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Baykov SV, Katlenok EA, Baykova SO, Semenov AV, Bokach NA, Boyarskiy VP. Conformation-Associated C··· dz2-Pt II Tetrel Bonding: The Case of Cyclometallated Platinum(II) Complex with 4-Cyanopyridyl Urea Ligand. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4052. [PMID: 38612862 PMCID: PMC11012616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleophilic addition of 3-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea (1) to cis-[Pt(CNXyl)2Cl2] (2) gave a new cyclometallated compound 3. It was characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 195Pt) and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as crystallized to obtain two crystalline forms (3 and 3·2MeCN), whose structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. In the crystalline structure of 3, two conformers (3A and 3B) were identified, while the structure 3·2MeCN had only one conformer 3A. The conformers differed by orientation of the N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl moiety relative to the metallacycle plane. In both crystals 3 and 3·2MeCN, the molecules of the Pt(II) complex are associated into supramolecular dimers, either {3A}2 or {3B}2, via stacking interactions between the planes of two metal centers, which are additionally supported by hydrogen bonding. The theoretical consideration, utilizing a number of computational approaches, demonstrates that the C···dz2(Pt) interaction makes a significant contribution in the total stacking forces in the geometrically optimized dimer [3A]2 and reveals the dz2(Pt)→π*(PyCN) charge transfer (CT). The presence of such CT process allowed for marking the C···Pt contact as a new example of a rare studied phenomenon, namely, tetrel bonding, in which the metal site acts as a Lewis base (an acceptor of noncovalent interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (E.A.K.); (A.V.S.); (V.P.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (E.A.K.); (A.V.S.); (V.P.B.)
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2
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Rajan A, Yazhini C, Dhileepan MD, Neppolian B. Leveraging the photocatalytic Cr (VI) reduction by an IRMOF-3@NH 2-MIL-101 (Fe) heterostructure based on interfacial Lewis acid-base interaction. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141473. [PMID: 38382721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance of metal-organic framework (MOF) based systems for the efficient elimination of Cr(VI) ions from polluted water under visible light irradiation has been developed by constructing MOF@MOF heterojunctions. Specifically, IRMOF-3 was grown in situ around NH2-MIL-101(Fe) based on interfacial Lewis acid-base interaction using 2-aminoterephthalic acid (ATA) as a linker, resulting in the formation of a MOF@MOF heterojunction, designated as IRMOF-3@NH2-MIL-101(Fe). In comparison to individual MOFs, the IRMOF-3@NH2-MIL-101(Fe) heterojunction exhibited a significantly higher photocatalytic reduction efficiency for Cr(VI), achieving a reduction of 95.98% within 120 min under visible-light irradiation. This performance surpasses that of individual MOFs and most reported photocatalysts. Additionally, the mechanism underlying Cr(VI) reduction by IRMOF-3@NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was comprehensively elucidated by analyzing optoelectronic properties, energy band structure, and structural results. It is worth noting that this study represents the first documented instance of photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction utilizing IRMOF-3 and its interaction with NH2-MIL-101(Fe). The MOF@MOF photocatalyst, leveraging the synergistic effects of its various components, holds great promise for efficiently removing harmful pollutants from water and finds significant potential applications in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 603203
| | - Crescentia Yazhini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 603203
| | - M D Dhileepan
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 603203
| | - Bernaurdshaw Neppolian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 603203.
