[Five case reports on granulosa cell tumors in cattle with practical information on diagnosis and possible progression]

INTRODUCTION

Five cases of ovarian tumors (granulosa cell tumors) in cattle are presented from the patient load of the Vetsuisse University of Zurich and Bern. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the variable development of the illness and to indicate diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities to the practicing veterinarians. Case 1 shows bilateral appearance and the development of malignancy and metastases. The main symptoms in case 2 were the development of the mammary gland in a juvenile animal and the behavior modification due to a hormonal imbalance. The cases 3, 4 and 5 underwent surgery, case 4 restarted reproductive activity resulting in five subsequent pregnancies. The initial presumption is a result of a gynecological including ultrasonographic examination and can be verified by the analysis of Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone in serum. The decision to perform surgery should be done rapidly, as normal fertility can be achieved if the tumor is located unilaterally. Tumor growth and potential malignancy can provoke fatal health issues and also make it impossible to use meat of these animals for consumption.

Clinical and ultrasonographic findings of ovarian tumours in bitches: A retrospective study

A retrospective study was carried out to investigate incidence, clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings of ovarian tumours in a population of dogs referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Perugia (Italy) and Anicura Tyrus Veterinary Clinic (Terni, Italy). The period of study ranged from January 2005 to December 2021. A total of 1910 dogs were affected by neoplasia but only 35 of them (1.8%), of different breeds and ages, were found to have ovarian tumours. Ultrasound of the ovaries was performed based on clinical signs; the diagnosis was achieved after ultrasound findings prompted ovariohysterectomy and ovarian pathologic evaluation In our study, the age of bitches affected by ovarian neoplasia ranged from 3 to 20 years (mean 9.6 ± 3.8). The histopathological findings of ovarian masses identified 16 granulosa cell tumours (GCT) (46%), 7 adenomas (20%), 5 adenocarcinomas (14%), 2 teratomas (6%), 1 leiomyoma (3%), 1 luteoma (3%), 1 tecoma (3%), 1 dysgerminoma (3%), and 1 haemangiosarcoma (3%). In particular, with respect to clinical signs, 69% of bitches showed abnormalities of estrus cycle (short interestral interval, persistent estrus, prolonged interestral interval). The other main clinical signs included abdominal distention, palpable abdominal mass, vulvovaginal discharge, polyuria/polydipsia, mammary masses. When present, the laboratory abnormalities were slight anemia and leucocytosis with neutrophilia. The tumours were ultrasonographically classified as mainly solid: 12/35 (34%) (1 adenoma, 4 adenocarcinomas, 1 dysgerminoma, 1 haemangiosarcoma, 1 leyomioma, 1 luteoma, 1 GCT, 1 tecoma, 1 teratoma); solid with cystic component 13/35 (37%) (9 GCT, 2 Adenomas, 1 adenocarcinoma, 1 teratoma); and mainly cystic 10/35 (29%) (6 GCTs, 4 adenomas). In our study, the ultrasound examination allowed us to suspect ovarian neoplasia in asymptomatic subjects referred for breeding management or for preventive health check. On the basis of our data, we proposed to perform a complete periodic examination of the reproductive system once a year from 6 years. Nevertheless, the presence of ovarian neoplasms found in young subjects, during breeding management, suggest including routine ultrasound examination of the reproductive tract.

Successful intra-abdominal resection of a 24 kg ovarian granulosa cell tumor in a Warmblood mare

Background

Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common ovarian tumors in mares. The classical presentation of a GCT is a unilaterally enlarged ovary appearing as a multicystic honeycomb mass. In rare cases, GCTs cause hemoperitoneum as a result of the rapid growth of the tumor. The clinical diagnosis of GCT is usually based on history, rectal examination, ultrasonographic examination, and serum hormone analysis, and surgical removal of the affected ovary is the treatment of choice. The different surgical approaches are based on the dimension of the GCT.

Case Description

A 7-year-old mare was referred to the department for horses due to suspicion of a large colon impaction. The mare presented with clinical signs of colic, fever, and signs of hypovolemic shock. Rectal and ultrasonographic examination showed hemoperitoneum and a honey-comb mass within the abdomen, and a GCT as the cause of an acute hemoperitoneum was diagnosed based on the serum level of anti-Müllerian hormone. After stabilization of the mare, the GCT was removed through a ventral midline incision. Because of the enormous dimensions of the GCT, intra-abdominal partial resection of the tumor using a tenotomy knife was necessary to exteriorize the ovarian pedicle. At 3 months follow-up, the mare was ridden for her intended use.

