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Reilich P, Schöberl F, Hiebeler M, Tonon M, Ludolph AC, Senel M. Myelitis as a side effect of tofersen therapy in SOD1-associated ALS. J Neurol 2024; 271:2114-2118. [PMID: 38066205 PMCID: PMC10973064 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reilich
- Friedrich Baur Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Florian Schöberl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Hiebeler
- Friedrich Baur Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Tonon
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Lin M, Huang W, Kabbani N, Theiss MM, Hamilton JF, Ecklund JM, Conley YP, Vodovotz Y, Brienza D, Wagner AK, Robbins E, Sowa GA, Lipsky RH. Effect of CHRFAM7A Δ2bp gene variant on secondary inflammation after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251110. [PMID: 33956875 PMCID: PMC8101719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are essential for anti-inflammatory responses. The human-specific CHRFAM7A gene and its 2bp deletion polymorphism (Δ2bp variant) encodes a structurally-deficient α7nAChRs that may impact the anti-inflammatory function. We studied 45 spinal cord injury (SCI) patients for up to six weeks post SCI to investigate the role of the Δ2bp variant on multiple circulating inflammatory mediators and two outcome measures (neuropathic pain and risk of pressure ulcers). The patient's SCI were classified as either severe or mild. Missing values were imputed. Overall genetic effect was conducted with independent sample t-test and corrected with false discovery rate (FDR). Univariate analysis and regression analysis were applied to evaluate the Δ2bp effects on temporal variation of inflammatory mediators post SCI and their interaction with outcome measures. In severe SCI, the Δ2bp carriers showed higher levels of circulating inflammatory mediators than the Δ2bp non-carriers in TNF-α (FDR = 9.6x10-4), IFN-γ (FDR = 1.3x10-3), IL-13 (FDR = 1.6x10-3), CCL11 (FDR = 2.1x10-3), IL-12p70 (FDR = 2.2x10-3), IL-8 (FDR = 2.2x10-3), CXCL10 (FDR = 3.1x10-3), CCL4 (FDR = 5.7x10-3), IL-12p40 (FDR = 7.1x10-3), IL-1b (FDR = 0.014), IL-15 (FDR = 0.024), and IL-2 (FDR = 0.037). IL-8 and CCL2 were negatively associated with days post injury (DPI) for the Δ2bp carriers (P = 2x10-7 and P = 2x10-8, respectively) and IL-5 was positively associated with DPI for the Δ2bp non-carriers (P = 0.015). Neuropathic pain was marginally positively associated with IL-13 for the Δ2bp carriers (P = 0.056). In mild SCI, the Δ2bp carriers had lower circulating levels of IL-15 (FDR = 0.04) than the Δ2bp non-carriers. Temporal variation of inflammatory mediators post SCI was not associated with the Δ2bp variant. For the mild SCI Δ2bp carriers, risk of pressure ulcers was positively associated with circulating levels of IFN-γ, CXCL10, and CCL4 and negatively associated with circulating levels of IL-12p70. These findings support an important role for the human-specific CHRFAM7A Δ2bp gene variant in modifying anti-inflammatory function of α7nAChRs following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkuan Lin
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wan Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Theiss
- Department of Orthopedic Services, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John F. Hamilton
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James M. Ecklund
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- School of Nursing and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, Center for Inflammation & Regenerative Modeling in McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Brienza
- Rehabilitation Science &Technology, Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy K. Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily Robbins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn A. Sowa
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Lipsky
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
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3
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Murarasu A, Dodé C, Sarrabay G, Klein I, Papo T, Sacré K. Digenic MEFV/TNFRSF1A autoinflammatory syndrome with relapsing aseptic neutrophilic meningitis and chronic myelitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2017; 35 Suppl 108:128-129. [PMID: 28134085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Murarasu
- Université Paris-Diderot, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Dodé
- Université Paris-Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Sarrabay
- Unité Médicale des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Klein
- Université Paris-Diderot, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Radiologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Papo
- Université Paris-Diderot, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Karim Sacré
- Université Paris-Diderot, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.
