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Abd Rashid NA, Lau BF, Kue CS. Differential toxicity and teratogenic effects of the hot water and cold water extracts of Lignosusrhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden sclerotium on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 285:114787. [PMID: 34756971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The sclerotium of Lignosusrhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden is highly valued for its purported medicinal properties. The decoction and macerated materials prepared from the sclerotium are used for treating cancer and other ailments based on extensive traditional knowledge. Scientific evidence from in vitro cytototoxicity, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory analyses showed the effectiveness of sclerotial water extracts but toxicity assessment of such preparations has not been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to compare the differential toxicity and teratogenicity (if any) of the hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) extracts of both wild and cultivated sclerotium on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS Zebrafish embryos were treated with varying concentrations of the sclerotial HW and CW extracts (0.3-500 μg/mL) for 72 h until hatching. The hatching, mortality and heartbeat rate of the embryos as well as the potential teratogenic effect of the extracts were assessed in embryos post-treatment with the extracts. RESULTS While the sclerotial HW extracts were nontoxic (LC50 > 500 μg/mL), the sclerotial CW extracts delayed the hatching of the embryos up to 48 h and showed slight toxicity with LC50 values of 398.4 μg/mL and 428.3 μg/mL for the cultivated and wild sclerotium, respectively. The sclerotial CW extracts also induced minor tachycardia in zebrafish larvae. Phenotypic assessment revealed that, while yolk sac edema was observed at high concentrations (300 and 500 μg/mL) of all extracts, curved trunk and bent tail were only observed in the embryos treated with CW extracts of wild sclerotium (300 and 500 μg/mL) but not for CW extracts of cultivated sclerotium at similar concentrations. CONCLUSION The sclerotial water extracts of L.rhinocerus prepared using different methods have varying degree of toxicity and teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos with the sclerotial CW extracts showed higher toxicity than the HW extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ayuni Abd Rashid
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Beng Fye Lau
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Mishra MK, Kukal S, Paul PR, Bora S, Singh A, Kukreti S, Saso L, Muthusamy K, Hasija Y, Kukreti R. Insights into Structural Modifications of Valproic Acid and Their Pharmacological Profile. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010104. [PMID: 35011339 PMCID: PMC8746633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a well-established anticonvulsant drug discovered serendipitously and marketed for the treatment of epilepsy, migraine, bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain. Apart from this, VPA has potential therapeutic applications in other central nervous system (CNS) disorders and in various cancer types. Since the discovery of its anticonvulsant activity, substantial efforts have been made to develop structural analogues and derivatives in an attempt to increase potency and decrease adverse side effects, the most significant being teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity. Most of these compounds have shown reduced toxicity with improved potency. The simple structure of VPA offers a great advantage to its modification. This review briefly discusses the pharmacology and molecular targets of VPA. The article then elaborates on the structural modifications in VPA including amide-derivatives, acid and cyclic analogues, urea derivatives and pro-drugs, and compares their pharmacological profile with that of the parent molecule. The current challenges for the clinical use of these derivatives are also discussed. The review is expected to provide necessary knowledgebase for the further development of VPA-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Rani Paul
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shivangi Bora
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Anju Singh
- Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India; (A.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India
| | - Shrikant Kukreti
- Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India; (A.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Karthikeyan Muthusamy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Yasha Hasija
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-11-27662202; Fax: +91-11-27667471
