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Kan JB, Shen GQ, Yang J, Tong P, Zhang RH, Liang XB, Su DM, Li D, Liu Y. [S100 calcium binding protein A16 promotes fat synthesis through endoplasmic reticulum stress in HepG2 cells]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2019; 71:279-286. [PMID: 31008487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of S100 calcium binding protein A16 (S100A16) in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and its possible biological mechanism. HepG2 cells (human hepatoma cell line) were cultured with fatty acid to establish fatty acid culture model. The control model was cultured without fatty acid. Each model was divided into three groups and transfected with S100a16 over-expression, shRNA and vector plasmids, respectively. The concentration of triglyceride (TG) in the cells was measured by kit, and the lipid droplets was observed by oil red O staining. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to find the interesting proteins interacting with S100A16, and the interaction was verified by immunoprecipitation. The further mechanism was studied by Western blot and qRT-PCR. The results showed that the intracellular lipid droplet and TG concentrations in the fatty acid culture model were significantly higher than those in the control model. The accumulation of intracellular fat in the S100a16 over-expression group was significantly higher than that in the vector plasmid transfection group. There was an interaction between heat shock protein A5 (HSPA5) and S100A16. Over-expression of S100A16 up-regulated protein expression levels of HSPA5, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and pIREα1, which belong to endoplasmic reticulum stress HSPA5/IRE1α-XBP1 pathway. Meanwhile, over-expression of S100A16 up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of adipose synthesis-related gene Srebp1c, Acc and Fas. In the S100a16 shRNA plasmid transfection group, the above-mentioned protein and mRNA levels were lower than those of vector plasmid transfection group. These results suggest that S100A16 may promote lipid synthesis in HepG2 cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress HSPA5/IRE1α-XBP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bao Kan
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ge-Qian Shen
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ri-Hua Zhang
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiu-Bin Liang
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Hernández‐Ochoa EO, Melville Z, Vanegas C, Varney KM, Wilder PT, Melzer W, Weber DJ, Schneider MF. Loss of S100A1 expression leads to Ca 2+ release potentiation in mutant mice with disrupted CaM and S100A1 binding to CaMBD2 of RyR1. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13822. [PMID: 30101473 PMCID: PMC6087734 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) and S100A1 fine-tune skeletal muscle Ca2+ release via opposite modulation of the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1). Binding to and modulation of RyR1 by CaM and S100A1 occurs predominantly at the region ranging from amino acid residue 3614-3640 of RyR1 (here referred to as CaMBD2). Using synthetic peptides, it has been shown that CaM binds to two additional regions within the RyR1, specifically residues 1975-1999 and 4295-4325 (CaMBD1 and CaMBD3, respectively). Because S100A1 typically binds to similar motifs as CaM, we hypothesized that S100A1 could also bind to CaMBD1 and CaMBD3. Our goals were: (1) to establish whether S100A1 binds to synthetic peptides containing CaMBD1 and CaMBD3 using isothermal calorimetry (ITC), and (2) to identify whether S100A1 and CaM modulate RyR1 Ca2+ release activation via sites other than CaMBD2 in RyR1 in its native cellular context. We developed the mouse model (RyR1D-S100A1KO), which expresses point mutation RyR1-L3625D (RyR1D) that disrupts the modulation of RyR1 by CaM and S100A1 at CaMBD2 and also lacks S100A1 (S100A1KO). ITC assays revealed that S100A1 binds with different affinities to CaMBD1 and CaMBD3. Using high-speed Ca2+ imaging and a model for Ca2+ binding and transport, we show that the RyR1D-S100A1KO muscle fibers exhibit a modest but significant increase in myoplasmic Ca2+ transients and enhanced Ca2+ release flux following field stimulation when compared to fibers from RyR1D mice, which were used as controls to eliminate any effect of binding at CaMBD2, but with preserved S100A1 expression. Our results suggest that S100A1, similar to CaM, binds to CaMBD1 and CaMBD3 within the RyR1, but that CaMBD2 appears to be the primary site of RyR1 regulation by CaM and S100A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O. Hernández‐Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Zephan Melville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Camilo Vanegas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Kristen M. Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT)University of Maryland School of MedicineMaryland
| | - Paul T. Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT)University of Maryland School of MedicineMaryland
| | - Werner Melzer
- Institute of Applied PhysiologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT)University of Maryland School of MedicineMaryland
| | - Martin F. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
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Li Y, Wagner ER, Yan Z, Wang Z, Luther G, Jiang W, Ye J, Wei Q, Wang J, Zhao L, Lu S, Wang X, Mohammed MK, Tang S, Liu H, Fan J, Zhang F, Zou Y, Song D, Liao J, Haydon RC, Luu HH, He TC. The Calcium-Binding Protein S100A6 Accelerates Human Osteosarcoma Growth by Promoting Cell Proliferation and Inhibiting Osteogenic Differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 37:2375-92. [PMID: 26646427 DOI: 10.1159/000438591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of bone, its molecular pathogenesis remains to be fully understood. We previously found the calcium-binding protein S100A6 was expressed in ∼80% of the analyzed OS primary and/or metastatic tumor samples. Here, we investigate the role of S100A6 in OS growth and progression. METHODS S100A6 expression was assessed by qPCR and Western blotting. Overexpression or knockdown of S100A6 was carried out to determine S100A6's effect on proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, tumor growth, and osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS S100A6 expression was readily detected in human OS cell lines. Exogenous S100A6 expression promoted cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in an orthotopic xenograft model of human OS. S100A6 overexpression reduced the numbers of OS cells in G1 phase and increased viable cells under serum starvation condition. Conversely, silencing S100A6 expression induced the production of cleaved caspase 3, and increased early stage apoptosis. S100A6 knockdown increased osteogenic differentiation activity of mesenchymal stem cells, while S100A6 overexpression inhibited osteogenic differentiation. BMP9-induced bone formation was augmented by S100A6 knockdown. CONCLUSION Our findings strongly suggest that S100A6 may promote OS cell proliferation and OS tumor growth at least in part by facilitating cell cycle progression, preventing apoptosis, and inhibiting osteogenic differentiation. Thus, it is conceivable that targeting S100A6 may be exploited as a novel anti-OS therapy.
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Jian L, Zhihong W, Liuxing W, Qingxia F. [Role of S100A4 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its molecular mechanism]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2015; 37:258-265. [PMID: 26462889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of S100A4 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS Three chemically synthesized S100A4 siRNA sequences were transiently transfected into esophageal carcinoma EC9706 cells. EC9706 cells transfected with negative siRNA, lipofectamine 2000, and vacant EC9706 cells were used as control. Fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the inhibition rate of S100A4 siRNA. S100A4 siRNA2 with the best inhibition rate was chosen to transiently transfect into EC9706 cells under the same conditions. The EC9706 cells transfected with negative siRNA, lipofectamine 2000 and vacant EC9706 cells were also used as control. Fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of E-cadherin, vimentin and snail. The morphology of EC9706 cells was observed under an inverted microscope. Boyden chamber and scratch test were used to detect the invasion and migration ability of EC9706 cells, and CCK8 assay was used to detect the proliferation ability of EC9706 cells. EC9706 cells transfected with S100A4 siRNA2 were further transfected with snail eukaryotic expression vector. The EC9706 cells transfected with S100A4 siRNA, EC9706 cells transfected with snail eukaryotic expression vector and vacant EC9706 cells were used as control. The above indexes of all the groups were observed, too. RESULTS The S100A4 mRNA and protein expression levels of the S100A4 siRNA2 group were 0.417 ± 0.041 and 0.337 ± 0.039, the transmembrane cell number was 61.608 ± 8.937, the scratch healing distance was (0.216 ± 0.064) mm, the A value was 0.623 ± 0.084, the E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels were 0.619 ± 0.032 and 0.495 ± 0.034, the vimentin mRNA and protein levels were 0.514 ± 0.032 and 0.427 ± 0.028, the snail mRNA and protein levels were 0.573 ± 0.029 and 0.429 ± 0.041. These data were significantly different with the liposome group, the negative control group and the blank group (P < 0.05 for all). After the S100A4 siRNA2 treatment for 24 h, the appearance of EC9706 cells changed to epithelial cell morphology. The transmembrane cell number and the scratch healing distance of the S100A4 siRNA2+snail eukaryotic expression vector group were (69.382 ± 9.666) cells and (0.274 ± 0.029) mm, the A value was 0.823 ± 0.101, the snail mRNA and protein levels were 0.704 ± 0.037 and 0.625 ± 0.031, the vimentin mRNA and protein levels were 0.712 ± 0.046 and 0.609 ± 0.038, and these data were significantly higher than those of the Sl00A4 siRNA2 group (P < 0.05 for all). The E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels of the S100A4 siRNA2+eukaryotic expression vector group were 0.437 ± 0.038 and 0.381 ± 0.031, significantly lower than those of the S100A4 siRNA2 group (P < 0.05 for all). However, snail had no effect on the morphology of EC9706 cells. CONCLUSIONS S100A4 may be involved in the EMT process of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma by regulating the expression of snail and then plays a role in the invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma.