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3
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He C, Shen F, Tian D, Huang M, Zhao L, Yu Q, Shen F. Lewis acid/base mediated deep eutectic solvents intensify lignocellulose fractionation to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin nanosphere preparation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127853. [PMID: 37935296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Lewis acids (FeCl3, AlCl3) and bases (Na2CO3, Na2SO3) were incorporated into a neutral deep eutectic solvent (DES, choline chloride/glycerin) to intensify the lignocellulose fractionation. The efficiency of fractionation in terms of the maximum delignification rate (89.7 %) and well-pleasing cellulose saccharification (100 %) could be achieved by the Lewis acid-mediated DES. An in-depth insight of the evolution of lignin structure revealed that Lewis acid-mediated DES could cleave the β-O-4 linkages efficiently to achieve a high yield lignin fragments. Meanwhile, the lignin fragments with the enhanced amphiphilic properties facilitate the preparation of lignin nanospheres (LNSs) via the self-assembly process. The resultant LNSs extracted by Lewis acid-mediated DES exhibited an excellent thermal stability, and enhanced antibacterial capacity, which were associated with the phenolic OH content. However, the extracted lignin by Lewis base-mediated DES was mainly attributed to the cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate complexes bond, especially the lignin-carbohydrate ester bond, which retained more ether bonds and a relatively complete structure. This study illuminated the different mechanisms of lignin extraction and the structural evolution of lignin from Lewis acid/base-mediated DES, and provided guidance to select suitable fractionation techniques for upgrading the downstream products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun He
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Feiyue Shen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dong Tian
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mei Huang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Fei Shen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
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Yusuf K, Shekhah O, Alharbi S, Alothman AA, Alghamdi AS, Aljohani RM, ALOthman ZA, Eddaoudi M. A promising sensing platform for explosive markers: Zeolite-like metal-organic framework based monolithic composite as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464326. [PMID: 37639846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Preconcentration for on-site detection or subsequent determination is a promising technique for selective sensing explosive markers at low concentrations. Here, we report divinylbenzene monolithic polymer in its blank form (neat-DVB) and as a composite incorporated with sodalite topology zeolite-like metal-organic frameworks (3-ZMOF@DVB), as a sensitive, selective, and cost-effective porous preconcentrator for aliphatic nitroalkanes in the vapor phase as explosive markers at infinite dilution. The developed materials were fabricated as 18 cm gas chromatography (GC) monolithic capillary columns to study their separation performance of nitroalkane mixture and the subsequent physicochemical study of adsorption using the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique. A strong preconcentration effect was indicated by a specific retention volume adsorption/desorption ratio equal to 3 for nitromethane on the neat-DVB monolith host-guest interaction, and a 14% higher ratio was observed using the 3-ZMOF@DVB monolithic composite despite the low percentage of 0.7 wt.% of sod-ZMOF added. Furthermore, Incorporating ZMOF resulted in a higher percentage of micropores, increasing the degree of freedom more than bringing stronger adsorption and entropic-driven interaction more than enthalpic. The specific free energy of adsorption (ΔGS) values increased for polar probes and nitroalkanes, denoting that adding ZMOFs earned the DVB monolithic matrix a more specific character. Afterward, Lewis acid-base properties were calculated, estimating the electron acceptor (KA) and electron donor (KB) constants. The neat-DVB was found to have a Lewis basic character with KB/KA = 7.71, and the 3-ZMOF@DVB had a less Lewis basic character with KB/KA = 3.82. An increased electron-accepting nature can be directly related to incorporating sod-ZMOF into the DVB monolithic matrix. This work considers the initial step in presenting a portable explosives detector or preconcentrating explosive markers trace prior to more sophisticated analysis. Additionally, the IGC technique allows for understanding the factors that led to the superior adsorption of nitroalkanes for the developed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Yusuf
- Advanced Materials Research Chair (AMRC), Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osama Shekhah
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre (AMPMC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), PO Box 6900, Jeddah 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seetah Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma A Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M Aljohani
- Advanced Materials Research Chair (AMRC), Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair (AMRC), Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre (AMPMC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), PO Box 6900, Jeddah 23955, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Niu Z, Wu Q, Li Q, Scheiner S. C∙∙∙O and Si∙∙∙O Tetrel Bonds: Substituent Effects and Transfer of the SiF 3 Group. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11884. [PMID: 37569259 PMCID: PMC10418337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrel bond (TB) between 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-one-2-TF3-1,1-dioxide (T = C, Si) and the O atom of pyridine-1-oxide (PO) and its derivatives (PO-X, X = H, NO2, CN, F, CH3, OH, OCH3, NH2, and Li) is examined by quantum chemical means. The Si∙∙∙O TB is quite strong, with interaction energies approaching a maximum of nearly 70 kcal/mol, while the C∙∙∙O TB is an order of magnitude weaker, with interaction energies between 2.0 and 2.6 kcal/mol. An electron-withdrawing substituent on the Lewis base weakens this TB, while an electron-donating group has the opposite effect. The SiF3 group transfers roughly halfway between the N of the acid and the O of the base without the aid of cooperative effects from a third entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Niu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.N.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiaozhuo Wu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.N.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Z.N.); (Q.W.)