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Truong L, Marvel S, Reif DM, Thomas DG, Pande P, Dasgupta S, Simonich MT, Waters KM, Tanguay RL. The multi-dimensional embryonic zebrafish platform predicts flame retardant bioactivity. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:359-369. [PMID: 32827657 PMCID: PMC7892636 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardant chemicals (FRCs) commonly added to many consumer products present a human exposure burden associated with adverse health effects. Under pressure from consumers, FRC manufacturers have adopted some purportedly safer replacements for first-generation brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs). In contrast, second and third-generation organophosphates and other alternative chemistries have limited bioactivity data available to estimate their hazard potential. In order to evaluate the toxicity of existing and potential replacement FRCs, we need efficient screening methods. We built a 61-FRC library in which we systemically assessed developmental toxicity and potential neurotoxicity effects in the embryonic zebrafish model. Data were compared to publicly available data generated in a battery of cell-based in vitro assays from ToxCast, Tox21, and other alternative models. Of the 61 FRCs, 19 of 45 that were tested in the ToxCast assays were bioactive in our zebrafish model. The zebrafish assays detected bioactivity for 10 of the 12 previously classified developmental neurotoxic FRCs. Developmental zebrafish were sufficiently sensitive at detecting FRC structure-bioactivity impacts that we were able to build a classification model using 13 physicochemical properties and 3 embryonic zebrafish assays that achieved a balanced accuracy of 91.7%. This work illustrates the power of a multi-dimensional in vivo platform to expand our ability to predict the hazard potential of new compounds based on structural relatedness, ultimately leading to reliable toxicity predictions based on chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Skylar Marvel
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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de Sá Hyacienth BM, Sánchez-Ortiz BL, Picanço KRT, Pereira ACM, de Sá Hyacienth DC, de Souza GC, Rodrigues Sarquis RDSF, Aduanga GMG, Navarrete A, Carvalho JCT. Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec.: A medicinal plant for gynecological treatments - A reproductive toxicity assessment in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 250:112457. [PMID: 31811936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec is a plant species from the Brazilian Amazon. The barks of this tree are used in folk medicine - mainly as a decoction - for dyslipidemia, uterine infection, fibroids, polycystic ovary, menstrual disorders, as a contraceptive and abortive agent, among others. However, the data available about its developmental toxicity are still insufficient. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive toxicity and teratogenic effects in embryos from zebrafish treated with the hydroethanolic extract from the barks of Endopleura uchi (EEu). MATERIALS AND METHODS Both sexes of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were treated with EEu either through immersion (1.2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L) or orally (75, 200, and 500 mg/kg) over 21 consecutive days. Next, we assessed their fertility and gonads' histopathology; in their embryos were assessed teratogenesis, lethalities, and heart rate during daily observations (24, 48, 72, and 96 hpf). RESULTS The phytochemical analysis of EEu through HPLC/MS shows bergenin as the major compounds. After 21 days of treatment were detected minor histopathological changes in parental fishes, such as atretic oocytes, interstitial fibrosis, and decreased the percentage of early vitellogenic oocytes, but without impairing the reproduction of treated animals. However, in the embryos was observed significantly increased frequency of malformation in all the groups treated through immersion, and in the group treated orally with the highest concentration (500 mg/kg). CONCLUSION Based on the results, EEu caused no adverse effects in the progenitors on both treatments (immersion and oral). However, it was observed that the concentrations 1.2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L (immersion), and the dose 500 mg/kg (oral) caused malformations in the offspring (F1 generation). These results emphasize the need for attention when using preparations from E. uchi, mainly for pregnant women. Further studies are needed to compare its effects with the extract's primary compound (bergenin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martins de Sá Hyacienth
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, BIONORTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
| | - Brenda Lorena Sánchez-Ortiz
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Karyny Roberta Tavares Picanço
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
| | - Arlindo César Matias Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Cabral de Sá Hyacienth
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Custódio de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
| | - Rosângela do Socorro Ferreira Rodrigues Sarquis
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, BIONORTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
| | - Glória Melisa Gonzales Aduanga
- Laboratório de Farmacologia de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Andrés Navarrete
- Laboratório de Farmacologia de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Rua Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Campus Marco Zero, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, BIONORTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