Conclusion

This report provides an approach to an uncommon case of a very large and heavy GCT.

Comparison of anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin immunolabeling in canine and equine granulosa cell tumors

Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are common ovarian neoplasms in the mare and bitch that can be challenging to diagnose on histopathology. Inhibin has long been the standard immunohistochemical (IHC) marker for GCTs; however, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has not been evaluated widely as an IHC marker in the bitch and mare. We compared the efficacy of AMH and inhibin as IHC markers in canine and equine GCTs. We selected retrospectively 18 equine and 15 canine cases. All equine tumors were dominated by a cystic pattern; canine tumors often had solid patterns. Both inhibin and AMH had similar punctate cytoplasmic patterns of immunolabeling, although labeling intensity was variable; distribution and intensity of labeling were unrelated to the histomorphologic pattern. Labeling for AMH occurred in 12 of 15 canine and 18 of 18 equine cases. Labeling for inhibin occurred in 15 of 15 canine and 18 of 18 equine cases. AMH in equine GCTs often had stronger immunolabeling than inhibin, and granulosa cells were labeled more extensively. Inhibin and AMH performed comparably in bitches, but AMH had more diffuse immunolabeling than inhibin in mares.

Ovarian granulosa cell tumor in a Persian cat: Case report from Tripoli, Libya

Background:

Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are common neoplasms in domestic animals that originate from the sex-cord stromal cells of the ovary. The aim of the present paper was to report a case of ovarian GCT in a 5-year-old Persian female cat and to describe the histopathological pattern of this tumor.

Case Description:

The cat was brought for a routine diagnostic examination for pregnancy at Albaittar clinic in Tripoli, Libya with a history of 1 month mating before it was brought to the clinic for investigation of progressive behavioral changes. The cat external examination showed noticeable enlargement in the abdomen that was potentially suspected of pregnancy; however, the abdominal ultrasonography showed a great mass located on the right ovary. A therapeutic ovariohysterectomy was performed. The cat’s clinical signs resolved, 6 months later it was diagnosed with a mass on the right kidney suspected as metastasis and one week later the cat died.

Conclusion:

In this case, macroscopic and microscopic studies are discussed and histopathological examination confirmed ovarian GCT with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and suspected metastasis in one kidney.

Ovarian histopathology, pre- and post-operative endocrinological analysis and behavior alterations in 27 mares undergoing bilateral standing laparoscopic ovariectomy

Determining if ovariectomy will abolish unwanted behaviors can be challenging in mares without ultrasonographic ovarian abnormalities and/or endocrine values not consistent with a granulosa cell tumor. The objective of the study was to identify mares that have a positive improvement in unwanted behaviors after elective standing laparoscopic ovariectomy and to determine if the change is associated with any pre- and post-operative endocrine profiles and/or with ovarian histological findings. During the study period 27 mares underwent a bilateral standing laparoscopic ovariectomy. Pre- and post-operative questionnaires and endocrine profiles, along with ovarian histopathology were performed and data were analyzed. Eighty-nine percent of clients were satisfied with the change in behavior after surgery. There were no significant associations between specific elevated hormones or absent luteal tissue with any specific unwanted behaviors. Pre-operative endocrine values were not predictive of post-operative owner satisfaction but bilateral ovariectomy for the treatment of unwanted behaviors in mares had a high likelihood of achieving owner satisfaction.

Bilateral granulosa cell tumor in a cycling mare

A 16-year-old Oldenburg mare was evaluated for stallion-like behavior. The mare had given birth to 2 foals previously. Transrectal palpation revealed bilaterally enlarged ovaries with no palpable ovulation fossa. Ultrasound examination showed both ovaries to have small follicles giving a honeycomb appearance, concurrent with a single large cystic structure in the left ovary (10.2 cm diameter). Serum Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was elevated (95.7 pmol/L), consistent with granulosa cell tumor (GCT). Both ovaries were removed via flank laparoscopy and were evaluated by histopathology, which confirmed bilateral GCT and concurrent presence of fresh luteal tissue, demonstrating the unusual presentation of bilateral granulosa cell tumor in a cycling mare.

