO2 were observed in hemocytes. At high doses, the larvae of P. interpunctella suffered significant reduction of total hemocytes. At low doses, ClO2 impaired hemocyte behaviors. The cytotoxicity of ClO2 was further analyzed using two insect cell lines, where Sf9 cells were more susceptible to ClO2 than High Five cells. The cells treated with ClO2 produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). The produced ROS amounts increased with an increase of the treated ClO2 amount. However, the addition of an antioxidant, vitamin E, significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity of ClO2 in a dose-dependent manner. To support the oxidative stress induced by ClO2, two antioxidant genes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin-peroxidase (Tpx)) were identified from P. interpunctella EST library using ortholog sequences of Bombyx mori. Both SOD and Tpx were expressed in larvae of P. interpunctella especially under oxidative stress induced by bacterial challenge. Exposure to ClO2 gas significantly induced the gene expression of both SOD and Tpx. RNA interference of SOD or Tpx using specific double stranded RNAs significantly enhanced the lethality of P. interpunctella to ClO2 gas treatment as well as to the bacterial challenge. These results suggest that ClO2 induces the production of insecticidal ROS, which results in a fatal oxidative stress in P. interpunctella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Park
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseong Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jahyun Na
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Shik Chun
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Kwon
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hsu CS, Lu MC, Huang DJ. Disinfection of indoor air microorganisms in stack room of university library using gaseous chlorine dioxide. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:17. [PMID: 25626564 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As with all indoor public spaces in Taiwan, the stack rooms in public libraries should meet the air quality guidelines laid down by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. Accordingly, utilizing a university library in Taiwan for experimental purposes, this study investigates the efficiency of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a disinfection agent when applied using three different treatment modes, namely a single-daily disinfection mode (SIM), a twice-daily disinfection mode (TWM), and a triple-daily disinfection mode (TRM). For each treatment mode, the ClO2 is applied using an ultrasonic aerosol device and is performed both under natural lighting conditions and under artificial lighting conditions. The indoor air quality is evaluated before and after each treatment session by measuring the bioaerosol levels of bacteria and fungi. The results show that for all three disinfection modes, the application of ClO2 reduces the indoor bacteria and fungi concentrations to levels lower than those specified by the Taiwan EPA (i.e., bacteria <1500 CFU/m(3), fungi <1000 CFU/m(3)), irrespective of the lighting conditions under which the disinfection process is performed. For each disinfection mode, a better disinfection efficiency is obtained under natural lighting conditions since ClO2 readily decomposes under strong luminance levels. Among the three treatment modes, the disinfection efficiencies of the TWM and TRM modes are very similar under natural lighting conditions and are significantly better than that of the SIM mode. Thus, overall, the results suggest that the TWM treatment protocol represents the most cost-effective and efficient method for meeting the indoor air quality requirements of the Taiwan EPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Shan Hsu
- Department of Environmental Resource Management, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The presence of zooplankton in drinking water treatment system may cause a negative effect on the aesthetic value of drinking water and may also increase the threat to human health due to they being the carriers of bacteria. Very little research has been done on the effects of copepod inactivation and the mechanisms involved in this process. In a series of bench-scale experiments we used a response surface method to assess the sensitivity of copepod to inactivation when chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) was used as a disinfectant. We also assessed the effects of the ClO₂dosage, exposure time, organic matter concentration and temperature. Results indicated that the inactivation rate improved with increasing dosage, exposure time and temperature, whereas it decreased with increasing organic matter concentration. Copepod inactivation was more sensitive to the ClO₂dose than that to the exposure time, while being maintained at the same Ct-value conditions. The activation energy at different temperatures revealed that the inactivation of copepods with ClO₂was temperature-dependent. The presence of organic matter resulted in a lower available dose as well as a shorter available exposure time, which resulted in a decrease in inactivation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes , Hohai University , Nanjing 210098 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou S, Shao Y, Gao N, Li L, Deng J, Zhu M, Zhu S. Effect of chlorine dioxide on cyanobacterial cell integrity, toxin degradation and disinfection by-product formation. Sci Total Environ 2014; 482-483:208-213. [PMID: 24651056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bench scale tests were conducted to study the effect of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) oxidation on cell integrity, toxin degradation and disinfection by-product formation of Microcystis aeruginosa. The simulated cyanobacterial suspension was prepared at a concentration of 1.0×10(6)cells/mL and the cell integrity was measured with flow cytometry. Results indicated that ClO2 can inhibit the photosynthetic capacity of M. aeruginosa cells and almost no integral cells were left after oxidation at a ClO2 dose of 1.0mg/L. The total toxin was degraded more rapidly with the ClO2 dosage increasing from 0.1mg/L to 1.0mg/L. Moreover, the damage on cell structure after oxidation resulted in released intracellular organic matter, which contributed to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) as disinfection by-products. Therefore, the use of ClO2 as an oxidant for treating algal-rich water should be carefully considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yisheng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; China Academy of Urban Planning & Design, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Calazans SHC, Americo JA, da Costa Fernandes F, Aldridge DC, de Freitas Rebelo M. Assessment of toxicity of dissolved and microencapsulated biocides for control of the Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei. Mar Environ Res 2013; 91:104-108. [PMID: 23582773 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions currently pose major threats to ecosystems worldwide. Invasive bivalves such as the Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei can act as 'environmental engineers', altering biogeochemistry, reducing biodiversity, and literally changing the landscape of aquatic environments. The risk that this mussel will invade the Amazon basin is a great concern for environmental authorities, especially because no efficient control methods presently exist. In this study, we tested new microencapsulated chemicals, along with the traditional dissolved chlorine and KCl, as alternatives to control L. fortunei infestation in industrial and water supply plants along rivers. Because these bivalves can close their valves when they sense toxic substances in the water, microencapsulation has improved the effectiveness of the chemicals in controlling L. fortunei, reducing variation in the application and increasing toxicity compared to dissolved chemicals. Microencapsulation should be seriously considered as an alternative to replace hazardous chlorine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sávio Henrique C Calazans
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Byzov NV, Plekhanov VN. [Endoscopic diagnosis of local chemical burn of mucous membranes of the stomach, induced with the purpose of simulation of gastric ulcer]. Voen Med Zh 2013; 334:33-38. [PMID: 23805626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With the purpose of improvement of diagnosis of induced gastric ulcer were examined 11 patients who took aggressive agents for simulation of gastric ulcer and 33 patients who took pseudo-aggressive agents. Observables, conduced diagnosis of local chemical burn of mucous coat of stomach during initial 6 days after taking aggressive agents. Stages of ulcerous process, resulting from local chemical burn of mucous coat of stomach, coressponds to real gactric ulcer. Gelatin capsule using as a container for delivery of aggressive agents, melts in stomach in 5-6 minutes after taking. Independent from body position, mucous coat of greater curvature of the stomach is damaged. It is impossible to simulate duodenal bulb ulcer using the gelatine capsule or ball made of breadcrumb. The last method of delivery of aggressive agent can damage the small intestine because of uncontrollability of the place of breaking the ball.
