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Grover S, Varadharajan N, Venu S. Urbanization and psychosis: an update of recent evidence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:191-201. [PMID: 38441163 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urbanization, a complex global phenomenon, has a significant bearing on schizophrenia/psychosis burden through various socioeconomic and environmental factors. This review focuses on recent evidence (2019-2023) linking urbanization, schizophrenia, and the role of green space. RECENT FINDINGS This review analyzed 43 articles that examined the correlation between urban birth or upbringing, urban living (urbanicity), and various schizophrenia/psychosis-related outcomes such as incidence, psychotic experiences, etc. The studies showed differing results across geographical locations. Socioeconomic factors like area deprivation, migrant status (ethnic density) and social fragmentation were independently associated with the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis irrespective of urbanicity. More recently, environmental factors such as green space reduction and air pollution have been explored in urban living conditions and were positively associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia/psychosis. SUMMARY There is a need for further investigation in low and middle-income countries. The impact of urbanization-related factors and green space on the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis calls for appropriate governmental commitments toward structured and healthy urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab
| | - Natarajan Varadharajan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER)
| | - Sandesh Venu
- Department of Psychiatry, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Kalapet, Puducherry, India
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Szoke A, Pignon B, Godin O, Ferchiou A, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Schürhoff F. Multimorbidity and the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:253-263. [PMID: 38625632 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A global study of multimorbidity in schizophrenia, especially of the association with physical conditions, might offer much needed etiological insights. RECENT FINDINGS Our review suggests that life-style factors and medication related to schizophrenia are only part of the explanation of the increase in risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, pulmonary disorders, and some cancers. Positive associations with autoimmune disorders (with the exception of rheumatoid arthritis) and epilepsy are promising avenues of research but to date have not been fully exploited. The same holds for the negative comorbidity seen for rheumatoid arthritis and some cancers (e.g., prostate). As a whole, our review suggests that most of the explored conditions have a different prevalence in schizophrenia than in the general population. Several hypotheses emerged from this review such as the role of immune and genetic factors, of sex hormones, and of more general variability factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szoke
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - B Pignon
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France.
- DMU IMPACT Psychiatrie Et Addictologie, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Pavillon Hartmann, 40, Rue de Mesly, 94000, Créteil, France.
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France.
| | - O Godin
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - A Ferchiou
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - R Tamouza
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - M Leboyer
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - F Schürhoff
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
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Soltani M, Mirzaei Y, Mer AH, Mohammad-Rezaei M, Shafaghat Z, Fattahi S, Azadegan-Dehkordi F, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Bagheri N. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune System in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 23:1-28. [PMID: 38485904 DOI: 10.18502/ijaai.v23i1.14951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most severely debilitating mental disorders that affects 1.1% of the world's population. The exact cause of the disease is not known, but genetics, environmental factors (such as infectious agents, season and region of birth, exposure to viruses, low birth weight, advanced paternal age, and tobacco), and immune system dysfunction can all contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Recently, the role of the immune system in schizophrenia has received much attention. Both acquired and innate immune systems are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and facilitate the disease's progression. Almost all cells of the immune system including microglia, B cells, and T cells play an important role in the blood-brain barrier damage, inflammation, and in the progression of this disease. In schizophrenia, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is reduced and then the immune cells are recruited into the endothelium following an increase in the expression of cell adhesion molecules. The entry of immune cells and cytokines leads to inflammation and antibody production in the brain. Accordingly, the results of this study strengthen the hypothesis that the innate and acquired immune systems are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Soltani
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Yousef Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Ali Hussein Mer
- Department of Nursing, Mergasour Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq.
| | - Mina Mohammad-Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shafaghat
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soheila Fattahi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Azadegan-Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | | | - Nader Bagheri
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Devanand DP, Jeste DV, Stroup TS, Goldberg TE. Overview of late-onset psychoses. Int Psychogeriatr 2024; 36:28-42. [PMID: 36866576 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610223000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several etiologies can underlie the development of late-onset psychosis, defined by first psychotic episode after age 40 years. Late-onset psychosis is distressing to patients and caregivers, often difficult to diagnose and treat effectively, and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. METHODS The literature was reviewed with searches in Pubmed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane library. Search terms included "psychosis," "delusions," hallucinations," "late onset," "secondary psychoses," "schizophrenia," bipolar disorder," "psychotic depression," "delirium," "dementia," "Alzheimer's," "Lewy body," "Parkinson's, "vascular dementia," and "frontotemporal dementia." This overview covers the epidemiology, clinical features, neurobiology, and therapeutics of late-onset psychoses. RESULTS Late-onset schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and psychotic depression have unique clinical characteristics. The presentation of late-onset psychosis requires investigation for underlying etiologies of "secondary" psychosis, which include neurodegenerative, metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, nutritional, endocrine, and medication toxicity. In delirium, psychosis is common but controlled evidence is lacking to support psychotropic medication use. Delusions and hallucinations are common in Alzheimer's disease, and hallucinations are common in Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Psychosis in dementia is associated with increased agitation and a poor prognosis. Although commonly used, no medications are currently approved for treating psychosis in dementia patients in the USA and nonpharmacological interventions need consideration. CONCLUSION The plethora of possible causes of late-onset psychosis requires accurate diagnosis, estimation of prognosis, and cautious clinical management because older adults have greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of psychotropic medications, particularly antipsychotics. Research is warranted on developing and testing efficacious and safe treatments for late-onset psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Devanand
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosciences University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - T Scott Stroup
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Terry E Goldberg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
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Jimenez AM, Green MF. Understanding the Causal Pathway of Social Determinants of Psychosis: The Role of Social Functioning, Relevance of Animal Models, and Implications for Treatment. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1422-1424. [PMID: 37672342 PMCID: PMC10686331 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the social determinants of psychosis operate via a long and circuitous route. Here, we comment on the striking findings from a recent study by Ku et al., that area-level social environmental factors yield social disability and increased risk for schizophrenia through intervening variables and over a long time course. We discuss the relevance of animal models of social isolation to understand how environmental factors interrelate with individual-level mechanisms. We also discuss treatment implications, including the search for novel psychopharmacological treatments for reduced social motivation, and the need for a comprehensive prediction and prevention model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Jimenez
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Affiliation(s)
- Els van der Ven
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (van der Ven); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Susser)
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (van der Ven); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Susser)
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Messina A, Crescimanno C, Cuccì G, Caraci F, Signorelli MS. Cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of the schizophrenia. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2023; 65:707-712. [PMID: 38351751 DOI: 10.3897/folmed.65.e101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The causes of schizophrenia remain obscure and complex to identify. Alterations in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission are, to date, the primary pharmacological targets in treatment. Underlying abnormalities in neural networks have been identified as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) involved in synaptic remodeling and interplay between neurons-neurons and neurons-glial cells. Among the CAMs, several families have been identified, such as integrins, selectins, cadherins, immunoglobulins, nectins, and the neuroligin-neurexin complex. In this paper, cell adhesion molecules involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia will be described.
