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Song W, Zhao L, Liu S, Jia Y, Ma L, Liao M, Dai M. Analysis of H5N8 influenza virus infection in chicken with mApple reporter genes in vivo and in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110052. [PMID: 38492531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused huge losses to the global poultry industry and critically threatens public health. Chickens are the important host for the transmission. However, the distribution of H5N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) in chicken and the infected cell types are limitedly studied. Therefore, in this study, we detected viral replication and infection by generating recombinant H5N8 AIV expressing an easily tracked mApple fluorescent reporter. The results showed that recombinant viruses passaged four times in chicken embryos successfully expressed mApple proteins detected by fluorescence microscopy and WB, which verified that the constructed recombinant viruses were stable. Compared to parental virus, although recombinant virus attenuated for replication in MDCK cells, it can still replicate effectively, and form visible plaques. Importantly, the experiments on infection of chicken PBMCs in vitro showed a strong correlation between mApple positivity rate and NP positivity rate (r = 0.7594, P =0.0176), demonstrating that mApple reporter could be used as an indicator to accurately reflect AIV infection. Then we infected monocytes/macrophages in PBMCs in vitro and detected the mApple positive percentage was 55.1%-80.4%, which confirmed the chicken primary monocytic/macrophages are important target cells for avian influenza virus infection. In chicken, compared with parental virus, the recombinant virus-infected chickens had lower viral titers in oropharyngeal cloacal and organs, but it can cause significant pathogenicity in chicken and the mortality rate was approximately 66%. In addition, the results of bioluminescent imaging showed that the fluorescence in the lungs was strongest at 5 days post-infection (DPI). Finally, we discovered the mApple positive expression in chicken lung immune cells (CD45+ cells), especially some T cells (CD4 and CD8 T cells) also carrying mApple, which indicates that the H5N8 AIV showed a tropism for immune cells including chicken T cells causing potentially aggressive against cellular immunity. We have provided a simple visualization for further exploration of H5N8 AIV infected chicken immune cells, which contributes to further understanding pathogenic mechanism of H5N8 AIV infection in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Zhao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sairu Liu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yusheng Jia
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lulu Ma
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Manman Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Milićević V, Sapundžić ZZ, Glišić D, Kureljušić B, Vasković N, Đorđević M, Mirčeta J. Cross-sectional serosurvey of selected infectious diseases in wild ruminants in Serbia. Res Vet Sci 2024; 170:105183. [PMID: 38359648 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The role of wildlife in maintaining infectious diseases in veterinary medicine is often neglected, although the disease eradication process in domestic animals is continuously affected by the risk of pathogens transmission from wildlife as a primary source. The main aim of this paper was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of selected infectious diseases in wild ruminants in Serbia. In total, 259 sera from wild ruminants were tested for specific antibodies to bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus, Bovine viral diarrhea/border disease virus, Capripox virus, West Nile fever virus, Bovine herpes virus-1, Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., and Leptospira spp. Specific Capripox virus and Leptospira spp. antibodies were not detected in any of the 259 wild ruminant samples. Although one animal was detected positive for BVDV/BDV specific antibodies, with 99.8% confidence, the prevalence of BVD within this population could be very low i.e. essentially free from BVD infection. One and three positive animals were detected for Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii antibodies, respectively. Bovine herpes virus-1 specific antibodies were detected in 20.85% of the samples. The estimated seroprevalence of vector-borne diseases was 20.5% for Schmallenberg disease, 34.3% for West Nile fever, and 38.6% for Bluetongue. Considering the reported results, wildlife health status is a result of different factors in complex relation, such as the presence of disease in domestic animals, disease nature, pathogen characteristics, environmental factors, presence, and vector competence. Wildlife should be considered not only as a risk but as a source of important information on disease distribution and its indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milićević
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Virology Department, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Dimitrije Glišić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Virology Department, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Kureljušić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Pathology Department, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Milutin Đorđević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Mirčeta
- Public Enterprise Vojvodinašume, Novi Sad, Petrovaradin, Serbia
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Trinidad SEL, Bravo CB, Narvasta SF, Fuertes EH, Trigoso GA, Sáenz FC, Quispe-Ccasa HA. Seroprevalence of reproductive and infectious diseases in cattle: the case of Madre de Dios in the Peruvian southeastern tropics. Am J Vet Res 2024; 85:ajvr.23.08.0177. [PMID: 38335721 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.08.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of reproductive and infectious diseases in tropical cattle in the Tambopata and Tahuamanu Provinces in the department of Madre de Dios, Peru. SAMPLE 156 bovines from 7 cattle farms were sampled. These farms used exclusive grazing for food and natural mating for reproduction and did not have sanitary or vaccination programs. METHODS The serum of blood samples was subjected to ELISA with commercial kits for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), Leptospira interrogans, pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, retrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV), orbivirus bluetongue virus (BTV), and herpesvirus bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV). The data were analyzed by means of association tests with χ2 (P < .05) and Spearman rank correlation (P < .05) in the SPSS v.15.0 software (IBM Corp). RESULTS A low prevalence of antibodies to L interrogans, N caninum, M avium subsp paratuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 was found, but it was high to BTV, BLV, and BHV (100%, 53.85%, and 72.44%, respectively). The presence of BLV and BHV was higher in the Las Piedras District, bovines less than 5 years old, and cattle with breed characteristics of zebu and crossbred (P < .01). In addition, there was a significant correlation between both infections, showing 83.3% of BLV positivity that were also BHV positive (P < .01). CLINICAL RELEVANCE The high prevalence of antibodies to BTV, BHV, and BLV could be due to livestock management practices, direct contact with infected animals, and variation of the presence of vectors and natural reservoirs in the context of climate change in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E León Trinidad
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Reproductiva, PROMEG Nacional, Estación Experimental Agraria Donoso, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Huaral, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Shefferson Feijoo Narvasta
- Estación Experimental Agraria San Bernardo, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - Ethel Huamán Fuertes
- Dirección General de Ganadería, Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Francys Canto Sáenz
- Estación Experimental Agraria San Bernardo, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
- PROMEG Tropical, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Hurley A Quispe-Ccasa
- Estación Experimental Agraria San Bernardo, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
- PROMEG Tropical, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, La Molina, Lima, Peru
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Liu X, Wang C, Li Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Wang Q, Luo J, Lv W, Yang X, Liu Y. Fecal microbiota transplantation revealed the function of folic acid on reducing abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens mediated by gut microbiota. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103392. [PMID: 38194829 PMCID: PMC10792633 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Excess abdominal fat reduces carcass yield and feed conversion ratio, thereby resulting in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Our previous study demonstrated that dietary addition of folic acid reduced fat deposition and changed gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid. However, whether folic acid regulating abdominal fat deposition was mediated by gut microbiota was unclear. A total of 210 one-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 3 groups including the control (CON), folic acid (FA), and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) groups. From 14th day, broiler chickens in CON and FA groups were given perfusion administration with 1 mL diluent daily, while 1 mL fecal microbiota transplantation suspension from FA group prepared before was perfusion in FMT group receiving control diets. The result showed that abdominal fat percentage was significantly lower in FA and FMT groups when compared with CON group (P < 0.05). Morphology analysis revealed that the villus height of jejunum and ileum were significantly higher in FMT group (P < 0.05), and the villus height of jejunum was also significantly higher in FA group (P < 0.05), while the diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) of adipocytes were significantly decreased in FA and FMT groups when compared with CON group (P < 0.05). Western blot results indicated that the expression levels of FOXO1 and PLIN1 in FMT group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas the expression levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FABP4 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Additionally, the Chao1, Observed-species, Shannon and Simpson indexes in FA and FMT groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05), but the microbiota were similar between FMT and FA groups (P < 0.05). LEfSe analysis determined that Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Dehalobacterium were found to be predominant in FA group, while Oscillospira, Shigella, and Streptococcus were the dominant microflora in FMT group. Furthermore, these cecal microbiota were mostly involved in infectious disease, cellular community prokaryotes, cell motility and signal transduction in FA group (P < 0.05), whereas functional capacities involved in signal transduction, cell motility, infectious disease and environment adaptation were enriched significantly of cecal microbiota in FMT group (P < 0.05). In summary, both fecal microbiota transplantation from the broiler chickens of dietary added folic acid and dietary folic acid addition effectively reduced abdominal fat deposition, indicating that the regulatory effect of folic acid on abdominal fat deposition was mediated partly by gut microbiota in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qianggang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiarui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wen Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Di Guardo G. Infectious disease risk in polar bears due to chronic starvation. Vet Rec 2024; 194:271-272. [PMID: 38551265 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
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Figueroa R, Dadone L, Locklear T, Johnston M. A 30 YEAR (1991-2020) RETROSPECTIVE MORTALITY REVIEW OF GIRAFFIDS ( GIRAFFA SPP. AND OKAPIA JOHNSTONI) IN MANAGED CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:13-21. [PMID: 38453483 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying common causes of mortality in zoo giraffe (Giraffa spp.) and okapi (Okapia johnstoni) provides an opportunity to help improve welfare and population management for these endangered species. Mortality reports from 1,024 giraffe and 95 okapi in zoos were compiled from the Species 360 Zoological Information Management Software (ZIMS) utilizing the Morbidity & Mortality Analysis tool. Thirty years of mortality reports (1991-2020) were evaluated to help identify trends and evaluate the impacts, if any, of changes over time in husbandry and management practices. The most common causes of death for giraffe from 1991 to 2015 were neonatal issues (234/845, 27.7%), trauma (213/845, 25.2%), noninfectious disease (190/845, 22.5%), and infectious disease (188/845, 22.2%). In comparison, the most common causes of mortality for giraffe from 2016 to 2020, were noninfectious disease (78/179, 43.6%), trauma (39/179, 21.8%), neonatal issues (39/179, 21.8%), and infectious disease (17/179, 9.5%). The most common cause of death for okapi from 1991 to 2015 were neonatal issues (29/64, 45.3%), infectious disease (13/64, 20.3%), noninfectious disease (11/64, 17.2%), and trauma (10/64, 15.6%). In comparison, the most common cause of death for okapi from 2016 to 2020 was noninfectious disease (15/31, 48.4%), neonatal issues (8/31, 25.8%), and infectious disease (5/31, 16.1%). The results suggest that zoo giraffids have had a relative decrease in mortality from infectious diseases in recent years, whereas death from noninfectious causes has increased significantly. Trauma-related giraffe mortalities and neonatal mortality in both giraffe and okapi, although decreasing in prevalence between time periods, continue to be important causes of death in zoos. This is the first descriptive mortality review for the Giraffidae family and provides data on potential giraffe and okapi health issues that zoos could proactively address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Figueroa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,
| | - Liza Dadone
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, CO 80906, USA
| | - Taylor Locklear
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Matthew Johnston
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Hardwick JJ, Ioannides-Hoey CSFK, Finch N, Black V. Bicavitary effusion in cats: retrospective analysis of signalment, clinical investigations, diagnosis and outcome. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241227122. [PMID: 38506622 PMCID: PMC10983610 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241227122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and diagnostic findings and outcome of cats with bicavitary effusion presenting to a referral centre. METHODS Medical records of cats presenting with bicavitary effusion were identified and their history, physical examination findings, clinicopathological data, diagnostic imaging findings, aetiology of bicavitary effusions (cardiac disease, neoplasia, infectious disease, sterile inflammatory disease, severe hypoalbuminaemia, trauma, coagulopathy or 'open' if no definitive diagnosis was reached) and outcome were recorded. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of death in cats with bicavitary effusion. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for survival analysis. RESULTS In total, 103 cats with bicavitary effusion were included. Neoplasia and cardiac disease were the most common aetiologies of bicavitary effusion, in 21 (20.4%) and 20 (19.4%) cats, respectively, followed by infectious disease (n = 11, 10.7%), trauma (n = 13, 12.6%), hypoalbuminaemia (n = 6, 5.8%), sterile inflammatory disease (n = 4, 3.9%) and coagulopathy (n = 1, 1.0%). The median survival time for all cats with bicavitary effusion was 3 days. Cats with a neoplastic aetiology had a 2.03 times greater risk of death compared with cats in which no diagnosis was achieved. Neoplasia (P = 0.030) and pedigree breed status (P = 0.016) were independent predictors of death in the multivariable Cox regression model. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study highlights that bicavitary effusions in cats generally carry a guarded to poor prognosis, particularly if neoplasia is the underlying aetiology or if the cat is a pedigree breed. Cardiac disease appeared to be associated with a better prognosis, suggesting that assessment for congestive heart failure should be considered early when evaluating cats with bicavitary effusion. The prognosis for cats with feline infectious peritonitis is likely to be markedly improved by the advent of novel antiviral drugs, compared with the historical cohort of cats presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Hardwick
- Cave Veterinary Specialists (part of Linnaeus Veterinary), Wellington, UK
| | | | - Natalie Finch
- Langford Vets Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford, UK
| | - Victoria Black
- Langford Vets Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford, UK
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Balseiro A, Herrero-García G, García Marín JF, Balsera R, Monasterio JM, Cubero D, de Pedro G, Oleaga Á, García-Rodríguez A, Espinoza I, Rabanal B, Aduriz G, Tuñón J, Gortázar C, Royo LJ. New threats in the recovery of large carnivores inhabiting human-modified landscapes: the case of the Cantabrian brown bear (Ursus arctos). Vet Res 2024; 55:24. [PMID: 38395920 PMCID: PMC10893660 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding mortality causes is important for the conservation of endangered species, especially in small and isolated populations inhabiting anthropized landscapes where both natural and human-caused mortality may hinder the conservation of these species. We investigated the mortality causes of 53 free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) found dead between 1998 and 2023 in the Cantabrian Mountains (northwestern Spain), a highly human-modified region where bears are currently recovering after being critically threatened in the last century. We detected natural traumatic injuries in 52.63% and infectious diseases in 39.47% of the 38 bears for which the mortality causes were registered, with 21.05% of these cases presenting signs of both infectious diseases and traumas. More specifically, almost 30% of the bears died during or after intraspecific fights, including sexually selected infanticide (10.53%). In addition, primary infectious diseases such as infectious canine hepatitis, distemper, clostridiosis and colibacillosis caused the death of 15.79% of the bears. The number of direct human-caused deaths (i.e., shooting, poisoning, snare) decreased over the study period. This study also reveals three new mortality causes triggered by pathogens, two of which-Clostridium novyi and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli-not previously described in ursids, and the other one, canine distemper virus, never reported in brown bears as cause of death. New management strategies for the conservation of Cantabrian bears, which are urgently needed due to the rapid expansion of the population, should consider the mortality causes described in this study and must promote further research to elucidate how the high prevalence of infectious diseases may threaten the current recovery of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Gloria Herrero-García
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | | | - Ramón Balsera
- Dirección General de Medio Natural y Planificación Rural del Principado de Asturias, 33007, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juana María Monasterio
- Dirección General de Medio Natural y Planificación Rural del Principado de Asturias, 33007, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - David Cubero
- Dirección General de Patrimonio Natural y Política Forestal de La Junta de Castilla y León, 47014, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Gabriel de Pedro
- Dirección General de Patrimonio Natural y Política Forestal de La Junta de Castilla y León, 47014, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Álvaro Oleaga
- Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A. (SERPA), La Laboral, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Israel Espinoza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Benjamín Rabanal
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Instrumentales, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Gorka Aduriz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, 48160, Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - José Tuñón