Collapse
|
15
|
Canistro D, Melega S, Ranieri D, Sapone A, Gustavino B, Monfrinotti M, Rizzoni M, Paolini M. Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons. Mutat Res 2012; 729:81-89. [PMID: 22001235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an association between consumption of disinfected drinking water and adverse health outcomes. The chemicals used to disinfect water react with occurring organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants in the source water, resulting in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). The observations that some DBPs are carcinogenic in animal models have raised public concern over the possible adverse health effects for humans. Here, the modulation of liver cytochrome P450-linked monooxygenases (MFO) and the genotoxic effects in erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio fish exposed in situ to surface drinking water in the presence of disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) and peracetic acid (PAA), were investigated in winter and summer. A complex induction/suppression pattern of CYP-associated MFOs in winter was observed for all disinfectants. For example, a 3.4- to 15-fold increase was recorded of the CYP2B1/2-linked dealkylation of penthoxyresorufin with NaClO (10 days) and PAA (20 days). In contrast, ClO(2) generated the most notable inactivation, the CYP2E1-supported hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol being decreased up to 71% after 10 days' treatment. In summer, the degree of modulation was modest, with the exception of CYP3A1/2 and CYP1A1 supported MFOs (62% loss after 20 days PAA). The micronucleus (MN) induction in fish circulating erythrocytes was also analysed as an endpoint of genotoxic potential in the same fish population. Significant increases of MN induction were detected at the latest sampling time on fish exposed to surface water treated with chlorinate-disinfectants, both in winter (NaClO) and summer (NaClO and ClO(2)), while no effect was observed in fish exposed to PAA-treated water. These results show that water disinfection may be responsible for harmful outcomes in terms of MFO perturbation and DNA damage; if extrapolated to humans, they ultimately offer a possible rationale for the increased urinary cancer risk recorded in regular drinking water consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Canistro
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Alma-Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Villarini M, Moretti M, Dominici L, Fatigoni C, Dörr AJM, Elia AC, Monarca S. A protocol for the evaluation of genotoxicity in bile of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to lake water treated with different disinfectants. Chemosphere 2011; 84:1521-1526. [PMID: 21546055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid method to evaluate toxic and genotoxic properties of drinking water supplied from Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Central Italy) was worked out analysing bile in Cyprinus carpio exposed for 20 d to lake water treated with 3 different disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) and peracetic acid (PAA). Fish were sacrificed at 0, 10 and 20 d in order to investigate the time course of these endpoints. An aliquot of bile samples was fractionated by adsorption on C(18) silica cartridges and the genotoxic potential of whole bile and of bile fractions was evaluated by the single-cell microgel-electrophoresis (comet) assay on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Bile (both whole and fractionated) from specimens exposed to the three disinfectants always showed a genotoxic activity as compared to the control group. The results of this study provide evidence that all three disinfectants cause an increase in bile genotoxicity of chronically exposed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Villarini
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties and Public Health, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, I-06122 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Keskinen LA, Annous BA. Efficacy of adding detergents to sanitizer solutions for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Romaine lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 147:157-61. [PMID: 21529976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been linked to consumption of fresh lettuce. The development of effective and easily implemented wash treatment could reduce such incidents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the addition of food-grade detergents to sanitizer solutions for inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on Romaine lettuce. Freshly-cut leaves of Romaine lettuce were dip-inoculated to achieve a final cell concentration of 7.8±0.2 log CFU/g, air-dried for 2h, and stored overnight at 4 °C. Leaves were then washed for 2 min in an experimental short chain fatty acid formulation (SCFA) or in one of the following solutions with or without 0.2% dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid or 0.2% sodium 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate: 1) deionized water; 2) 100 ppm chlorine dioxide; 3) 100 ppm chlorine; and 4) 200 ppm chlorine. Following wash treatment, samples were blended in neutralizing buffer (1:3) and surface plated on the selective media CT-SMAC. The efficacy of wash treatments, with or without the detergents, in inactivating E. coli O157:H7 cells on lettuce leaves were not significantly different. The most effective wash solution was SCFA, which was capable of reducing E. coli O157:H7 populations by more than 5 log CFU/g. The rest of the wash treatments resulted in a population reduction of less than 1 log CFU/g. The effectiveness of SCFA surpasses that of other sanitizer treatments tested in this study and requires further research to optimize treatments to preserve lettuce quality. Conventional detergents did not enhance the efficacy of any of the wash treatments tested during this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Keskinen
- Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8598, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dom N, Nobels I, Knapen D, Blust R. Bacterial gene profiling assay applied as an alternative method for mode of action classification: pilot study using chlorinated anilines. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011; 30:1059-1068. [PMID: 21309029 DOI: 10.1002/etc.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polar narcotic structural analogues (e.g., chlorinated anilines with a differing degree of chlorosubstitution, such as aniline, 4-chloroaniline, 3,5-dichloroaniline, and 2,3,4-trichloroaniline) are assumed to induce their toxic effects via the same predominant mode of action (MOA; membrane damage) at equitoxic exposure concentrations. In this study, a bacterial gene profiling assay consisting of 14 general stress genes was used to test this hypothesis for these four compounds. Although we found a consistent induction of membrane damage, the response cascade and the extent of the response differed among the different chemical treatments. The higher chlorosubstituted anilines also triggered significantly more genes involved in other general stress MOA classes (oxidative stress and protein perturbation). These findings illustrate that, along with the commonly used physicochemistry-based MOA categorization methods, alternative tests such as the bacterial gene profiling assay can yield valuable biological information on the MOA of a certain chemical or group of chemicals that is crucial in high-quality environmental risk assessment. In a second phase, the experimental gene profiling data sets of the chlorinated anilines were analyzed and weighed against existing data on other polar and non polar narcotic compounds to obtain a broader comparison in which the predefined chemical MOAs (narcosis and polar narcosis) were contrasted with the biological MOAs (gene expression profiles). Although additional optimization of the assay is needed, our results show that the bacterial gene profiling assay opens new perspectives for biology-based chemical grouping, thereby further enabling targeted MOA-based risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dom