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Mahdavinoor SMM, Mollaei A, Farhang S. Global environmental risk factors of schizophrenia: a study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068626. [PMID: 37558446 PMCID: PMC10414075 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a chronic, complex and severe psychiatric disorder affecting millions of people every year and inflicting different costs to the individual, family and community. A growing body of evidence has introduced several genetic and environmental factors and their interactions as aetiological factors of schizophrenia. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to present an updated representation of the global environmental risk factors of schizophrenia. METHOD AND ANALYSIS This protocol is developed and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guideline. We will systematically search the databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Embase until 30 September 2022. We include Cohort studies that have reported one or more risk factors of schizophrenia. We will also search Google Scholar search engine and references lists of included articles. Extracting the relevant data and assessing the quality of the included studies will be independently performed by different authors of our team. The risk of bias for the included studies will be evaluated using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Subgroup analysis, meta-regression or sensitivity analysis will be our solution to deal with heterogeneity between studies. We will use a funnel diagram as well as Begg and Egger tests to check for possible publication bias. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required because there will be no primary data collection or human involvement. The results of this study will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022359327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Muhammad Mahdi Mahdavinoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Aghil Mollaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Sara Farhang
- University of Groningen, University medical center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel research center, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Harris E. Schizophrenia Linked With Genetic Changes That Are Not Inherited. JAMA 2023; 330:496. [PMID: 37467008 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
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10
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Di Prinzio P, Björk J, Valuri G, Ambrosi T, Croft M, Morgan VA. Development and initial validation of a multivariable predictive Early Adversity Scale for Schizophrenia (EAS-Sz) using register data to quantify environmental risk for adult schizophrenia diagnosis after childhood exposure to adversity. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4990-5000. [PMID: 35817425 PMCID: PMC10476059 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Additional to a child's genetic inheritance, environmental exposures are associated with schizophrenia. Many are broadly described as childhood adversity; modelling the combined impact of these is complex. We aimed to develop and validate a scale on childhood adversity, independent of genetic and other environmental liabilities, for use in schizophrenia risk analysis models, using data from cross-linked electronic health and social services registers. METHOD A cohort of N = 428 970 Western Australian children born 1980-2001 was partitioned into three samples: scale development sample (N = 171 588), and two scale validation samples (each N = 128 691). Measures of adversity were defined before a child's 10th birthday from five domains: discontinuity in parenting, family functioning, family structure, area-level socioeconomic/demographic environment and family-level sociodemographic status. Using Cox proportional hazards modelling of follow-up time from 10th birthday to schizophrenia diagnosis or censorship, weighted combinations of measures were firstly developed into scales for each domain, then combined into a final global scale. Discrimination and calibration performance were validated using Harrell's C and graphical assessment respectively. RESULTS A weighted combination of 42 measures of childhood adversity was derived from the development sample. Independent application to identical measures in validation samples produced Harrell's Concordance statistics of 0.656 and 0.624. Average predicted time to diagnosis curves corresponded with 95% CI limits of observed Kaplan-Meier curves in five prognostic categories. CONCLUSIONS Our Early Adversity Scale for Schizophrenia (EAS-Sz), the first using routinely collected register data, predicts schizophrenia diagnosis above chance, and has potential to help untangle contributions of genetic and environmental liability to schizophrenia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Di Prinzio
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonas Björk
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulietta Valuri
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Taryn Ambrosi
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Maxine Croft
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Vera A. Morgan
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Baldaçara L, Ramos A, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Managing drug-induced psychosis. Int Rev Psychiatry 2023; 35:496-502. [PMID: 38299647 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2261544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Substance-induced psychosis is a secondary psychotic disorder resulting from drug abuse, characterized by one or more psychotic episodes. Drug-induced psychosis is expected to resolve after a 30-day period of sobriety, however, individuals with this condition are more likely to develop severe drug addiction. Compared to primary psychosis, participants with drug-induced psychosis exhibit poorer family history of psychotic diseases, higher insight, fewer positive and negative symptoms, more depressive symptoms, and greater anxiety. Substance-induced psychosis is strongly associated with the emergence of bipolar illness or schizophrenia spectrum disorder, with an increased chance of developing schizophrenia at a younger age. Episodes of self-harm after substance-induced psychosis are strongly linked to an elevated likelihood of developing schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Effective treatment involves ruling out emergencies, investigating underlying causes, and addressing acute intoxication and withdrawal. Management includes dynamic assessment, intervention, and vigilant monitoring in cases of suicidal behaviour. Antipsychotics may be used for short term, with gradual discontinuation when a person is in a stable condition. Relapse prevention strategies, both medication and non-medication-based, are crucial in long-term management. Conversion rates to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder can be as high as one in three individuals, with cannabis users and those with early-onset substance abuse at the highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Baldaçara
- Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas, Brazil
- Directory Board, Brazilian Psychiatric Association, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Artur Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo André, Brazil
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12
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Mouro Ferraz Lima T, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Apter G, Leopoldo K. Neurobiological associations between smoking and internalizing disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry 2023; 35:486-495. [PMID: 38299645 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2252907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
People with severe mental disorders have a higher mortality rate due to preventable conditions like cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Nicotine addiction is a preventable risk factor, with tobacco use being twice as high in people with mental disorders. An integrative model that divides mental disorders into externalising, internalising, and thought disorders could be useful for identifying common causalities and risk factors. This review aims to examine the interface between smoking and internalising disorders, specifically schizophrenia, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders. The review finds that there is a clear association between smoking behaviour and these disorders. Schizophrenia is associated with polymorphisms that result in an imbalance between glutamate and GABA release and abnormalities of dopaminergic pathways. Nicotine improves dopaminergic signalling and balances glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways, improving symptoms and increasing the risk of nicotine dependence. In depressive disorders, smoking is associated with functional changes in brain regions affected by smoking and self-medication. In anxiety disorders, there is a bidirectional relationship with smoking, involving the amygdala and changes in dopaminergic pathways and cortisol production. Smoking poses a threat to people living with psychiatric disorders and calls for further research to assess the interactions between nicotine dependence and internalising and thought disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center
- Cellule de Recherche Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, Le Havre, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisèle Apter
- Societé de l'Information Psychiatrique, France
- University of Rouen Normandy, France
| | - Kae Leopoldo
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Jeste DV, Malaspina D, Bagot K, Barch DM, Cole S, Dickerson F, Dilmore A, Ford CL, Karcher NR, Luby J, Rajji T, Pinto-Tomas AA, Young LJ. Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychotic Disorders: III. Biology. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:867-880. [PMID: 37023360 PMCID: PMC10318888 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are nonmedical factors that significantly impact health and longevity. We found no published reviews on the biology of SDoHs in schizophrenia-spectrum psychotic disorders (SSPD). STUDY DESIGN We present an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and neurobiological processes plausibly involved in the effects of major SDoHs on clinical outcomes in SSPD. STUDY RESULTS This review of the biology of SDoHs focuses on early-life adversities, poverty, social disconnection, discrimination including racism, migration, disadvantaged neighborhoods, and food insecurity. These factors interact with psychological and biological factors to increase the risk and worsen the course and prognosis of schizophrenia. Published studies on the topic are limited by cross-sectional design, variable clinical and biomarker assessments, heterogeneous methods, and a lack of control for confounding variables. Drawing on preclinical and clinical studies, we propose a biological framework to consider the likely pathogenesis. Putative systemic pathophysiological processes include epigenetics, allostatic load, accelerated aging with inflammation (inflammaging), and the microbiome. These processes affect neural structures, brain function, neurochemistry, and neuroplasticity, impacting the development of psychosis, quality of life, cognitive impairment, physical comorbidities, and premature mortality. Our model provides a framework for research that could lead to developing specific strategies for prevention and treatment of the risk factors and biological processes, thereby improving the quality of life and increasing the longevity of people with SSPD. CONCLUSIONS Biology of SDoHs in SSPD is an exciting area of research that points to innovative multidisciplinary team science for improving the course and prognosis of these serious psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (Retired), CA, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kara Bagot
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steve Cole
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Faith Dickerson
- Department of Psychology, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Dilmore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Ford
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole R Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry (Child), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tarek Rajji
- Adult Neurodevelopment and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrián A Pinto-Tomas
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Larry J Young
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Aibar-Durán JÁ, Corripio Collado I, Roldán Bejarano A, Sánchez Nevado R, Aracil Bolanos I, García-Cornet J, Alonso-Solís A, Grasa Bello EM, de Quintana Schmidt C, Muñoz Hernández F, Molet Teixidó J, Rodríguez RR. Long-term outcomes of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Exploring potential targets. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:296-304. [PMID: 37245316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex and disabling disorder. Around 30% of patients have treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). OBJECTIVE This study summarizes the outcomes after three years follow-up of the first series of patients with TRS treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) and discuss surgical, clinical and imaging analysis. METHODS Eight patients with TRS treated with DBS in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) or the subgenual cingulate gyrus (SCG) were included. Symptoms were rated with the PANSS scale and normalized using the illness density index (IDI). A reduction in IDI-PANSS of ≥25% compared to baseline was the criterion of good response. The volume of activated tissue was calculated to perform a connectomic analysis for each patient. An estimation of the tracts and cortical areas modulated was generated. RESULTS Five women and three men were analyzed. After 3 years' follow-up, positive symptoms improved in 50% of the SCG group and 75% of the NAcc group (p = 0.06), and general symptoms improved in 25% and 50% respectively (p = 0.06). The SCG group showed activation of the cingulate bundle and modulation of orbitofrontal and frontomesial regions; in contrast, the NAcc group showed activation of the ventral tegmental area projections pathway and modulation of regions associated with the "default mode network" (precuneus) and Brodmann areas 19 and 20. CONCLUSIONS These results showed a trend toward improvement for positive and general symptoms in patients with TRS treated with DBS. The connectomic analysis will help us understand the interaction of this treatment with the disease to pursue future trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ángel Aibar-Durán