[Inappropriate lactation syndrome in a Holstein heifer]

The present case describes an unusual lactation of a 15-month-old,unbred Holstein-Friesian heifer, which had four swollen, ampouleshaped udder quarters with milk secretion. Examination of the heifer using rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasonography revealed enlargement of the right ovary and partial replacement of original tissue by multiple cysts of variable size. Treatment of the assumed follicularcystic ovary disease was unsuccessful. At slaughter 8 months later, the ovaries were examined pathologically and a granulosa cell tumor on the right ovary was diagnosed. Udder development and lactation in cattle is regulated normally hormonally. Follicular and cystic changes and granulosa cell tumors may also display hormonal activity. Therefore, we assume one or both of these could have been the cause of the unusual lactation in this case. We thus advise careful examination of the inner reproductive tract when facing the symptom of unusual lactation in unbred heifers.

[Haemoabdomen and haemothorax in a cow with metastatic granulosa cell tumor]

This case report describes the clinical, ultrasonographic, pathological and histological findings in a two-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow with granulosa cell tumor and metastases in the abdomen and thorax. The cow was ill and had tachycardia, coughing, increased breath sounds, positive reticular foreign body tests and a tense abdominal wall. Ultrasonography revealed a massive accumulation of hypoechoic fluid in the thorax and abdomen, and abdomino- and thoracocentesis yielded red fluid indicative of abdominal and thoracic haemorrhage. Because of a poor prognosis, the cow was euthanized and examined postmortem. Multiple nodular lesions were seen in the omentum, liver, spleen and lungs. The left ovary was grossly enlarged and nodular in appearance. Histological examination of the lesions revealed granulosa cell tumour of the left ovary and metastases in the omentum, liver, spleen and lungs.

Acute pancreatitis following granulosa cell tumor removal in a mare

Acute pancreatitis is a rare disease in horses and is often associated with gastrointestinal disorders. Accurate diagnosis is challenging due to the presence of nonspecific clinical signs. This case represents the first documentation of acute pancreatitis in a horse following surgery of the reproductive tract.

Granulosa cell tumour in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from German waters

Neoplastic diseases in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena have rarely been described, and there are no reported gonadal stromal tumours. A 12 yr old female harbour porpoise was stranded on the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Necropsy findings included a severe granulomatous pneumonia, pregnancy and a left ovarian tumour. Respiratory insufficiency was the likely cause of death. There was a multinodular mass composed of cords with peripherally palisading cells within the left ovary. The histological and cytological appearance of the neoplasm was suggestive of a granulosa cell tumour; supportive immunohistochemical stains, including those for vimentin, cytokeration, carcinoembryonic antigen, c-kit, chromogranin and α-smooth muscle action, were negative.

Granulosa theca cell tumor with erythrocytosis in a llama

A 2.5-year-old, female llama with weight loss and lethargy had a packed cell volume (PCV) of 45% which increased to 57% over 3 wk. Transrectal ultrasonography revealed a mass of mixed echogenicity involving the right ovary, which was removed. A histopathological diagnosis of granulosa theca cell tumor was made. This is the first report of its kind in a llama.

Granulosa cell tumors of the equine ovary

The granulosa cell tumor is the most common ovarian tumor in mares. A clinical diagnosis can be made based on the presence ofa unilaterally enlarged ovary and a small inactive contralateral ovary. Endocrine testing may be beneficial to confirm a diagnosis. Surgical removal of the tumor eliminates the adverse effect on pituitary function and results in resumption of follicular development and ovulation in the opposite ovary over time.

Bilateral occurrence of granulosa-theca cell tumors in an Arabian mare

An Arabian mare was referred for right granulosa-theca cell tumor (GTCT) evaluation. The mare was presented 4.5 years later for a left GTCT, after successfully conceiving and delivering a normal foal in the interim. The concurrent or nonconcurrent occurrence of bilateral GTCT in mares appears to be rare.

Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Equine Granulosa Cell Tumours

Benign (n=33) and malignant metastasizing (n=1) granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) from 34 mares aged 3-21 years, and normal (control) ovaries from nine mares aged 3-10 years, were examined histologically and immunohistochemically (for inhibin alpha, glutathione S-transferase alpha [GSTalpha], c-erbB-2 oncoprotein [cerb], cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin and alpha-actin), the results being related where appropriate to clinical signs and endocrinological data. Availability permitting, serum samples from GCT-affected mares before and several weeks after ovariectomy were examined for the following hormones: oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone (by radioimmunoassay); and inhibin B (by a cross-reactive ELISA). Histological examination revealed that the GCTs were predominantly well differentiated neoplasms. The metastasizing GCT differed immunohistochemically from the benign GCTs in respect of the expression patterns of vimentin, cerb and GSTalpha in the granulosa cells. A notable feature was the presence of Leydig-like cells in mares with stallion-like behaviour or elevated serum testosterone, or both. GSTalpha immunolabelling indicated that the Leydig-like cells were potential producers of steroid hormone. From the immunohistochemical and endocrinological findings it was concluded that GCTs produce abnormally high concentrations of inhibin, which reduce the release of follicle-stimulating hormone, leading to atrophy of the contralateral ovary-a finding in 27 of the mares.