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goncharov A, Pavuk M, Foushee HR, Carpenter DO. Blood pressure in relation to concentrations of PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:319-25. [PMID: 21362590 PMCID: PMC3059993 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents of Anniston, Alabama, live near a Monsanto plant that manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from 1929 to 1971 and are relatively heavily exposed. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine the relationship, if any, between blood pressure and levels of total serum PCBs, several PCB groups with common actions or structure, 35 individual PCB congeners, and nine chlorinated pesticides. METHODS Linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between blood pressure and serum levels of the various contaminants after adjustment for age, body mass index, sex, race, smoking, and exercise in 394 Anniston residents who were not taking antihypertensive medication. RESULTS Other than age, total serum PCB concentration was the strongest determinant of blood pressure of the covariates studied. We found the strongest associations for those PCB congeners that had multiple ortho chlorines. We found the associations over the full range of blood pressure as well as in those subjects whose blood pressure was in the normal range. The chlorinated pesticides showed no consistent relationship to blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS In this cross-sectional study, serum concentrations of PCBs, especially those congeners with multiple ortho chlorines, were strongly associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Goncharov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Marian Pavuk
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Herman R. Foushee
- Survey Research Unit, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David O. Carpenter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to D.O. Carpenter, Institute for Health and the Environment, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA. Telephone: (518) 525-2660. Fax: (518) 525-2665. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bhagat A, Mahmoud BSM, Linton RH. Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas onSalmonella entericaInoculated on Navel Orange Surfaces and Its Impact on the Quality Attributes of Treated Oranges. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:77-85. [PMID: 20932090 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Bhagat
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramseier MK, von Gunten U, Freihofer P, Hammes F. Kinetics of membrane damage to high (HNA) and low (LNA) nucleic acid bacterial clusters in drinking water by ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate. Water Res 2011; 45:1490-500. [PMID: 21146846 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water was treated with ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate to investigate the kinetics of membrane damage of native drinking water bacterial cells. Membrane damage was measured by flow cytometry using a combination of SYBR Green I and propidium iodide (SGI+PI) staining as indicator for cells with permeabilized membranes and SGI alone to measure total cell concentration. SGI+PI staining revealed that the cells were permeabilized upon relatively low oxidant exposures of all tested oxidants without a detectable lag phase. However, only ozonation resulted in a decrease of the total cell concentrations for the investigated reaction times. Rate constants for the membrane damage reaction varied over seven orders of magnitude in the following order: ozone > chlorine > chlorine dioxide ≈ ferrate > permanganate > chloramine. The rate constants were compared to literature data and were in general smaller than previously measured rate constants. This confirmed that membrane integrity is a conservative and therefore safe parameter for disinfection control. Interestingly, the cell membranes of high nucleic acid (HNA) content bacteria were damaged much faster than those of low nucleic acid (LNA) content bacteria during treatment with chlorine dioxide and permanganate. However, only small differences were observed during treatment with chlorine and chloramine, and no difference was observed for ferrate treatment. Based on the different reactivity of these oxidants it was suggested that HNA and LNA bacterial cell membranes have a different chemical constitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike K Ramseier
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
DiGangi J, Blum A, Bergman A, de Wit CA, Lucas D, Mortimer D, Schecter A, Scheringer M, Shaw SD, Webster TF. San Antonio Statement on brominated and chlorinated flame retardants. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:A516-A518. [PMID: 21123135 PMCID: PMC3002202 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Font-Ribera L, Kogevinas M, Zock JP, Gómez FP, Barreiro E, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Fernandez P, Lourencetti C, Pérez-Olabarría M, Bustamante M, Marcos R, Grimalt JO, Villanueva CM. Short-term changes in respiratory biomarkers after swimming in a chlorinated pool. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1538-44. [PMID: 20833607 PMCID: PMC2974690 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming in chlorinated pools involves exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) and has been associated with impaired respiratory health. OBJECTIVES We evaluated short-term changes in several respiratory biomarkers to explore mechanisms of potential lung damage related to swimming pool exposure. METHODS We measured lung function and biomarkers of airway inflammation [fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), eight cytokines, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in exhaled breath condensate], oxidative stress (8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate), and lung permeability [surfactant protein D (SP-D) and the Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) in serum] in 48 healthy nonsmoking adults before and after they swam for 40 min in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool. We measured trihalomethanes in exhaled breath as a marker of individual exposure to DBPs. Energy expenditure during swimming, atopy, and CC16 genotype (rs3741240) were also determined. RESULTS Median serum CC16 levels increased from 6.01 to 6.21 microg/L (average increase, 3.3%; paired Wilcoxon test p = 0.03), regardless of atopic status and CC16 genotype. This increase was explained both by energy expenditure and different markers of DBP exposure in multivariate models. FeNO was unchanged overall but tended to decrease among atopics. We found no significant changes in lung function, SP-D, 8-isoprostane, eight cytokines, or VEGF. CONCLUSIONS We detected a slight increase in serum CC16, a marker of lung epithelium permeability, in healthy adults after they swam in an indoor chlorinated pool. Exercise and DBP exposure explained this association, without involving inflammatory mechanisms. Further research is needed to confirm the results, establish the clinical relevance of short-term serum CC16 changes, and evaluate the long-term health impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Font-Ribera
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- CEXS (Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
- National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico P. Gómez
- Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- CEXS (Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Mallorca, Spain
- Pulmonology Department-URMAR (Unitat de Recerca en Múscul i Aparell Respiratori), IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernandez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Lourencetti