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iluminada Corripio Collado
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Roldán Bejarano
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Sánchez Nevado
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aracil Bolanos
- Deparment of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia García-Cornet
- Ingeniering imaging and Signaling, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Alonso-Solís
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Ma Grasa Bello
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian de Quintana Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Muñoz Hernández
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Molet Teixidó
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Rodríguez Rodríguez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have shared genetic risk and clinical symptoms, yet the extent to which environmental risk factors are shared is not well known. We aimed to examine the associations of early-life environmental exposures with the risk of SCZ and BD. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a Swedish register-based nested case-control study using 4184 SCZ and 18 681 BD cases diagnosed 1988-2013, individually matched to 5 population-based controls by birth year, sex and birthplace. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk of SCZ and BD by seasonality, severe prenatal infections, and perinatal factors. STUDY RESULTS Seasonality had similar patterns of risk for both disorders: Higher risk for births November-December; lower risk April-June. Experiencing any perinatal factor was associated with a significantly higher risk of SCZ (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.19, 95%CI 1.11-1.63) and to a lesser extent BD (IRR 1.08, 95%CI 1.05-1.12). Prenatal infections were only associated with a greater risk of SCZ (IRR 1.30, 95%CI 1.04-1.63). In the mutually adjusted model, only perinatal factors were associated with outcomes. Several perinatal factors were associated with both disorders, but estimates were significantly higher for SCZ for low birth weight, low APGAR, and high parity. Congenital malformations were only associated with risk of SCZ, and jaundice with BD. CONCLUSIONS Adverse perinatal factors and winter birth were the risk factors for both disorders, while severe prenatal infections were only risk a factor for SCZ. Early-life exposures were associated with a higher risk of both disorders, but may play a larger role in the development of SCZ than BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natassia Robinson
- Department of Medical Epidemiologiy and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Ploner
- Department of Medical Epidemiologiy and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marica Leone
- Department of Medical Epidemiologiy and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Solna, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiologiy and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiologiy and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & HYPOTHESIS Psychotic disorders are inequitably distributed by race in the United States, although it is not known whether this is due to assessment biases or inequitable distributions of risk factors. Psychotic experiences are subclinical hallucinations and delusions used to study the etiology of psychosis, which are based on self-report and therefore not subject to potential clinician biases. In this study, we test whether the prevalence of psychotic experiences (PE) varies by race and if this variance is explained by socioenvironmental risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Data on demographics, PE, and socioenvironmental risk factors were collected through the National Survey of Poly-victimization and Mental Health, a national probability sample of US young adults. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether PE prevalence varied by race/ethnicity and, if so, whether this was attenuated with inclusion of indicators of income, education, urban/rural living, discrimination, and trauma exposure. STUDY RESULTS Black and Hispanic respondents reported PE at significantly greater rates than White or "other" ethnoracial groups, with hallucinations more commonly reported by Hispanic respondents. PE were significantly associated with police violence exposure, discrimination, adverse childhood experiences, and educational attainment. These factors statistically explained ethnoracial differences in the likelihood of overall PE occurrence and of nearly all PE subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Previously observed racial differences in psychosis extend beyond clinical schizophrenia, and therefore, are unlikely to be explained entirely by clinician biases. Instead, racial disparities in PE appear to be driven by features of structural racism, trauma, and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Deidre Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Atsushi Nishida
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans Oh
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonathan Marsh
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie Bareis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Lemvigh C, Brouwer R, Hilker R, Anhøj S, Baandrup L, Pantelis C, Glenthøj B, Fagerlund B. The relative and interactive impact of multiple risk factors in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a combined register-based and clinical twin study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1266-1276. [PMID: 35822354 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has yielded evidence for genetic and environmental factors influencing the risk of schizophrenia. Numerous environmental factors have been identified; however, the individual effects are small. The additive and interactive effects of multiple risk factors are not well elucidated. Twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia offer a unique opportunity to identify factors that differ between patients and unaffected co-twins, who are perfectly matched for age, sex and genetic background. METHODS Register data were combined with clinical data for 216 twins including monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) proband pairs (one or both twins having a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis) and MZ/DZ healthy control (HC) pairs. Logistic regression models were applied to predict (1) illness vulnerability (being a proband v. HC pair) and (2) illness status (being the patient v. unaffected co-twin). Risk factors included: A polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia, birth complications, birth weight, Apgar scores, paternal age, maternal smoking, season of birth, parental socioeconomic status, urbanicity, childhood trauma, estimated premorbid intelligence and cannabis. RESULTS The PRS [odds ratio (OR) 1.6 (1.1-2.3)], childhood trauma [OR 4.5 (2.3-8.8)], and regular cannabis use [OR 8.3 (2.1-32.7)] independently predicted illness vulnerability as did an interaction between childhood trauma and cannabis use [OR 0.17 (0.03-0.9)]. Only regular cannabis use predicted having a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis between patients and unaffected co-twins [OR 3.3 (1.1-10.4)]. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that several risk factors contribute to increasing schizophrenia spectrum vulnerability. Moreover, cannabis, a potentially completely avoidable environmental risk factor, seems to play a substantial role in schizophrenia pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lemvigh
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R Hilker
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Anhøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - L Baandrup
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - C Pantelis
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Glenthøj
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Fagerlund
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia, which proposes that the chronic experience of outsider status or subordinate position leads to increased striatal dopamine activity and thereby to increased risk, has been criticized. The aims of this paper are to improve the definition of defeat and to integrate the social defeat hypothesis with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Marmot advanced the idea that low status is pathogenic in that it is associated with a lack of social participation and a lack of autonomy. Given the similarity with outsider status and subordinate position, we re-define social defeat as low status. From this new perspective it is also likely that pre-schizophrenic impairments (of neurodevelopmental origin or not) are pathogenic in that they contribute to low status. The effect of low status may be enhanced by repeated exposure to humiliation, but few studies have measured this variable. Since most individuals exposed to low status do not develop schizophrenia, we propose that this risk factor increases the risk of disorder in the presence of a poor homeostatic control of dopamine neurons in midbrain and dorsal striatum. This is consistent with studies of healthy subjects which report a negative association between low socio-economic status and dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the dorsal striatum. In this new version of the social defeat hypothesis we propose that the combination of low status, repeated humiliation and poor homeostatic control of dopamine neurons in midbrain and dorsal striatum leads to increased striatal dopamine activity and thereby to an increased risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Selten
- University of Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Coury SM, Lombroso A, Avila-Quintero VJ, Taylor JH, Flores JM, Szejko N, Bloch MH. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Season of birth and schizophrenia risk. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:244-252. [PMID: 36682315 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Winter birth has been hypothesized to be associated with increased schizophrenia risk for nearly a century. Major hypotheses regarding the potential etiological risk factors for schizophrenia such as vitamin D deficiency and virus exposure in utero are predicated based on the observation that risk of schizophrenia is higher in children born in winter months. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between season and month of birth and risk of schizophrenia. We further investigated this relationship stratified by hemisphere. RESULTS Forty-three studies spanning 30 countries and territories and 440,039 individuals with schizophrenia were included in this meta-analysis. Winter births were associated with a small but statistically significant increased risk of schizophrenia (OR 1.05, 95 % CI 1.03-1.07, p < 0.0001) and summer births were associated with a small but statistically significant decreased risk of schizophrenia (OR 0.96, 95 % CI 0.94-0.98, p = 0.0001). Stratified subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant difference between hemispheres in the risk of schizophrenia for either winter or summer births. CONCLUSIONS Analysis using birth month data demonstrated a clear seasonal trend towards increased risk of schizophrenia being associated with winter birth months and decreased risk of schizophrenia in summer-to-fall months in the Northern but not Southern Hemisphere. These data suggest a small-but-substantial increased risk of schizophrenia in winter birth month. Further research needs to examine potential etiologic causes for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Coury
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Adam Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Jerome H Taylor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - José M Flores
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Natalia Szejko
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Bioethics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael H Bloch
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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20