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Azimi A, Pernemalm M, Frostvik Stolt M, Hansson J, Lehtiö J, Egyházi Brage S, Hertzman Johansson C. Proteomics analysis of melanoma metastases: association between S100A13 expression and chemotherapy resistance. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2489-95. [PMID: 24722184 PMCID: PMC4021518 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is commonly unresponsive to standard chemotherapies, and there are as yet no predictive markers of therapy response. METHODS In the present study we collected fresh-frozen pretreatment lymph-node metastasis samples (n=14) from melanoma patients with differential response to dacarbazine (DTIC) or temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, to identify proteins with an impact on treatment response. We performed quantitative protein profiling using tandem mass spectrometry and compared the proteome differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR), matched for age, gender and histopathological type of CMM. RESULTS Biological pathway analyses showed several signalling pathways differing between R vs NR, including Rho signalling. Gene expression profiling data was available for a subset of the samples, and the results were compared with the proteomics data. Four proteins with differential expression between R and NR were selected for technical validation by immunoblotting (ISYNA1, F13A1, CSTB and S100A13), and CSTB and S100A13 were further validated on a larger sample set by immunohistochemistry (n=48). The calcium binding protein S100A13 was found to be significantly overexpressed in NR compared with R in all analyses performed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that S100A13 is involved in CMM resistance to DTIC/TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azimi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Pernemalm
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23, S-17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - M Frostvik Stolt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lehtiö
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23, S-17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - S Egyházi Brage
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Hertzman Johansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. To identify the candidate carcinoma-related biomarker in GC, comparative proteome technique was performed in resected GC tissues and matched adjacent non-cancerous gastric tissues (ANGT). As a result, S100A2 was successfully identified to be down-regulated significantly in GC compared with ANGT. Western blot analysis validated decreased expression of S100A2, and its expression level was related with the degree of tumor differentiation and status of lymph node metastasis in GC. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis showed S100A2 down-expression was significantly associated with poor differentiation (P < 0.05), advanced depth of invasion (P < 0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05) in GC. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the relapse-free probability and the overall survival rate were significantly decreased with S100A2 expression decreasing (P < 0.05). Cox regression analysis indicated S100A2 down-expression was a negative independent prognostic biomarker for GC. A supplement of S100A2 protein by S100A2 expression vector significantly decreased the number of invaded cancer cells MGC-803. However, knockdown of S100A2 expression by siRNA interference compromised the invasion ability of MGC-803 cells. Moreover, S100A2 negatively regulated MEK/ERK signaling pathway, and activation of this signaling pathway by S100A2 down-regulation increased in vitro invasion of MGC-803 cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the clinical significance of S100A2 expression in GC, and loss of S100A2 expression contributes to GC development and progression. Therefore, the determination of S100A2 expression levels contributes to predict the outcome of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fu Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiangan District, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China,
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Kondo N, Ichimiya S, Tamura Y, Tonooka A, Koshiba S, Torigoe T, Kamiguchi K, Takenaga K, Sato N. A Calcium Binding Protein, S100A4, Mediates T Cell Dependent Cytotoxicity as a Transformation-Associated Antigen. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:49-56. [PMID: 15665453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the target molecule of TCR gamma delta T cell-mediated lysis remains to be determined. As we previously reported, #067 monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognizes one of the transformation-associated antigens, designated as #067 antigen. This antigen is expressed on the cell surface of rat fibrosarcoma W31 cells, which are established by transformation of fetal fibroblastic WFB cells with H-ras oncogene. It has been suggested that the #067 antigen is a target molecule for TCR gamma delta T cells since #067 mAb inhibited TCR gamma delta T cell-mediated lysis against #067 positive cells. In this study we attempted to identify the protein sequence of the #067 antigen. By using molecular cloning techniques, we demonstrated that a calcium binding protein, S100A4, was possibly one and the same molecule as the #067 antigen. It was shown that the expression of S100A4 was higher in W31 cells than in WFB cells at transcription and protein level. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemical studies showed that #067 antigen partially co-localized with S100A4 on the cell surface as well as the cytoplasm of W31 cells. Moreover, rabbit anti-S100A4 polyclonal antibodies (pAb) inhibited TCR gamma delta T cell-mediated lysis against #067 positive cells. Our results indicated that S100A4 may play a role as a possible target molecule for TCR gamma delta T cell-mediated lysis although how S100A4 is involved in TCR gamma delta T cell-mediated lysis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Myrvang HK, Guo X, Li C, Dekker LV. Protein interactions between surface annexin A2 and S100A10 mediate adhesion of breast cancer cells to microvascular endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3210-5. [PMID: 23994525 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (AnxA2) and S100A10 are known to form a molecular complex. Using fluorescence-based binding assays, we show that both proteins are localised on the cell surface, in a molecular form that allows mutual interaction. We hypothesized that binding between these proteins could facilitate cell-cell interactions. For cells that express surface S100A10 and surface annexin A2, cell-cell interactions can be blocked by competing with the interaction between these proteins. Thus an annexin A2-S100A10 molecular bridge participates in cell-cell interactions, revealing a hitherto unexplored function of this protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene K Myrvang
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Hagiwara S, Noguchi T. [Relationships between damage-associated molecular patterns and organ injury]. Masui 2013; 62:290-295. [PMID: 23544330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently studies have demonstrated that cell components called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are secreted from cells in response to inflammation and organ injury. While DAMPs are maintained within the cell under normal conditions, they are secreted in response to systemic or chronic inflammation. DAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). DAMPs also induce the phosphorylation of various intracellular proteins and activate NF-kappaB signaling. This induces an inflammatory response via cytokine production and activation of macrophages and dendritic cells. In essence, DAMPs alert the immune system to danger. Some DAMPs are considered therapeutic targets for acute systemic inflammation (e.g., sepsis). Indeed, anti-HMGB1 and anti-histone antibodies attenuated the inflammatory response and organ injury in a systemic inflammation model. Anti-RAGE antibodies were also shown to have beneficial effects in an animal inflammation model. These findings suggest that DAMPs may serve as novel therapeutic targets against severe systemic inflammation as well. We anticipate that in the near future, anti-DAMP therapy may become more widespread in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593
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Cubukcu E, Olmez OF, Avci N, Canhoroz M, Kurt E, Kanat O, Evrensel T, Manavoglu O. Identification of prognostic factors in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J BUON 2012; 17:517-521. [PMID: 23033292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have a complex biology which is reflected by a marked clinical heterogeneity. Thus, there has been great interest in identifying prognostic factors influencing tumor recurrence and survival. The aim of this study was to identify potential clinical and immunohistochemical prognostic factors that may affect survival and treatment outcomes in patients with metastatic GISTs. METHODS Between 2000 and September 2011, a total of 41 patients with metastatic GISTs (29 males and 12 females; mean age: 57.4±11.8 years; range 29-74) were referred to the Department of Oncology, Uludag University Medical School. Survival analysis for a number of potential prognostic factors was made with the main outcome results of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS7rpar;. RESULTS The most common sites of isolated metastases comprised the liver (n=18), followed by lymph nodes (n=5), the omentum (n=1), and the mesothelium (n=1). The remaining patients had metastases at multiple sites. Cox regression analysis identified ileal location as the only significant predictor of poor PFS both after first-line (p=0.023) and second-line therapy (p=0.016). Tumor location in the ileum (p=0.025) and S100 immunoreactivity (p=0.041) were both independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSION Tumor site and S100 positivity were the main significant independent predictors of clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic GISTs treated by standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cubukcu
- Department of Oncology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey.