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maitane Pérez-Olabarría
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Pulmonology Department-URMAR (Unitat de Recerca en Múscul i Aparell Respiratori), IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- CEXS (Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O. Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina M. Villanueva
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
- Address correspondence to C.M. Villanueva, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain. Telephone: 34-93-214-73-44. Fax: 34-93-214-73-02. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kumar S, Bawa S, Drabu S, Kumar R, Machawal L. Synthesis and in vivo anticonvulsant evaluation of 2-chloroquinolinyl hydrazone derivatives. Acta Pol Pharm 2010; 67:567-573. [PMID: 20873428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi-110062.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rosal R, Rodea-Palomares I, Boltes K, Fernández-Piñas F, Leganés F, Petre A. Ecotoxicological assessment of surfactants in the aquatic environment: combined toxicity of docusate sodium with chlorinated pollutants. Chemosphere 2010; 81:288-93. [PMID: 20579683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of perfluorinated surfactants perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and PF-656 as well as the sulfosuccinate surfactant docusate sodium has been examined using two bioluminescence inhibition assays based on the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the self-luminescent cyanobacterial recombinant strain Anabaena CPB4337. We also determined multigenerational toxicity towards the growth of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. With EC(50) values in the 43-75 mg/L range, docusate sodium exhibited a higher toxicity towards the three organisms than PFOS, PFOA, PF-656 and PFBS. We investigated the toxicological interactions of the most toxic surfactant, docusate sodium, with two chlorinated compounds, triclosan and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), in their binary and ternary mixtures using the method of the combination index based on the median-effect equation. In general, the binary mixture of the chlorinated compounds triclosan and TCP exhibited antagonism, which was stronger for the growth test using P. subcapitata. Except for the green alga, the binary mixtures of docusate sodium with TCP or triclosan showed synergism at medium to high effect levels; the synergistic behaviour predominating in the ternary mixture and in the three tested species. This result highlights the potential toxicological risk associated with the co-occurrence of this surfactant with other pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cho M, Kim J, Kim JY, Yoon J, Kim JH. Mechanisms of Escherichia coli inactivation by several disinfectants. Water Res 2010; 44:3410-8. [PMID: 20427068 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate dominant mechanisms of inactivation, i.e. surface attack versus intracellular attack, during application of common water disinfectants such as ozone, chlorine dioxide, free chlorine and UV irradiation. Escherichia coli was used as a representative microorganism. During cell inactivation, protein release, lipid peroxidation, cell permeability change, damage in intracellular enzyme and morphological change were comparatively examined. For the same level of cell inactivation by chemical disinfectants, cell surface damage was more pronounced with strong oxidant such as ozone while damage in inner cell components was more apparent with weaker oxidant such as free chlorine. Chlorine dioxide showed the inactivation mechanism between these two disinfectants. The results suggest that the mechanism of cell inactivation is primarily related to the reactivity of chemical disinfectant. In contrast to chemical disinfectants, cell inactivation by UV occurred without any changes measurable with the methods employed. Understanding the differences in inactivation mechanisms presented herein is critical to identify rate-limiting steps involved in the inactivation process as well as to develop more effective disinfection strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332-0373, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cotter A, Ryan CA. The pool chlorine hypothesis and asthma among boys. Ir Med J 2009; 102:79-82. [PMID: 19489195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Swimming pool sanitation has largely been concerned with the microbiological quality of pool water, which is normally treated using a number of chlorine products. Recent studies have pointed to the potential hazards of chlorine by-products to the respiratory epithelium, particularly in indoor, poorly ventilated, pools. The aim of our study was to elucidate whether chronic exposure to indoor chlorinated swimming pools was associated with an increased likelihood of the development of asthma in boys. METHODS The subjects were boys aged between 6 and 12 years. Data was collected by means of parental responses to a standardized asthma questionnaire (ISAAC: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood), supplemented with additional questions regarding frequency of attendance, number of years attendance, whether the child is a swimming team member. The questionnaire return rate was 71/% (n = 121). 23 boys were excluded on the basis that they had asthma before they started swimming (n = 97). There was a significant association between number of years a boy had been swimming and the likelihood of wheezing in the last 12 months (p = 0.009; OR = 1.351; 95% CI = 1.077-1.693) and diagnosed asthma (p = 0.046; OR = 1.299; 95% CI = 1.004-1.506). The greater the number the number of years a boy had been attending an indoor, chlorinated pool, the greater the likelihood of wheezing in the last 12 months or "had asthma". Age, parental smoking habits and being a swimming team member had no association with any of the asthma variables examined. Swimming pool attendance may be a risk factor in asthma in boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cotter
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, UCC, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Wilton, Cork
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Crosby LM, Simmons JE, Ward WO, Moore TM, Morgan KT, Deangelo AB. Integrated disinfection by-products (DBP) mixtures research: gene expression alterations in primary rat hepatocyte cultures exposed to DBP mixtures formed by chlorination and ozonation/postchlorination. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2008; 71:1195-1215. [PMID: 18636392 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802182581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale differential gene expression analysis was used to examine the biological effects of disinfected surface waters on cultured rat hepatocytes. Source water from East Fork Lake (Harsha Lake), a reservoir on the Little Miami River in Ohio, was spiked with iodide and bromide and disinfected by chlorination or ozonation/postchlorination. The chlorinated and ozonated/postchlorinated waters were concentrated, respectively, 136- and 124-fold (full strength) by reverse-osmosis membrane techniques. Volatile disinfection by-products (DBP) lost during concentration were restored to the extent possible. Primary rat hepatocytes were exposed to either full-strength or 1:10 or 1:20 dilutions of the concentrates for 24 h and assayed for cytotoxicity and gene expression alterations. The full-strength concentrates were cytotoxic, whereas the diluted samples exhibited no detectable cytotoxicity. Differential gene expression analysis provided evidence for the underlying causes of the severe cytotoxicity observed in rat hepatocytes treated with the full-strength ozonation/postchlorination concentrate (e.g., cell cycle arrest, metabolic stasis, oxidative stress). Many gene expression responses were shared among the hepatocyte cultures treated with dilutions of the ozonation/ postchlorination and chlorination concentrates. The shift in the character of the response between the full-strength concentrates and the diluted samples indicated a threshold for toxicity. A small subset of gene expression changes was identified that was observed in the response of hepatocytes to peroxisome proliferators, phthalate esters, and haloacetic acids, suggesting a peroxisome proliferative response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Crosby