- Fundación Oso de Asturias, 33114, Proaza, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Luis José Royo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Genética, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Gentile N, Carrasquer F, Marco-Fuertes A, Marin C. Backyard poultry: exploring non-intensive production systems. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103284. [PMID: 38056053 PMCID: PMC10749279 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of backyard poultry historically encompassed "food-producing animals." Nevertheless, a recent shift in livestock production paradigms within developed countries is evident, as backyard poultry owners now raise their birds for purposes beyond self-consumption, raising animals in a familiar way, and fostering emotional bonds with them. Because backyard animals are frequently privately owned, and the resulting products are typically not marketed, very little information is available about the demographic profile of backyard owners and information on flocks' characteristics, husbandry, and welfare. Thus, this review aims to clarify the characteristics of backyard poultry, highlighting the prevalent infectious diseases and the zoonotic risk to which farmers are exposed. According to the FAO, there are different types of poultry production systems: intensive, sub-intensive, and extensive. The system conditions, requirements, and the resulting performance differ extensively due to the type of breed, feeding practices, prevalence of disease, prevention and control of diseases, flock management, and the interactions among all these factors. The presence and transmission of infectious diseases in avian species is a problem that affects both the animals themselves and public health. Bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Mycoplasma), parasitic (helminths, louses, and mites), and viral (Avian influenza, Newcastle, Marek, Infectious Bronchitis, Gumboro, Infectious Laringotracheitis, and Fowlpox) are the most important pathogens involved in backyard poultry health. In addition, Avian influenza, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli, could be a risk for backyard farmers and/or backyard-derived products consumers. Thus, proper biosecurity implementation measures are mandatory to control them. While the principles and practices of on-farm biosecurity may be well-versed among commercial farmers, hobbyists, and backyard farmers might not be familiar with the necessary steps to protect their flocks from infectious diseases and curb their transmission. This sector represents the fourth category of poultry farming, characterized by the lowest biosecurity standards. Consequently, it is imperative to address the legal status of backyard poultry, educate owners about biosecurity measures, and promote proper veterinary care and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy; Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Carrasquer
- H&N International GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany; Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
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Fiorentino MA, Acuña Y, Sosa E, Cantón GJ, Erreguerena I, Malena R, Mendez MA, Morrell EL, García JA. Infectious sporadic bovine abortions: retrospective analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:63. [PMID: 38291289 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Infectious sporadic abortions in cattle are mainly caused by opportunistic bacteria and fungi usually present in environmental or gastrointestinal and reproductive microbiota of healthy animals. A retrospective analysis was carried out to evaluate the main opportunistic microorganisms involved in bovine abortions recorded at INTA Balcarce (Argentina) from 1997 to 2023, accounting for 2.2% of the total diagnosed etiologies of bovine abortion. The opportunistic agents identified as the cause of abortion in 29 fetuses were bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). Escherichia coli (n = 8), Trueperella pyogenes (n = 5), and Histophilus somni (n = 4) were the bacterial species most often identified as causing infectious abortions, whereas Aspergillus spp. (n = 3) was implicated in all fungal abortions identified. Pure culture of bacteria or fungus was achieved from abomasal content and/or lung essential. Main microscopic findings were bronchopneumonia, myo- and epicarditis, meningitis, and portal hepatitis. Herein, we highlight the importance of detecting potential infectious bacteria in cultures to improve etiological diagnosis of bovine abortions associated with compatible microscopic findings to confirm the etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Fiorentino
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yamila Acuña
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Sosa
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán J Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Erreguerena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Malena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Mendez
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora L Morrell
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan A García
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mitchell SD, Ramachandran A, Gupta SK, Olson D, Ford AK. Acute gastrointestinal disease in a young bobcat (Lynx rufus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:1-3. [PMID: 38103380 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.07.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Mitchell
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- 2Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Sushim K Gupta
- 2Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | | | - Alexandra K Ford
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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12
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Malek A, Hoque A. Mathematical modeling of the infectious spread and outbreak dynamics of avian influenza with seasonality transmission for chicken farms. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 104:102108. [PMID: 38070401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A compartmental model with a time-varying contact rate, the seasonality effect, and its corresponding nonautonomous model are investigated. The model is developed based on the six compartments: susceptible, latent, infected, asymptomatic, treated, and recovered individuals. We determine the effective reproduction number for this nonautonomous system, and analytic discussion shows that at least one positive periodic solution exists for R0>1. The model is simulated using the RK-45 numerical method, and the parameter values for the model are taken from the available literature. From the numerical results, we observe that the degree of seasonality and vaccine efficacy significantly impact the amplitude of the epidemic curve. The latent-infected phase plane shows that periodic solutions exhibit a period-doubling bifurcation as the amplitude of seasonality increases. Finally, the model outcome was compared with the actual field data and found to be consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Malek
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Ashabul Hoque
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
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13
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Olofsson KM, van de Velde N, Peletto S, Iulini B, Pratley L, Modabberzadeh B, Małek E, Grandi G. First Swedish case of fatal equine parasitic encephalitis by Halicephalobus gingivalis. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:56. [PMID: 38102633 PMCID: PMC10722705 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halicephalobus gingivalis is a nematode with zoonotic potential which can cause fatal opportunistic infections in various mammals. The parasite has never been diagnosed in Sweden, in any species, prior to the presented case. CASE PRESENTATION An imported 21-year-old Icelandic mare developed severe neurological signs. The horse was eventually euthanized and submitted for post-mortem examination where severe lesions in the kidneys were noted. Histopathology revealed the presence of H. gingivalis in both kidneys and the brain. Phylogenetic analysis of the parasite determined it to belong to Lineage 1. CONCLUSIONS With the occurrence of H. gingivalis in Sweden, the disease should be added to the list of differential diagnoses in cases with acute onset of neurological disease in both horses and other mammals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Maria Olofsson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norbert van de Velde
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Pratley
- Evidensia Specialisthästsjukhuset Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | | | - Emilian Małek
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giulio Grandi
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Leps A, Korsos S, Clarysse M, Vlaminck L. Efficient primary surgical treatment of equine infectious sinusitis reduces postoperative aftercare and increases outcome results: a retrospective study of 130 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:S87-S95. [PMID: 37793635 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.05.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the long-term outcome of surgically treated primary and dental-related sinusitis in horses and to describe a simple protocol for postoperative management. METHODS All surgically treated sinusitis cases referred between January 2016 and June 2022 were reviewed. Cases diagnosed with primary and dental-related sinusitis and with a follow-up of at least 6 months after hospital discharge were included. Cases with other sinus pathology were excluded. RESULTS 130 cases met the inclusion criteria. 104 out of 130 were treated with sinoscopy and 26/130 with sinusotomy. 86 out of 130 cases (66.2%) were diagnosed with a dental pathology as a cause of sinusitis that required tooth extraction. Diagnostics were refined with the help of CT in 55/130 (42%) cases. Short-term complications were encountered in 8/130 (6.2%), and full response after initial treatment was successful for 107/130 cases (82.3%). The mean number of postoperative daily flushes was 3.15, and horses were discharged after a mean hospitalization period of 6.4 days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Thorough debridement of sinuses affected by primary or dental-related sinusitis followed by a simple aftercare protocol can lead to a positive long-term outcome.