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Zhang R, Zhu W, Du X, Xin J, Xue Y, Zhang Y, Li D, Liu Y. S100A16 mediation of weight gain attenuation induced by dietary calcium. Metabolism 2012; 61:157-63. [PMID: 21871643 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dietary calcium influences the regulation of energy metabolism, and weight gain is attenuated by a high-calcium diet. S100A16 is a novel calcium-binding signaling protein of the EF-hand superfamily that promotes adipogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of S100A16 on weight gain attenuation with a calcium-rich diet. An obese rat model was produced after feeding with a high-fat diet. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the diet provided over 8 weeks: normal diet group; high-fat, normal-calcium diet group; high-fat, high-calcium diet (HH) group; and high-fat, low-calcium diet group. Serum biochemistry was analyzed, and body weight and visceral fat pads were measured. Expression of S100A16 was assayed by Western blotting. Adipogenesis was detected by oil red O staining. Increases in body weight and visceral fat weight were attenuated in the HH group. High-calcium diets decreased the concentrations of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride. Expression of S100A16 decreased in the HH group. Using the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model, it was observed that elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) via calcium ionophores led to the exclusion of S100A16 from the nucleus. Overexpression of S100A16 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes enhanced adipogenesis, although a significant reduction in Akt phosphorylation was also detected. High-calcium diets were associated with a significant reduction in body weight gain. High-calcium diets may lead to nuclear exclusion of S100A16, which results in the inhibition of adipogenesis and enhanced insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihua Zhang
- Department of Geratology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Gordon CM, Mantzoros CS. Dietary calcium and body weight: what's the "skinny"? Metabolism 2012; 61:137-9. [PMID: 22269212 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
S100 proteins are low molecular weight calcium binding proteins expressed in vertebrates. The family constitutes 21 known members that are expressed in several tissues and cell types and play a major role in various cellular functions. Uniquely, members of the S100 family have both intracellular and extracellular functions. Several members of the S100 family (S100A1, S100A2, S100A4, S1008, S100A9, S100A11, and S100B) have been identified in human articular cartilage, and their expression is upregulated in diseased tissue. These S100 proteins elicit a catabolic signaling pathway via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in cartilage and may promote progression of arthritis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of S100 proteins in cartilage biology and in the development of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunatha R Yammani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Abstract
AIM The role of granulocyte-specific S100A12, a marker for inflammatory disorders, in newborn lung disease is unknown. We compared postnatal blood S100A12 concentrations against respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS Blood samples from 92 newborns were collected on admission, 12 h, day 1, day 3-4 and day 7, and analysed for S100A12. IL-8 and IL-6 were assayed in 52 infants. RESULTS Infants with RDS were significantly more premature (median 27 vs. 34 weeks), more likely to receive antenatal corticosteroids (84% vs. 26%) and have lower neutrophil counts (median 2.4 vs. 3.8 × 10(9) /L) at admission. S100A12 levels peaked during the first day and were significantly lower in preterm infants with RDS compared to those without (median 250 vs. 616 ng/mL at 12 h, 281 vs. 828 ng/mL day 1, respectively). S100A12 levels were low among the 35 very preterm infants (24-29 week gestation) regardless of the presence of BPD (285 vs. 288 ng/mL on day 1). In comparison, IL-8 and IL-6 levels were not different between groups. CONCLUSION Plasma S100A12 is low in infants with RDS, possibly because of gestationally related differences in neutrophil response or to the effects of antenatal corticosteroids. It is therefore not a useful marker of BPD development.
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Hao J, Wang K, Yue Y, Tian T, Xu A, Hao J, Xiao X, He D. Selective expression of S100A11 in lung cancer and its role in regulating proliferation of adenocarcinomas cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 359:323-32. [PMID: 21861103 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
S100A11, one secreted protein, is overexpressed in certain cancers. We investigated S100A11 expression in various subtypes of lung cancer and explored its role in cell proliferation. S100A11 mRNA level was examined in 45 pairs of frozen lung cancer tissues by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The specific expression and subcellular distribution of S100A11 were examined in 78 paraffin-embedded lung cancers, 2 benign lung diseases as well as 22 healthy lung tissues by immunohistochemistry. S100A11 protein level was further analyzed in the sera of 86 lung cancer patients and 50 healthy individuals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that both mRNA and protein levels of S100A11 were overexpressed in adenocarcinomas (ADC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) compared with paired non-cancerous lung tissues, while S100A11 was detected downregulated in small cell lung cancers (SCLC). Further immunohistochemistry staining was positive for S100A11 only in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (ADC, SCC, large cell carcinomas, et al.), but not SCLC. Conclusively, we found S100A11 protein level increased in the sera of NSCLC patients. Furthermore, when S100A11 expression was knocked down in lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 and LTEP-a-2, the cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanting Hao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, 19th Xinjiekouwai St, Beijing, 100875, China
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16
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Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor involved in a large number of human disorders. Identified first as the receptor for the Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs), RAGE has emerged in recent years as a major receptor for many members of the S100 calcium and zinc binding protein family. The interaction with and the signaling triggered by several S100 proteins such as S100B and S100A12 have been studied in details and have shown concentration and cell type dependent signaling cascades. The S100 protein family consists of more than 20 members which present high amino-acid sequence and structural similarities. These small EF-hand calcium binding proteins interact with a large number of protein targets and are almost all been shown to be involved in cancer. In this review we discuss the recent knowledge about the role of S100 proteins and RAGE in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Leclerc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor involved in a large number of human disorders. Identified first as the receptor for the Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs), RAGE has emerged in recent years as a major receptor for many members of the S100 calcium and zinc binding protein family. The interaction with and the signaling triggered by several S100 proteins such as S100B and S100A12 have been studied in details and have shown concentration and cell type dependent signaling cascades. The S100 protein family consists of more than 20 members which present high amino-acid sequence and structural similarities. These small EF-hand calcium binding proteins interact with a large number of protein targets and are almost all been shown to be involved in cancer. In this review we discuss the recent knowledge about the role of S100 proteins and RAGE in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Leclerc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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18
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Lin YW, Hsieh CL. Oral Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) reduces kainic acid-induced epileptic seizures and neuronal death accompanied by attenuating glial cell proliferation and S100B proteins in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 135:313-320. [PMID: 21402140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Epilepsy is a common clinical syndrome with recurrent neuronal discharges in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Here we aim to determine the protective role of Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR), an herbal drug belong to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on epileptic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address this issue, we tested the effect of UR on kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptic seizures and further investigate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Oral UR successfully decreased neuronal death and discharges in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. The population spikes (PSs) were decreased from 4.1 ± 0.4 mV to 2.1 ± 0.3 mV in KA-induced epileptic seizures and UR-treated groups, respectively. Oral UR protected animals from neuronal death induced by KA treatment (from 34 ± 4.6 to 191.7 ± 48.6 neurons/field) through attenuating glial cell proliferation and S100B protein expression but not GABAA and TRPV1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS The above results provide detail mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective action of UR on KA-induced epileptic seizure in hippocampal CA1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Fujiwara M, Kashima TG, Kunita A, Kii I, Komura D, Grigoriadis AE, Kudo A, Aburatani H, Fukayama M. Stable knockdown of S100A4 suppresses cell migration and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:611-22. [PMID: 21360024 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A4, a 10-12 kDa calcium-binding protein, plays functional roles in tumor progression and metastasis. The present study aimed to investigate the function of S100A4 in osteosarcoma (OS) metastasis, using a loss-of-function approach. Our previous expression profiling analysis revealed that S100a4 was preferentially expressed in the highly metastatic mouse OS cell line, LM8. Introducing a short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) targeting S100a4 using a newly established vector containing insulators and transposons, we established stable LM8 subclones with almost 100% silencing of endogenous S100a4 protein. These transfectants showed a significant suppression of cell migration in vitro as well as a marked reduction in their ability to colonize the lung and form pulmonary metastases in vivo following intravenous inoculation, whereas there was no significant change in cell proliferation or cell attachment to fibronectin, laminin, and type I collagen. Expression and phosphorylation of ezrin, an emerging OS metastasis-associated factor, and expression of MMPs, remained the same in S100a4-shRNA clones. In 61 human OS, immunohistochemical analysis showed that lesional cells in 85.2% samples expressed S100A4 protein, and the immunoreactivity was primarily cytoplasmic, but it also showed occasional nuclear localization. Chondroblastic and osteoblastic OS subtypes expressed more S100A4 than fibroblastic subtypes. The causative role of S100A4 in OS lung metastasis shown in the murine xenograft model, together with the high proportion of primary human OS expressing S100A4, suggest that S100A4 protein represents an important potential target for future OS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Fujiwara