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Cooperative Training Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sun XB, Cui FY, Guo ZH. [Toxicity and influencing factors of chlorine dioxide to chironomid larvae]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2007; 28:2569-2573. [PMID: 18290484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effect of chlorine dioxide to the different instar larvae of chironomid was studied using raw water as test sample. Furthermore, the effect of temperature and contact time on toxicity of chlorine dioxide was observed. It was found that chlorine dioxide possessed significantly toxic effect, and the LC50 value of chlorine dioxide to the 4th instar larvae was 0.41 mg/L(24 h). The toxicity of chlorine dioxide declined with the development of instar larvae. The 1st instar larvae was most sensitive to chlorine dioxide among the four instars, and the LC50 value of chlorine dioxide to the 4th instar was 1.78 times of that of the 1st instar larvae. Temperature was proved to have significant positive effect on chlorine dioxide toxicity, and the toxicity at 30 degrees C was 2.16 times of that at 15 degrees C. The toxicity of chlorine dioxide was significantly improved with the contact time increasing from 12 h to 24 h, while it did not make much difference with the contact time increasing to 36 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bin Sun
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bhattacharya SK, Hom GG, Fernandez C, Hom LG. Ocular effects of exposure to industrial chemicals: clinical management and proteomic approaches to damage assessment. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2007; 26:203-25. [PMID: 17687686 DOI: 10.1080/15569520701402594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Industrial chemicals in a variety of applications are often found in highly populated areas and their presence carries risks. The threat of serious consequences from inadvertent or intentional events involving hazardous chemicals is a possibility. Extremism and/or other illicit activities pose environmental threats from chemical exposures. We present here a review of the threat of ocular injury in small-and large-scale chemical releases and discuss mechanisms of damage and repair to the eyes. The emerging field of proteomics has been described in relation to its potential role in the assessment of ocular changes following chemical exposures and management of ocular trauma.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Exposure of the human population to chlorination products has considerably increased during the 20(th) century especially after the 1960s with the development of public and leisure pools. The present article summarizes current knowledge regarding the human exposure to chlorination products and reviews studies suggesting that these chemicals might be involved in the development or exacerbation of allergic diseases. Populations regularly in contact with chlorination products such as swimmers, lifeguards or workers using chlorine as cleaning or bleaching agent show increased risks of allergic diseases or of respiratory disorders frequently associated with allergy. Experimental evidence suggests that chlorination products promote allergic sensitization by compromising the permeability or the immunoregulatory function of epithelial barriers. These findings led to the chlorine hypothesis proposing that the rise of allergic diseases could result less from the declining exposure to microbial agents (the hygiene hypothesis) than from the increasing and largely uncontrolled exposure to products of chlorination, the most widely used method to achieve hygiene in the developed world. Giving the increasing popularity of water recreational areas, there is an obvious need to assess the effects of chlorine-based oxidants on human health and their possible implication in the epidemic of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bernard
- Department of Public Health, Unit of Toxicology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cooper RL, Laws SC, Das PC, Narotsky MG, Goldman JM, Lee Tyrey E, Stoker TE. Atrazine and reproductive function: mode and mechanism of action studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 80:98-112. [PMID: 17443714 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine, a chlorotriazine herbicide, is used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. In this review, we summarize our laboratory's work evaluating the neuroendocrine toxicity of atrazine (and related chlorotriazines) from an historic perspective. We provide the rationale for our work as we have endeavored to determine: 1) the underlying reproductive changes leading to the development of mammary gland tumors in the atrazine-exposed female rat; 2) the cascade of physiological events that are responsible for these changes (i.e., the mode of action for mammary tumors); 3) the potential cellular mechanisms involving adverse effects of atrazine; and 4) the range of reproductive alterations associated with this pesticide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph L Cooper
- Endocrinology Branch, Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang LS, Hu HY, Ta CH, Tian J, Wang C, Koichi F. [Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and ahlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2007; 28:603-6. [PMID: 17633641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage increased from 0 mg/L to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage increased from 0 mg/L to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diversely for different samples. It was then found that ammonia nitrogen did not affect the change of genotoxicity during chlorine dioxide disinfection of wastewater, while it greatly affected the change of genotoxicity during chlorine disinfection of wastewater. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was low (< 10 - 20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater decreased after chlorine disinfection, and when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was high (> 10 - 20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater increased after chlorine disinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun P, Blatnchard P, Brice K, Hites RA. Atmospheric organochlorine pesticide concentrations near the Great Lakes: temporal and spatial trends. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:6587-93. [PMID: 17144282 DOI: 10.1021/es060858+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network, atmospheric organochlorine pesticide concentrations were measured in both the gas and particle phases at seven sites near the Great Lakes. Much higher organochlorine pesticide concentrations were found in the gas phase compared to that in the particle phase. Long-term decreasing trends were observed for most pesticides in both phases. Two different seasonal trends were observed in the particle phase: (a) in-use pesticides, such as endosulfan, showed higher concentrations in the summer, a time corresponding to their agriculture use, and (b) restricted organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane, showed higher particle-phase concentrations in the winter, presumably due to their enhanced partitioning from the gas phase to particles. Generally, Chicago had the highest concentrations of chlordanes, dieldrin, and sigmaDDT, suggesting that urban areas could be sources of these compounds to atmosphere. Point Petre had the highest concentrations of endosulfan, likely due to its agricultural application in Southern Ontario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Song MF, Peng KL, Wang XW, Wang C, Peng YB, Lin MF. [Effect of amine perchlorate on mRNA expression of TGF beta1 and TNFalpha in lung tissues of rats]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2006; 24:668-70. [PMID: 17181945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