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Kirimbayeva Z, Abutalip A, Mussayeva A, Kuzembekova G, Yegorova N. Epizootological monitoring of some bacterial infectious diseases of animals on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 102:102061. [PMID: 37741217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The presence of significant areas used for pastures in Kazakhstan makes it relevant to study the epizootic situation in terms of the incidence of animals during their grazing. The most frequent and dangerous diseases during this period are clostridiosis and listeriosis, which cause significant damage to livestock. Monitoring studies of the dynamics of morbidity among animals for infectious diseases during the grazing period were carried out on the basis of veterinary reporting. Bacteriological studies were carried out in a state laboratory using generally accepted microbiological methods. Analytical and statistical methods were used during the work. Monitoring studies indicate a significant spread of clostridiosis in the territory of Kazakhstan. The highest incidence rate was characterised by emphysematous carbuncle infection, which was recorded throughout the country, with an average frequency of about 40 cases per year. The incidence of braxy and anaerobic enterotoxemia occurred much less frequently and mainly in the southern regions of the country. Listeriosis was also observed only in some regions, but at the same time, a stationary focus of the disease was recorded in the Utylaut region, where cases of the disease are recorded annually. Conducted research made it possible to form the dynamics of the incidence of animals in the pasture period for these diseases, to determine the regions of the country with different intensity of the epizootic situation, as well as to carry out bacteriological isolation of a pure culture of the pathogen from samples taken in the foci of the disease. The studies made it possible to collect information on the features and mechanisms of the occurrence of diseases in the conditions of different regions of Kazakhstan and to develop a multi-vector strategy for preventive measures to eliminate animal diseases during the grazing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhumagul Kirimbayeva
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Republic of Kazakhstan.
| | - Aspen Abutalip
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Assiya Mussayeva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnur Kuzembekova
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Natalya Yegorova
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Fang Y, Zhang W, Rowland B, Constable P. Surveillance, prevention fight infectious disease. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.23.08.0195. [PMID: 37918110 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.08.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Bob Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Peter Constable
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Durden WN, Jablonski T, Stolen M, Silbernagel C, Rotstein D, St Leger J. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY PATTERNS OF INDIAN RIVER LAGOON COMMON BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS TRUNCATUS) 2002-2020. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:616-628. [PMID: 37846908 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Mortality patterns in cetaceans are critical to understanding population health. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida have been subjected to four unusual mortality events (UMEs), highlighting the need to evaluate morbidity and mortality patterns. Complete gross examinations were conducted on 392 stranded dolphins and histopathological analyses were conducted for 178 animals (2002-2020). The probable causes of mortality were grouped by etiologic category: degenerative, metabolic, nutritional, inflammatory (infectious and noninfectious disease), and trauma. Probable cause of mortality was determined in 57% (223/392) of cases. Inflammatory disease (infectious/noninfectious) and trauma were the most common. Inflammatory disease accounted for 41% of cases (91/223), with the lungs (pneumonia) most commonly affected. Trauma accounted for 36% of strandings (80/223). The majority of trauma cases were due to anthropogenic activities (entanglement, fishing gear or other debris ingestion, and propeller strikes), accounting for 58% of trauma cases (46/80). Natural trauma (prey-associated esophageal obstruction or asphyxiation, shark bites, and stingray interactions) accounted for 12% of all cases (26/223), and trauma of undetermined origin was identified in 4% of cases (8/223). Starvation or inanition (nutritional) were the probable cause of mortality in 17% of cases and peaked during the 2013 UME (61% of cases). Degenerative and metabolic etiologies accounted for 5% of cases. This study represents the most comprehensive evaluation of morbidity and mortality patterns in IRL dolphins. Because IRL dolphins are routinely exposed to anthropogenic threats and have endured multiple UMEs, these baseline data are critical to the conservation and management of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Noke Durden
- Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 3830 South Highway A1A No. 4-181, Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951, USA
| | - Teresa Jablonski
- Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 3830 South Highway A1A No. 4-181, Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951, USA
| | - Megan Stolen
- Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 3830 South Highway A1A No. 4-181, Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951, USA
| | - Connie Silbernagel
- Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 3830 South Highway A1A No. 4-181, Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951, USA
| | - David Rotstein
- Marine Mammal Pathology Services, 19117 Bloomfield Road, Olney, Maryland 20832, USA
| | - Judy St Leger
- SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, California 92109, USA
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Nuvey FS, Hanley N, Simpson K, Haydon DT, Hattendorf J, Mensah GI, Addo KK, Bonfoh B, Zinsstag J, Fink G. Farmers' valuation and willingness to pay for vaccines to protect livestock resources against priority infectious diseases in Ghana. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106028. [PMID: 37774497 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Livestock vaccination coverage rates remain low in many lower and middle income countries despite effective vaccines being commonly available. Consequently, many preventable infectious livestock diseases remain highly prevalent, causing significant animal mortalities and threatening farmers' livelihood and food security. This study sought to assess farmers' maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), and peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) vaccination of cattle, and sheep and goats, respectively. METHODS Overall, 350 ruminant livestock farmers were randomly selected from three districts located in the northern, middle and southern farming belts of Ghana. We implemented a double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation experiment, where farmers indicated their WTP for vaccinating each livestock specie(s) owned at randomly assigned price points. WTP responses were analyzed using maximum likelihood estimation, and factors influencing WTP were assessed using censored regression analysis accounting for village-level clustering. RESULTS Mean WTP for CBPP vaccination was USD 1.43 or Ghanaian Cedi (GHC) 8.63 (95% CI: GHC 7.08-GHC 10.19) per cattle. Mean WTP for PPR vaccination was USD 1.17 or GHC 7.02 (95% CI: GHC 5.99-GHC 8.05) per sheep, and USD 1.1 or GHC 6.66 (95% CI: GHC 5.89-GHC 7.44) per goat. WTP was positively associated with resilience, limited knowledge about vaccines (assessed prior to WTP experiment), farmland size, and male gender, after adjusting for other covariates. To attain 70% vaccination coverage in Ghana, vaccination costs should be no larger than GHC 5.30 (USD 0.88) for CBPP per cattle and GHC 3.89 (USD 0.65) and GHC 3.67 (USD 0.61), respectively, for PPR vaccines per sheep and goat. CONCLUSIONS Ruminant livestock farmers in Ghana value vaccination highly, and are, on average, willing to pay vaccination costs that exceed the prevailing market prices (GHC 6 for CBPP and GHC 5 for PPR vaccination) to protect their livestock resources. To achieve 70% coverage, only minor subsidies would likely be required. These results suggest that effective disease control in these settings should be possible with appropriate distribution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Sena Nuvey
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan BP 1303, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Nick Hanley
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine Simpson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Kwasi Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan BP 1303, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Economics, University of Basel, Peter Merian-Weg 6, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
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Rúa Giraldo CC, López Herrera A, Ruiz-Cortés T. Bovine leukosis virus, bovine viral diarrhea, and bovine neosporosis seroprevalence in specialized dairy herds in Antioquia-Colombia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:294. [PMID: 37656253 PMCID: PMC10474163 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bovine leukosis virus (BLV), a Deltaretrovirus. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious disease caused by a pestivirus. Bovine neosporosis is caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Neospora caninum (Nc). These pathogens can have horizontal (postnatal) or vertical (transplacental) transmissions and affect the productive and reproductive performance of infected bovines. This work aimed to detect BLV, BVD, and Nc seroprevalence in specialized dairy cattle from the north, east, and Aburrá Valley regions of the Department of Antioquia, the highest in milk production regions in Antioquia. A total of 599 blood samples, obtained from 53 specialized dairy cattle herds, were evaluated by the ELISA test. The results revealed a seroprevalence of 41.13% for BLV (242/599), 28.48% (163/599) for Nc, and 22.7% (132/599) for BVD. Regarding the regional seroprevalence evaluation, BLV was found in 47.02% of the samples from the east, 36.87% from the north, and 46.02% from the Aburrá Valley. Nc was found in 31.03% of the samples from the east, 24.26% from the north, and 36.63% from Aburrá Valley. BVD was found in 21.62% of the samples from the east, 25.03% from the north region, and 10.39% of the samples from the Aburrá Valley. It is highlighted by these results that the north region, with the highest milk production in Antioquia, had the lowest BLV and Nc seroprevalences but the highest seroprevalence of BVD. BLV has increased in Antioquia in recent years, and as an immunosuppressive infection, opportunities for other pathogens are created by it. A significant statistical difference was found in the average prevalence of the pathogens according to the municipality, cattle breed, and region of origin of the sample. The seroprevalence of these pathogens in specialized dairy herds in Antioquia can be classified as medium-low. However, it is recommended that biosecurity practices should be maximized to avoid the spread of these pathogens due to the variability detected in the region, municipality, breed group, and herd age. The rapid and efficient diagnosis of these three pathogens through reliable methodologies will allow for the control of dissemination in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian C Rúa Giraldo
- Master Student in Animal Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín Campus, Medellín, Colombia.