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Lanzarin GAB, Félix LM, Santos D, Venâncio CAS, Monteiro SM. Dose-dependent effects of a glyphosate commercial formulation - Roundup ® UltraMax - on the early zebrafish embryogenesis. Chemosphere 2019; 223:514-522. [PMID: 30784758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbicides with glyphosate as an active ingredient, the so-called glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), has increased dramatically in recent years currently being the most widely used in the world. Therefore, glyphosate residues have been detected in water and soils near the application sites. Recent studies indicate that GBH may cause adverse effects on vertebrates although these have been attributed to the presence of adjuvants in the commercial formulations rather than to the sole compound. Accordingly, the objective of this work was to investigate the lethal and sub-lethal developmental effects, neurotoxic potential and oxidative stress responses of zebrafish embryos to Roundup® Ultramax (RU) exposure. Embryos were exposed during 72 h to 0, 2, 5, 8.5 μg a.i. mL-1 of RU. Increased mortality was observed in embryos exposed to concentrations above 8.5 μg a.i. mL-1 as well as increased number of malformations. Decreased heart rate and hatchability were also observed. By contrast, exposure to concentrations that do not evoke teratogenic outcomes induced a dose-dependent decrease of heart rate although not inducing significant developmental changes. However, histological changes were not observed in the larvae exposed to these concentrations. Moreover, the generation of reactive oxygen species, the antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD and CAT), the GST biotransformation activity, the glutathione levels (GSH and GSSG), the oxidative damage (MDA) and the acetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase were similar among groups following exposure. Overall, available evidence suggests a dose-dependent toxicological effect of this formulation at concentrations that are not routinely detected in the environment. However, additional studies should be performed to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms in favor of this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano A B Lanzarin
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Dércia Santos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos A S Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Monteiro
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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Bremer S, Cortvrindt R, Daston G, Eletti B, Mantovani A, Maranghi F, Pelkonen O, Ruhdel I, Spielmann H. 3.11. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:183-209. [PMID: 16194149 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bremer
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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Chen Y, Yang Y, Ou F, Liu L, Liu XH, Wang ZJ, Jin L. InP/ZnS QDs exposure induces developmental toxicity in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) embryos. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 60:28-36. [PMID: 29655014 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo toxicity of InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) embryos. The 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) LC50 (median lethal concentration) was 1678.007 nmol/L. Rare minnows exposed to InP/ZnS QDs exhibited decreased spontaneous movement, decreased survival and hatchability rates, and an increased malformation rate. Pericardial edema, spinal curvature, bent tails and vitelline cysts were observed. Embryonic Wnt8a and Mstn mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated after InP/ZnS QDs treatment at 48 hpf (200 nmol/L) (p < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at 96 hpf (800 nmol/L) had an increasing trend. Hsp70 mRNA expression was significantly changed at 48 hpf (200 nmol/L), but compared with the blank control, the different InP/ZnS QDs treatments did not significantly change the Olive tail moments (p > 0.05). Thus, InP/ZnS QDs caused teratogenic effects and death during the development of Chinese rare minnow embryos, but InP/ZnS QDs did not cause significant genetic toxicity during Chinese rare minnow development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Eisa AAA, Aboelghar GES, Ammar IM, Metwally HG, Arafa SS. Teratogenic effects induced by chitosan oligosaccharide in Wistar female rat Rattus norvegicus. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:9371-9379. [PMID: 29349737 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the teratogenic effects of chitosan oligosaccharide in Wistar female rats (Rattus norvegicus). Chitosan LD50 value was calculated by probit analysis. High dose, 1/10 LD50 which equal to 150 mg/kg body weight, and low dose, 1/30 LD50 which equal to 50 mg/kg body weight, were administrated orally to Wistar female rats to examine the teratogenic effect during organogenesis period from 6th day to 15th day of gestation. Treated and control rats were sacrificed and their foetuses were examined for external, skeletal and visceral anomalies, number and length of foetuses and their weights. Obtained results showed toxicity and teratogenic effects of chitosan on treated rats and their progenies, i.e. high fetal mortality, offspring's weight and length reduction, and high incidence of fetal external, skeletal and visceral abnormalities. This suggested that chitosan is a teratogenic compound, restricted to current results from orally treated Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Abdel Aziz Eisa
- Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | | | - Ibrahim Mahmoud Ammar
- Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Hala Gabr Metwally
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah Saied Arafa
- Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt.