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4
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Touma Z, Atweh SF, Kibbi L, Arayssi T. Longitudinal myelitis in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, homozygous prothrombin G20210A and heterozygous MTHFR 677T. Lupus 2016; 16:517-20. [PMID: 17670851 DOI: 10.1177/0961203307077830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal myelitis is an uncommon complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe an unusual case of longitudinal myelitis and ischemic stroke in the presence of homozygous prothrombin G20210A, heterozygous MTHFR 677T mutations and the absence of antiphospholipid antibodies in a young woman with SLE. Lupus (2007) 16, 517—520.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Touma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, New York, NY 10017-2303, USA
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5
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Saloman JL, Albers KM, Li D, Hartman DJ, Crawford HC, Muha EA, Rhim AD, Davis BM. Ablation of sensory neurons in a genetic model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma slows initiation and progression of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3078-83. [PMID: 26929329 PMCID: PMC4801275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512603113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an exuberant inflammatory desmoplastic response. The PDAC microenvironment is complex, containing both pro- and antitumorigenic elements, and remains to be fully characterized. Here, we show that sensory neurons, an under-studied cohort of the pancreas tumor stroma, play a significant role in the initiation and progression of the early stages of PDAC. Using a well-established autochthonous model of PDAC (PKC), we show that inflammation and neuronal damage in the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) occurs as early as the pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) 2 stage. Also at the PanIN2 stage, pancreas acinar-derived cells frequently invade along sensory neurons into the spinal cord and migrate caudally to the lower thoracic and upper lumbar regions. Sensory neuron ablation by neonatal capsaicin injection prevented perineural invasion (PNI), astrocyte activation, and neuronal damage, suggesting that sensory neurons convey inflammatory signals from Kras-induced pancreatic neoplasia to the CNS. Neuron ablation in PKC mice also significantly delayed PanIN formation and ultimately prolonged survival compared with vehicle-treated controls (median survival, 7.8 vs. 4.5 mo; P = 0.001). These data establish a reciprocal signaling loop between the pancreas and nervous system, including the CNS, that supports inflammation associated with oncogenic Kras-induced neoplasia. Thus, pancreatic sensory neurons comprise an important stromal cell population that supports the initiation and progression of PDAC and may represent a potential target for prevention in high-risk populations.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma in Situ/physiopathology
- Afferent Pathways
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Capsaicin/administration & dosage
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Capsaicin/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/etiology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/physiopathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy
- Ceruletide/toxicity
- Denervation
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/physiopathology
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelitis/complications
- Myelitis/genetics
- Myelitis/physiopathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Pancreas/innervation
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/etiology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Pancreatitis/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis/complications
- Pancreatitis/physiopathology
- Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced
- Precancerous Conditions/complications
- Precancerous Conditions/physiopathology
- Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects
- Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
- Spinothalamic Tracts/physiopathology
- Thoracic Vertebrae
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L Saloman
- Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Dongjun Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Douglas J Hartman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Emily A Muha
- Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Andrew D Rhim
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| | - Brian M Davis
- Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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6
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Simmons SB, Liggitt D, Goverman JM. Cytokine-regulated neutrophil recruitment is required for brain but not spinal cord inflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2014; 193:555-63. [PMID: 24913979 PMCID: PMC4123857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which inflammatory lesions lead to tissue injury in the brain and/or spinal cord. The specific sites of tissue injury are strong determinants of clinical outcome in MS, but the pathways that determine whether damage occurs in the brain or spinal cord are not understood. Previous studies in mouse models of MS demonstrated that IFN-γ and IL-17 regulate lesion localization within the brain; however, the mechanisms by which these cytokines mediate their effects have not been identified. In the present study, we show that IL-17 promoted, but IFN-γ inhibited, ELR(+) chemokine-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the brain, and that neutrophil infiltration was required for parenchymal tissue damage in the brain. In contrast, IFN-γ promoted ELR(+) chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the spinal cord. Surprisingly, tissue injury in the spinal cord did not exhibit the same dependence on neutrophil recruitment that was observed for the brain. Our results demonstrate that the brain and spinal cord exhibit distinct sensitivities to cellular mediators of tissue damage, and that IL-17 and IFN-γ differentially regulate recruitment of these mediators to each microenvironment. These findings suggest an approach toward tailoring therapies for patients with distinct patterns of neuroinflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelitis/genetics