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Cavichioli AM, Santos-Silva T, Grace AA, Guimarães FS, Gomes FV. Levetiracetam Attenuates Adolescent Stress-induced Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes Associated With Schizophrenia in Adult Rats. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:68-77. [PMID: 35988039 PMCID: PMC9810001 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Stress during adolescence is a major risk factor for schizophrenia. We have found previously in rats that adolescent stress caused, in adulthood, behavioral changes and enhanced ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine system activity, which were associated with dysregulation of the excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance in the ventral hippocampus (vHip). Levetiracetam, an anticonvulsant drug, regulates the release of neurotransmitters, including glutamate, via SV2A inhibition. It also modulates parvalbumin interneuron activity via Kv3.1 channels. Therefore, levetiracetam could ameliorate deficits in the E/I balance. We tested whether levetiracetam attenuate the adolescent stress-induced behavioral changes, vHip hyperactivity, and enhanced VTA dopamine system activity in adult rats. STUDY DESIGN Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a combination of daily footshock (postnatal day [PD] 31-40), and three 1 h-restraint stress sessions (at PD31, 32, and 40). In adulthood (PD62), animals were tested for anxiety responses (elevated plus-maze and light-dark box), social interaction, and cognitive function (novel object recognition test). The activity of vHip pyramidal neurons and VTA dopamine neurons was also recorded. STUDY RESULTS Adolescent stress produced anxiety-like responses and impaired sociability and cognitive function. Levetiracetam (10 mg/kg) reversed these changes. Levetiracetam also reversed the increased VTA dopamine neuron population activity and the enhanced firing rate of vHip pyramidal neurons induced by adolescent stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that levetiracetam attenuates the adverse outcomes associated with schizophrenia caused by stress during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza M Cavichioli
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamyris Santos-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Schalbroeck R. The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: a parsimonious explanation for multiple psychosis risk factors? Psychol Med 2023; 53:286-287. [PMID: 33168111 PMCID: PMC9874977 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720004092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rik Schalbroeck
- Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Healthcare, Leiden, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Tarricone I, D'Andrea G, Jongsma HE, Tosato S, Gayer-Anderson C, Stilo SA, Suprani F, Iyegbe C, van der Ven E, Quattrone D, di Forti M, Velthorst E, Rossi Menezes P, Arango C, Parellada M, Lasalvia A, La Cascia C, Ferraro L, Bobes J, Bernardo M, Sanjuán I, Santos JL, Arrojo M, Del-Ben CM, Tripoli G, Llorca PM, de Haan L, Selten JP, Tortelli A, Szöke A, Muratori R, Rutten BP, van Os J, Jones PB, Kirkbride JB, Berardi D, Murray RM, Morgan C. Migration history and risk of psychosis: results from the multinational EU-GEI study. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2972-2984. [PMID: 33563347 PMCID: PMC9693676 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000495x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis rates are higher among some migrant groups. We hypothesized that psychosis in migrants is associated with cumulative social disadvantage during different phases of migration. METHODS We used data from the EUropean Network of National Schizophrenia Networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) case-control study. We defined a set of three indicators of social disadvantage for each phase: pre-migration, migration and post-migration. We examined whether social disadvantage in the pre- and post-migration phases, migration adversities, and mismatch between achievements and expectations differed between first-generation migrants with first-episode psychosis and healthy first-generation migrants, and tested whether this accounted for differences in odds of psychosis in multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS In total, 249 cases and 219 controls were assessed. Pre-migration (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.06-2.44, p = 0.027) and post-migration social disadvantages (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.02-3.51, p = 0.044), along with expectations/achievements mismatch (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03-1.26, p = 0.014) were all significantly associated with psychosis. Migration adversities (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.672-2.06, p = 0.568) were not significantly related to the outcome. Finally, we found a dose-response effect between the number of adversities across all phases and odds of psychosis (⩾6: OR 14.09, 95% CI 2.06-96.47, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The cumulative effect of social disadvantages before, during and after migration was associated with increased odds of psychosis in migrants, independently of ethnicity or length of stay in the country of arrival. Public health initiatives that address the social disadvantages that many migrants face during the whole migration process and post-migration psychological support may reduce the excess of psychosis in migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team (BoTPT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Local Health Authority, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Andrea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team (BoTPT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hannah E. Jongsma
- PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, England
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simona A. Stilo
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASP Crotone, Crotone, Italy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Federico Suprani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team (BoTPT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Els van der Ven
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marta di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eva Velthorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- University Hospital, Section of Epidemiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina La Cascia
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry Area, School of Medicine, Universidad de Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iulio Sanjuán
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Psiquiatría Hospital ‘Virgen de la Luz’, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Genetic Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Neuroscience and Behavior Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giada Tripoli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
- Department of Biomedicine, neurosciences, and advanced diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrei Szöke
- Univ Paris Est Creteil (UPEC), AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires « H. Mondor », DMU IMPACT, INSERM, IMRB, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Roberto Muratori
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Local Health Authority, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bart P. Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
- CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, England
| | | | - Domenico Berardi
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Puthota J, Alatorre A, Walsh S, Clemente JC, Malaspina D, Spicer J. Prenatal ambient temperature and risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 247:67-83. [PMID: 34620533 PMCID: PMC8977400 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of the published literature to test the hypothesis that maternal exposure to extremes of ambient temperatures during pregnancy is associated with the risk for psychiatric disorders or congenital malformations in offspring, both of which are indicative of perturbations of fetal neurodevelopment. METHOD This study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations outlined in the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting proposal. Electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid PsycINFO, Ovid Global Health, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were searched. Four independent reviewers selected studies with the following criteria: (1) prenatal maternal ambient temperature exposure; (2) outcome of offspring psychiatric disorder or congenital defects; (3) empirical study; (4) full-length article, no conference presentations or abstracts. RESULTS Twenty-two studies met criteria and one was added from a reference list (n = 23). Of these, schizophrenia (n = 5), anorexia nervosa (n = 3) and congenital cardiovascular malformations (n = 6) studies were the most common. Each of these categories showed some evidence of association with an early pregnancy maternal ambient heat exposure effect, with other evidence for a late pregnancy cold effect. CONCLUSION Some evidence supports a role for early pregnancy maternal exposure to extreme ambient heat in the development of psychiatric disorders, but large-scale, prospective cohort data on individual births is essential. Optimal studies will be conducted in seasonally variable climates, accounting for actual maternal residence over the pregnancy and at parturition, local environmental temperature records, and appropriate covariates, similar to studies identified by this systematic review for congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Alatorre
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Samantha Walsh
- Levy Library, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Julie Spicer
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America.
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24
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Havdahl A, Wootton RE, Leppert B, Riglin L, Ask H, Tesli M, Bugge Askeland R, Hannigan LJ, Corfield E, Øyen AS, Andreassen OA, Tilling K, Davey Smith G, Thapar A, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stergiakouli E. Associations Between Pregnancy-Related Predisposing Factors for Offspring Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Parental Genetic Liability to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, and Schizophrenia: The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:799-810. [PMID: 35793100 PMCID: PMC9260642 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Importance Several maternal exposures during pregnancy are considered predisposing factors for offspring neurodevelopmental conditions. However, many of these exposures may be noncausal and biased by maternal genetic liability. Objective To assess whether pregnancy-related predisposing factors for offspring neurodevelopmental conditions are associated with maternal genetic liability for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and schizophrenia and to compare associations for maternal genetic liability with those for paternal genetic liability, which could indicate that paternal exposures are not suitable negative controls for maternal exposures. Design, Setting, and Participants The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is a population-based pregnancy cohort that recruited parents from June 1999 to December 2008. Polygenic scores (PGS) for ADHD, autism, and schizophrenia were derived in mothers and fathers. The associations between maternal PGS and 37 pregnancy-related measures were estimated, and these results were compared with those from paternal PGS predicting paternal measures during the mother's pregnancy. Analysis took place between March 2021 and March 2022. Exposures PGS for ADHD, autism, and schizophrenia, calculated (using discovery effect size estimates and threshold of P < .05) from the largest available genome-wide association studies. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported pregnancy-related measures capturing lifestyle behaviors, metabolism, infectious and autoimmune diseases, other physical health conditions, and medication use. Results Data were available for up to 14 539 mothers (mean [SD] age, 30.00 [4.45] years) and 14 897 fathers (mean [SD] age, 32.46 [5.13] years) of European ancestry. Modest but robust associations were observed between specific pregnancy-related measures and maternal PGS, including ADHD PGS with asthma (odds ratio [OR], 1.15 [95% CI, 1.06-1.25]), smoking (OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.19-1.33]), prepregnancy body mass index (β, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.18-0.31]), pregnancy weight gain (β, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.10-0.30]), taking folate (OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.88-0.96]), and not taking supplements (OR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.04-1.14]). Schizophrenia PGS was associated with coffee consumption (OR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.05-1.12]), smoking (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.06-1.19]), prepregnancy body mass index (β, -0.18 [95% CI, -0.25 to -0.11]), and pregnancy weight gain (β, 0.17 [95% CI, 0.07-0.27]). All 3 PGSs associated with symptoms of depression/anxiety (ADHD: OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.22]; autism: OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.06-1.19]; schizophrenia: OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.07-1.20]). Associations were largely consistent for maternal and paternal PGS, except ADHD PGS and smoking (fathers: OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.09-1.17]). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, genetic liability to neurodevelopmental conditions that is passed from mothers to children was associated with several pregnancy-related factors and may therefore confound associations between these pregnancy-related factors and offspring neurodevelopment that have previously been thought to be causal. It is crucial that future study designs account for genetic confounding to obtain valid causal inferences so that accurate advice can be given to pregnant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn E. Wootton