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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21
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Abstract
The α-subunit of tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Na(V)1.8 is selectively expressed in sensory neurons. It has been reported that Na(V)1.8 is involved in the transmission of nociceptive information from sensory neurons to the central nervous system in nociceptive [1] and neuropathic [24] pain conditions. Thus Na(V)1.8 has been a promising target to treat chronic pain. Here we discuss the recent advances in the study of trafficking mechanism of Na(V)1.8. These pieces of information are particularly important as such trafficking machinery could be new targets for painkillers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenji Okuse
- Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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22
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23
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Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive ataxia resulting from the loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and neurons in the brainstem. In PCs of SCA1 transgenic mice, the disease causing ataxin-1 protein mediates the formation of S100B containing cytoplasmic vacuoles and further self-aggregates to form intranuclear inclusions. The exact function of the ataxin-1 protein is not fully understood. However, the aggregation and neurotoxicity of the mutant ataxin-1 protein is dependent on the phosphorylation at serine 776 (S776). Although protein kinase A (PKA) has been implicated as the S776 kinase, the mechanism of PKA/ataxin-1 regulation in SCA1 is still not clear. We propose that a dopamine D(2) receptor (D2R)/S100B pathway may be involved in modulating PKA activity in PCs. Using a D2R/S100B HEK stable cell line transiently transfected with GFP-ataxin-1[82Q], we demonstrate that stimulation of the D2R/S100B pathway caused a reduction in mutant ataxin-1 S776 phosphorylation and ataxin-1 aggregation. Activation of PKA by forskolin resulted in an enhanced S776 phosphorylation and increased ataxin-1 nuclear aggregation, which was suppressed by treatment with D2R agonist bromocriptine and PKA inhibitor H89. Furthermore, treating SCA1 transgenic PC slice cultures with forskolin induced neurodegenerative morphological abnormalities in PC dendrites consistent with those observed in vivo. Taken together our data support a mechanism where PKA dependent mutant ataxin-1 phosphorylation and aggregation can be regulated by D2R/S100B signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM Hearst
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - ME Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Q Shao
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - PJS Vig
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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24
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Forst B, Hansen MT, Klingelhöfer J, Møller HD, Nielsen GH, Grum-Schwensen B, Ambartsumian N, Lukanidin E, Grigorian M. Metastasis-inducing S100A4 and RANTES cooperate in promoting tumor progression in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10374. [PMID: 20442771 PMCID: PMC2860983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment has been described as a critical milieu determining tumor growth and metastases. A pivotal role of metastasis-inducing S100A4 in the development of tumor stroma has been proven in animal models and verified in human breast cancer biopsies. Expression and release of S100A4 has been shown in various types of stroma composing cells, including fibroblasts and immune cells. However, the events implicated in upstream and downstream pathways regulating the activity of the extracellular S100A4 protein in the tumor milieu remain unsolved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied the interplay between the tumor cell-derived cytokine regulated-upon-activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES; CCL5) and S100A4 which were shown to be critical factors in tumor progression. We found that RANTES stimulates the externalization of S100A4 via microparticle shedding from the plasma membrane of tumor and stroma cells. Conversely, the released S100A4 protein induces the upregulation of fibronectin (FN) in fibroblasts and a number of cytokines, including RANTES in tumor cells as well as stimulates cell motility in a wound healing assay. Importantly, using wild type and S100A4-deficient mouse models, we demonstrated a substantial influence of tumor cell-derived RANTES on S100A4 release into blood circulation which ultimately increases the metastatic burden in mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, the data presented strongly validate the pro-metastatic function of S100A4 in the tumor microenvironment and define how the tumor cell-derived cytokine RANTES acts as a critical regulator of S100A4-dependent tumor cell dissemination. Additionally, for the first time we demonstrated the mechanism of S100A4 release associated with plasma membrane microparticle shedding from various cells types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Forst
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matilde Thye Hansen
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg Klingelhöfer
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Devitt Møller
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Helle Nielsen
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Noona Ambartsumian
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eugene Lukanidin
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariam Grigorian
- Department for Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Shimamoto S, Kubota Y, Tokumitsu H, Kobayashi R. S100 proteins regulate the interaction of Hsp90 with Cyclophilin 40 and FKBP52 through their tetratricopeptide repeats. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1119-25. [PMID: 20188096 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
S100 proteins are a subfamily of the EF-hand type calcium sensing proteins, the exact biological functions of which have not been clarified yet. In this work, we have identified Cyclophilin 40 (CyP40) and FKBP52 (called immunophilins) as novel targets of S100 proteins. These immunophilins contain a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain for Hsp90 binding. Using glutathione-S transferase pull-down assays and immunoprecipitation, we have demonstrated that S100A1 and S100A2 specifically interact with the TPR domains of FKBP52 and CyP40 in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, and lead to inhibition of the CyP40-Hsp90 and FKBP52-Hsp90 interactions. These findings have suggested that the Ca(2+)/S100 proteins are TPR-targeting regulators of the immunophilins-Hsp90 complex formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Shimamoto
- Department of Signal Transduction Sciences, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
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26
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Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Arcuri C, Bianchi R, Brozzi F, Tubaro C, Giambanco I, Donato R. The many faces of S100B protein: when an extracellular factor inactivates its own receptor and activates another one. Ital J Anat Embryol 2010; 115:147-151. [PMID: 21073005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-binding protein of the EF-hand type, S100B, is an intracellular regulator and an extracellular signal. Within cells S100B interacts with several proteins thereby regulating energy metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, protein phosphorylation and degradation, and cell locomotion, proliferation and differentiation. Once secreted/released, S100B exerts autocrine and paracrine effects on responsive cells by engaging the receptor for advanced glycation end products. However, recent evidence suggests that S100B might also activate basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 via prior binding to basic fibroblast growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia
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27
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Hydén H. The learning brain during a life-cycle - some biochemical and psychological aspects. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2009; 80:9-27. [PMID: 7008490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Rothermundt M, Ahn JN, Jörgens S. S100B in schizophrenia: an update. Gen Physiol Biophys 2009; 28 Spec No Focus:F76-F81. [PMID: 20093730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has supported a potential role of immune pathology in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenic. In the CNS various viruses were identified in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were found to be associated with the stage of disease. Microglial cells were reported to be activated in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients in post mortem as well as imaging studies. New research has demonstrated that astrocytes together with microglial cells are the major immunocompetent cells of the brain and play an important role in the regulation of neuronal proliferation and differentiation. S100B, a calcium binding astrocyte-specific cytokine, presents a marker of astrocytic activation. Scientific evidence for increased S100B in acute schizophrenia is very consistent. The picture is not as clear regarding schizophrenia subtypes in acute states but patients with persistent negative symptoms or deficit syndrome show constant high S100B concentrations. There is an association between high S100B and poor therapeutic response. The increased S100B concentrations appear to be functionally relevant since they are reflected by poor cognitive performance and cross validation with other methods make it unlikely that the findings are merely an epiphenomenon. These findings suggest that the activation of astrocytes might be an important pathogenic factor for the development of schizophrenia.