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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6
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Wilmore JT, Cheong Tse Y, Docker A, Whitehead C, Williams CK, Beer PD. Dynamic Metalloporphyrin-Based [2]Rotaxane Molecular Shuttles Stimulated by Neutral Lewis Base and Anion Coordination. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300608. [PMID: 36929530 PMCID: PMC10947143 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of dynamic metalloporphyrin [2]rotaxane molecular shuttles comprising of bis-functionalised Zn(II) porphyrin axle and pyridyl functionalised macrocycle components are prepared in high yield via active metal template synthetic methodology. Extensive variable temperature 1 H NMR and quantitative UV-Vis spectroscopic titration studies demonstrate dynamic macrocycle translocation is governed by an inter-component co-ordination interaction between the macrocycle pyridyl and axle Zn(II) metalloporphyrin, which serves to bias a 'resting state' co-conformation. The dynamic shuttling behaviour of the interlocked structures is dramatically inhibited by the addition of a neutral Lewis base such as pyridine, but can also be tuned via post-synthetic rotaxane demetallation of the porphyrin axle core to give free-base, or upon subsequent metallation, Ni(II) [2]rotaxane analogues. Importantly, the Lewis acidic Zn(II) porphyrin axle component is also capable of coordinating anions which induces mechanical bond shuttling behaviour resulting in a novel optical sensing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T. Wilmore
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yuen Cheong Tse
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Caspar Whitehead
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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7
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Wang L, Yao Y, Tran T, Lira P, Sternberg P E S, Davis R, Sun Z, Lai Q, Toan S, Luo J, Huang Y, Hu YH, Fan M. Mesoporous MgO enriched in Lewis base sites as effective catalysts for efficient CO 2 capture. J Environ Manage 2023; 332:117398. [PMID: 36738721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Capturing CO2 has become increasingly important. However, wide industrial applications of conventional CO2 capture technologies are limited by their slow CO2 sorption and desorption kinetics. Accordingly, this research is designed to overcome the challenge by synthesizing mesoporous MgO nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) with a new method that uses PEG 1500 as a soft template. MgO surface structure is nonstoichiometric due to its distinctive shape; the abundant Lewis base sites provided by oxygen vacancies promote CO2 capture. Adding 2 wt % MgO-NPs to 20 wt % monoethanolamine (MEA) can increase the breakthrough time (the time with 90% CO2 capturing efficiency) by ∼3000% and can increase the CO2 absorption capacity within the breakthrough time by ∼3660%. The data suggest that MgO-NPs can accelerate the rate and increase CO2 desorption capacity by up to ∼8740% and ∼2290% at 90 °C, respectively. Also, the excellent stability of the system within 50 cycles is verified. These findings demonstrate a new strategy to innovate MEA absorbents currently widely used in commercial post-combustion CO2 capture plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Yi Yao
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Trinh Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Patrick Lira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Steven Sternberg P E
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Richard Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Zhao Sun
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qinghua Lai
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
| | - Jianmin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China; Ningbo Shanshan New Material Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, 315177, China
| | - Yudai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Maohong Fan
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA; College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Kahvecioğlu K, Teğin İ, Yavuz Ö, Saka C. Phosphorus and oxygen co-doped carbon particles based on almond shells with hydrothermal and microwave irradiation process for adsorption of lead (II) and cadmium (II). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:37946-37960. [PMID: 36576627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the production of activated carbon based on almond shells by microwave heating with KOH activation and then the modification of activated carbon with phosphorus and oxygen as a result of hydrothermal heating with phosphoric acid were carried out to increase the Cd(II) and Pb(II) adsorption efficiency. The resulting materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TG-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and nitrogen adsorption. Adsorption performance, kinetics and thermodynamics of phosphorus, and oxygen-doped activated carbons were evaluated. The results showed that the adsorption of both Cd(II) and Pb(II) on phosphorus and oxygen-doped activated carbons obeyed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption capacity values (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm for Cd(II) and Pb(II) adsorption were 185.18 mg/g and 54.64 mg/g, respectively. At the same time, the adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on the respective adsorbents was evaluated. As a result of phosphorus and oxygen atoms, Lewis base sites on carbon atoms and Lewis acid sites on phosphorus atoms are likely to form on the surface. These Lewis base sites can act as important active sites in adsorption reactions, especially of positively charged Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - İbrahim Teğin
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Ömer Yavuz
- Faculty of Education, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Cafer Saka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey.