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Leppert
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Tesli
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragna Bugge Askeland
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie J. Hannigan
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Corfield
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Siri Øyen
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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25
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Whiting D, Geddes JR, Fazel S. Associating Violence With Schizophrenia-Risks and Biases-Reply. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:739-740. [PMID: 35507384 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Whiting
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - John R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, England
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, England
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26
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van Os J, Pries LK, Ten Have M, de Graaf R, van Dorsselaer S, Delespaul P, Bak M, Kenis G, Lin BD, Luykx JJ, Richards AL, Akdede B, Binbay T, Altınyazar V, Yalınçetin B, Gümüş-Akay G, Cihan B, Soygür H, Ulaş H, Cankurtaran EŞ, Kaymak SU, Mihaljevic MM, Petrovic SA, Mirjanic T, Bernardo M, Mezquida G, Amoretti S, Bobes J, Saiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Sanjuan J, Aguilar EJ, Santos JL, Jiménez-López E, Arrojo M, Carracedo A, López G, González-Peñas J, Parellada M, Maric NP, Atbaşoğlu C, Ucok A, Alptekin K, Saka MC, Arango C, O'Donovan M, Rutten BPF, Guloksuz S. Evidence, and replication thereof, that molecular-genetic and environmental risks for psychosis impact through an affective pathway. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1910-1922. [PMID: 33070791 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that environmental and genetic risk factors for schizophrenia spectrum disorders are transdiagnostic and mediated in part through a generic pathway of affective dysregulation. METHODS We analysed to what degree the impact of schizophrenia polygenic risk (PRS-SZ) and childhood adversity (CA) on psychosis outcomes was contingent on co-presence of affective dysregulation, defined as significant depressive symptoms, in (i) NEMESIS-2 (n = 6646), a representative general population sample, interviewed four times over nine years and (ii) EUGEI (n = 4068) a sample of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, the siblings of these patients and controls. RESULTS The impact of PRS-SZ on psychosis showed significant dependence on co-presence of affective dysregulation in NEMESIS-2 [relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI): 1.01, p = 0.037] and in EUGEI (RERI = 3.39, p = 0.048). This was particularly evident for delusional ideation (NEMESIS-2: RERI = 1.74, p = 0.003; EUGEI: RERI = 4.16, p = 0.019) and not for hallucinatory experiences (NEMESIS-2: RERI = 0.65, p = 0.284; EUGEI: -0.37, p = 0.547). A similar and stronger pattern of results was evident for CA (RERI delusions and hallucinations: NEMESIS-2: 3.02, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 6.44, p < 0.001; RERI delusional ideation: NEMESIS-2: 3.79, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 5.43, p = 0.001; RERI hallucinatory experiences: NEMESIS-2: 2.46, p < 0.001; EUGEI: 0.54, p = 0.465). CONCLUSIONS The results, and internal replication, suggest that the effects of known genetic and non-genetic risk factors for psychosis are mediated in part through an affective pathway, from which early states of delusional meaning may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lotta-Katrin Pries
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Ten Have
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron de Graaf
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Dorsselaer
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Delespaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- FACT, Mondriaan Mental Health, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Bak
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- FACT, Mondriaan Mental Health, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bochao D Lin
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Berna Akdede
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Binbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vesile Altınyazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Berna Yalınçetin
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güvem Gümüş-Akay
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burçin Cihan
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haldun Soygür
- Turkish Federation of Schizophrenia Associations, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halis Ulaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey (Discharged by statutory decree No:701 at 8 July 2018 because of signing 'Peace Petition')
| | | | | | - Marina M Mihaljevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Andric Petrovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Mirjanic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Gisela Mezquida
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Silvia Amoretti
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar A Saiz
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Paz García-Portilla
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Aguilar
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Santos
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Estela Jiménez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Genómica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (SERGAS), IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier González-Peñas
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadja P Maric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Cem Atbaşoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alp Ucok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meram Can Saka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Celso Arango
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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27
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Maleninska K, Janikova M, Radostova D, Vojtechova I, Petrasek T, Kirdajova D, Anderova M, Svoboda J, Stuchlik A. Selective deficits in attentional set-shifting in mice induced by maternal immune activation with poly(I:C). Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113678. [PMID: 34838932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation has been identified as a significant risk factor for schizophrenia. Using rodent models, past work has demonstrated various behavioral and brain impairments in offspring after immune-activating events. We applied 5 mg/kg of poly(I:C) on gestation day 9 to pregnant mouse dams, whose offspring were then stressed during puberty. We show impairments in attentional set-shifting in a T-maze, and a decreased number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampus as a result of peripubertal stress specifically in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Maleninska
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Janikova
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Radostova
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Vojtechova
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia, characterised by psychotic symptoms and in many cases social and occupational decline, remains an aetiological and therapeutic challenge. Contrary to popular belief, the disorder is modestly more common in men than in women. Nor is the outcome uniformly poor. A division of symptoms into positive, negative, and disorganisation syndromes is supported by factor analysis. Catatonic symptoms are not specific to schizophrenia and so-called first rank symptoms are no longer considered diagnostically important. Cognitive impairment is now recognised as a further clinical feature of the disorder. Lateral ventricular enlargement and brain volume reductions of around 2% are established findings. Brain functional changes occur in different subregions of the frontal cortex and might ultimately be understandable in terms of disturbed interaction among large-scale brain networks. Neurochemical disturbance, involving dopamine function and glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function, is supported by indirect and direct evidence. The genetic contribution to schizophrenia is now recognised to be largely polygenic. Birth and early life factors also have an important aetiological role. The mainstay of treatment remains dopamine receptor-blocking drugs; a psychological intervention, cognitive behavioural therapy, has relatively small effects on symptoms. The idea that schizophrenia is better regarded as the extreme end of a continuum of psychotic symptoms is currently influential. Other areas of debate include cannabis and childhood adversity as causative factors, whether there is progressive brain change after onset, and the long-term success of early intervention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Mandy Johnstone
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK; National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter J McKenna
- FIDMAG Hermanas Hospitalarias Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain.
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Vassos E, Kou J, Tosato S, Maxwell J, Dennison CA, Legge SE, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Breen G, Lewis CM, Sullivan PF, Hultman C, Ruggeri M, Walshe M, Bramon E, Bergen SE, Murray RM. Lack of Support for the Genes by Early Environment Interaction Hypothesis in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:20-26. [PMID: 33987677 PMCID: PMC8781344 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ursini et al reported recently that the liability of schizophrenia explained by a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from the variants most associated with schizophrenia was increased 5-fold in individuals who experienced complications during pregnancy or birth. Follow-up gene expression analysis showed that the genes mapping to the most associated genetic variants are highly expressed in placental tissues. If confirmed, these findings will have major implications in our understanding of the joint effect of genes and environment in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We examined the interplay between PRS and obstetric complications (OCs) in 5 independent samples (effective N = 2110). OCs were assessed with the full or modified Lewis-Murray scale, or with birth weight < 2.5 kg as a proxy. In a large cohort we tested whether the pathways from placenta-relevant variants in the original report were associated with case-control status. Unlike in the original study, we did not find significant effect of PRS on the presence of OCs in cases, nor a substantial difference in the association of PRS with case-control status in samples stratified by the presence of OCs. Furthermore, none of the PRS by OCs interactions were significant, nor were any of the biological pathways, examined in the Swedish cohort. Our study could not support the hypothesis of a mediating effect of placenta biology in the pathway from genes to schizophrenia. Methodology differences, in particular the different scales measuring OCs, as well as power constraints for interaction analyses in both studies, may explain this discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jiaqi Kou
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jessye Maxwell
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Charlotte A Dennison
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie E Legge
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christina Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Martin S, Foulon A, El Hage W, Dufour-Rainfray D, Denis F. Is There a Link between Oropharyngeal Microbiome and Schizophrenia? A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020846. [PMID: 35055031 PMCID: PMC8775665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to examine the impact of the oropharyngeal microbiome in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to clarify whether there might be a bidirectional link between the oral microbiota and the brain in a context of dysbiosis-related neuroinflammation. We selected nine articles including three systemic reviews with several articles from the same research team. Different themes emerged, which we grouped into 5 distinct parts concerning the oropharyngeal phageome, the oropharyngeal microbiome, the salivary microbiome and periodontal disease potentially associated with schizophrenia, and the impact of drugs on the microbiome and schizophrenia. We pointed out the presence of phageoma in patients suffering from schizophrenia and that periodontal disease reinforces the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, saliva could be an interesting substrate to characterize the different stages of schizophrenia. However, the few studies we have on the subject are limited in scope, and some of them are the work of a single team. At this stage of knowledge, it is difficult to conclude on the existence of a bidirectional link between the brain and the oral microbiome. Future studies on the subject will clarify these questions that for the moment remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Audrey Foulon
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Wissam El Hage
- U1253, iBrain, Inserm, CHU Tours, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (W.E.H.); (D.D.-R.)
| | - Diane Dufour-Rainfray
- U1253, iBrain, Inserm, CHU Tours, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (W.E.H.); (D.D.-R.)