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29
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Gao JH, He ZJ, Wang Q, Li X, Li YX, Liu M, Zheng JH, Tang H. Low expression of S100P associated with paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cell line. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008; 121:1563-1568. [PMID: 18982869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies indicate that S100P expression may be a biomarker that can predict the success of cancer chemotherapy. Whether it is relevant to chemotherapeutics in ovarian cancer is unknown. In this study, we investigated the association of S100P expression with paclitaxel sensitivity in ovarian cancer cell lines. METHODS We measured S100P expression and paclitaxel resistance profiles in parent SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cell lines. Then, the two cell lines were transiently transfected with S100P siRNA. We also constructed an OVCAR3 cell clone that stably overexpressed S100P. The effect of S100P expression level on the survival of cells exposed to paclitaxel was measured using the MTT assay. S100P expression was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Significance of differences was calculated using independent samples t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Lower S100P expression was associated with a survival advantage in OVCAR3 cells exposed to paclitaxel; the survival advantage in SKOV3 cells was smaller (P < 0.05). The survival advantage associated with decreased S100P expression was even greater for SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells that had been transfected with S100P siRNA before being exposed to paclitaxel (P < 0.05). Consistent with this, the OVCAR3 cell clone that was transfected to overexpress S100P was more sensitive to paclitaxel (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low S100P expression contributes to drug resistance to paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cell lines. S100P expression thus might be a marker that can predict the effectiveness of paclitaxel based chemotherapy. Such a marker could be helpful in improving individual medication regimens for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hua Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, China
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30
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Joo JH, Yoon SY, Kim JH, Paik SG, Min SR, Lim JS, Choe IS, Choi I, Kim JW. S100A6 (calcyclin) enhances the sensitivity to apoptosis via the upregulation of caspase-3 activity in Hep3B cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1183-97. [PMID: 17721932 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
S100A6 (calcyclin) is a small calcium-binding protein which has been implicated in several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and exocytosis. Also the upregulation of S100A6 has been reported in a variety of tumors and linked to metastasis. However, exact intracellular roles of S100A6 related with apoptosis have not been clarified yet. Here we demonstrated that the upregulation of S100A6 enhances the cell death rate compared to the control under the apoptotic conditions. In exogenously S100A6 induced Hep3B cells, cell viability was significantly decreased compared with mock and S100A6-knockdown cells under calcium ionophore A23187 treatment. The exogenously introduced S100A6 significantly affected the caspase-3-like activity in programmed cell death through the enhanced caspase-3 expression, which was verified by promoter assay in wild or mutant S100A6-transfected Hep3B cells. Next, the promoter activity of caspase-3 was increased by 2.5-folds in wild-type S100A6-transfected cells compared to mutant 2 (E67K, mutant of EF-hand motif) or control. Our results suggest that S100A6 might be involved in the processing of apoptosis by modulating the transcriptional regulation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung Hyuck Joo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), P.O. Box 115, Deajeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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31
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Ackermann GE, Domenighetti AA, Deten A, Bonath I, Marenholz I, Pedrazzini T, Erne P, Heizmann CW. S100A1 deficiency results in prolonged ventricular repolarization in response to sympathetic activation. Gen Physiol Biophys 2008; 27:127-142. [PMID: 18645228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
S100A1 is a Ca(2+)-binding protein and predominantly expressed in the heart. We have generated a mouse line of S100A1 deficiency by gene trap mutagenesis to investigate the impact of S100A1 ablation on heart function. Electrocardiogram recordings revealed that after beta-adrenergic stimulation S100A1-deficient mice had prolonged QT, QTc and ST intervals and intraventricular conduction disturbances reminiscent of 2 : 1 bundle branch block. In order to identify genes affected by the loss of S100A1, we profiled the mutant and wild type cardiac transcriptomes by gene array analysis. The expression of several genes functioning to the electrical activity of the heart were found to be significantly altered. Although the default prediction would be that mRNA and protein levels are highly correlated, comprehensive immunoblot analyses of salient up- or down-regulated candidate genes of any cellular network revealed no significant changes on protein level. Taken together, we found that S100A1 deficiency results in cardiac repolarization delay and alternating ventricular conduction defects in response to sympathetic activation accompanied by a significantly different transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Ackermann
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
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Basta G. Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and atherosclerosis: From basic mechanisms to clinical implications. Atherosclerosis 2007; 196:9-21. [PMID: 17826783 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell-surface molecules with a diverse repertoire of ligands. In the atherosclerotic milieu, three classes of RAGE ligands, i.e., products of non-enzymatic glycoxidation, S100 proteins and amphoterin, appear to drive receptor-mediated cellular activation and potentially, acceleration of vascular disease. The interaction of RAGE-ligands effectively modulates several steps of atherogenesis, triggering an inflammatory-proliferative process and furthermore, critically contributing to propagation of vascular perturbation, mainly in diabetes. RAGE has a circulating truncated variant isoform, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), corresponding to its extracellular domain only. By competing with cell-surface RAGE for ligand binding, sRAGE may contribute to the removal/neutralization of circulating ligands thus functioning as a decoy. The critical role of RAGE in the chronic vascular inflammation processes highlights this receptor-ligand axis as a possible and attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention to limit vascular damage and its associated clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Basta
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, San Cataldo Research Area, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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33
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Leclerc E, Fritz G, Weibel M, Heizmann CW, Galichet A. S100B and S100A6 differentially modulate cell survival by interacting with distinct RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) immunoglobulin domains. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31317-31. [PMID: 17726019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703951200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins are EF-hand calcium-binding proteins with various intracellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Some S100 proteins are also secreted and exert extracellular paracrine and autocrine functions. Experimental results suggest that the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) plays important roles in mediating S100 protein-induced cellular signaling. Here we compared the interaction of two S100 proteins, S100B and S100A6, with RAGE by in vitro assay and in culture of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Our in vitro binding data showed that S100B and S100A6, although structurally very similar, interact with different RAGE extracellular domains. Our cell assay data demonstrated that S100B and S100A6 differentially modulate cell survival. At micromolar concentration, S100B increased cellular proliferation, whereas at the same concentration, S100A6 triggered apoptosis. Although both S100 proteins induced the formation of reactive oxygen species, S100B recruited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and NF-kappaB, whereas S100A6 activated JNK. More importantly, we showed that S100B and S100A6 modulate cell survival in a RAGE-dependent manner; S100B specifically interacted with the RAGE V and C(1) domains and S100A6 specifically interacted with the C(1) and C(2) RAGE domains. Altogether these results highlight the complexity of S100/RAGE cellular signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 7/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Luminescent Measurements
- Models, Biological
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- S100 Proteins/genetics
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
- S100 Proteins/physiology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Leclerc