Endometrial Polypoid Adenomyomatosis in a Bitch with Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumour and Pyometra

Endometrial polypoid adenomyomatosis in an 8-year-old German shepherd bitch is described. The lesion was associated with ovarian granulosa cell tumour and pyometra; grossly, it consisted of sessile or pedunculated processes with both epithelial and non-epithelial components, in which smooth muscle cells were predominant. The endometrium was diffusely atrophic and showed multifocal squamous metaplasia. The findings are discussed as possible consequences of the functioning ovarian tumour and pyometra, but an involvement of growth factors is also proposed.

Gonadotropin secretion and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in mares with granulosa-theca cell tumor

Granulosa-theca cell tumors (GTCTs) are able to secrete variable amounts of sex steroids and immunoreactive inhibin (ir-INH). Although the pituitary appears to be affected by the presence of a GTCT, pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH has not been examined. The aims of the present study were to: (i) assess the plasma hormone concentrations of ir-INH, gonadotropins and sex steroids in eight mares with GTCT and (ii) assess the responsiveness of pituitary gonadotroph cells to exogenous GnRH stimulus both before and after tumor removal. In seven mares, the contralateral ovary was firm, small and inactive. Histopathological observations of the tumors confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of a GTCT. Four mares, judged to be in vernal transition period (n=2) and in the breeding season (n=2), were used as controls. A single intravenous injection of 40 microg of GnRH agonist was given to each mare and blood samples were collected every 15 min from 2 h before to 4 h after injection. In four GTCT mares, this procedure was repeated 20 (n=2) and 90 (n=2) days after tumors removal. All plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of ir-INH, LH, FSH, estradiol-17beta (E2), testosterone (T) by RIA and progesterone (P) by EIA. Results showed that E2 levels were significantly higher (P<0.001) in control animals compared to E2 levels in GTCT mares before and after surgery. P and T concentrations were not statistically different between the groups. Baseline levels of ir-INH were greater (P<0.05) in GTCT mares before surgery than in control mares, and decreased to undetectable levels after neoplasia ablation. Baseline FSH did not differ between control and GTCT animals either before or after the ovaries were removed. LH baseline values appeared to be higher for affected mares, but the difference was not statistically significant. Maximum release (MR) and area under the gonadotrophin release curve (AUC) after the GnRH challenge for both the gonadotrophins were similar between the groups.

Evaluation of a Vessel-Sealing Device for Laparoscopic Granulosa Cell Tumor Removal in Standing Mares

OBJECTIVE

To describe a laparoscopic technique for granulosa cell tumor removal using a vessel sealing device (LigaSuretrade mark) in standing mares.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective study.

ANIMALS

Eight mares (8-24 years old; weighing, 406-525 kg).

METHODS

Before surgery, ovarian size and adjacent body wall thickness was determined by ultrasonography. Mares were sedated and after local anesthesia (inverted L and local infiltration), laparoscopic cannulation was performed without insufflation. The mesovarium was anesthetized and the LigaSure instrument applied to the mesovarium for hemostasis and resection to remove the affected ovary. Mares were hospitalized for 24 hours before discharge.

RESULTS

Median ovarian diameter was 10.5 cm (range, 6-14 cm). Median surgery time was 75 minutes (range, 40-180 minutes). Hemostasis was achieved using the LigaSure device in all mares. Median length of the abdominal wall incision made to remove the ovary was 13 cm (range, 5-17 cm); no incisional complications occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

The LigaSure vessel sealing device provided adequate hemostasis for removal of larger neoplastic ovaries in standing mares.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Concerns of ligature placement can be alleviated by use of the LigaSure device and standing laparoscopic technique provides excellent observation of the surgical field ensuring hemostasis.