- Myelitis/immunology
- Myelitis/metabolism
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rats
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Simmons
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Joan M Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
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7
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Sato S, Isobe N, Yoshimura S, Kanamori Y, Masaki K, Matsushita T, Kira JI. HLA-DPB1*0201 is associated with susceptibility to atopic myelitis in Japanese. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 251:110-3. [PMID: 22884298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine the relationship between susceptibility to atopic myelitis (AM) and polymorphisms of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DPB1 and -DRB1 alleles, we compared each phenotype frequency between 55 AM patients and 367 unrelated healthy controls in Japan. The HLA-DPB1*0201 allele was significantly more frequent in AM patients than in healthy controls (54.5% vs. 31.9%, corrected P value=0.0150, odds ratio=2.564, 95% confidence interval=1.444-4.554). Our result suggests that the immunogenetic background of AM differs from that of other CNS autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, which show distinct HLA class II associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Habisch HJ, Schwalenstöcker B, Danzeisen R, Neuhaus O, Hartung HP, Ludolph A. Limited effects of glatiramer acetate in the high-copy number hSOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. Exp Neurol 2007; 206:288-95. [PMID: 17597611 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an involvement of the immune system in the degenerative processes has been shown in both humans and the transgenic SOD1-G93A mice. We previously showed that Glatiramer acetate (also known as copolymer-1; COP-1; Copaxone) improves motor function and extends survival times in an inbred strain of ALS mice probably by interacting with pro-inflammatory T(H) lymphocytes. In the course of this study we tested whether these beneficial effects could be reproduced by repeated vaccination of animals with COP-1 without co-administration of complete Freund's adjuvant. In an outbred strain we could not demonstrate a positive effect of COP-1 on survival times, but found a significant improvement of motor performance during the late stage of disease and a moderate decrease of the production of the inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma and IL-4 by T lymphocytes isolated from the mice's spleen. In conclusion, the effects of COP-1 in the applied hybrid strain displaying a faster disease progression were less pronounced than in the earlier tested inbred strain of ALS mice.
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9
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Neurological manifestations are rare and severe and must be sought systematically. CLINICAL CASES Two non related patients each from a consanguineous marriage developed progressive spastic paraplegia 2 and 8 years respectively after onset of CD. The radiological and biological findings were normal except for the presence of abnormalities related to CD. CONCLUSION The relationship between spastic paraplegia and CD is not well established. Autoimmune, metabolic and genetic mechanisms could be considered but the probability of a fortuitous association should not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frih-Ayed
- Service de Neurologie, CHU, Monastir, Tunisie
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10
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Lin WL, Zehr C, Lewis J, Hutton M, Yen SH, Dickson DW. Progressive white matter pathology in the spinal cord of transgenic mice expressing mutant (P301L) human tau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 34:397-410. [PMID: 16902761 DOI: 10.1007/s11068-006-8726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing mutant (P301L) tau develop paresis, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss in spinal motor neurons beginning at 4 to 6 months of age. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes acquire filamentous tau inclusions at later ages. Here we report pathology in the spinal white matter of these animals. Progressive white matter pathology, detected as early as 2 months of age, was most marked in lateral and anterior columns, with sparing of posterior columns until late in the disease. Early changes in Luxol fast blue/periodic acid Schiff (LFB/PAS) and toluidine blue stained sections were vacuolation of myelin followed by accumulation of myelin figures within previous axonal tubes and finally influx of PAS-positive macrophages. Myelin debris and vacuoles were found in macrophages. At the ultrastructural level, myelinated axons showed extensive vacuolation of myelin sheaths formed by splitting of myelin lamellae at the intra-period line, while axons were atrophic and contained densely packed neurofilaments. Other axons were lost completely, resulting in collapse and phagocytosis of myelin sheaths. Also present were spheroids derived from swollen axons with thin myelin sheaths containing neurofilaments, tau filaments and degenerating organelles. Many oligodendrocytes had membrane-bound cytoplasmic bodies composed of tightly stacked lamellae capped by dense material. The vacuolar myelopathy in this model to some extent resembles that reported in acquired immune deficiency syndrome and vitamin B12 deficiency. The progressive axonal pathology is most consistent with a dying-back process caused by abnormal accumulation of tau in upstream neurons, while vacuolar myelinopathy may be a secondary manifestation of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lang Lin
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