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Orbea A, González-Soto N, Lacave JM, Barrio I, Cajaraville MP. Developmental and reproductive toxicity of PVP/PEI-coated silver nanoparticles to zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 199:59-68. [PMID: 28274763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and their toxicity to fish embryos after waterborne exposure have been widely investigated, but much less information is available regarding the effect of Ag NPs on physiological functions such as growth or reproduction. In this work, the effects of waterborne exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to PVP/PEI coated Ag NPs (~5nm) on reproduction (fecundity) were investigated. Moreover, the development of the embryos after parental exposure was compared with the development of embryos after direct waterborne exposure to the NPs. For this, two experiments were run: 1) embryos from unexposed parents were treated for 5days with Ag NPs (10μgAgL-1-10mgAgL-1) and development was monitored, and 2) selected breeding zebrafish were exposed for 3weeks to 100ngAgL-1 (environmentally relevant concentration) or to 10μgAgL-1 of Ag NPs, fecundity was scored and development of resulting embryos was monitored up to 5days. Waterborne exposure of embryos to Ag NPs resulted in being highly toxic (LC50 at 120h=50μgAgL-1), causing 100% mortality during the first 24h of exposure at 0.1mgAgL-1. Exposure of adults, even at the environmentally relevant silver concentration, caused a significant reduction of fecundity by the second week of treatment and resulting embryos showed a higher prevalence of malformations than control embryos. Exposed adult females presented higher prevalence of vacuolization in the liver. These results show that Ag NPs at an environmentally relevant concentration are able to affect population level parameters in zebrafish.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
- Embryonic Development/drug effects
- Female
- Infertility, Female/chemically induced
- Infertility, Female/pathology
- Infertility, Female/veterinary
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Metal Nanoparticles/analysis
- Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity
- Metal Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Polyethyleneimine/analysis
- Polyethyleneimine/chemistry
- Polyethyleneimine/toxicity
- Povidone/analysis
- Povidone/chemistry
- Povidone/toxicity
- Random Allocation
- Silver/analysis
- Silver/chemistry
- Silver/toxicity
- Surface Properties
- Survival Analysis
- Teratogens/analysis
- Teratogens/chemistry
- Teratogens/toxicity
- Tissue Distribution
- Toxicity Tests, Acute
- Toxicokinetics
- Vacuoles/drug effects
- Vacuoles/pathology
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
- Zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Orbea
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Nagore González-Soto
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - José María Lacave
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Irantzu Barrio
- Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Miren P Cajaraville
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
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10
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Jung JH, Lee EH, Choi KM, Yim UH, Ha SY, An JG, Kim M. Developmental toxicity in flounder embryos exposed to crude oils derived from different geographical regions. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 196:19-26. [PMID: 28274761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Crude oils from distinct geographical regions have distinct chemical compositions, and, as a result, their toxicity may be different. However, developmental toxicity of crude oils derived from different geographical regions has not been extensively characterized. In this study, flounder embryos were separately exposed to effluents contaminated by three crude oils including: Basrah Light (BLO), Pyrenees (PCO), and Sakhalin Vityaz (SVO), in addition to a processed fuel oil (MFO-380), to measure developmental toxicity and for gene expressions. Each oil possessed a distinct chemical composition. Edema defect was highest in embryos exposed to PCO and MFO-380 that both have a greater fraction of three-ring PAHs (33% and 22%, respectively) compared to BLO and SVO. Observed caudal fin defects were higher in embryos exposed to SVO and MFO-380, which are both dominated by naphthalenes (81% and 52%, respectively). CYP1A gene expressions were also highest in embryos exposed to SVO and MFO-380. Higher incidence of cardiotoxicity and lower nkx 2.5 expression were detected in embryos exposed to PCO. Unique gene expression profiles were observed in embryos exposed to crude oils with distinct compositions. This study demonstrates that crude oils of different geographical origins with different compositional characteristics induce developmental toxicity to different degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Jung
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Lee
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Choi
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Ternon E, Zarate L, Chenesseau S, Croué J, Dumollard R, Suzuki MT, Thomas OP. Spherulization as a process for the exudation of chemical cues by the encrusting sponge C. crambe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29474. [PMID: 27381941 PMCID: PMC4933965 DOI: 10.1038/srep29474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological interactions in the marine environment are now recognized to be partly held by chemical cues produced by marine organisms. In particular, sponges are sessile animals thought to rely on the bioactive substances they synthesize to ensure their development and defense. However, the mechanisms leading the sponges to use their specialized metabolites as chemical cues remain unknown. Here we report the constant release of bioactive polycyclic guanidinic alkaloids by the Mediterranean sponge Crambe crambe into the dissolved and the particulate phases using a targeted metabolomics study. These compounds were proven to be stored into already described specialized (spherulous) sponge cells and dispersed into the water column after release through the sponge exhaling channels (oscula), leading to a chemical shield surrounding the sponge. Low concentrations of these compounds were demonstrated to have teratogenic effects on embryos of a common sea squirt (ascidian). This mechanism of action called spherulization may therefore contribute to the ecological success of encrusting sponges that need to extend their substrate cover to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ternon