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Denis
- Department of Odontology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, Nantes University, 44000 Nantes, France
- EA 75-05 Education, Ethics, Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-77-15-69-68
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Hatila S, Solanki G. Presentation of Mucopolysaccharidosis As Very Early Onset Schizophrenia Like Illness in Psychiatry Settings. Neurol India 2022; 70:375-376. [PMID: 35263919 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.338699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is very rare before the age of 13, which is known as very early onset schizophrenia. There are few reports which document cases of schizophrenia before 5 years of age. Childhood onset schizophrenia has more chronic course characterized by sever social and cognitive consequences and increased negative and disorganization symptoms. Although diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia according to DSM5 are same as of adult onset but it's very difficult to explore psychopathology such as delusion and hallucination which depend upon cognitive development of the child. Further, the diagnosis of early onset schizophrenia is difficult because of similarity with neurological and metabolic disorder of childhood. This warrants comprehensive evaluation of such cases by multidisciplinary team consisting pediatrician, neurologist and psychiatrist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Hatila
- Department of Psychiatry, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gunjan Solanki
- Department of Psychiatry, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Alabaf S, Kirkpatrick B, Chen S, Cardinal RN, Fernandez-Egea E. Early versus late risk factors for deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed) 2022; 15:38-46. [PMID: 35256071 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM We examined whether timing of known risk factors for schizophrenia may influence the development of schizophrenia with primary negative symptoms. METHOD This cross-sectional single-centre study in England used a clinical cohort of 167 clozapine-treated schizophrenia patients. Deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia models were used as clinical proxies of patients with and without primary negative symptoms respectively. Patients were assessed using the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome. We examined previously replicated risk factors (family history of psychosis, advanced paternal age, male gender, birth weight <3000g, summer birth, cannabis use, exposure to physical or sexual abuse and/or bullying) as well as other traumatic events for deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. RESULTS We found a distinct risk factor pattern for the two groups. Compared to the nondeficit group, patients with deficit schizophrenia reported a significantly lower prevalence of cannabis use (p=0.005) at the time of first-episode psychosis (FEP), physical or sexual abuse (p=0.033) prior to FEP, less exposure to crime-related traumatic events (p=0.012) and significantly associated with summer birth (p=0.017). The groups did not differ in terms of family history of psychosis, advanced paternal age, male gender, or low birth weight. To account for multiple comparisons, a confirmatory analysis was performed using logistic regression which yielded similar results except that summer birth no longer reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the timing of the insult may influence the symptom presentation, with insults later in life (cannabis or traumatic events) being associated with psychotic presentation and less with primary negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Alabaf
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Shanquan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Emilio Fernandez-Egea
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK.
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Kwon J, Suessmilch M, McColl A, Cavanagh J, Morris BJ. Distinct trans-placental effects of maternal immune activation by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists: implications for schizophrenia risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23841. [PMID: 34903784 PMCID: PMC8668921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to infection in utero predisposes towards psychiatric diseases such as autism, depression and schizophrenia in later life. The mechanisms involved are typically studied by administering mimetics of double-stranded (ds) virus or bacterial infection to pregnant rats or mice. The effect of single-stranded (ss) virus mimetics has been largely ignored, despite evidence linking prenatal ss virus exposure with psychiatric disease. Understanding the effects of gestational ss virus exposure has become even more important with recent events. In this study, in pregnant mice, we compare directly the effects, on the maternal blood, placenta and the embryonic brain, of maternal administration of ds-virus mimetic poly I:C (to activate Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3) and ss-virus mimetic resiquimod (to activate TLR7/8). We find that, 4 h after the administration, both poly I:C and resiquimod elevated the levels of IL-6, TNFα, and chemokines including CCL2 and CCL5, in maternal plasma. Both agents also increased placental mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-10, but only resiquimod increased placental TNFα mRNA. In foetal brain, poly I:C produced no detectable immune-response-related increases, whereas pronounced increases in cytokine (e.g. Il-6, Tnfα) and chemokine (e.g. Ccl2, Ccl5) expression were observed with maternal resiquimod administration. The data show substantial differences between the effect of maternal exposure to a TLR7/8 activator as compared to a TLR3 activator. There are significant implications for future modelling of diseases where maternal ss virus exposure contributes to environmental disease risk in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kwon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Ali A, Alexander S, Ko P, Cuffe JSM, Whitehouse AJO, McGrath JJ, Eyles D. Developmental Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Rats Does Not Induce Preeclampsia. Nutrients 2021; 13:4254. [PMID: 34959804 PMCID: PMC8707812 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension. Epidemiological studies have associated preeclampsia with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring, such as autism and schizophrenia. Preeclampsia has also been linked with maternal vitamin D deficiency, another candidate risk factor also associated with autism. Our laboratory has established a gestational vitamin-D-deficient rat model that shows consistent and robust behavioural phenotypes associated with autism- and schizophrenia-related animal models. Therefore, we explored here whether this model also produces preeclampsia as a possible mediator of behavioural phenotypes in offspring. We showed that gestational vitamin D deficiency was not associated with maternal blood pressure or proteinuria during late gestation. Maternal and placental angiogenic and vasculogenic factors were also not affected by a vitamin-D-deficient diet. We further showed that exposure to low vitamin D levels did not expose the placenta to oxidative stress. Overall, gestational vitamin D deficiency in our rat model was not associated with preeclampsia-related features, suggesting that well-described behavioural phenotypes in offspring born to vitamin-D-deficient rat dams are unlikely to be mediated via a preeclampsia-related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ali
- Neurobiology, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.); (S.A.); (P.K.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Suzanne Alexander
- Neurobiology, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.); (S.A.); (P.K.); (J.J.M.)
- Neurobiology, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia
| | - Pauline Ko
- Neurobiology, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.); (S.A.); (P.K.); (J.J.M.)
- Neurobiology, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia
| | - James S. M. Cuffe
- Placental Endocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Andrew J. O. Whitehouse
- Autism Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - John J. McGrath
- Neurobiology, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.); (S.A.); (P.K.); (J.J.M.)
- Neurobiology, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia
- NCRR—National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Neurobiology, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.); (S.A.); (P.K.); (J.J.M.)
- Neurobiology, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia
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Krebs MD, Themudo GE, Benros ME, Mors O, Børglum AD, Hougaard D, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M, Gandal MJ, Fan CC, Geschwind DH, Schork AJ, Werge T, Thompson WK. Associations between patterns in comorbid diagnostic trajectories of individuals with schizophrenia and etiological factors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6617. [PMID: 34785645 PMCID: PMC8595374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder, exhibiting variability in presentation and outcomes that complicate treatment and recovery. To explore this heterogeneity, we leverage the comprehensive Danish health registries to conduct a prospective, longitudinal study from birth of 5432 individuals who would ultimately be diagnosed with schizophrenia, building individual trajectories that represent sequences of comorbid diagnoses, and describing patterns in the individual-level variability. We show that psychiatric comorbidity is prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia (82%) and multi-morbidity occur more frequently in specific, time-ordered pairs. Three latent factors capture 79% of variation in longitudinal comorbidity and broadly relate to the number of co-occurring diagnoses, the presence of child versus adult comorbidities and substance abuse. Clustering of the factor scores revealed five stable clusters of individuals, associated with specific risk factors and outcomes. The presentation and course of schizophrenia may be associated with heterogeneity in etiological factors including family history of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Dybdahl Krebs
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gonçalo Espregueira Themudo
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ-Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Center for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Division of Biostatistics and Department of Radiology, Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
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Beyer AC. Lack of Communication and Integration as Cause of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 49:549-550. [PMID: 34604900 PMCID: PMC10154697 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kruk-Slomka M, Biala G. Cannabidiol Attenuates MK-801-Induced Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia in the Passive Avoidance Test in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195977. [PMID: 34641522 PMCID: PMC8513030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that disturbs feelings and behavior. The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three categories: positive, negative, and cognitive. Cognitive symptoms are characterized by memory loss or attentional deficits, and are especially difficult to treat. Thus, there is intense research into the development of new treatments for schizophrenia-related responses. One of the possible strategies is connected with cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid compound. This research focuses on the role of CBD in different stages of memory (acquisition, consolidation, retrieval) connected with fear conditioning in the passive avoidance (PA) learning task in mice, as well as in the memory impairment typical of cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Memory impairment was provoked by an acute injection of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 (animal model of schizophrenia). Our results revealed that an acute injection of CBD (30 mg/kg; intraperitoneally (i.p.) improved all phases of long-term fear memory in the PA test in mice. Moreover, the acute injection of non-effective doses of CBD (1 or 5 mg/kg; i.p.) attenuated the memory impairment provoked by MK-801 (0.6 mg/kg; i.p.) in the consolidation and retrieval stages of fear memory, but not in the acquisition of memory. The present findings confirm that CBD has a positive influence on memory and learning processes in mice, and reveals that this cannabinoid compound is able to attenuate memory impairment connected with hypofunction of glutamate transmission in a murine model of schizophrenia.