Incipient spontaneous granulosa cell tumour in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus

In 167 cases of granulosa cell tumour (GCT) in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, 42.5% (71 cases) were in the ovaries, with no evidence of macroscopic lesion. In this paper, we describe the common findings in the incipient--microscopic--type of this spontaneous ovarian tumour occurring in gerbils younger than two years of age.

Udder development, lactation and ascites in a ewe with an ovarian granulosa cell tumour

A 20-month-old sexually intact female mixed breed sheep was examined for lameness, unexpected udder development, lactation and anorexia. Tachycardia, tachypnoea, severe abdominal distension and vaginal prolapse were evident upon physical examination. A right hindlimb lameness was present at the walk. The udder was well-developed and milk, normal in appearance, was easily expressed from each teat. Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed a non-pregnant uterus, severe ascites and a large (12 cm diameter) abdominal mass. Although surgical treatment was discussed, the owners elected to euthanase the ewe. Necropsy examination confirmed the presence of severe ascites due to a ruptured ovarian tumour. The tumour was characterised as a granulosa cell tumour histologically. Unexpected udder development and lactation presumably occurred secondary to oestrogen and progesterone production by the tumour. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of udder development, lactation and ascites in a ewe secondary to an ovarian granulosa cell tumour.

Diagnosis and surgical removal of a granulosa-theca cell tumor in a mare

An 8-year-old mare showed stallion-like behavior and aggressiveness. A granulosa-theca cell tumor was tentatively diagnosed based on history, transrectal palpation, and ultrasonography, and surgically removed. Serological levels of testosterone and inhibin were elevated. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The mare recovered and by day 45 could be turned out with other horses.

Cytological features of canine ovarian tumours: a retrospective study of 19 cases

The cytological features of 19 histologically confirmed canine ovarian tumours were retrospectively examined. Seven cases were cytologically classified as papillary adenocarcinoma, eight cases as granulosa cell tumours, two cases as mature ovarian teratomas, one case as a dysgerminoma and one case as a mixed granulosa cell tumour/dysgerminoma. On cytology, papillary adenocarcinoma was characterised by a papillary glandular pattern and tight cohesiveness. Granulosa cell tumours showed monolayered clusters of loosely cohesive granulosa cells. Call-Exner-like bodies were found in five of seven cases. Granulosa cells appeared to be heterogeneous and usually contained several intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Teratoma was characterised cytologically by keratin debris (two cases) and a mixture of epithelial cells with sebaceous, basaloid, columnar/palisading or ciliated appearance (one case). The dysgerminoma contained severely atypical round cells admixed with small lymphocytes. The mixed dysgerminoma/granulosa cell tumour had a mixture of germinal and granulosa cells. Cytological diagnosis was in agreement with histopathology in 18 of 19 (94.7 per cent) cases.

Biological characterization of ovarian granulosa cell tumours of slaughtered cattle: assessment of cell proliferation and oestrogen receptors

Of 1489 slaughtered cattle, 11 had ovarian granulosa cell tumours (GCTs). These GCTs were examined immunohistochemically for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and oestrogen receptor (ER) in relation to histopathological features (growth pattern, nuclear atypia and mitotic count). On the basis of nuclear atypia and mitotic count, the prognosis for GCTs with a diffuse growth pattern appeared less favourable than that for GCTs with a follicular or trabecular pattern. Increased PCNA expression was significantly associated with nuclear atypia but not with histological growth pattern or mitotic count. A novel finding was the presence of ERbeta but not ERalpha in bovine ovarian GCTs. However, ERbeta expression did not appear to be related to the histopathological features examined. The results indicate that PCNA expression may be of value in establishing the biological behaviour of bovine GCTs. However, a larger series of bovine GCTs should be examinated to assess the prognostic significance of ERbeta.

Hemoperitoneum caused by the rupture of a granulosa cell tumor in a Holstein heifer

A case of a hemoperitoneum caused by the rupture of a granulosa cell tumor in a 9-month-old Holstein heifer is reported. Management of hemorrhagic shock in cattle is discussed.

Dorsally recumbent female equine urogenital endoscopic surgery

The ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopy is versatile. Reported techniques using a ventral approach in the mare include bilateral ovariectomy and granulosa cell tumor removal. Laparoscopic ovariectomy is performed by way of four instrument portals in the caudoventral aspect of the insufflated abdomen. The procedure has several advantages over the traditional approaches of colpotomy and celiotomy, including tension-free closure of all incisions and minimal invasiveness.