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mahon PC, Baril P, Bhakta V, Chelala C, Caulee K, Harada T, Lemoine NR. S100A4 contributes to the suppression of BNIP3 expression, chemoresistance, and inhibition of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6786-95. [PMID: 17638890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease that is characterized by a particularly marked resistance to chemotherapy. We previously showed an association between decreased expression of BNIP3 and chemoresistance in PDAC cell lines. To further explore the molecular basis of chemoresistance in PDAC, we analyzed microarray data obtained from normal pancreas and PDAC tumor samples to identify genes exhibiting a negative correlation with the expression profile of BNIP3. This analysis identified several S100 family proteins, of which two, S100A2 and S100A4, showed in vitro the ability to repress exogenous BNIP3 promoter activity. We subsequently showed that RNA interference-mediated S100A4 knockdown resulted in an elevated expression of BNIP3 in PDAC cell lines that possess an unmethylated BNIP3 promoter, suggesting that, in addition to hypermethylation, S100A4 overexpression may represent an alternative mechanism for inhibiting BNIP3 function in PDAC. S100A4 knockdown also resulted in an increased sensitivity of PDAC cell lines to gemcitabine treatment, which was coupled with an increase in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. To investigate the underlying mechanisms mediating these effects, we studied the effect of silencing the expression of S100A4 on the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and the activation of apoptotic mediators. Knockdown of S100A4 clearly induced apoptosis with increased fragmentation of DNA and phosphatidyl serine externalization; activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. These findings provide evidence that supports a novel role for S100A4 as a prosurvival factor in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Mahon
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and the Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Most P, Remppis A, Pleger ST, Katus HA, Koch WJ. S100A1: a novel inotropic regulator of cardiac performance. Transition from molecular physiology to pathophysiological relevance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R568-77. [PMID: 17459908 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00075.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the considerable body of evidence that has accumulated to support the notion of S100A1, a cardiac-specific Ca2+-sensor protein of the EF-hand type, as a physiological regulator of excitation-contraction coupling and inotropic reserve mechanisms in the mammalian heart. In particular, molecular mechanisms will be discussed conveying the Ca2+-dependent inotropic actions of S100A1 protein in cardiomyocytes occurring independently of β-adrenergic signaling. Moreover, we will shed light on the molecular structure-function relationship of S100A1 with its cardiac target proteins at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the sarcomere, and the mitochondria. Furthermore, pathophysiological consequences of disturbed S100A1 protein expression on altered Ca2+handling and intertwined systems in failing myocardium will be highlighted. Subsequently, therapeutic options by means of genetic manipulation of cardiac S100A1 expression will be discussed, aiming to complete our current understanding of the role of S100A1 in diseased myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Most
- Center for Translational Medicine, Laboratory for Cardiac Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Tarabykina S, Griffiths TRL, Tulchinsky E, Mellon JK, Bronstein IB, Kriajevska M. Metastasis-associated protein S100A4: spotlight on its role in cell migration. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2007; 7:217-28. [PMID: 17504119 DOI: 10.2174/156800907780618329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
S100A4 (also known as Mts1, metastasin, p9Ka, pEL98, CAPL, calvasculin, Fsp-1, placental calcium-binding protein) belongs to the family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins, whose expression is elevated in a number of pathological conditions. Although it is well documented that S100A4 is expressed in cancer cells and contributes to tumor cell motility and metastatic progression, the exact underlying mechanisms remain elusive. An important characteristic feature of S100 proteins is their dual function, inside and outside the cell. In this review, we focus on the intracellular function of S100A4. The review contains structural analysis of S1004 in comparison with other members of S100 proteins. Possible modes of the interaction of S100 proteins with targets are described. Several examples of best-studied molecular interactions involving S100A4 with heavy chain of nonmuscle myosin IIA, LAR-interacting protein liprin beta1 and tumor suppressor protein p53 are provided. We suggest that the binding of S100A4 to these molecules is critical for the S100A4 function. Further studies of the implications of these interactions in different molecular pathways may shed additional light on the role of S100A4 protein in the control of tumor cell motility and migration. We discuss the approaches for down-regulation of S100A4 expression and their potential for application in the clinics.
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Delys L, Detours V, Franc B, Thomas G, Bogdanova T, Tronko M, Libert F, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Gene expression and the biological phenotype of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene 2007; 26:7894-903. [PMID: 17621275 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to correlate the molecular phenotype of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to their biological pathology. We hybridized 26 PTC on microarrays and showed that nearly 44% of the transcriptome was regulated in these tumors. We then combined our data set with two published PTC microarray studies to produce a platform- and study-independent list of PTC-associated genes. We further confirmed the mRNA regulation of 15 genes from this list by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Analysis of this list with statistical tools led to several conclusions: (1) there is a change in cell population with an increased expression of genes involved in the immune response, reflecting lymphocyte infiltration in the tumor compared to the normal tissue. (2) The c-jun N-terminal kinase pathway is activated by overexpression of its components. (3) The activation of ERKK1/2 by genetic alterations is supplemented by activation of the epidermal growth factor but not of the insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway. (4) There is a downregulation of immediate early genes. (5) We observed an overexpression of many proteases in accordance with tumor remodeling, and suggested a probable role of S100 proteins and annexin A2 in this process. (6) Numerous overexpressed genes favor the hypothesis of a collective migration mode of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Delys
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
In recent years there has been a proliferation of interest in the brain-specific protein S100B, its many physiologic roles, and its behaviour in various neuropathologic conditions. Since the mid-1960s, its wide variety of intracellular and extracellular activities has been elucidated, and it has also been implicated in an increasing number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. S100B is part of a superfamily of proteins, some of which (including S100B) have been implicated as calcium-dependent regulatory proteins that modulate the activity of effector proteins or cells. S100B is primarily an astrocytic protein. Within cells, it may have a role in signal transduction, and it is involved in calcium homeostasis. Information about the functional implication of S100B secretion by astrocytes into the extracellular space is scant but there is substantial evidence that secreted glial S100B exerts trophic or toxic effects depending on its concentration. This review summarises the historic development and current knowledge of S100B, including recent interesting findings relating S100B to a diversity of CNS pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, schizophrenia, and Tourette's syndrome. These broad implications have led some workers to describe S100B as 'the CRP (C-reactive protein) of the brain.' This review also examines S100B's potential role as a neurologic screening tool, or biomarker of CNS injury, analogous to the role of CRP as a marker of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Sen
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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Sakatani S, Seto-Ohshima A, Itohara S, Hirase H. Impact of S100B on local field potential patterns in anesthetized and kainic acid-induced seizure conditions in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1144-54. [PMID: 17331210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein predominantly expressed in astrocytes. Previous studies using gene-manipulated animals have suggested that the protein has a role in synaptic plasticity and learning. In order to assess the physiological roles of the protein in active neural circuitry, we recorded spontaneous neural activities from various layers of the neocortex and hippocampus in urethane-anesthetized S100B knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) control mice. Typical local field oscillation patterns including the slow (0.5-2 Hz) oscillations in the neocortex, theta (3-8 Hz) and sharp wave-associated ripple (120-180 Hz) oscillations in the hippocampus were observed in both genotypes. Comparisons of the frequency, power and peak amplitude have shown that these oscillatory patterns were virtually indistinguishable between WT and KO. When seizure was induced by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid, a difference between WT and KO appeared in the CA1 radiatum local field potential pattern, where seizure events were characterized by prominent appearance of hyper-synchronous gamma band (30-80 Hz) activity. Although both genotypes developed seizures within 40 min, the gamma amplitude was significantly smaller during the development of seizures in KO mice. Our results suggest that deficiency of S100B does not have a profound impact on spontaneous neural activity in normal conditions. However, when neural activity was sufficiently raised, activation of S100B-related pathways may take effect, resulting in modulation of neural activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Sakatani