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Montenegro YHA, Baldo G, Giugliani R, Poswar FDO, Sobrinho RPDO, Steiner CE. Schizophreniform presentation and abrupt neurologic decline in a patient with late-onset mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB. Psychiatr Genet 2021; 31:199-204. [PMID: 34347683 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to their low frequency and some atypical presentations, inborn errors of metabolism are frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, which hinders the correct management of these patients. To illustrate that, here we present a patient that, at early school age, had learning disabilities compared to her classmates, especially for writing. She completed basic education in a regular school and was transferred to a secondary school for students with special needs. At 18 years of age, she presented a first psychiatric abrupt outbreak: she spent a month screaming and without sleeping. Behavioral problems then became apparent, especially hyperactivity, destructive and chaotic behavior, anxiety, and auto-aggressivity and hetero-aggressivity. A diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder was established. Clinical genetic evaluation revealed coarse face, macroglossia, coarse thick hair, and mild hepatomegaly, and the hypothesis of mucopolysaccharidosis-III was raised. Laboratory tests indicated high levels of urinary glycosaminoglycans and almost undetectable NAGLU activity, confirming the diagnosis. Sequencing of the NAGLU gene revealed the c.1318G>C (p.Gly440Arg) and c.1834A>G (p.Ser612Gly) mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Instituto de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Steiner
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vafadari B. Stress and the Role of the Gut-Brain Axis in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189747. [PMID: 34575911 PMCID: PMC8471971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, and its etiology remains largely unknown. Environmental factors have been reported to play roles in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and one of the major environmental factors identified for this disorder is psychosocial stress. Several studies have suggested that stressful life events, as well as the chronic social stress associated with city life, may lead to the development of schizophrenia. The other factor is the gut–brain axis. The composition of the gut microbiome and alterations thereof may affect the brain and may lead to schizophrenia. The main interest of this review article is in overviewing the major recent findings on the effects of stress and the gut–brain axis, as well as their possible bidirectional effects, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Vafadari
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Wang X, Liu J, Dai Z, Sui Y. Andrographolide improves PCP-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors through blocking interaction between NRF2 and KEAP1. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:9-17. [PMID: 34294378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the foremost psychological illness around the world, and recent evidence shows that inflammation and oxidative stress may play a critical role in the etiology of schizophrenia. Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone from Andrographis paniculate, which has shown anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative effects. In this study, we explored whether andrographolide can improve schizophrenia-like behaviors through its inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress in Phencyclidine (PCP)-induced mouse model of schizophrenia. We found that abnormal behavioral including locomotor activity, forced swimming and novel object recognition were ameliorated following andrographolide administration (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg). Andrographolide inhibited PCP-induced production of inflammatory cytokines, decreased p-p65, p-IκBα, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 in the prefrontal cortex. Andrographolide significantly declined the level of MDA and GSH, as well as elevated the activity of SOD, CAT and GCH-px. In addition, andrographolide increased expression of NRF-2, HO-1 and NQO-1, promoted nuclear translocation of NRF-2 through blocking the interaction between NRF-2 and KEAP1, which may be associated with directly binding to NRF-2. Furthermore, antioxidative effects and anti-schizophrenia-like behaviors of andrographolide were compromised by the application of NRF-2 inhibitor ML385. In conclusion, these results suggested that andrographolide improved oxidative stress and schizophrenia-like behaviors induced by PCP through increasing NRF-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiping Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiu Sui
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a genetic disorder, caused by haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene on chromosome 22q13.3. PMS is characterized by neurobehavioral symptoms and signs including intellectual disability, speech and language impairment, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), hypotonia, and other motor abnormalities. In the brain, SHANK3 is expressed in neurons, especially in the synapse, and encodes a master scaffolding protein that forms a key framework in the postsynaptic density of glutamatergic synapses. Mutations in SHANK3 have also been identified in individuals with ASD, intellectual deficiency (ID), and schizophrenia. Shank3 deficient mice have defects in basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, and in synaptic transmission plasticity, including deficits in long-term potentiation, and show behavioral deficits compatible with the clinical manifestations of PMS. The PMS phenotype varies between affected individuals, but ID and speech and language impairment are present in all cases. ASD is present in a great majority of these individuals. Neurological examination demonstrates hypotonia and abnormalities of motor coordination, visual motor coordination, and gait in the majority of affected individuals. Sleep disturbances and increased pain tolerance are frequent parental complaints. Seizures and epilepsy are common, affecting more than 40% of individuals. Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities include corpus callosum hypoplasia, delayed myelination and white matter abnormalities, dilated ventricles, and arachnoid cysts. Recent advanced imaging anatomic studies including diffusion tensor imaging, point to abnormal brain connectivity. The natural history of the syndrome is not yet fully known, but some individuals with PMS have a later onset of psychiatric illnesses including bipolar disease, accompanied by functional and neurological regression. Individuals with the syndrome are treated symptomatically. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of this syndrome and the generation of animal models have raised opportunities for a biological cure for PMS. A pilot clinical trial with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) showed positive effects on some behavioral core symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzchak Frank
- Pediatric Neurologist, Seaver Autism Center for Research & Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Priol AC, Denis L, Boulanger G, Thépaut M, Geoffray MM, Tordjman S. Detection of Morphological Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Important Step to Identify Associated Genetic Disorders or Etiologic Subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179464. [PMID: 34502372 PMCID: PMC8430486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research suggests that alterations in neurodevelopmental processes, involving gene X environment interactions during key stages of brain development (prenatal period and adolescence), are a major risk for schizophrenia. First, epidemiological studies supporting a genetic contribution to schizophrenia are presented in this article, including family, twin, and adoption studies. Then, an extensive literature review on genetic disorders associated with schizophrenia is reviewed. These epidemiological findings and clinical observations led researchers to conduct studies on genetic associations in schizophrenia, and more specifically on genomics (CNV: copy-number variant, and SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism). The main structural (CNV) and sequence (SNP) variants found in individuals with schizophrenia are reported here. Evidence of genetic contributions to schizophrenia and current knowledge on genetic syndromes associated with this psychiatric disorder highlight the importance of a clinical genetic examination to detect minor physical anomalies in individuals with ultra-high risk of schizophrenia. Several dysmorphic features have been described in schizophrenia, especially in early onset schizophrenia, and can be viewed as neurodevelopmental markers of vulnerability. Early detection of individuals with neurodevelopmental abnormalities is a fundamental issue to develop prevention and diagnostic strategies, therapeutic intervention and follow-up, and to ascertain better the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Clémence Priol
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.D.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.-C.P.); (S.T.); Tel.: +33-2-99-51-06-04 (A.-C.P. & S.T.); Fax: +33-2-99-32-46-98 (A.-C.P. & S.T.)
| | - Laure Denis
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.D.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Gaella Boulanger
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.D.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mathieu Thépaut
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.D.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Marie-Maude Geoffray
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 69500 Bron, France;
| | - Sylvie Tordjman
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.D.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- CIC (Clinical Investigation Center) 1414 Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Rennes, University of Rennes 1, 35033 Rennes, France
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (INCC), CNRS UMR 8002, University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (A.-C.P.); (S.T.); Tel.: +33-2-99-51-06-04 (A.-C.P. & S.T.); Fax: +33-2-99-32-46-98 (A.-C.P. & S.T.)