[Enlarged ovary in a mare: review of the literature and a case report]

Mares regularly have an enlarged ovary. The main causes are haematomas, anovulatory follicles, abscesses, and neoplasia. The granulosa-theca-cell tumour is by far the most common neoplasia of the ovary (about 97%) and accounts for 2.5% of all equine tumours. In this article the differential diagnosis of an enlarged ovary and the background of granulosa-theca cell tumours are reviewed. A case is described of a mare with a very large granulosa-theca cell tumour in the left ovary, which was discovered 1 month after delivery of a healthy foal. This case is special not only because the tumour was enormous (diameter 60 cm) but also because the contralateral ovary was functional and there were no behavioural changes. The fact that a haematoma had been found 2 years earlier made the diagnosis even more difficult.

Ovarian hematoma in an 11-year-old Thoroughbred-Hanovarian mare

An aggressive mare, presented for prebreeding examination, was found to have a significantly enlarged ovary (soccer ball size). A granulosa thecal cell tumor was initially suspected. Following laboratory and repeated clinical examination, the mare was diagnosed with an ovarian hematoma, which regressed with treatment.

Spontaneous repair of the atrophic contralateral ovary without ovariectomy in the case of a granulosa theca cell tumor (GTCT) affected mare

A 21 year old thoroughbred mare with granulosa theca cell tumor (GTCT) in the right side and atrophic contralateral ovary was investigated in this study. After arrival at our laboratory on 10th December 1999, the clinical diagnosis of GTCT was examined by rectal palpation and ultrasonographic image of ovaries. Plasma from peripheral blood was collected in the breeding and non-breeding seasons for hormonal analysis. The results showed that the contralateral ovary regained normal activity without any treatment of the GTCT affected ovary and contained follicles showing different sizes 19 months later. However, the affected right ovary, which became smaller after 4 months, was totally inactive without any follicle. The observations clearly demonstrate that without any treatment of the GTCT affected ovary, a mare can return to her normal estrous cycle within a certain period in some GTCT cases.

Alopecia attributed to neoplastic ovarian tissue in two ferrets

Ferrets with adrenal gland dysfunction have alopecia as their most common clinical sign of disease. Two cases of alopecia in neutered female ferrets are reported that were associated instead with neoplastic tissue found at the site of an ovarian pedicle. Androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, but not estradiol, concentrations were high in both ferrets. Following surgical resection of the abnormal tissue in one ferret, the high hormone values decreased quickly and hair regrowth ensued. In both cases, histologic examination revealed features consistent with classical sex cord-stromal (gonadostromal) tumors: prominent spindle cells, along with polyhedral epithelial cells and cells with vacuolated cytoplasm. Although similiar cell types have been described in the adrenal glands of ferrets with adrenal-associated endocrinopathy, an ovarian origin for the current neoplasms is considered likely on the basis of their anatomic location; accessory adrenal tissue has only been described close to an adrenal gland or in the cranial perirenal fat of ferrets. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antibody against Mullerian-inhibiting substance, failed to prove definitively the source of the steroidogenic cells.

Surgical removal of a mammary adenocarcinoma and a granulosa cell tumor in an African pygmy hedgehog

A 3-year-old, female African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) was referred with a history of hematuria. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria were found at presentation. Mammary adenocarcinoma and a granulosa cell tumor were found and removed surgically. Glucosuria and hematuria resolved, and the hedgehog has done well for 10 mo postoperatively.

Spontaneous ovarian tumors in twelve baboons: a review of ovarian neoplasms in non-human primates

Twelve spontaneous ovarian tumors were found in the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research baboon colony. These included four granulosa cell tumors, three teratomas, two endometrioid carcinomas, one seromucinous cystadenofibroma, a cystic papillary adenocarcinoma, and an ovarian carcinoma. Age was a pre-disposing factor. With one exception, the tumors of surface epithelial- and sex cordstromal origin occurred in baboons over 17 years of age. The exceptional animal was 7 years of age when a malignant granulosa cell tumor with Sertoli cell differentiation was identified. The two endometrioid tumors, which were found in 17- and 30-year-old animals, were both associated with endometriosis. In contrast, the teratomas, which are tumors of germ cell origin, were found in younger animals, i.e. 17 years of age or younger. One case of an ovarian carcinoma with metastases was observed in a 6-month-old infant. Cases of spontaneous ovarian tumors from the literature are reviewed.