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11
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Ahn YH, Lee G, Kang SK. Molecular insights of the injured lesions of rat spinal cords: Inflammation, apoptosis, and cell survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:560-70. [PMID: 16890196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurologic injury with functional deficits. In the acute phase, which starts at the moment of the injury and extends over the first few days, numerous pathological processes begin. In this study, we made several additional advances to broaden our understanding of SCI-induced gene expression changes. We examined changes at multiple time points: 0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after injury, with the latter time period being added. Also, we utilized multiple analysis methods such as real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry to increase confidence in our candidate gene and molecular processes. From the pool of information, we generated profiles of expression changes and molecular mechanisms of several injury processing. Early stages after the injury are characterized by the strong upregulation of genes involved in transcription, inflammation, and signaling proteins, and a general downregulation of neural function-related genes. In addition, edema of the spinal cord develops, and metabolic disturbances involving intra-neuronal Ca2+ accumulation occur. This translates into a general failure of normal neural functions and a stage of signal shock that lasts for a few days in experimental rat models. Traumatic injury to the spinal cord also leads to a strong inflammatory response with the recruitment of peripherally derived immature cells, such as ED1-positive macrophages. After the trauma, apoptotic cell death continues, and scarring and demyelination accompany Wallerian degeneration. Strong expression of transcription factors of the Janus-activated kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family represents an early attempt of spinal cord repair and regeneration. Our study allowed us to conclude that combined therapeutic strategies for enhanced recovery should be performed until the chronic phase of the injury in areas distal to the lesion epicenter of spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwan Ahn
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Celebisoy N, Akyurekli O, Copur A. Devic’s Neuromyelitis Optica: A Case with Mitochondrial DNA Mutations. Eur Neurol 2006; 55:93-5. [PMID: 16636556 DOI: 10.1159/000092781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Di Giovanni S, Knoblach SM, Brandoli C, Aden SA, Hoffman EP, Faden AI. Gene profiling in spinal cord injury shows role of cell cycle in neuronal death. Ann Neurol 2003; 53:454-68. [PMID: 12666113 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury causes secondary biochemical changes leading to neuronal cell death. To clarify the molecular basis of this delayed injury, we subjected rats to spinal cord injury and identified gene expression patterns by high-density oligonucleotide arrays (8,800 genes studied) at 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours, or 7 days after injury (total of 26 U34A profiles). Detailed analyses were limited to 4,300 genes consistently expressed above background. Temporal clustering showed rapid expression of immediate early genes (30 minutes), followed by genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell cycle (4 and 24 hours). Functional clustering showed a novel pattern of cell cycle mRNAs at 4 and 24 hours after trauma. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction verified mRNA changes in this group, which included gadd45a, c-myc, cyclin D1 and cdk4, pcna, cyclin G, Rb, and E2F5. Changes in their protein products were quantified by Western blot, and cell-specific expression was determined by immunocytochemistry. Cell cycle proteins showed an increased expression 24 hours after injury and were, in part, colocalized in neurons showing morphological evidence of apoptosis. These findings suggest that cell cycle-related genes, induced after spinal cord injury, are involved in neuronal damage and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Giovanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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14
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Abstract
We evaluated the clinical and laboratory features of the optic-spinal form of multiple sclerosis (OSMS) with no brain lesions on repeated MRI--termed pure OSMS. By reviewing the medical records of 118 Japanese clinically definite multiple sclerosis patients seen between 1988-1999, we found 10 patients (8.5%), nine of whom were women, with only relapsing optic neuritis (ON) and myelitis (MY) clinically and consistently normal brain MRI during follow-ups of >or=5 years. Three patients suffered severe ON and MY, but the other seven had mild disease (six were graded 1 in the Disability Status Scale). Despite frequent relapses, mild pure OSMS was characterized by younger onset and mild spinal symptoms as in 'benign' classical multiple sclerosis (CMS). MRI often revealed multiple cervico-thoracic cord lesions of variable lengths. Oligoclonal IgG bands (OB) were negative in all cases. HLA-DPB1*0501, whose association with OSMS has been reported, was positive only in six patients (including three patients with severe pure OSMS). Four patients with DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602, to which CMS is closely linked, had mild disease. Though pure OSMS was heterogeneous with regard to clinical severity and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles, this form of multiple sclerosis was characterized by a definite female preponderance and negative OB that distinguished it from CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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15