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Research Group Biogénesis, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Research Group Biodiversidad Y Genética Molecular "BIOGEM", Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Albeiro López Herrera
- Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Research Group Biodiversidad Y Genética Molecular "BIOGEM", Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Ruiz-Cortés
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Research Group Biogénesis, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Tracking infectious disease risks in horses. Vet Rec 2023; 193:63. [PMID: 37477305 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
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21
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Assanov N, Bazarbayev R, Mussoyev A, Otarbayev B, Iskhan K. The use of RT-PCR in the diagnosis and differentiation of vaccine strains of chicken infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease. Open Vet J 2023; 13:732-741. [PMID: 37545700 PMCID: PMC10399655 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases of young and adult birds with respiratory syndrome are a significant deterrent to the development of industrial poultry farming due to decreased productivity and significant mortality. The only effective method of combating viral diseases is timely and targeted vaccination, which largely depends on laboratory diagnostic results. Aim This article aims to study the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, (RT-PCR) which has the prospect of more effective diagnosis of vaccine strains of chicken infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease. Methods The fastest and most accurate method for the differential diagnosis of pathogens in an associative viral infection is RT-PCR. The method proposed in the article for selecting primers for amplification made it possible to use this method for the simultaneous interspecies differential diagnosis of two or more viral agents, significantly accelerating their diagnosis. Results The correlation of the nucleotide sequence obtained from sequencing to a specific virus strain is complicated by the lack of a single nomenclature mechanism for separating genetic groups. Conclusion The results of this study will allow easy and fast typing of sequences into known and databased virus strains and avoid further confusion in the nomenclature of genetic groups in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigmetulla Assanov
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Ryskeldi Bazarbayev
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Assilbek Mussoyev
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Bauyrzhan Otarbayev
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Kairat Iskhan
- Faculty of Bioresources and Technology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Zhu XY, Wang ML, Cai M, Nan XM, Zhao YG, Xiong BH, Yang L. Protein Expression Profiles in Exosomes of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line MAC-T Infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0174322. [PMID: 36939340 PMCID: PMC10132110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01743-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a common and widespread infectious disease in dairy farms around the world, resulting in reduced milk production and quality. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogenic bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. S. aureus can activate inflammatory signaling pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Exosomes produced by cells can directly transfer pathogen-related molecules from cell to cell, thus affecting the process of infection. Protein is the material basis of the immune defense function in the body; therefore, a comprehensive comparison of proteins in exosomes derived from S. aureus-infected (SA group) and normal (control group [C group]) bovine mammary epithelial MAC-T cells was performed using shotgun proteomics by a DIA approach. A total of 7,070 proteins were identified and quantified. Compared with the C group, there were 802 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified in the SA group (absolute log2 fold change [|log2FC|] of ≥0.58; false discovery rate [FDR] of <0.05), among which 325 proteins were upregulated and 477 were downregulated. The upregulated proteins, including complement 3 (C3), integrin alpha-6 (ITGA6), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), annexin A2 (ANXA2), tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP2), keratin 8 (KRT8), and recombinant desmoyokin (AHNAK), are involved mostly in host defense against pathogens, inflammation, and cell structure maintenance. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEPs in S. aureus infection were involved in the complement and coagulation cascade, phagosome, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, and focal adhesion pathways. The results of this study provide novel information about proteins in the exosomes of MAC-T cells infected with S. aureus and could contribute to an understanding of the infectious mechanism of bovine mastitis. IMPORTANCE Mastitis is a widespread infectious disease in dairy farms, resulting in reduced milk production and quality. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogenic bacteria causing subclinical mastitis. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are involved in many physiological and pathological functions. The expression of proteins in exosomes derived from bovine mammary epithelial cells infected by S. aureus is still barely understood. These results provide novel information about MAC-T-derived exosomal proteins, reveal insights into their functions, and lay a foundation for further studying the biological function of exosomes during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Guang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Hai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Emelyanova A, Savolainen A, Oksanen A, Nieminen P, Loginova O, Abass K, Rautio A. Research on Selected Wildlife Infections in the Circumpolar Arctic-A Bibliometric Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11260. [PMID: 36141528 PMCID: PMC9517571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One Health, a multidisciplinary approach to public health, which integrates human, animal, and environmental studies, is prudent for circumpolar Arctic health research. The objective of our bibliometric review was to identify and compare research in select infectious diseases in Arctic wildlife species with importance to human health indexed in English language databases (PubMed, Scopus) and the Russian database eLibrary.ru. Included articles (in English and Russian languages) needed to meet the following criteria: (1) data comes from the Arctic, (2) articles report original research or surveillance reports, (3) articles were published between 1990 and 2018, and (4) research relates to naturally occurring infections. Of the included articles (total n = 352), most were from Russia (n = 131, 37%), Norway (n = 58, 16%), Canada (n = 39, 11%), and Alaska (n = 39, 11%). Frequently reported infectious agents among selected mammals were Trichinella spp. (n = 39), Brucella spp. (n = 25), rabies virus (n = 11), Echinococcus spp. (n = 10), and Francisella tularensis (n = 9). There were 25 articles on anthrax in eLibrary.ru, while there were none in the other two databases. We identified future directions where opportunities for further research, collaboration, systematic reviews, or monitoring programs are possible and needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Emelyanova
- Thule Institute, University of Oulu & University of the Arctic, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Audrey Savolainen
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Data Analysis Research Group, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olga Loginova
- Laboratory of Parasite Systematics and Evolution, Center for Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Khaled Abass
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Rautio
- Thule Institute, University of Oulu & University of the Arctic, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Many veterinarians - even those engaged in small animal reproduction - are uncomfortable with taking care of cat breeders or being in charge of catteries. Likely reasons for this are that feline reproduction is largely under-represented in undergraduate and graduate reproduction teaching, as well as in postgraduate education and science, whereas cat breeders themselves are often well informed and actively share knowledge with other cat breeders via the internet and social media. CLINICAL CHALLENGES A variety of problems can exist within a cattery, and collaboration between veterinarian and breeder to solve these is ultimately beneficial for the breeder, for the veterinarian, and for the health and wellbeing of the individual cats and of the cattery as a whole. AIM This review presents a comprehensive overview of aspects of cattery management that might negatively impact reproduction, including sanitation, hygiene and infectious disease control. It also discusses monitoring of reproductive performance, breeding recommendations, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to some common and specific problems. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Reproductive management in the cattery requires no specialised equipment, as such. What it does need is an open mind, in terms of seeing how things are done, an open ear, for listening to the breeder, and the veterinarian's clinical skills in palpation, auscultation and, where required, further examination of the animals. Keeping abreast of the latest information on infectious diseases, disinfection and genetics ensures proper advice is provided. EVIDENCE BASE Current knowledge of reproductive management in catteries is summarised in order to apply an evidence-based approach, whenever possible. Notwithstanding, much of the information remains empirical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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25
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Townsend AK, Sewall KB, Leonard AS, Hawley DM. Infectious disease and cognition in wild populations. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:899-910. [PMID: 35872026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious disease is linked to impaired cognition across a breadth of host taxa and cognitive abilities, potentially contributing to variation in cognitive performance within and among populations. Impaired cognitive performance can stem from direct damage by the parasite, the host immune response, or lost opportunities for learning. Moreover, cognitive impairment could be compounded by factors that simultaneously increase infection risk and impair cognition directly, such as stress and malnutrition. As highlighted in this review, however, answers to fundamental questions remain unresolved, including the frequency, duration, and fitness consequences of infection-linked cognitive impairment in wild animal populations, the cognitive abilities most likely to be affected, and the potential for adaptive evolution of cognition in response to accelerating emergence of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Townsend
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323, USA.