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Li M, Qi S, Li S, Du L. Realizing Scalable Nano-SiO 2-Aerogel-Reinforced Composite Polymer Electrolytes with High Ionic Conductivity via Rheology-Tuning UV Polymerization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020756. [PMID: 36677814 PMCID: PMC9861509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries have aroused widespread interest because of their flexibility and excellent processability. However, the low ambient ionic conductivity and conventional fabrication process hinder their large-scale application. Herein, a novel polyethylene-oxide-based composite polymer electrolyte is designed and fabricated by introducing nano-SiO2 aerogel as an inorganic filler. The Lewis acid-base interaction between SiO2 and anions from Li salts facilitates the dissociation of Li+. Moreover, the SiO2 interacts with ether oxygen (EO) groups, which weakens the interaction between Li+ and EO groups. This synergistic effect produces more free Li+ in the electrolyte. Additionally, the facile rheology-tuning UV polymerization method achieves continuous coating and has potential for scalable fabrication. The composite polymer electrolyte exhibits high ambient ionic conductivity (0.68 mS cm-1) and mechanical properties (e.g., the elastic modulus of 150 MPa). Stable lithium plating/stripping for 1400 h in Li//Li symmetrical cells at 0.1 mA cm-2 is achieved. Furthermore, LiFePO4//Li full cells deliver superior discharge capacity (153 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C) and cycling stability (with a retention rate of 92.3% at 0.5 C after 250 cycles) at ambient temperature. This work provides a promising strategy for polymer-based lithium metal batteries.
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Rajalakshmi K, Muthusamy S, Nam YS, Li Y, Lee KB, Xu Y. A new recognition moiety diphenylborinate in the detection of pyruvate via Lewis acid/base sensing pathway and its bioimaging applications. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 267:120457. [PMID: 34653848 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing new reaction based recognizing units can enhance the specificity of target analyte molecules in practical applications of real samples and biosystems. Therefore, introducing a recognizing moiety diphenylborinate was encountered for the detection of pyruvate biomolecule through Lewis acid-base reaction based sensing strategy. The construction of the Schiff-base back bone between quinoline and N-(diethylamino)salicylaldehyde-diphenylborinate (QSB) were expressed the red shift from blue emission of quinoline in to green as that of dative bond developed between Schiff base nitrogen and boron atoms. The new sensing approach was involved such a way that fluorophore QSB is a Lewis acid while pyruvate acts as Lewis base, where the elimination of Lewis pair produced a weak green fluorescence including the formation of quinoline, N-(diethylamino)salicylaldehyde (QS). The switching products were witnessed through 1H NMR titration, HR-MS and FT-IR studies. The good selectivity and interference ability were achieved in presence of 1000-fold excess of possible interferences with LOD of 16 nM. Moreover, the tracking ability of the probe was employed towards pyruvate in live HeLa cell imaging for evaluating an exogenous and endogenous signals producing ability and its mitochondria targeting property was investigated successfully. Further, the practical utility of the probe was tested with milk samples and obtained good recovery results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Rajalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Muthusamy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sik Nam
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kang-Bong Lee
- Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yuanguo Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Du Hill L, De Keersmaecker M, Colbert AE, Hill JW, Placencia D, Boercker JE, Armstrong NR, Ratcliff EL. Rationalizing energy level alignment by characterizing Lewis acid/base and ionic interactions at printable semiconductor/ionic liquid interfaces. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:471-481. [PMID: 34859805 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer and energy conversion processes at semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces are controlled by local electric field distributions, which can be especially challenging to measure. Herein we leverage the low vapor pressure and vacuum compatibility of ionic liquid electrolytes to undertake a layer-by-layer, ultra-high vacuum deposition of a prototypical ionic liquid EMIM+ (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) and TFSI- (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide) on the surfaces of different electronic materials. We consider a case-by-case study between a standard metal (Au) and four printed electronic materials, where interfaces are characterized by a combination of X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopies (XPS/UPS). For template-stripped gold surfaces, we observe through XPS a preferential orientation of the TFSI anion at the gold surface, enabling large electric fields (∼108 eV m-1) within the first two monolayers detected by a large surface vacuum level shift (0.7 eV) in UPS. Conversely, we observe a much more random orientation on four printable semiconductor surfaces: methyl ammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3), regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT)), sol-gel nickel oxide (NiOx), and PbIx-capped PbS quantum dots. For the semiconductors considered, the ionization energy (IE) of the ionic liquid at 3 ML coverage is highly substrate dependent, indicating that underlying chemical reactions are dominating interface