Malignant granulosa-theca cell tumor in a two-year-old Miniature Horse

A 2-year-old female Miniature Horse that presented with a history of progressive weight loss, depression, and diarrhea was diagnosed at necropsy with a highly malignant abdominal neoplasm involving the left ovary, kidneys, adrenal glands, intestines, and various abdominal and thoracic lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of these masses revealed large pleomorphic cells that stained positive for vimentin and inhibin and negative for epithelial membrane antigen and placental alkaline phosphatase. Ultrastructural examination of the cells revealed a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio and indented euchromatic nuclei with large nucleoli. Based on the gross, microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features, the neoplasm was identified as a malignant granulosa-theca cell tumor, a rare neoplasm in young horses.

[Case report of a granulosa-theca tumor in a cow]

A 2 year-old cow with abnormal behaviour was observed during a farm visit. Rectal palpation of the cow revealed the presence of a mass of at least 12 cm in diameter. After further examination, it appeared that 'ovarian tumour' was the most likely differential diagnosis. In order to confirm this diagnosis, blood samples were drawn and analysed for plasma progesterone and plasma oestradiol-17 beta concentrations. Also, the gross pathology and histology of the mass were evaluated. The combination of the clinical presentation of the cow, the hormone concentrations, and the histological appearance of the mass confirmed the diagnosis ovarian tumour. The tumour was classified as granulosa-theca cell tumour.

Inhibin concentrations in mares with granulosa cell tumors

The hormone-producing equine granulosa cell tumor (GCT) may secrete high levels of inhibin. Measurement of inhibin concentrations may be useful in the diagnosis and conformation of mares with GCT. Inhibin may be measured using RIA, which recognizes dimeric alphabetaA-inhibin as well as the monomeric (free) inhibin alpha-subunit, or using a two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) specific for alphabetaA-inhibin. The objective of this study was to examine concurrent relationships among alpha-inhibin (as measured using RIA), alphabetaA-inhibin (as measured using IRMA), and other hormones (testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH) in mares with GCT. Hormone concentrations were measured in single serum or plasma samples obtained from 22 mares with GCT and from 31 normal cycling mares. One GCT mare had blood samples collected at 12-h intervals for 21 days, and at 15-min intervals for two 6-h periods during that time. Results showed that in GCT mares alpha-inhibin was increased to a greater extent, was more uniformly elevated, and had a less variable secretory pattern than did alphabetaA-inhibin. Concentrations of alpha-inhibin and tumor mass were positively correlated (P < 0.01). Concentrations of LH were higher (P < 0.02) in GCT mares than control mares and were positively associated with testosterone concentrations (P = 0.05). Concentrations of FSH tended to be lower in GCT than control mares and were inversely related with alphabetaA-inhibin in GCT mares. Testosterone and estradiol concentrations were variable. It was concluded that immunoreactive alpha-inhibin reflected detection of both alphabetaA-inhibin and free a-subunit. Free alpha-subunit was evidently secreted at a relatively steady rate dependent upon mass of the GCT, whereas secretion of alphabetaA-inhibin was more responsive to FSH regulation. Determination of alpha-inhibin using RIA appeared to be a more reliable indicator of the presence of a GCT than specific measurement of alphabetaA-inhibin using IRMA.

Unusual ovarian activity in a mare preceding the development of an ovarian granulosa cell tumour

An 8-year-old mare, with a foal at foot, was inseminated on foal heat with frozen semen, with the resultant pregnancy lost between days 34 and 41. The right ovary developed a large anovulatory follicle that was non-responsive to multiple doses of ovulating agents. The follicle eventually appeared to luteinise, although plasma progesterone concentrations did not reflect this. Another follicle developed, responded to GnRH and resulted in a pregnancy from frozen semen that went to term with a healthy foal. When the mare was examined after foaling, the structure on the right ovary appeared to be a granulosa cell tumour; the left ovary was smaller than normal and non-functional. Surgical removal of the right ovary before increasing photoperiod resulted in a return to function of the left ovary and a pregnancy to frozen semen on the second cycle following removal. Figures showing concentrations of inhibin, progesterone, androstenedione, oestradiol and testosterone are presented for this entire period. Unusual ovarian activity in the mare might be a prelude to the development of a granulosa cell tumour.

Granulosa cell tumor in a guinea pig

Abdominal distention is a common clinical sign in guinea pigs and may have many causes. Abdominal ultrasonography may be a useful diagnostic tool in differentiation of abdominal disorders in guinea pigs. Ovariohysterectomy is indicated for granulosa cell tumors and cystic rete ovarii in guinea pigs.