| | - Kendra B Sewall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Anne S Leonard
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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26
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Bangura (Turay) FI, Leno A, Hann K, Timire C, Nair D, Bah MA, Gborie SR, Satyanarayana S, Edwards JK, Davtyan H, Kamara SM, Jalloh AT, Sellu-Sallu D, Kanu JS, Johnson R, Nantima N. An Update on the Surveillance of Livestock Diseases and Antimicrobial Use in Sierra Leone in 2021-An Operational Research Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19095294. [PMID: 35564689 PMCID: PMC9104805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In Sierra Leone, in 2020, a study by the Livestock and Veterinary Services Division (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) on the surveillance system of animal diseases and antimicrobial use found poor reporting. Of the expected weekly districts reports, <1% were received and only three of the 15 districts had submitted reports occasionally between 2016 and 2019. Following this, staff-capacity-building on reporting was undertaken. In 2021, we reassessed the improvement in reporting and used the reports to describe livestock diseases and antimicrobials utilized in their treatment. Between March and October 2021, 88% of expected weekly reports from all 15 districts were received. There were minor deficiencies in completeness and consistency in the terminology used for reporting animal disease and antimicrobials. Available reports showed that 25% of the livestock had an infectious disease, and a quarter of the sick animals had received an antimicrobial drug. Most animals received antimicrobials belonging to World Organization for Animal Health’s “veterinary critically important” category (77%) and World Health Organization’s “critically” (17%) and “highly important” (60%) categories for human health. These indicate a significant improvement in the animal health surveillance system and highlight the need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship to prevent misuse of antimicrobials that are significant in animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmata Isatu Bangura (Turay)
- Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.L.); (M.A.B.); (S.R.G.); (S.M.K.); (A.T.J.); (D.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +232-7846-1444
| | - Amara Leno
- Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.L.); (M.A.B.); (S.R.G.); (S.M.K.); (A.T.J.); (D.S.-S.)
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
| | - Katrina Hann
- Sustainable Health Systems, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
| | - Collins Timire
- International Union Against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), 75006 Paris, France; (C.T.); (D.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Divya Nair
- International Union Against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), 75006 Paris, France; (C.T.); (D.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Mohamed Alpha Bah
- Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.L.); (M.A.B.); (S.R.G.); (S.M.K.); (A.T.J.); (D.S.-S.)
| | - Sahr Raymond Gborie
- Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.L.); (M.A.B.); (S.R.G.); (S.M.K.); (A.T.J.); (D.S.-S.)
| | - Srinath Satyanarayana
- International Union Against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), 75006 Paris, France; (C.T.); (D.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Jeffrey Karl Edwards
- Department of Global Health, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center, Yerevan 0014, Armenia;
| | - Sorie Mohamed Kamara
- Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.L.); (M.A.B.); (S.R.G.); (S.M.K.); (A.T.J.); (D.S.-S.)
| | - Amadu Tejan Jalloh
- Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.L.); (M.A.B.); (S.R.G.); (S.M.K.); (A.T.J.); (D.S.-S.)
| | - David Sellu-Sallu
- Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.L.); (M.A.B.); (S.R.G.); (S.M.K.); (A.T.J.); (D.S.-S.)
| | - Joseph Sam Kanu
- National Disease Surveillance Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone National Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
| | - Raymonda Johnson
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Youyi Building, Brookfields, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
| | - Noelina Nantima
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
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27
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Le Page L, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in artiodactyls: Focus on swine. Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 128:104334. [PMID: 34919982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective medical strategy for disease prevention but there is a need to improve livestock vaccine efficacy. Understanding the structure of the immune system of swine, which are considered a γδ T cell "high" species, and thus, particularly how to engage their γδ T cells for immune responses, may allow for development of vaccine optimization strategies. The propensity of γδ T cells to home to specific tissues, secrete pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, exhibit memory or recall responses and even function as antigen-presenting cells for αβ T cells supports the concept that they have enormous potential for priming by next generation vaccine constructs to contribute to protective immunity. γδ T cells exhibit several innate-like antigen recognition properties including the ability to recognize antigen in the absence of presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules enabling γδ T cells to recognize an array of peptides but also non-peptide antigens in a T cell receptor-dependent manner. γδ T cell subpopulations in ruminants and swine can be distinguished based on differential expression of the hybrid co-receptor and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) known as workshop cluster 1 (WC1). Expression of various PRR and other innate-like immune receptors diversifies the antigen recognition potential of γδ T cells. Finally, γδ T cells in livestock are potent producers of critical master regulator cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, whose production orchestrates downstream cytokine and chemokine production by other cells, thereby shaping the immune response as a whole. Our knowledge of the biology, receptor expression and response to infectious diseases by swine γδ T cells is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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28
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New canine infectious respiratory disease vaccine. Vet Rec 2021; 188:213. [PMID: 34651828 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Jarvis S. Bringing the focus back to AMR. Vet Rec 2021; 188:323. [PMID: 33960465 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The World Organisation for Animal Health Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Chapter 1.1.1. summarises the most relevant governance and managerial aspects of veterinary testing laboratories, and Chapter 1.1.5. introduces quality management. Both chapters are based on the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission standard, ISO/IEC 17025:2005 'General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories'. This paper provides an update of standards and regulatory bodies relevant for accreditation of quality management systems (QMS), with a focus on ISO/IEC 17025:2017 for testing and calibration laboratories. Important issues and considerations that a laboratory should address in the design and maintenance of its QMS are highlighted and examples provided, in particular aspects of test validation and verification, including measurement uncertainty (MU). A QMS aims to address all aspects of the laboratory operation, including staff, organisational structure, processes, and procedures. Accreditation of a diagnostic laboratory requires three notable components: (a) independent or third-party assessment; (b) suitably validated tests performed by proficient laboratory operators in an adequately equipped laboratory; and (c) ongoing internal and external quality control. Together, these components ensure a test outcome is the result of a standardised process and structured peer review, and demonstrate both competency and ability to produce technically valid diagnostic results that will meet the needs of customers - veterinarians, animal owners, regulators, organisations and industry - as well as the needs of decision-makers involved in animal health and surveillance programmes.
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31
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Abstract
In this paper, the authors: (a) list methods used to diagnose zoonotic diseases in humans and animals; (b) identify between-species differences in diagnostic approaches, providing commentary on the benefits that might arise from simultaneous interpretation of data from human and animal health surveillance systems; and (c) reiterate the importance of using species-specific, validated diagnostic tests for surveillance and disease outbreak investigations. Emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases are likely to provide a continued threat to global health in the short- to medium-term future. A good deal of knowledge about the drivers of infectious disease emergence has been developed based on numerous examples from the recent past. Sharing of diagnostic resources across human and animal health sectors, sharing of human and animal health surveillance data, development of skills in the interpretation of that data and awareness of issues related to the validation and interpretation of diagnostic test data are necessary prerequisites for an effective endemic disease surveillance system. A good understanding of the epidemiological patterns of endemic disease will allow human and animal health professionals be able to more quickly detect the presence of emerging disease threats.