|
38
|
Elia AC, Anastasi V, Dörr AJM. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes and total glutathione of Cyprinus carpio exposed to three disinfectants, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, for superficial water potabilization. Chemosphere 2006; 64:1633-41. [PMID: 16504240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out in order to assess the effects of disinfectant-treatment on antioxidant response of Cyprinus carpio L. Therefore, enzymatic activities of glutathione S-transferases, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, catalase and total glutathione content of carp liver, exposed to surface water treated with three disinfectants for potabilization, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid were investigated. Specimens of carp were exposed in four experimental tanks supplied with a continuous water flow from Lake Trasimeno (Italy), three of them treated with constant concentration of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid, for 10 and 20 days, while the control tank was supplied with untreated lake water. Differences in biochemical parameters were observed in specimens following exposure to these disinfectants and mainly, chlorine compounds induced marked biochemical variations of carp liver, compared to those induced by peracetic acid treatment. Our results showed that antioxidant parameters of Cyprinus carpio could be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress when this species is exposed to disinfectants for water potabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Via Elce di Sotto, Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, PG, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the circumstance, demographic features, clinical findings, and complications of caustic ingestion in relation to the type and amount of caustic substance. STUDY DESIGN The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary medical center. METHODS The authors reviewed medical records from 1988 to 2003 of patients with a history of caustic ingestion and clinical signs of injury to the aerodigestive tract. Parameters examined included age at presentation, gender, demographic status, nature of the caustic substance ingested, amount of substance, circumstance of the event, diagnostic tools, degree of injury, and anatomic distribution of the injury, early and late complications, and requirement for ventilatory support. RESULTS A total of 50 cases of caustic ingestion were identified (age range, 5 months-71 years). A biphasic distribution of the patients was noted; half were children under 5 years old and the remainder was adults. The most common caustic agent ingested was alkaline (42%) followed by acidic (32%) and chlorine bleach (26%). The most frequent cause for ingestion was accidental (67%) as opposed to attempt suicide (33%). All cases of attempted suicide occurred in adults. Most of them reported ingestion of large amounts of caustic substance. In the pediatric group, an association between the caustic agent and ethnicity was observed. Among Jewish children, alkaline cleaning agents were the most common cause (82%). Acetic acid was the most common substance ingested by the Arab children (100%). The findings of rigid esophagoscopy in 36 patients were as follows: first-degree esophageal injury in 16 (44%), second-degree in 6 (17%), third-degree in 7 (19%), fourth-degree in 6 (17%), and one (3%) was normal. Mucosal injury to the esophagus was worse in the acidic ingestion group as compared with the alkaline substance ingestion group with marginally statistically significant difference in the median degree of injury between the three types of ingested substances (P = .054). Mucosal injury to the esophagus was worse among patients who attempted suicide as compared with accidental ingestion with a statistically significant difference in the median degree of injury between the two reasons for ingestion (P = .002). CONCLUSION Severity of injury from caustic ingestion damages depend on the type of ingested substance, which varies depending on ethnicity. Ingestion of caustic agents by children involves specific substances according to the season, cultural and religious festivals, and ethnicity. The majority of adult cases are intentional with more serious injuries and a higher rate of complications. In our series, ingestion of acidic substances and ingestion associated with suicide attempt had the most severe consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arévalo-Silva
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew-University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
An L, Hu J, Yang M, Jin F, Du Q, Ke Z. Enhanced vitellogenin induction of secondary effluents by chlorination. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2006; 77:67-73. [PMID: 16832757 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-006-1033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Qingdong X, Guangming Z, Li W. Study on subchronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and by-products in water. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2006; 41:1347-53. [PMID: 16854807 DOI: 10.1080/10934520600657016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Subchronic toxicity of the mixture of ClO2, ClO2- and ClO3- in water on rat was studied through feeding test for 90 days. Statistical analyses of variance on weight gained, food utilization efficiency, indexes of blood and serum, liver/bodyweight and kidney/bodyweight ratios, and histopathological examination on liver and kidney were carried out. The results showed that solution of ClO2 and its by-products ClO2- and ClO3- at a concentration of 553 mg/L was not toxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Qingdong
- Department of Architecture Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The use of low levels of oxidants as antifouling agents in coastal and estuarine power station cooling water circuits can give rise to concerns over the likely production of chlorination byproducts (CBPs) including organohalogens, of largely cryptic identity, loading and impact. In order to review the current understanding of the degree of impact involved this paper describes a recent collaborative programme of work on CBPs within the wider context of a number of allied studies on power station cooling water entrainment and discharge effects. Bromoform was the single most important CBP found in coastal power station effluents. Although bromoform was found to accumulate in the liver of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) continuously exposed to a chlorinated effluent stream, no otherwise untoward impact on continuously exposed individuals was discerned. Populations of the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis L., likewise exposed, exhibited two responses: a high degree of genoplasticity and the evolution of stress proteins--although both may have been due to thermal rather than toxic stress. Experiments on plankton that simulated the conditions of entrainment within cooling water systems isolated the influence of oxidant usage, with mortality varying between taxa and life stage. The results suggest a very limited impact of oxidant use and the associated CBPs on receiving waters both in terms of plume toxicity or any more widespread ecotoxicological influence. Instead, it is in combination with applied temperature (DeltaT), pressure and the other stressors involved in entrainment within the power station cooling water circuits themselves that an impact is most marked.