Granulosa cell tumour in two speyed bitches

Granulosa cell tumours are uncommon ovarian tumours in the bitch and are rare in speyed bitches. This case report describes two cases of granulosa cell tumour in bitches that were speyed at less than 1-year-of-age. Both animals presented with persistent vulval bleeding. Although the majority of granulosa cell tumours are large enough to be palpated by the time of presentation, both tumours were relatively small. Granulosa cell tumour is a possible complication of incomplete ovarian excision at the time of ovariohysterectomy. In cases of granulosa cell tumour in previously speyed bitches, with no evidence of metastases, tumour resection should be curative. Ovaries should be double-checked at the initial ovariohysterectomy to ensure all normal ovarian tissue has been excised.

Inhibin localization in equine granulosa-theca cell tumours and inhibin forms in tumour fluid

The aim of this study was to examine inhibin production in granulosa-theca cell tumours (GTCT). The experimental aims were: (i) to determine GTCT cell types that produce inhibin alpha- and betaA-subunits; (ii) to determine whether alpha- and betaA-subunit forms differ in GTCT fluid and normal equine follicular fluid (eFF); and (iii) to determine whether dimeric inhibin (alpha betaA) is present in GTCT plasma and tumour fluid. Plasma, tumour fluid and tumour tissue were collected from mares (n=6) with GTCT. Plasma and eFF were collected during the follicular phase from mares (n=4) undergoing normal cycles. Immunohistochemical examination of GTCT tumour sections showed strong inhibin alpha- and betaA-Subunit immunostaining in granulosa cells and polyhedral-shaped cells in the thecal-stromal layer. The presence of polyhedral-shaped cells was related to testosterone concentration in tumour fluid. Low molecular weight alpha-subunit forms were less abundant in tumour fluid than in eFF, whereas the amounts of betaA-subunit forms were similar in tumour fluid and eFF. Concentrations of betaA were increased in plasma from mares with GTCT and similar in tumour fluid and eFF. In summary, lower molecular weight alpha-subunit forms were less prominent in GTCT fluid than in eFF and concentrations of betaA were higher in GTCT plasma than in control plasma.

Regression of subcutaneous lymphoma following removal of an ovarian granulosatheca cell tumor in a horse

A 9-year-old Arabian mare was admitted for evaluation of multiple subcutaneous nodules and infertility. Fine-needle aspiration of one of the subcutaneous nodules resulted in a cytologic diagnosis of histiolymphocytic lymphoma. Palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonography revealed a mass associated with the left ovary. Excision of the ovarian tumor was performed, and a histopathologic diagnosis of granulosa-theca cell tumor was made. After removal of the granulosa-theca cell tumor, subcutaneous nodules regressed. The referring veterinarian reported that the nodules had also disappeared and then recurred after administration of a synthetic progestin. To further characterize the lymphoma and investigate this possible hormonal relationship, immunophenotyping and estrogen and progesterone receptor assays were performed. The subcutaneous lymphoma was classified as a T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma, results of estrogen receptor assays were negative, and results of progesterone receptor assays were positive. Clinical observations of subcutaneous lymphoma in horses indicate that the waxing and waning nature of these tumors may be associated with the estrous cycle, pregnancy, foaling, and lactation. Clinical observations and identification of progesterone receptors suggest that a relationship between serum steroid hormone concentrations, such as estrogen and progesterone, and subcutaneous lymphoma may exists.

Ovarian torsion associated with granulosa-theca cell tumor in a mare

A 12-year-old Morgan mare was examined because of stallion-like behavior of 45 days' duration. Palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonographic examination revealed a large left ovary with multiple cystic areas and crepitus. A granulosa-theca cell tumor was suspected. During hospitalization for further evaluation of the affected ovary, the mare developed signs of abdominal pain. Exploratory surgery revealed a large left ovary, which was black with a necrotic and friable surface, and a 720 degrees clock-wise torsion of the ovarian pedicle. Torsion was corrected, and oophorectomy was performed. The mare recovered satisfactorily from surgery. Histologic diagnosis was granulosatheca cell tumor with marked diffuse necrosis. To our knowledge, torsion of the ovarian pedicle has not been reported in the veterinary literature. However, it is not uncommon in women. Ovarian torsion seems to develop in association with neoplasia, cysts, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Ovarian torsion should be considered as a differential diagnosis for mares with a known ovarian pathologic change such as neoplasia or abscess if signs of abdominal pain are evident.