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Cheung A, Dufour S, Jones G, Kostoulas P, Stevenson MA, Singanallur NB, Firestone SM. Bayesian latent class analysis when the reference test is imperfect. REV SCI TECH OIE 2021; 40:271-286. [PMID: 34140724 DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.1.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Latent class analysis (LCA) has allowed epidemiologists to overcome the practical constraints faced by traditional diagnostic test evaluation methods, which require both a gold standard diagnostic test and ample numbers of appropriate reference samples. Over the past four decades, LCA methods have expanded to allow epidemiologists to evaluate diagnostic tests and estimate true prevalence using imperfect tests over a variety of complex data structures and scenarios, including during the emergence of novel infectious diseases. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of recent developments in LCA methods, as well as a practical guide to applying Bayesian LCA (BLCA) to the evaluation of diagnostic tests. Before conducting a BLCA, the suitability of BLCA for the pathogen of interest, the availability of appropriate samples, the number of diagnostic tests, and the structure of the data should be carefully considered. While formulating the model, the model's structure and specification of informative priors will affect the likelihood that useful inferences can be drawn. With the growing need for advanced analytical methods to evaluate diagnostic tests for newly emerging diseases, LCA is a promising field of research for both the veterinary and medical disciplines.
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33
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Guinat C, Vergne T, Kocher A, Chakraborty D, Paul MC, Ducatez M, Stadler T. What can phylodynamics bring to animal health research? Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:837-847. [PMID: 34034912 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major burden to global economies, and public and animal health. To date, quantifying the spread of infectious diseases to inform policy making has traditionally relied on epidemiological data collected during epidemics. However, interest has grown in recent phylodynamic techniques to infer pathogen transmission dynamics from genetic data. Here, we provide examples of where this new discipline has enhanced disease management in public health and illustrate how it could be further applied in animal health. In particular, we describe how phylodynamics can address fundamental epidemiological questions, such as inferring key transmission parameters in animal populations and quantifying spillover events at the wildlife-livestock interface, and generate important insights for the design of more effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guinat
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Timothee Vergne
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution (tide) group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Debapryio Chakraborty
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathilde C Paul
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Sims E, Epp T. Defining important canine zoonotic pathogens within the Prairie Provinces of Canada. Can Vet J 2021; 62:477-483. [PMID: 33967286 PMCID: PMC8048239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to establish a short list of zoonotic pathogens involving the domestic dog that can be prioritized for a companion animal surveillance program specific to the Prairie Provinces of Canada. A list of pathogens documented in dogs was created through a comprehensive review of infectious disease textbooks for the following taxonomical categories: bacteria, ectoparasites, fungi, helminths, protozoa, rickettsia, and viruses. This created an initial list of 594 pathogens that was then pared down through an extensive review of the literature using the following criteria: i) the pathogen is zoonotic/sapronotic/anthroponotic; ii) the dog is involved in transmission to humans, maintenance, or detection of the pathogen; and iii) there is a level of risk for occurrence of the pathogen in Canada. This process yielded a final list of 84 pathogens and 3 supplementary lists of canine zoonotic/sapronotic/anthroponotic pathogens that may become relevant to future surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sims
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Tasha Epp
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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35
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Varijakzhan D, Loh JY, Yap WS, Yusoff K, Seboussi R, Lim SHE, Lai KS, Chong CM. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:246. [PMID: 33925365 PMCID: PMC8146879 DOI: 10.3390/md19050246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity. For example, various compounds isolated from Theonella swinhoei have showcased various bioactivities, such as those that are antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. In this review, we discuss bioactive compounds that have been identified from marine sponges that showcase the ability to act as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-malarial and antifungal agents against human pathogens and fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. Moreover, the application of such compounds as antimicrobial agents in other veterinary commodities, such as poultry, cattle farming and domesticated cats, is discussed, along with a brief discussion regarding the mode of action of these compounds on the targeted sites in various pathogens. The bioactivity of the compounds discussed in this review is focused mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2020 and includes the novel compounds discovered from 2018 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Varijakzhan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (J.-Y.L.); (W.-S.Y.)
| | - Wai-Sum Yap
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (J.-Y.L.); (W.-S.Y.)
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Rabiha Seboussi
- Health Sciences Division, Al Ain Men’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Swee-Hua Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Chou-Min Chong
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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36
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Roberts VA, Vigar M, Backer L, Veytsel GE, Hilborn ED, Hamelin EI, Vanden Esschert KL, Lively JY, Cope JR, Hlavsa MC, Yoder JS. Surveillance for Harmful Algal Bloom Events and Associated Human and Animal Illnesses - One Health Harmful Algal Bloom System, United States, 2016-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1889-1894. [PMID: 33332289 PMCID: PMC7745959 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Investigation of negated notifiable disease report cases in pigs, 2017-2019. Vet Rec 2020; 186:482-4. [PMID: 32358115 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This focus article has been prepared by Susanna Williamson, Camilla Brena, Cornelia Bidewell, Ed Fullick, Alastair George, Livio Pittalis and Lévon Stephan.
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Adamson D, Gilbert W, Hamilton K, Donachie D, Rushton J. Preparing for animal health emergencies: considerations for economic evaluation. REV SCI TECH OIE 2020; 39:625-635. [PMID: 33046914 DOI: 10.20506/rst.39.2.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production systems and the societies in which they are embedded face a set of risks presented by infectious diseases and natural and human-made disasters which compromise animal health. Within this set, threats are posed by natural, deliberate and accidental actions that can cause sudden changes in animal health status, requiring the allocation of additional resources to manage animal health. Determining the benefit of preparing for such emergencies is a challenge when the total set of risks includes the unknown. Any method for analysing the economic costs and benefits of animal health emergencies must not only accommodate this uncertainty, but make it a central feature of the analysis. Cost-benefit analysis is a key approach to economically evaluating animal health interventions. However, the value of this approach in dealing with uncertainty is often called into question. This paper makes the case that, by restricting the outcomes of an emergency event to specified states of nature, boundaries can be placed on the uncertainty space, allowing cost-benefit analysis to be performed. This method, which merges state-contingent analysis with cost-benefit analysis, is presented here. Further discussion on the economic characteristics of emergency events, and the nature of the threats posed to animal health systems, is also provided.
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Abstract
Fleur Whitlock of the Animal Health Trust takes a look at equine infectious disease surveillance initiatives in action in the UK.
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Martínez-Pérez PA, Hyndman TH, Fleming PA. Haematology and blood chemistry in free-ranging quokkas (Setonix brachyurus): Reference intervals and assessing the effects of site, sampling time, and infectious agents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239060. [PMID: 32941511 PMCID: PMC7498088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) are small macropodid marsupials from Western Australia, which are identified as of conservation concern. Studies on their blood analytes exist but involve small sample sizes and are associated with very little information concerning the health of the animals. Blood was collected from free-ranging quokkas from Rottnest Island (n = 113) and mainland (n = 37) Western Australia, between September 2010 and December 2011, to establish haematology and blood chemistry reference intervals. Differences in haematology and blood chemistry between sites (Rottnest Island v mainland) were significant for haematology (HMT, p = 0.003), blood chemistry (BLC, p = 0.001) and peripheral blood cell morphology (PBCM, p = 0.001). Except for alkaline phosphatase, all blood chemistry analytes were higher in mainland animals. There were also differences with time of year in HMT (p = 0.001), BLC (p = 0.001) and PBCM (p = 0.001) for Rottnest Island quokkas. A small sample of captive animals (n = 8) were opportunistically sampled for plasma concentrations of vitamin E and were found to be deficient compared with wild-caught animals. Fifty-eight of the 150 quokkas were also tested for the presence of Salmonella, microfilariae, Macropodid herpesvirus-6, Theileria spp., Babesia spp., trypanosomes, Cryptococcus spp. and other saprophytic fungi. All eight infectious agents were detected in this study. Infectious agents were detected in 24 of these 58 quokkas (41%), with more than one infectious agent detected for all 24 individuals. Salmonella were detected concurrently with microfilariae in 8 of these 24 quokkas, and this mixed infection was associated with lower values across all haematological analytes, with Salmonella having the greater involvement in the decreased haematological values (p < 0.05). There was no evidence for an effect of sex on HMT, BLC and PBCM. Our data provide important haematological and blood chemistry reference intervals for free-ranging quokkas. We applied novel methods of analyses to HMT and BLC that can be used more broadly, aiding identification of potential disease in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy H. Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel O. G. Hoarau
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Réunion Island, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Réunion Island, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Réunion Island, France
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Abstract
The review covers select disease conditions most frequently described in aging rodents (rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs), rabbits, and ferrets. The conditions are categorized by general organ systems, infectious diseases, and neoplasms. Two data systems, the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and Comparative Pathology Laboratory at the University of California, Davis and Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Citrus Heights, California were used in the determining disease conditions to describe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- ZNLabs Veterinary Diagnostics, 7647 Wachtel Way, Citrus Heights, CA 95610, USA.