level alignment (electronic equilibration) prior to reaching bulk electronic structure. This indicates there is no universal rule for energy level alignment, but that relative strengths of Lewis acid/base sites and ion-molecular interactions should be considered. Specifically, for P3HT, interactions are found to be relatively weak and occurring through the π-bonding structure in the thiophene ring. Alternatively, for NiOx, PbS/PbIx quantum dots, and MAPbI3, our XPS data suggest a combination of ionic bonding and Lewis acid/base reactions between the semiconductor and IL, with MAPbI3 being the most reactive surface. Collectively, our results point towards new directions in interface engineering, where strategically chosen ionic liquid-based anions and cations can be used to preferentially passivate and/or titrate surface defects of heterogeneous surfaces while simultaneously providing highly localized electric fields. These opportunities are expected to be translatable to opto-electronic and electrochemical devices, including energy conversion and storage and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Du Hill
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Michel De Keersmaecker
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Adam E Colbert
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Joshua W Hill
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Diogenes Placencia
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Janice E Boercker
- US. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC. 20375, USA
| | - Neal R Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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12
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Mao M, Yan T, Shen J, Zhang J, Zhang D. Selective Capacitive Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater over Lewis Base Sites of S-Doped Fe-N-C Cathodes via an Electro-Adsorption Process. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7665-7673. [PMID: 33983021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of toxic heavy metals is becoming an increasingly important issue in environmental remediation because these metals are harmful to the ecological environment and human health. Highly efficient selective removal of heavy metal ions is a huge challenge for wastewater purification. Here, highly efficient selective capacitive removal (SCR) of heavy metal ions from complex wastewater over Lewis base sites of S-doped Fe-N-C cathodes was originally performed via an electro-adsorption process. The SCR efficiency of heavy metal ions can reach 99% in a binary mixed solution [NaCl (100 ppm) and metal nitrate (10 ppm)]. Even the SCR efficiency of heavy metal ions in a mixed solution containing NaCl (100 ppm) and multicomponent metal nitrates (10 ppm for each) can approach 99%. Meanwhile, the electrode also demonstrated excellent cycle performance. It has been demonstrated that the doping of S can not only enhance the activity of Fe-N sites and improve the removal ability of heavy metal ions but also combine with heavy metal ions by forming covalent bonds of S- clusters on Lewis bases. This work demonstrates a prospective way for the selective removal of heavy metal ions in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlin Mao
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Jianping Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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13
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Xu L, Li H, Mitch WA, Tao S, Zhu D. Enhanced Phototransformation of Tetracycline at Smectite Clay Surfaces under Simulated Sunlight via a Lewis-Base Catalyzed Alkalization Mechanism. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:710-718. [PMID: 30561992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an important class of soil minerals and a key constituent of colloidal particles in surface aquifers, smectite clays can strongly retain tetracyclines due to their large surface areas and high cation exchange capacities. However, the research on phototransformation of tetracyclines at smectite clay surfaces is rarely studied. Here, the phototransformation kinetics of tetracycline preadsorbed on two model smectite clays (hectorite and montmorillonite) exchanged with Na+, K+, or Ca2+ suspended in aqueous solution under simulated sunlight was compared with that of tetracycline dissolved in water using batch experiments. Adsorption on clays accelerated tetracycline phototransformation (half-lives shortened by 1.1-5.3 times), with the most significant effects observed for Na+-exchanged clays. Regardless of the presence or absence of clay, the phototransformation of tetracycline was facilitated by increasing pH from 4 to 7. Inhibition or enhancement of photolysis-induced reactive species combined with their measurement using scavenger/probe chemicals indicate that the facilitated production of self-photosensitized singlet oxygen (1O2) was the key factor contributing to the clay-enhanced phototransformation of tetracycline. As evidenced by the red shifts and the increased molar absorptivity in the UV-vis absorption spectra, the complexation of tetracycline with the negatively charged (Lewis base) sites on clay siloxane surfaces led to formation of the alkalized form, which has larger light absorption rate and is more readily to be oxidized compared to tetracycline in aqueous solution at equivalent pH. Our findings indicate a previously unrecognized, important phototransformation mechanism of tetracyclines catalyzed by smectite clays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangpang Xu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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Liu W, Dai X, Bai Z, Wang Y, Yang Z, Zhang L, Xu L, Chen L, Li Y, Gui D, Diwu J, Wang J, Zhou R, Chai Z, Wang S. Highly Sensitive and Selective Uranium Detection in Natural Water Systems Using a Luminescent Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework Equipped with Abundant Lewis Basic Sites: A Combined Batch, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, and First Principles Simulation Investigation. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:3911-3921. [PMID: 28271891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is not only a strategic resource for the nuclear industry but also a global contaminant with high toxicity. Although several strategies have been established for detecting uranyl ions in water, searching for new uranium sensor material with great sensitivity, selectivity, and stability remains a challenge. We introduce here a hydrolytically stable mesoporous terbium(III)-based MOF material compound 1, whose channels are as large as 27 Å × 23 Å and are equipped with abundant exposed Lewis basic sites, the luminescence intensity of which can be efficiently and selectively quenched by uranyl ions. The detection limit in deionized water reaches 0.9 μg/L, far below the maximum contamination standard of 30 μg/L in drinking water defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, making compound 1 currently the only MOF material that can achieve this goal. More importantly, this material exhibits great capability in detecting uranyl ions in natural water systems such as lake water and seawater with pH being adjusted to 4, where huge excesses of competing ions are present. The uranyl detection limits in Dushu Lake water and in seawater were calculated to be 14.0 and 3.5 μg/L, respectively. This great detection capability originates from the selective binding of uranyl ions onto the Lewis basic sites of the MOF material, as demonstrated by synchrotron radiation extended X-ray adsorption fine structure, X-ray adsorption near edge structure, and first principles calculations, further leading to an effective energy transfer between the uranyl ions and the MOF skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xing Dai
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhuanling Bai
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zaixing Yang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Linjuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lanhua Chen
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Gui
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Juan Diwu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Zhifang Chai
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuao Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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15
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Abstract
An investigation into the use of Lewis base catalysis for the enantioselective chlorolactonization of 1,2-disubstituted alkenoic acids is described. Two mechanistically distinct reaction pathways for catalytic chlorolactonization have been identified. Mechanistic investigation revealed that tertiary amines predominately operate as Brønsted rather than Lewis bases. Two potential modes of activation have been identified that involve donation of electron density of the carboxylate to the C═C bond as well hydrogen bonding to the chlorinating agent. Sulfur- and selenium-based additives operate under Lewis base catalysis; however, due to the instability of the intermediate benzylic chloriranium ion, chlorolactonization suffers from low chemo-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities. Independent generation of the benzylic chloriranium ion shows that it is in equilibrium with an open cation, which leads to low specificities in the nucleophilic capture of the intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pavel Ryabchuk
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew T Burk
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bradley B Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Torrens F, Castellano G. (Co-)solvent selection for single-wall carbon nanotubes: best solvents, acids, superacids and guest-host inclusion complexes. Nanoscale 2011; 3:2494-2510. [PMID: 21331393 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of 1-octanol-water, cyclohexane-water and chloroform (CHCl(3))-water partition coefficients P(o-ch-cf) allows calculation of molecular lipophilicity patterns, which show that for a given atom log P(o-ch-cf) is sensitive to the presence of functional groups. Program CDHI does not properly differentiate between non-equivalent atoms. The most abundant single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT), (10,10), presents a relatively small aqueous solubility and large elementary polarizability, P(o-ch-cf) and kinetic stability. The SWNT solubility is studied in various solvents, finding a class of non-hydrogen-bonding Lewis bases with good solubility. Solvents group into three classes. The SWNTs in some organic solvents are cationic while in water/Triton X mixture are anionic. Categorized solubility is semiquantitatively correlated with solvent parameters. The coefficient of term β is positive while the ones of ε and V negative. The electron affinity of d-glucopyranoses (d-Glcp(n)) suggests the formation of colloids of anionic SWNTs in water. Dipole moment for d-Glcp(n)-linear increases with n until four in agreement with 18-fold helix. The I(n)(z-) and SWNT(-) are proposed to form inclusion complexes with cyclodextrin (CD) and amylose (Amy). Starch, d-Glcp, CD and Amy are proposed as SWNT co-solvents. Guests-hosts are unperturbed. A central channel expansion is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Torrens
- Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d'Instituts de Paterna, P.O. Box 22085, E-46071, València, Spain.
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