Collapse
|
43
|
Fukushima M, Tatsumi K. Studies on the coupling product between oxidation products derived from pentachlorophenol and cyclodextrins. J Environ Sci Health B 2006; 41:357-67. [PMID: 16753955 DOI: 10.1080/03601230600613905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The coupling products (CPs), which were formed via the peroxosulfate catalyzed oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) with iron(III)-tetrakis(sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (Fe(III)-TPPS) in the presence of hydroxypropyl-beta -cyclodextrin (HP-beta -CD) or HP-gamma -CD, were separated by ultrafiltration from the reaction mixture. When the percentages of chlorine species in the reaction mixture were calculated from the concentrations of organic chlorine in the reaction mixture and CPs, 10-25% of chlorine species in the reaction mixture was organic chlorine that was incorporated into CDs. Analyses of the CPs by pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) and 13C NMR showed that the PCP-derived products were covalently incorporated into the CDs. To evaluate the acute toxicity of the CPs, a Microtox test was examined. Toxicities of the CPs were reduced slightly, compared to the controls (PCP alone and PCP + reaction blanks). In the reaction blanks, mesaconic acid (MA) moieties were detected as a result of the oxidation of CDs in the absence of PCP. Thus, factors in the toxicities, detected in the CPs, can be attributed to the oxidation products derived from CDs, such as MA, as well as the PCP-derived products incorporated into the CDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Fukushima
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Henneberger PK, Olin AC, Andersson E, Hagberg S, Torén K. The incidence of respiratory symptoms and diseases among pulp mill workers with peak exposures to ozone and other irritant gases. Chest 2005; 128:3028-37. [PMID: 16236983 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.4.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulp mills in Sweden started to use ozone as a bleaching agent in the early 1990s. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the incidence of selected respiratory outcomes was associated with peak exposures to ozone or other irritant gases (ie, chlorine dioxide [ClO2] or sulfur dioxide [SO2]) used in these mills. METHODS Bleachery workers (n = 245) from three pulp mills where ozone was used participated in surveys in the mid- to late-1990s. Comparison workers (n = 80) were from two adjacent paper mills. The person-time at risk was calculated for each participant, covering the period of employment when ozone was used. Data were collected by questionnaire, and a peak exposure was defined as a self-reported exposure to an irritant gas resulting in acute respiratory symptoms. The outcomes analyzed were self-reports of physician-diagnosed asthma, attacks of wheeze, and chronic bronchitis (ie, chronic cough with phlegm). Participants also reported when the peak exposures and outcomes occurred. RESULTS Based on proportional hazards regression (controlling for gender, age, cigarette smoking, atopy, and peak irritant exposures that occurred before follow-up), workers who reported both ozone and ClO2/SO2 peak exposures had elevated hazard ratios (HRs) for all three outcomes. Those who reported only ozone peak exposures had elevated HRs of 6.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 36.3) for asthma and 3.3 (95% CI, 1.1 to 10.2) for attacks of wheeze but no increase in risk for chronic bronchitis. Workers with only ClO2/SO2 peak exposures had elevated HRs for attacks of wheeze (HR, 7.5; 95% CI, 1.9 to 29.3) and chronic bronchitis (HR, 22.9; 95% CI, 4.5 to 118.2) but not for asthma. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the need for additional efforts to prevent peak exposures in pulp-bleaching operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Henneberger
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-H2800, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gustavino B, Buschini A, Monfrinotti M, Rizzoni M, Tancioni L, Poli P, Rossi C. Modulating effects of humic acids on genotoxicity induced by water disinfectants in Cyprinus carpio. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2005; 587:103-13. [PMID: 16202643 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of chlorinated disinfectants during drinking-water production has been shown to generate halogenated compounds as a result of interactions of humic acids with chlorine. Such chlorinated by-products have been shown to induce genotoxic effects and consumption of chlorinated drinking-water has been correlated with increased risk for cancer induction in human populations. The aim of this work was to test the potential genotoxic effects on circulating erythrocytes of the fish Cyprinus carpio exposed in vivo to well-waters disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or peracetic acid (CH3COO2H, PAA), in the absence or presence of standard humic acids (HA). The effects were measured by use of the micronucleus (MN) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays at different sampling times after a 3-day exposure period. The exposure to chlorine disinfectants without the addition of HA produced a clear toxic effect. Significant cytogenetic damage (i.e. MN induction) was detected in fish populations exposed to both NaClO and ClO2 with humic acids. In the Comet assay, a significant decrease of DNA migration was observed in erythrocytes of specimens after exposure to NaClO-disinfected water without HA. No effects were observed in any other experimental condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Gustavino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yuan J, Wu XJ, Lu WQ, Cheng XL, Chen D, Li XY, Liu AL, Wu JJ, Xie H, Stahl T, Mersch-Sundermann V. Chlorinated river and lake water extract caused oxidative damage, DNA migration and cytotoxicity in human cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208:481-8. [PMID: 16325558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of chlorinated drinking water is suspected to be associated with adverse health effects, including mutations and cancer. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of water from Donghu lake, Yangtze river and Hanjiang river in Wuhan, an 8-million metropolis in China, was investigated using HepG2 cells and the alkaline version of the comet assay. It could be shown that all water extracts caused dose-dependent DNA migration in concentrations corresponding to dried extracts of 0.167-167 ml chlorinated drinking water per ml medium. To explore whether the intracellular redox status is regulated by chlorinated drinking water, we determined lipid peroxidation (LPO) and depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH). The malondialdehyde (thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive aldehydes) concentration increased after chlorinated drinking water treatment of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, the GSH content decreased. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased in chlorinated drinking water treated HepG2 cells indicating cytotoxicity. In accordance with former studies which dealt with in vivo and in vitro micronucleus induction the present study shows that chlorinated drinking water from polluted raw water may entail genetic risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Svecevicius G, Syvokiene J, Stasiŭnaite P, Mickeniene L. Acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorite (ClO2-) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2005; 12:302-5. [PMID: 16206725 DOI: 10.1065/espr2005.04.