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 NICE Cedex 2, France
| | - Lina Zarate
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 NICE Cedex 2, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sandrine Chenesseau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale, Station Marine d’Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Julie Croué
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marcelino T. Suzuki
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale, Station Marine d’Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
- National University of Ireland Galway, Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France
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12
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Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE. Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:133-53. [PMID: 26282372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GlyBH), including Roundup, are the most widely used pesticides worldwide. Their uses have increased exponentially since their introduction on the market. Residue levels in food or water, as well as human exposures, are escalating. We have reviewed the toxic effects of GlyBH measured below regulatory limits by evaluating the published literature and regulatory reports. We reveal a coherent body of evidence indicating that GlyBH could be toxic below the regulatory lowest observed adverse effect level for chronic toxic effects. It includes teratogenic, tumorigenic and hepatorenal effects. They could be explained by endocrine disruption and oxidative stress, causing metabolic alterations, depending on dose and exposure time. Some effects were detected in the range of the recommended acceptable daily intake. Toxic effects of commercial formulations can also be explained by GlyBH adjuvants, which have their own toxicity, but also enhance glyphosate toxicity. These challenge the assumption of safety of GlyBH at the levels at which they contaminate food and the environment, albeit these levels may fall below regulatory thresholds. Neurodevelopmental, reproductive, and transgenerational effects of GlyBH must be revisited, since a growing body of knowledge suggests the predominance of endocrine disrupting mechanisms caused by environmentally relevant levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mesnage
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment (MRSH), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; CRIIGEN, 81 rue de Monceau, 75008 Paris, France
| | - N Defarge
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment (MRSH), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; CRIIGEN, 81 rue de Monceau, 75008 Paris, France
| | | | - G E Séralini
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment (MRSH), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; CRIIGEN, 81 rue de Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
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13
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Bonfanti P, Moschini E, Saibene M, Bacchetta R, Rettighieri L, Calabri L, Colombo A, Mantecca P. Do Nanoparticle Physico-Chemical Properties and Developmental Exposure Window Influence Nano ZnO Embryotoxicity in Xenopus laevis? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26225989 PMCID: PMC4555250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing global production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) suggests a realistic increase in the environmental exposure to such a nanomaterial, making the knowledge of its biological reactivity and its safe-by-design synthesis mandatory. In this study, the embryotoxicity of ZnONPs (1-100 mg/L) specifically synthesized for industrial purposes with different sizes, shapes (round, rod) and surface coatings (PEG, PVP) was tested using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) to identify potential target tissues and the most sensitive developmental stages. The ZnONPs did not cause embryolethality, but induced a high incidence of malformations, in particular misfolded gut and abdominal edema. Smaller, round NPs were more effective than the bigger, rod ones, and PEGylation determined a reduction in embryotoxicity. Ingestion appeared to be the most relevant exposure route. Only the embryos exposed from the stomodeum opening showed anatomical and histological lesions to the intestine, mainly referable to a swelling of paracellular spaces among enterocytes. In conclusion, ZnONPs differing in shape and surface coating displayed similar toxicity in X. laevis embryos and shared the same target organ. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude that the physico-chemical characteristics may influence the severity of such effects. Further research efforts are mandatory to ensure the synthesis of safer nano-ZnO-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Bonfanti
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Melissa Saibene
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Renato Bacchetta
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 26 via Celoria, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Lorenzo Calabri
- Tec Star S.r.l., Viale Europa, 40, 41011 Campogalliano, Italy.