| | - Denise M Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California, 1000 Old Davis Road, Building R1, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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43
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Compton SR. PCR and RT-PCR in the Diagnosis of Laboratory Animal Infections and in Health Monitoring. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2020; 59:458-468. [PMID: 32580820 PMCID: PMC7479767 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics (PCR and RT-PCR) have become commonplace in laboratory animal research and diagnostics, augmenting or replacing serological and microbiologic methods. This overview will discuss the uses of molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis of pathogenic infections of laboratory animals and in monitoring the microbial status of laboratory animals and their environment. The article will focus primarily on laboratory rodents, although PCR can be used on samples from any laboratory animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Compton
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine;,
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Townsend AK, Hawley DM, Stephenson JF, Williams KEG. Emerging infectious disease and the challenges of social distancing in human and non-human animals. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201039. [PMID: 32781952 PMCID: PMC7575514 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'social distancing' that occurred in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in humans provides a powerful illustration of the intimate relationship between infectious disease and social behaviour in animals. Indeed, directly transmitted pathogens have long been considered a major cost of group living in humans and other social animals, as well as a driver of the evolution of group size and social behaviour. As the risk and frequency of emerging infectious diseases rise, the ability of social taxa to respond appropriately to changing infectious disease pressures could mean the difference between persistence and extinction. Here, we examine changes in the social behaviour of humans and wildlife in response to infectious diseases and compare these responses to theoretical expectations. We consider constraints on altering social behaviour in the face of emerging diseases, including the lack of behavioural plasticity, environmental limitations and conflicting pressures from the many benefits of group living. We also explore the ways that social animals can minimize the costs of disease-induced changes to sociality and the unique advantages that humans may have in maintaining the benefits of sociality despite social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Townsend
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Dana M. Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 4036 Derring Hall (MC 0406), 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jessica F. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 403B Clapp Hall, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Keelah E. G. Williams
- Department of Psychology, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
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Miguel E, Grosbois V, Caron A, Pople D, Roche B, Donnelly CA. A systemic approach to assess the potential and risks of wildlife culling for infectious disease control. Commun Biol 2020; 3:353. [PMID: 32636525 PMCID: PMC7340795 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of infectious diseases requires a sufficient number of susceptible hosts. Host culling is a potential control strategy for animal diseases. However, the reduction in biodiversity and increasing public concerns regarding the involved ethical issues have progressively challenged the use of wildlife culling. Here, we assess the potential of wildlife culling as an epidemiologically sound management tool, by examining the host ecology, pathogen characteristics, eco-sociological contexts, and field work constraints. We also discuss alternative solutions and make recommendations for the appropriate implementation of culling for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Miguel
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), IRD (Research Institute for Sustainable Development), CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- CREES Centre for Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Disease, Montpellier, France.
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Development), Univ. Montpellier, INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Development), Univ. Montpellier, INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Pople
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Roche
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), IRD (Research Institute for Sustainable Development), CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMMISCO (Unité Mixte Internationnale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatiques des Systèmes Complèxes, IRD/Sorbonne Université, Bondy, France
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de, México, México
| | - Christl A Donnelly
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Miedel EL, Ragland NH, Slate AR, Engelman RW. Persistent Corynebacterium bovis Infectious Hyperkeratotic Dermatitis in Immunocompetent Epidermal-Mutant dep/dep Mice. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:586-589. [PMID: 32347166 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820922219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During a previously reported program-wide Corynebacterium bovis outbreak, both immunocompetent depilated (dep/dep) mutant mice and transgenic mice that express the papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein became persistently infected with C. bovis. An orthokeratotic, hyperkeratotic, acanthotic dermatitis developed in the C. bovis-infected dep/dep mice, which remained C. bovis PCR-positive for >45 days prior to euthanasia as part of the program-wide C. bovis eradication effort. Since both affected strains of mice have altered skin homeostasis, immune status or the presence of hair may not alone be sufficient to explain strain susceptibility to C. bovis-related cutaneous disease. In order to avoid invalidation of preclinical studies due to C. bovis infection, it may be necessary to isolate immunodeficient mouse strains, implement facililty-wide surveillance for C. bovis, and sterilize equipment with vaporized hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Miedel
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Natalie H Ragland
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Robert W Engelman
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Gyles C. VIDO-InterVac: A story of impressive vision. Can Vet J 2020; 61:569-571. [PMID: 32675807 PMCID: PMC7236630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlton Gyles
- Opinions expressed in this column are those of the Editor
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Ladak M. Unusual case of pyogranulomatous hepatitis of suspected infectious etiology in a 3-year-old Labrador retriever dog. Can Vet J 2020; 61:534-536. [PMID: 32355355 PMCID: PMC7155889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever dog was presented with clinical signs of lethargy, vomiting, hyporexia, and increased respiratory effort. An exploratory laparotomy was conducted and a liver biopsy submitted for histopathologic evaluation revealed moderate multifocal coalescing pyogranulomatous hepatitis. Clinical signs, hematological parameters, and liver histopathology suggested an infectious etiology, such as leptospirosis, mycobacteriosis, or fungal infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for leptospirosis were negative. The infectious etiology was not identified, but leptospirosis may have played a role in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ladak
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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49
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Infectious Diseases in Avian Medicine. J Avian Med Surg 2019; 33:440-2. [PMID: 31833314 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-33.4.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Groch KR, Catão-Dias JL, Groch KR, Kolesnikovas CKM, de Castilho PV, Moreira LMP, Barros CRMB, Medeiros CRMD, Renault-Braga EP, Sansone M, Díaz-Delgado J. Pathologic findings and causes of death in southern right whales Eubalaena australis, Brazil. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 137:23-31. [PMID: 31777396 DOI: 10.3354/dao03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Southern right whales Eubalaena australis (SRWs) migrate to southern Brazil for breeding and calving from June through November. Overall, there is scarce knowledge on health status and pathologic conditions in SRWs. We report the pathologic and molecular investigation results of 8 SRWs that were necropsied between 2010 and 2017 within a breeding and calving ground in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. The animals were of various ages (7 newborns/calves, 1 adult) and sex (3 females, 5 males). Five whales stranded dead; 3 stranded alive and died shortly after (n = 2) or were euthanized (n = 1). The causes of stranding and/or death were neonatal respiratory distress syndrome with meconium aspiration (n = 3) with concomitant congenital hepatopathy in one of them; trauma of unknown origin (n = 3), infectious renal and lung disease with presumed sepsis (n = 1), and euthanasia (n = 1). Three animals were PCR-positive for cetacean morbillivirus; one of them also had morbilliviral antigen in kidney via immunohistochemical analysis. These results, integrating novel findings and a published report, contribute to the pathology knowledge of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia R Groch
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
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