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Pan JZ, Ni L, Sodhi A, Aguanno A, Young W, Hart RP. Cytokine activity contributes to induction of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in spinal cord following contusion. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:315-22. [PMID: 12111861 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Injury of the spinal cord leads to an inflammatory tissue response, probably mediated in part by cytokines. Because a common therapy for acute spinal cord injury is the use of an antiinflammatory synthetic glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone), we sought to determine mechanisms contributing to inflammation shortly after acute injury. Cytokine mRNAs [interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-6] were increased during the first 2 hr following weight-drop compression injury by RNase protection assay, prior to the reported appearance of circulating lymphocytes. This immediate pattern of cytokine mRNA induction could be replicated in cultured, explanted spinal cord slices but not in whole blood of injured animals, which is consistent with a tissue source of cytokine mRNAs. Western blotting detected IL-1beta-like immunoreactivity released into culture medium following explantation and pro-IL-1beta-like immunoreactivity in freshly dissected spinal cord tissue. Pharmacologically blocking IL-1 and TNF-alpha receptors significantly reduced expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha mRNAs. Finally, mice lacking both IL-1 and TNF-alpha receptors exhibited diminished induction of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1ra mRNAs following injury. Therefore, we conclude that contusion injury induces an immediate release of cytokines, which then contributes to the induction of cytokine mRNAs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelitis/genetics
- Myelitis/immunology
- Myelitis/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Cytokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Spinal Cord Injuries/genetics
- Spinal Cord Injuries/immunology
- Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Abstract
We have undertaken a series of experiments using galanin null mutant mice to better define the role of endogenous galanin in spinal excitability following inflammation and in response to centrally sensitizing stimuli. We have employed a behavioural paradigm, the formalin test, as a model of tonic nociception in both galanin knock-out (gal-/-) and wild-type (gal+/+) mice. In this model, we find that gal-/- mice are markedly hypo-responsive, especially in the second phase response. Additionally, we have examined the thermal hyperalgesia which develops following peripheral injection of carrageenan into the plantar surface of one hindpaw. In this inflammatory paradigm, thermal hyperalgesia is markedly attenuated in gal-/- mice. These behavioural findings suggest that endogenous galanin contributes to nociceptive processing. We have tested this hypothesis further by employing an electrophysiological measure of spinal excitability, the flexor withdrawal reflex in gal-/- and gal+/+ mice. We found no differences in acute reflex responses to single stimuli at C-fibre strength or in the time course and magnitude of wind-up induced by a short conditioning train between non-inflamed gal+/+ and gal-/- mice. However, the long-lasting post-conditioning enhancement of reflex excitability was only seen in gal+/+ mice. Moreover, following carrageenan inflammation, there was a marked increase in spinal nociceptive reflex excitability in the inflamed gal+/+ mice, but this enhanced excitability was absent in gal-/- animals. These findings illustrate that endogenous galanin is necessary for the full expression of central sensitization, and as such, plays a critical role in the development of hyperalgesia following peripheral tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Kerr
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK Department of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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17
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Boillée S, Viala L, Peschanski M, Dreyfus PA. Differential microglial response to progressive neurodegeneration in the murine mutant Wobbler. Glia 2001; 33:277-87. [PMID: 11246226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Activated microglia is associated with neurodegenerative processes, but the precise role of this cell population is difficult to identify. Most experimental models employed to examine microglial responses involve acute alterations of neuronal integrity, in contrast to the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases. In order to approach the clinical situation better, the microglial response was analyzed in the murine mutant Wobbler, which exhibits a well-characterized neurodegenerative pathology, manifested by motoneuronal death following a period of cellular dysfunction with characteristic morphological features. Microglial cells were identified using anti-Mac1 or anti-IgG antibodies. Examination of the changes in density, localization, and phenotype of microglia differentiated two types of responses in Wobblers. A first type of response was observed as early as in the third week after birth, when the only apparent neuronal defect was the morphological alteration of a subset of motoneurons in the cervical spinal cord, which was maintained later on. The activated microglia extended long processes that selectively ensheathed vacuolated motoneurons. At later stages, when motoneuron death became prominent, an additional type of response was characterized by an increased density of reactive microglia that was seen extending throughout the cervical enlargement. This secondary microglial response occurred in parallel to the infiltration of T-lymphocytes. Thus, these results point to a differential response of microglial cells to a progressive neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boillée
- INSERM U 421, Faculté de Médecine, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, Créteil 94010 cedex, France
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18