| | - Anita Colombo
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paride Mantecca
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano Bicocca, 1 Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Hashkes PJ. 50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Teratogenic Effect of Azathioprine (Imuran). J Pediatr 2015; 166:1139. [PMID: 25919723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hashkes
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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Wedebye EB, Dybdahl M, Nikolov NG, Jónsdóttir SÓ, Niemelä JR. QSAR screening of 70,983 REACH substances for genotoxic carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and developmental toxicity in the ChemScreen project. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 55:64-72. [PMID: 25797653 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ChemScreen project aimed to develop a screening system for reproductive toxicity based on alternative methods. QSARs can, if adequate, contribute to the evaluation of chemical substances under REACH and may in some cases be applied instead of experimental testing to fill data gaps for information requirements. As no testing for reproductive effects should be performed in REACH on known genotoxic carcinogens or germ cell mutagens with appropriate risk management measures implemented, a QSAR pre-screen for 70,983 REACH substances was performed. Sixteen models and three decision algorithms were used to reach overall predictions of substances with potential effects with the following result: 6.5% genotoxic carcinogens, 16.3% mutagens, 11.5% developmental toxicants. These results are similar to findings in earlier QSAR and experimental studies of chemical inventories, and illustrate how QSAR predictions may be used to identify potential genotoxic carcinogens, mutagens and developmental toxicants by high-throughput virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Wedebye
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Dybdahl
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Nikolai G Nikolov
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Svava Ó Jónsdóttir
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Jay R Niemelä
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
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16
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Wolfram S, Nejstgaard JC, Pohnert G. Accumulation of polyunsaturated aldehydes in the gonads of the copepod Acartia tonsa revealed by tailored fluorescent probes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112522. [PMID: 25383890 PMCID: PMC4226538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are released by several diatom species during predation. Besides other attributed activities, these oxylipins can interfere with the reproduction of copepods, important predators of diatoms. While intensive research has been carried out to document the effects of PUAs on copepod reproduction, little is known about the underlying mechanistic aspects of PUA action. Especially PUA uptake and accumulation in copepods has not been addressed to date. To investigate how PUAs are taken up and interfere with the reproduction in copepods we developed a fluorescent probe containing the α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated aldehyde structure element that is essential for the activity of PUAs as well as a set of control probes. We developed incubation and monitoring procedures for adult females of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa and show that the PUA derived fluorescent molecular probe selectively accumulates in the gonads of this copepod. In contrast, a saturated aldehyde derived probe of an inactive parent molecule was enriched in the lipid sac. This leads to a model for PUAs' teratogenic mode of action involving accumulation and covalent interaction with nucleophilic moieties in the copepod reproductive tissue. The teratogenic effect of PUAs can therefore be explained by a selective targeting of the molecules into the reproductive tissue of the herbivores, while more lipophilic but otherwise strongly related structures end up in lipid bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wolfram
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jens C. Nejstgaard
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, GA, United States of America