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Speers LJ, Cheyne KR, Cavani E, Hayward T, Schmidt R, Bilkey DK. Hippocampal Sequencing Mechanisms Are Disrupted in a Maternal Immune Activation Model of Schizophrenia Risk. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6954-6965. [PMID: 34253630 PMCID: PMC8360689 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0730-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory requires information to be stored and recalled in sequential order, and these processes are disrupted in schizophrenia. Hippocampal phase precession and theta sequences are thought to provide a biological mechanism for sequential ordering of experience at timescales suitable for plasticity. These phenomena have not previously been examined in any models of schizophrenia risk. Here, we examine these phenomena in a maternal immune activation (MIA) rodent model. We show that while individual pyramidal cells in the CA1 region continue to precess normally in MIA animals, the starting phase of precession as an animal enters a new place field is considerably more variable in MIA animals than in controls. A critical consequence of this change is a disorganization of the ordered representation of experience via theta sequences. These results provide the first evidence of a biological-level mechanism that, if it occurs in schizophrenia, may explain aspects of disorganized sequential processing that contribute to the cognitive symptoms of the disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hippocampal phase precession and theta sequences have been proposed as biophysical mechanisms by which the sequential structure of cognition might be ordered. Disturbances of sequential processing have frequently been observed in schizophrenia. Here, we show for the first time that phase precession and theta sequences are disrupted in a maternal immune activation (MIA) model of schizophrenia risk. This is a result of greater variability in the starting phase of precession, indicating that the mechanisms that coordinate precession at the assembly level are disrupted. We propose that this disturbance in phase precession underlies some of the disorganized cognitive symptoms that occur in schizophrenia. These findings could have important preclinical significance for the identification and treatment of schizophrenia risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Speers
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten R Cheyne
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Elena Cavani
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tara Hayward
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - David K Bilkey
- Psychology Department, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida M, Rivera-Baltanás T, Fernández-Palleiro P, Freiría-Martínez L, Rodríguez-Jamardo C, Comís-Tuche M, Vallejo-Curto MDC, Álvarez-Ariza M, López-García M, de las Heras E, García-Caballero A, Olivares JM, Spuch C. The Role of the Second Extracellular Loop of Norepinephrine Transporter, Neurotrophin-3 and Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase C in T Cells: A Peripheral Biomarker in the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168499. [PMID: 34445205 PMCID: PMC8395201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial, comprising the dysregulation of several biochemical pathways and molecules. This research proposes a peripheral biomarker for schizophrenia that involves the second extracellular loop of norepinephrine transporter (NEText), the tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC), and the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in T cells. The study of NEText, NT-3, and TrkC was performed in T cells and plasma extracted from peripheral blood of 54 patients with schizophrenia and 54 healthy controls. Levels of NT-3, TrkC, and NET were significantly lower in plasma and T cells of patients compared to healthy controls. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IPs) showed protein interactions with Co-IP NEText–NT-3 and Co-IP NEText–TrkC. Computational modelling of protein–peptide docking by CABS-dock provided a medium–high accuracy model for NT-3–NEText (4.6935 Å) and TrkC–NEText (2.1365 Å). In summary, immunocomplexes reached statistical relevance in the T cells of the control group contrary to the results obtained with schizophrenia. The reduced expression of NT-3, TrkC, and NET, and the lack of molecular complexes in T cells of patients with schizophrenia may lead to a peripheral dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways and an abnormal reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) by NET. This peripheral molecular biomarker underlying schizophrenia reinforces the role of neurotrophins, and noradrenergic and immune systems in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Marta Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Patricia Fernández-Palleiro
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Freiría-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Cynthia Rodríguez-Jamardo
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Comís-Tuche
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - María del Carmen Vallejo-Curto
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - María Álvarez-Ariza
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Marta López-García
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Elena de las Heras
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Alejandro García-Caballero
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Jose Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.O.); (C.S.)
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Berdenis van Berlekom A, Notman N, Sneeboer MAM, Snijders GJLJ, Houtepen LC, Nispeling DM, He Y, Dracheva S, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD, Boks MP. DNA methylation differences in cortical grey and white matter in schizophrenia. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1157-1169. [PMID: 34323598 PMCID: PMC8386513 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identify grey- and white-matter-specific DNA-methylation differences between schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and controls in postmortem brain cortical tissue. Materials & methods: Grey and white matter were separated from postmortem brain tissue of the superior temporal and medial frontal gyrus from SCZ (n = 10) and control (n = 11) cases. Genome-wide DNA-methylation analysis was performed using the Infinium EPIC Methylation Array (Illumina, CA, USA). Results: Four differentially methylated regions associated with SCZ status and tissue type (grey vs white matter) were identified within or near KLF9, SFXN1, SPRED2 and ALS2CL genes. Gene-expression analysis showed differential expression of KLF9 and SFXN1 in SCZ. Conclusion: Our data show distinct differences in DNA methylation between grey and white matter that are unique to SCZ, providing new leads to unravel the pathogenesis of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Notman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein AM Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje JLJ Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lotte C Houtepen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny M Nispeling
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yujie He
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stella Dracheva
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lech MA, Leśkiewicz M, Kamińska K, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Development Causes Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms and a Reduction in BDNF Levels in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126171. [PMID: 34201038 PMCID: PMC8229148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing body of evidence points to dysregulation of redox status in the brain as an important factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor, and 1-[2-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (GBR 12909), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, given alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley pups during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the time course of the onset of schizophrenia-like behaviors, and on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and its protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) during adulthood. BSO administered alone decreased the levels of BDNF mRNA and its protein both in the PFC and HIP. Treatment with the combination of BSO + GBR 12909 also decreased BDNF mRNA and its protein in the PFC, but in the HIP, only the level of BDNF protein was decreased. Schizophrenia-like behaviors in rats were assessed at three time points of adolescence (p30, p42–p44, p60–p62) and in early adulthood (p90–p92) using the social interaction test, novel object recognition test, and open field test. Social and cognitive deficits first appeared in the middle adolescence stage and continued to occur into adulthood, both in rats treated with BSO alone or with the BSO + GBR 12909 combination. Behavior corresponding to positive symptoms in humans occurred in the middle adolescence period, only in rats treated with BSO + GBR 12909. Only in the latter group, amphetamine exacerbated the existing positive symptoms in adulthood. Our data show that rats receiving the BSO + GBR 12909 combination in the early postnatal life reproduced virtually all symptoms observed in patients with schizophrenia and, therefore, can be considered a valuable neurodevelopmental model of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Lech
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking tobacco is regarded as an epiphenomenon in patients with schizophrenia when it may be causal. We aimed to examine whether smoking status is related to the onset of schizophrenia or the broader diagnosis of non-affective psychosis, including schizophrenia. METHODS We used data from The Health Improvement Network primary care database to identify people aged 15-24 between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2009. We followed them until the earliest of: first diagnosis of schizophrenia (or psychosis), patient left the practice, practice left THIN, patient died or 31 December 2014. RESULTS In men, incidence rates for schizophrenia per 100 000 person years at risk were higher in smoking initiators (non-smoker who became a smoker during the study) than in non-smokers (adjusted IRR 1.94; 95% CI 1.29-2.91) and higher still in smokers (adjusted IRR 3.32; 95% CI 2.67-4.14). Among women, the incidence rate of schizophrenia was higher in smokers than in non-smokers (adjusted IRR 1.50; 95% CI 1.06-2.12), but no higher in smoking initiators than non-smokers. For non-affective psychosis, the pattern was similar for men but more evident in women where psychosis incidence rates were higher in smoking initiators (adjusted IRR 1.90; 95% CI 1.40-2.56) and in smokers (adjusted IRR 2.13; 95% CI 1.76-2.57) than in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS We found an important and strong association between smoking and incidence of schizophrenia. Smoking may increase risk through as yet unknown pathways or smoking may share genetic risk with schizophrenia and non-affective psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael King
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, B Wing, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, B Wing, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Irene Petersen
- Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, Upper 3rd Floor, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, LondonNW3 2PF, UK
| | - Fiona Hamilton
- Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, Upper 3rd Floor, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, LondonNW3 2PF, UK
| | - Irwin Nazareth
- Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, Upper 3rd Floor, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, LondonNW3 2PF, UK
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Bilecki W, Latusz J, Gawlińska K, Chmelova M, Maćkowiak M. Prenatal MAM treatment altered fear conditioning following social isolation: Relevance to schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113231. [PMID: 33737089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent social isolation (SI) might change the trajectory of brain development. In the present study, we investigated the effect of short-term adolescent SI on fear memory, anxiety and protein levels in the adult medial prefrontal cortex of rats prenatally treated with methylazoxymethanol, MAM-E17 model of schizophrenia. The animals were maintained in standard housing (SH) or social isolation (P30-P40, SI) conditions. Behavioural tests (trace or delay fear conditioning, light/dark box) were performed in late adolescence and early adulthood. The results showed that MAM treatment did not alter fear memory, which was investigated with the use of either trace or delay fear conditioning, at any age, and SI decreased the fear response in adult control animals only under trace conditioning. Neither MAM nor SI influenced anxiety-related behaviour measured in the light/dark box. A proteomics study showed that both MAM and SI changed the protein levels related to synapse maturation and cytoskeletal organization, energy transfer and metabolic processes. Prenatal or adolescent environmental factors are able to change the expression of proteins that are correlated with behavioural impairments. Moreover, SI reversed some alterations in proteins induced by MAM. Thus, normally developing brains showed different responses to adolescent SI than those with altering courses of MAM administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Bilecki
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joachim Latusz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Gawlińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmelova
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Maćkowiak
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Str. 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Gandolfi D, Boiani GM, Bigiani A, Mapelli J. Modeling Neurotransmission: Computational Tools to Investigate Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4565. [PMID: 33925434 PMCID: PMC8123833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of synaptic functions remains one of the most fascinating challenges in the field of neuroscience and a large number of experimental methods have been tuned to dissect the mechanisms taking part in the neurotransmission process. Furthermore, the understanding of the insights of neurological disorders originating from alterations in neurotransmission often requires the development of (i) animal models of pathologies, (ii) invasive tools and (iii) targeted pharmacological approaches. In the last decades, additional tools to explore neurological diseases have been provided to the scientific community. A wide range of computational models in fact have been developed to explore the alterations of the mechanisms involved in neurotransmission following the emergence of neurological pathologies. Here, we review some of the advancements in the development of computational methods employed to investigate neuronal circuits with a particular focus on the application to the most diffuse neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gandolfi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia Maria Boiani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Albertino Bigiani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Mapelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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