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND Chlorite (ClO2-) is a primary decomposition product when chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is added during water treatment; therefore the toxic effects of both compounds on aquatic organisms are possible. Limited data are available concerning their toxicity to fish. The aim of this study was to investigate sensitivity of rainbow trout to acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and chlorite, and to estimate the Maximum-Acceptable-Toxicant-Concentration (MATC) of those compounds in fish. METHODS The acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and chlorite to larval and adult rainbow trout was investigated in 96-hour to 20-day laboratory exposures evaluating the wide range spectrum of biological indices under semi-static conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Median lethal concentration (96-hour LC50) values derived from the tests were: 2.2 mg/l for larvae; 8.3 mg/l for adult fish and 20-day LC50 for larvae was 1.6 mg/l of chlorine dioxide, respectively. Chlorite was found to be from 48 to 18 times less acutely toxic to larvae and adult fish, correspondingly. Both chemical compounds induced similar toxic effects in rainbow trout larvae during chronic tests (they affected cardio-respiratory and growth parameters), but chlorine dioxide had a higher toxic potency than chlorite. A significant decrease in the heart rate and respiration frequency of larvae was established. However, within an increase in exposure duration recovery of cardio-respiratory responses was seen to have occurred in larvae exposed to chlorite. Meanwhile, in larvae exposed to chlorine dioxide, a significant decrease in cardio-respiratory responses remained during all 20-day chronic bioassays. Chlorine dioxide also more strongly affected growth parameters of rainbow trout larvae at much lower test concentrations. Decreased rate of yolk-sack resorption occurred only in the tests with chlorine dioxide. CONCLUSIONS Maximum-Acceptable-Toxicant-Concentration (MATC) of 0.21 mg/l for chlorine dioxide and of 3.3 mg/l for chlorite to fish was derived from chronic tests based on the most sensitive parameter of rainbow trout larvae (growth rate). According to substance toxicity classification accepted for Lithuanian inland waters, chlorine dioxide and chlorite can be referred to substances of 'moderate' toxicity to fish. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK Due to its very reactive nature, chlorine dioxide is rapidly (in a few hours) reduced to chlorite, which is persistent also as a biocide but 16 times less toxic to fish, according to MATC. Therefore, it is much more likely that fish will be exposed to chlorite than to chlorine dioxide in natural waters. Presently accepted, the Maximum-Permitted-Concentration of total residual chlorine (TRC) in waste-water discharging into receiving waters is 0.6 mg/l. If this requirement will not be exceeded, it is unlikely that fish would be exposed to lethal or even to sublethal concentrations of chlorine dioxide or chlorite. Furthermore, chlorine dioxide does not generate toxic nitrogenous (chloramines) or carcinogenic organic residuals (trihalomethanes). All these properties make chlorine dioxide a more promising biocide than chlorine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gintaras Svecevicius
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Hydrobionts, Institute of Ecology of Vilnius University, Akdemijos 2, 08412, Vilnius-21, Lithuania.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Barnhart BD, Chuang A, Lucca JJD, Roberts S, Liewehr F, Joyce AP. An In Vitro Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Various Endodontic Irrigants On Human Gingival Fibroblasts. J Endod 2005; 31:613-5. [PMID: 16044047 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000153840.94227.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure the cytotoxicity of six endodontic irrigants on cultured gingival fibroblasts using the CyQuant assay. Human gingival fibroblasts were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C and 5% CO(2). At confluence, cells were split, plated in 96-well plates and incubated for 24-h to allow attachment. The following irrigants were tested at various concentrations: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); iodine potassium-iodide (IKI); Betadine scrub (BS); calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]; chlorine dioxide (SCD) and DMEM (positive control). Experimental groups were compared by the logarithmic difference between the clinical and LD50 concentrations of a particular irrigant. The results showed that IKI and Ca(OH)2 were significantly less cytotoxic than SCD, NaOCl, and BS. In conclusion, IKI and Ca(OH)2 are well tolerated by human gingival fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Barnhart
- U.S. Army Endodontic Residency Program, Fort Gordon, GA 30905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Maffei F, Buschini A, Rossi C, Poli P, Forti GC, Hrelia P. Use of the Comet test and micronucleus assay on human white blood cells for in vitro assessment of genotoxicity induced by different drinking water disinfection protocols. Environ Mol Mutagen 2005; 46:116-25. [PMID: 15887212 DOI: 10.1002/em.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface water disinfection can lead to the formation of mutagenic/carcinogenic by-products derived from reactions with naturally occurring inorganic compounds. We investigated the feasibility and potential usefulness of an integrated approach to genotoxicity analysis of drinking water. The approach employed the Comet and micronucleus (MN) assays to evaluate the DNA and chromosomal damage produced by water extracts in human blood cells. Surface water samples from Lago Trasimeno (Italy) were collected in different seasons (July 2000, October 2000, February 2001, and June 2001), and samples were disinfected with sodium hypochloride (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), or peracetic acid (PAA). Extracts of untreated and treated water were incubated with primary human leukocytes. The Comet assay revealed both strong seasonal variations and differences between samples processed by the three disinfection protocols. The three disinfectants increased the genotoxicity of the water collected in July 2000 and October 2000, with PAA producing the greatest amount of DNA damage. Extracts of raw water collected in February 2001 produced so much DNA damage that the relative genotoxic potentials of the three disinfectants could not be evaluated. No increase in MN frequency was detected in any of the samples. The multi-endpoint MN assay indicated, however, that our study samples (especially the sample collected in the February 2001) were cytotoxic. We conclude that this integrated approach to genotoxicity assessment may be useful both for the quality control of raw drinking water and to help compare the potential health risks associated with alternative disinfection processes.
Collapse
|
50
|
Monarca S, Feretti D, Zani C, Rizzoni M, Casarella S, Gustavino B. Genotoxicity of drinking water disinfectants in plant bioassays. Environ Mol Mutagen 2005; 46:96-103. [PMID: 15880733 DOI: 10.1002/em.20137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of two widely used drinking water disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), and a new disinfectant, peracetic acid (PAA, CH(3)-CO-COOH), was evaluated in three short-term plant tests: (1) induction of anaphase chromosome aberrations in the root cells of Allium cepa, (2) micronucleus induction in the root cells of Vicia faba, and (3) micronucleus induction in Tradescantia pollen cells. The study was carried out in the laboratory by directly exposing the plants to several concentrations of the disinfectants in redistilled water at unadjusted (acid) and adjusted (neutral) pHs. Both 0.1 and 0.2 mg/l NaClO induced chromosome aberrations in the Allium cepa test at acid pH, but concentrations up to 0.5 mg/l of all the disinfectants were negative at neutral pH. Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/l NaClO, ClO(2,) and PAA induced micronuclei in Vicia faba at acid pH, while 1-2 mg/l NaClO and ClO(2) and 0.5-2 mg/l PAA gave positive responses at neutral pH. Most of concentrations of ClO(2) produced positive responses in the Tradescantia micronucleus test. In general, the highest levels of genotoxicity were observed under acid conditions; at acid pH, significant effects were induced by low concentrations of ClO(2) and PAA. Since the test concentrations of disinfectants are typical of those encountered in the biocidal treatment of tap water and similar concentrations are consumed daily by a large number of people, the genotoxicity of these compounds may constitute a significant public health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Monarca
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|