- Hirase Research Unit, Neuronal Circuit Mechanisms Research Group, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, 351-0198, Japan
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Pleger ST, Most P, Boucher M, Soltys S, Chuprun JK, Pleger W, Gao E, Dasgupta A, Rengo G, Remppis A, Katus HA, Eckhart AD, Rabinowitz JE, Koch WJ. Stable myocardial-specific AAV6-S100A1 gene therapy results in chronic functional heart failure rescue. Circulation 2007; 115:2506-15. [PMID: 17470693 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.671701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of heart failure is ever-growing, and it is urgent to develop improved treatments. An attractive approach is gene therapy; however, the clinical barrier has yet to be broken because of several issues, including the lack of an ideal vector supporting safe and long-term myocardial transgene expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that the use of a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV6) vector containing a novel cardiac-selective enhancer/promoter element can direct stable cardiac expression of a therapeutic transgene, the calcium (Ca2+)-sensing S100A1, in a rat model of heart failure. The chronic heart failure-rescuing properties of myocardial S100A1 expression, the result of improved sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling, included improved contractile function and left ventricular remodeling. Adding to the clinical relevance, long-term S100A1 therapy had unique and additive beneficial effects over beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, a current pharmacological heart failure treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that stable increased expression of S100A1 in the failing heart can be used for long-term reversal of LV dysfunction and remodeling. Thus, long-term, cardiac-targeted rAAV6-S100A1 gene therapy may be of potential clinical utility in human heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven T Pleger
- Center for Translational Medicine and George Zallie and Family Laboratory of Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St, Room 317, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Clark K, Langeslag M, Figdor CG, van Leeuwen FN. Myosin II and mechanotransduction: a balancing act. Trends Cell Biol 2007; 17:178-86. [PMID: 17320396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adherent cells respond to mechanical properties of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Mechanical forces, sensed at specialized cell-matrix adhesion sites, promote actomyosin-based contraction within the cell. By manipulating matrix rigidity and adhesion strength, new roles for actomyosin contractility in the regulation of basic cellular functions, including cell proliferation, migration and stem cell differentiation, have recently been discovered. These investigations demonstrate that a balance of forces between cell adhesion on the outside and myosin II-based contractility on the inside of the cell controls many aspects of cell behavior. Disturbing this balance contributes to the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Therefore, elaborate signaling networks have evolved that modulate myosin II activity to maintain tensional homeostasis. These include signaling pathways that regulate myosin light chain phosphorylation as well as myosin II heavy chain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Clark
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Olopatadine hydrochloride (olopatadine) is an antiallergic drug with histamine H(1) receptor antagonistic activity. Recently, olopatadine has been shown to bind to S100A12 which is a member of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, and exerts multiple proinflammatory activities including chemotaxis for monocytes and neutrophils. In this study, we examined the possibility that the interaction of olopatadine with S100A12 inhibits the proinflammatory effects of S100A12. Pretreatment of olopatadine with S100A12 reduced migration of THP-1, a monocyte cell line, induced by S100A12 alone, but did not affect recombinant human regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)-induced migration. Amlexanox, which also binds to S100A12, inhibited the THP-1 migration induced by S100A12. However, ketotifen, another histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, had little effect on the activity of S100A12. These results suggest that olopatadine has a new mechanism of action, that is, suppression of the function of S100A12, in addition to histamine H(1) receptor antagonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kishimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co,
Ltd, 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka
411-8731, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co,
Ltd, 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka
411-8731, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohmori
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co,
Ltd, 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka
411-8731, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Tamura
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co,
Ltd, 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka
411-8731, Japan
- *Tadafumi Tamura:
| | - Kazuhide Hasegawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co,
Ltd, 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka
411-8731, Japan
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Greenlee KJ, Corry DB, Engler DA, Matsunami RK, Tessier P, Cook RG, Werb Z, Kheradmand F. Proteomic identification of in vivo substrates for matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 reveals a mechanism for resolution of inflammation. J Immunol 2007; 177:7312-21. [PMID: 17082650 PMCID: PMC2580826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of allergic inflammatory cells from the lung through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is necessary to prevent lethal asphyxiation, but mechanistic insight into this essential homeostatic process is lacking. In this study, we have used a proteomics approach to determine how MMPs promote egression of lung inflammatory cells through the airway. MMP2- and MMP9-dependent cleavage of individual Th2 chemokines modulated their chemotactic activity; however, the net effect of complementing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of allergen-challenged MMP2(-/-)/MMP9(-/-) mice with active MMP2 and MMP9 was to markedly enhance its overall chemotactic activity. In the bronchoalveolar fluid of MMP2(-/-)/MMP9(-/-) allergic mice, we identified several chemotactic molecules that possessed putative MMP2 and MMP9 cleavage sites and were present as higher molecular mass species. In vitro cleavage assays and mass spectroscopy confirmed that three of the identified proteins, Ym1, S100A8, and S100A9, were substrates of MMP2, MMP9, or both. Function-blocking Abs to S100 proteins significantly altered allergic inflammatory cell migration into the alveolar space. Thus, an important effect of MMPs is to differentially modify chemotactic bioactivity through proteolytic processing of proteins present in the airway. These findings provide a molecular mechanism to explain the enhanced clearance of lung inflammatory cells through the airway and reveal a novel approach to target new therapies for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B. Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David A. Engler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Philippe Tessier
- Infectious Diseases Research Center and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard G. Cook
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Farrah Kheradmand, Baylor University College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 520B, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail address:
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Rivard CJ, Brown LM, Almeida NE, Maunsbach AB, Pihakaski-Maunsbach K, Andres-Hernando A, Capasso JM, Berl T. Expression of the calcium-binding protein S100A4 is markedly up-regulated by osmotic stress and is involved in the renal osmoadaptive response. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:6644-52. [PMID: 17200116 PMCID: PMC2547994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609432200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of Inner Medullary Collecting Duct (IMCD3) cells adapted to increasing levels of tonicity (300, 600, and 900 mosmol/kg H(2)O) by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry revealed several proteins as yet unknown to be up-regulated in response to hypertonic stress. Of these proteins, one of the most robustly up-regulated (22-fold) was S100A4. The identity of the protein was verified by high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis confirmed increased expression with increased tonicity, both acute and chronic. S100A4 protein expression was further confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis. Cells grown in isotonic conditions showed complete absence of immunostaining, whereas chronically adapted IMCD3 cells had uniform cytoplasmic localization. The protein is also regulated in vivo as in mouse kidney tissues S100A4 expression was many -fold greater in the papilla as compared with the cortex and increased further in the papilla upon 36 h of thirsting. Increased expression of S100A4 was also observed in the medulla and papilla, but not the cortex of a human kidney. Data from Affymetrix gene chip analysis and quantitative PCR also revealed increased S100A4 message in IMCD3 cells adapted to hypertonicity. The initial expression of message increased at 8-10 h following exposure to acute sublethal hypertonic stress (550 mosmol/kg H(2)O). Protein and message half-life in IMCD3 cells were 85.5 and 6.8 h, respectively. Increasing medium tonicity with NaCl, sucrose, mannitol, and choline chloride stimulated S100A4 expression, whereas urea did not. Silencing of S100A4 expression using a stable siRNA vector (pSM2; Open Biosystems) resulted in a 48-h delay in adaptation of IMCD3 cells under sublethal osmotic stress, suggesting S100A4 is involved in the osmoadaptive response. In summary, we describe the heretofore unrecognized up-regulation of a small calcium-binding protein, both in vitro and in vivo, whose absence profoundly delays osmoadaptation and slows cellular growth under hypertonic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rivard