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Lundberg C, Lidman O, Holmdahl R, Olsson T, Piehl F. Neurodegeneration and glial activation patterns after mechanical nerve injury are differentially regulated by non-MHC genes in congenic inbred rat strains. J Comp Neurol 2001; 431:75-87. [PMID: 11169991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Ventral root avulsion in the rat leads to a retrograde response, with activation of glia and up-regulation of immunologic cell surface molecules such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, and the subsequent degeneration of a large proportion of the lesioned motoneurons. Herein, we examined several inbred congenic rat strains previously known to react differently to experimentally induced autoimmune diseases and demonstrate a substantial genetic diversity in the regulation of glial activation and neuron death in this injury model. The panel of examined inbred rat strains included DA(RT1AV1), PVG.1AV1, LEW.1AV1, LEW.1N, BN(RT1N) and E3(RT1U), and the following parameters were determined: (1) MHC class II expression on glia; (2) expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, C3 complement, and microglial response factor-1 mRNAs in glia; (3) levels of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta cytokine mRNAs; (4) degree of motoneuron loss. The findings of considerable strain-dependent differences in all parameters studied demonstrate important polymorphisms in the genetic regulation of these events. Furthermore, some of the studied features segregated from each other, suggesting independent regulatory mechanisms. Genes outside of the MHC complex are mainly implicated as being of importance for the phenotypic differences, as significant differences were recorded between the MHC congenic strains differing in the non-MHC genes but not vice versa. These results contribute new important insights into the genetic regulation of glial reactivity and neuron death after mechanical nerve injuries. In addition, the finding of conspicuous strain-dependent differences makes it necessary to consider the genetic background when designing and interpreting animal experiments involving noxious insults to the central nervous system resulting in glial activation and nerve cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lundberg
- Department of Medicine, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Hospital, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Iwahashi K, Yoshihara E, Nakamura K, Ameno K, Watanabe M, Tsuneoka Y, Ichikawa Y, Igarashi K. CYP2D6 HhaI genotype and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 2000; 39:33-7. [PMID: 9892857 DOI: 10.1159/000026557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between CYP2D6 genotypes (reported to be associated with the susceptibilities to Parkinson's disease and multisystem atrophy) and the possible susceptibility to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (SMON), we analyzed the CYP2D6 gene by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in Japanese schizophrenia patients with a history of NMS. There was no significant difference in the frequency of the poor metabolizer genotype of CYP2D6 between the cases with a history of NMS and controls (p > 0.05). The frequency of the mutation located at the HhaI site in exon 6 of CYP2D6 in the cases was higher, but not significantly (p > 0.05; the mutated allele frequency was 0.25), than that in the controls, schizophrenia patients without NMS (0.11) and healthy controls (0.09). The frequency (0.10) of the HhaI mutation type in patients with a diagnosis of SMON was also not significantly higher than in healthy controls. These results suggest that the poor metabolizer and HhaI polymorphism of CYP2D6 may not be a useful molecular marker for predicting the onset of NMS and SMON.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwahashi
- Health Administration Center, Department of Physiology, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Abstract
An increasing number of case reports on Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) associated mitochondrial (mt)DNA point mutations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) raised the possibility that mitochondrial determinants may contribute to genetic susceptibility to MS. These observations prompted many laboratories including ours to perform comprehensive sequencing or large scale screening of the mtDNA in MS patients. Here we review the available data arguing for or against a mitochondrial hypothesis for MS. We conclude that pathogenic mtDNA point mutations are not associated with typical forms of this disease. A very small subgroup of MS patients, usually with prominent optic neuritis (PON), may carry pathogenic LHON mutations. This partial overlap between the two diseases may be related to the association of MS with a mtDNA haplotype (a set of mtDNA polymorphisms) within which pathogenic LHON mutations preferentially occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kalman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurovirology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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21
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Murakami S, Araki S. [2 sisters with multiple sclerosis and myelitis respectively]. Naika 1970; 26:585-8. [PMID: 5473968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Ogata M, Jitsunari F, Sunami S, Hayashi S. Epidemiological studies on subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy with abdominal symptoms (SMON) in epidemic area of Okayama Prefecture, Japan. XI. Epidemiological studies on SMON. Acta Med Okayama (1952) 1970; 24:435-45. [PMID: 4254198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Shimada Y. [Epidemiologic studies on subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy in Ibara and Yoshii areas]. Saishin Igaku 1969; 24:2424-30. [PMID: 5363401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Shimada Y, Fukuhara J, Iwano K, Takagi S, Hirota S. [Epidemiologic studies of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy with abdominal symptoms (SMON) in bara City, Okayama Prefecture]. Nihon Densenbyo Gakkai Zasshi 1969; 43:99-106. [PMID: 4981587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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