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Abstract
The S100 proteins are exclusively expressed in vertebrates and are the largest subgroup within the superfamily of EF-hand Ca2(+)-binding proteins Generally, S100 proteins are organized as tight homodimers (some as heterodimers). Each subunit is composed of a C-terminal, 'canonical' EF-hand, common to all EF-hand proteins, and a N-terminal, 'pseudo' EF-hand, characteristic of S100 proteins. Upon Ca2(+)-binding, the C-terminal EF-hand undergoes a large conformational change resulting in the exposure of a hydrophobic surface responsible for target binding A unique feature of this protein family is that some members are secreted from cells upon stimulation, exerting cytokine- and chemokine-like extracellular activities via the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts, RAGE. Recently, larger assemblies of some S100 proteins (hexamers, tetramers, octamers) have been also observed and are suggested to be the active extracellular species required for receptor binding and activation through receptor multimerization Most S100 genes are located in a gene cluster on human chromosome 1q21, a region frequently rearranged in human cancer The functional diversification of S100 proteins is achieved by their specific cell- and tissue-expression patterns, structural variations, different metal ion binding properties (Ca2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+) as well as their ability to form homo-, hetero- and oligomeric assemblies Here, we review the most recent developments focussing on the biological functions of the S100 proteins and we discuss the presently available S100-specific mouse models and their possible use as human disease models In addition, the S100-RAGE interaction and the activation of various cellular pathways will be discussed. Finally, the close association of S100 proteins with cardiomyopathy, cancer, inflammation and brain diseases is summarized as well as their use in diagnosis and their potential as drug targets to improve therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Heizmann
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Klingelhöfer J, Senolt L, Baslund B, Nielsen GH, Skibshøj I, Pavelka K, Neidhart M, Gay S, Ambartsumian N, Hansen BS, Petersen J, Lukanidin E, Grigorian M. Up-regulation of metastasis-promoting S100A4 (Mts-1) in rheumatoid arthritis: Putative involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:779-89. [PMID: 17328050 DOI: 10.1002/art.22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the involvement of the metastasis-inducing protein S100A4 (Mts-1) in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Synovial tissue, synovial fluid, and plasma were obtained from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients who were undergoing joint surgery. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the locations and concentrations of S100A4. The conformational structure of S100A4 in plasma and synovial fluid was determined after fractionation by size-exclusion chromatography, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot analysis. Expression of various S100 proteins in RA synovium was determined by immunofluorescence and double-staining using specific anti-S100 antibodies. RESULTS We found an up-regulation of S100A4 in cells infiltrating RA synovial tissue. Most cell types identified by cell-specific markers (fibroblasts, immune cells, and vascular cells) contributed to the production of S100A4 in RA synovial tissue. The pattern of S100A4 expression differed significantly from that of the proinflammatory proteins S100A9 and S100A12, which were restricted to phagocytes and granulocytes. The up-regulation of S100A4 in RA synovial tissue was consistent with the high concentrations of the protein in RA versus OA plasma (mean 1,100 versus 211 ng/ml) and synovial fluid (mean 1,980 versus 247 ng/ml). Moreover, we found that S100A4 in RA plasma and synovial fluid was present in bioactive multimeric (M-S100A4) conformations, whereas in OA, the majority of extracellular S100A4 was detected as the less active dimeric form. Consistent with our observations in tumor models, extracellular S100A4 stabilized the p53 tumor suppressor in RA synovial fibroblast-like cells and affected the regulation of p53 target genes, including Bcl-2, p21(WAF), and Hdm-2, as well as matrix metalloproteinases. CONCLUSION Overexpression of S100A4 in RA synovial tissue and its release as M-S100A4 can influence p53 function and modulate the expression of several genes that are potentially implicated in the disease process. Thus, S100A4 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and might represent a new target for the treatment of RA.
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Gautschi OP, Toffoli AM, Joesbury KA, Skirving AP, Filgueira L, Zellweger R. Osteoinductive Effect of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Brain-Injured Patients. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:154-62. [PMID: 17263679 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are predisposed to heterotopic ossification, which is believed to be due to osteoinductive factors released at the site of the brain injury. To date, little is known about the presence of such factors in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study investigated whether CSF of TBI patients is osteoinductive. In addition, known osteoinductive factors--such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7, and S100B--were measured in CSF. Eighty-four consecutive patients were classified according to brain pathology: TBI (n = 11), non-traumatic brain pathology (NTBP) (n = 26), and no brain pathology (control group) (n = 47). The osteoinductive effect of CSF was measured repeatedly in proliferation assays using a fetal human osteoblast cell line. The mean proliferation rate (normalized to the internal negative control) of the TBI, NTBP, and control groups was 138.2% (SD 13.1), 110.0% (SD 22.1), and 118.8% (SD 16.9), respectively. The potentially confounding effect of age was investigated further by restricting the selection of patients for analysis to that of the oldest patient in the TBI group and use of multiple regression analysis. After implementation of both, it was shown that age is highly unlikely to account for the higher rates of proliferation observed among the TBI patients in this study. Of note, the TBI group had a significantly higher mean proliferation rate than the NTBP (p = 0.001) and the control group (p = 0.006). S100B and BMP-2, -4, or -7 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was no correlation between proliferation rates and S100B (r = 0.023). Only three of 36 CSF samples had measurable levels of BMP-2 and -7, and none had detectable concentrations of BMP-4. Consequently, it is unlikely that S100B or BMP-2, -4, or -7 are the putative osteoinductive factors. The results indicate that CSF from TBI patients has an osteoinductive effect in vitro. However, the osteoinductive factor has still to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Gautschi
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street, Perth, 6000 WA, Australia.
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Senolt L, Grigorian M, Lukanidin E, Simmen B, Michel BA, Pavelka K, Gay RE, Gay S, Neidhart M. S100A4 is expressed at site of invasion in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and modulates production of matrix metalloproteinases. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1645-8. [PMID: 17105852 PMCID: PMC1798462 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.047704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The metastasis-associated protein S100A4 promotes the progression of cancer by regulating the remodelling of the extracellular matrix. The expression of S100A4 in vivo is shown and the functional role of S100A4 in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritisis is explored. The expression of S100A4 in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and normal synovial tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA was measured in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts treated and untreated with S100A4 oligomer by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Levels of released MMPs were confirmed by ELISA in cell culture supernatants. S100A4 protein was expressed in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovial tissues, in contrast with normal synovium. S100A4 up regulated MMP-3 mRNA in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid, with a peak after 6 h. This resulted in release of MMP-3 protein. MMP-1, MMP-9 and MMP-13 mRNA were also up regulated in synovial fluid, but with different kinetics. MMP-14 mRNA showed no change. Thus, S100A4 protein is expressed in synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in contrast with healthy people. It induces the expression and release of MMP-3 and other MMPs from synovial fluid. The data suggest that S100A4-producing cells could be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, including pannus formation and joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Senolt
- Center for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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