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department 3 Experimental Limnology, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Shekh-Ahmad T, Hen N, Yagen B, McDonough JH, Finnell RH, Wlodarczyk BJ, Bialer M. Stereoselective anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetic analysis of valnoctamide, a CNS-active derivative of valproic acid with low teratogenic potential. Epilepsia 2014; 55:353-61. [PMID: 24313671 PMCID: PMC4963464 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Valnoctamide (VCD), a central nervous system (CNS)-active chiral constitutional isomer of valpromide, the corresponding amide of valproic acid (VPA), is currently undergoing phase IIb clinical trials in acute mania. VCD exhibits stereoselective pharmacokinetics (PK) in animals and humans. The current study comparatively evaluated the pharmacodynamics (PD; anticonvulsant activity and teratogenicity) and PK of the four individual stereoisomers of VCD. METHODS The anticonvulsant activity of VCD individual stereoisomers was evaluated in several rodent anticonvulsant models including maximal electroshock, 6 Hz psychomotor, subcutaneous metrazol, and the pilocarpine-induced and soman-induced status epilepticus (SE). The PK-PD (anticonvulsant activity) relationship of VCD stereoisomers was evaluated following intraperitoneal administration (70 mg/kg) to rats. Induction of neural tube defects (NTDs) by VCD stereoisomers was evaluated in a mouse strain that was highly susceptible to teratogen-induced NTDs. RESULTS VCD had a stereoselective PK, with (2S,3S)-VCD exhibiting the lowest clearance, and consequently a twice-higher plasma exposure than all other stereoisomers. Nervertheless, there was less stereoselectivity in VCD anticonvulsant activity and each stereoisomer had similar median effective dose (ED)50 values in most models. VCD stereoisomers (258 or 389 mg/kg) did not cause NTDs. These doses are 3-12 times higher than VCD anticonvulsant ED50 values. SIGNIFICANCE VCD displayed stereoselective PK that did not lead to significant stereoselective activity in various anticonvulsant rodent models. If VCD exerted its broad-spectrum anticonvulsant activity using a single mechanism of action (MOA), it is likely that it would exhibit a stereoselective PD. The fact that there was no significant difference between racemic VCD and its individual stereoisomers suggests that VCD's anticonvulsant activity is due to multiple MOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Naama Hen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Boris Yagen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John H. McDonough
- Pharmacology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Bogdan J. Wlodarczyk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Meir Bialer
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Hutler Wolkowicz IR, Aronzon CM, Pérez Coll CS. Lethal and sublethal toxicity of the industrial chemical epichlorohydrin on Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) embryos and larvae. J Hazard Mater 2013; 263 Pt 2:784-791. [PMID: 24231313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lethal and sublethal toxicity of the major chemical used in epoxide compounds, epichlorohydrin (ECH) was evaluated on the early life cycle of the common South American toad, Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae). The stages evaluated were (according to Del Conte and Sirlin): early blastula (S.3-S.4), gastrula (S.10-S.12), rotation (S.15), tail bud (S.17), muscular response (S.18), gill circulation (S.20), open mouth (S.21), opercular folds (S.23) and complete operculum (S.25). The LC50 and EC50 values for lethal and sublethal effects were calculated. The early blastula was the most sensitive stage to ECH both for continuously and pulse-exposures (LC50-24h=50.9 mg L(-1)), while S.20 was the most resistant (LC50-24h=104.9 mg L(-1)). Among sublethal effects, early blastula was also the most sensitive stage (LOEC-48 h=20 mg L(-1)) and it has a Teratogenic Index of 2.5, which indicates the teratogenic potential of the substance. The main abnormalities were persistent yolk plugs, cell dissociation, tumors, hydropsy, oral malformations, axial/tail flexures, delayed development and reduced body size. ECH also caused neurotoxicity including scarce response to stimuli, reduction in the food intake, general weakness, spasms and shortening, erratic or circular swimming. Industrial contamination is considered an important factor on the decline of amphibian populations. Considering the available information about ECH's toxicity and its potential hazard to the environment, this work shows the first results of its developmental toxicity on a native amphibian species, Rhinella arenarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianina R Hutler Wolkowicz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1 piso (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ducharme NA, Peterson LE, Benfenati E, Reif D, McCollum CW, Gustafsson JÅ, Bondesson M. Meta-analysis of toxicity and teratogenicity of 133 chemicals from zebrafish developmental toxicity studies. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 41:98-108. [PMID: 23796950 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish developmental toxicity testing is an emerging field, which faces considerable challenges regarding data meta-analysis and the establishment of standardized test protocols. Here, we present an initial correlation study on toxicity of 133 chemicals based on data in the literature to ascertain predictive developmental toxicity endpoints. We found that the physical properties of chemicals (BCF or logP) did not fully predict lethality or developmental outcomes. Instead, individual outcomes such as pericardial edema and yolk sac edema were more reliable indicators of developmental toxicity. In addition, we ranked the chemicals based on toxicity with the Toxicological Priority Index (ToxPi) program and via a teratogenic ratio, and found that perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) had the highest ToxPi score, triphenyltin acetate had the highest average ToxPi score (corrected for missing data and having more than 4 outcomes), and N-methyl-dithiocarbamate had the highest teratogenic ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Ducharme
- University of Houston, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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20
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Seifert J. Structural requirements of organophosphorus insecticides (OPI) to inhibit chicken yolk sac membrane kynurenine formamidase related to OPI teratogenesis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 35:200-206. [PMID: 23328119 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides new information related to the mechanism of OPI (organophosphorus insecticides) teratogenesis. The COMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and COMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) suggest that the electrostatic and steric fields are the best predictors of OPI structural requirements to inhibit in ovo chicken embryo yolk sac membrane kynurenine formamidase, the proposed target for OPI teratogens. The dominant electrostatic interactions are localized at nitrogen-1, nitrogen-3, nitrogen of 2-amino substituent of the pyrimidinyl of pyrimidinyl phosphorothioates, and the oxygen of crotonamide carbonyl in crotonamide phosphates. Bulkiness of the substituents at carbon-2 and carbon-6 of the pyrimidinyls and/or N-substituents and carbon-3 substituents of crotonamides are the steric structural components that contribute to superiority of those OPI as in ovo inhibitors of kynurenine formamidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Seifert
- PEPS, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Cheng Q, Zhang J, Xia W. Prenatal and developmental effect of high molecular weight chitosan (HMWCS) to mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:294-303. [PMID: 23321397 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight chitosan (HMWCS) is effective at hemostasis and wound healing, and will be potentially used on injured internal organs. To study its prenatal and developmental effect in vivo, forty-four ICR pregnant mice per group were singly injected intraperitoneally at 0, 125, 500 or 2000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, on gestation day 6 (GD6). Clinical signs, reproductive capacity, fetus and infant developments, and histopathological changes were then observed. The results showed that the treatment of HMWCS could decrease body weights and food consumptions, and induce diarrhea, vaginal bleeding, and some other adverse effects in F0 mice. For the emaciation and threatened abortion of pregnant mice, the numbers of live fetuses and early resorption were reduced significantly in HMWCS groups. However, the developments of F1 and F2 mice were not affected, except for lower weights of the body and some organs. In addition, the NOAEL of HMWCS in maternal toxicity was considered to be less than 125 mg/kg, and the NOAEL in developmental toxicity was 125 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Libonati A, Marzo G, Klinger FG, Farini D, Gallusi G, Tecco S, Mummolo S, De Felici M, Campanella V. Embryotoxicity assays for leached components from dental restorative materials. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:136. [PMID: 21978455 PMCID: PMC3204284 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are no suitable assays available to evaluate the embryotoxicity of leached components from restorative dental materials. METHODS The effect of the medium conditioned by composites and amalgam on mouse blastocysts in vitro was tested. The materials were also subcutaneously implanted, and the effect of the medium supplemented with serum from the host blood was evaluated in the embryotoxicity assay. The embryo implantation rate in the material-transplanted mothers was also evaluated. RESULTS The results show that while the culture in media conditioned by amalgams did not affect blastocyst development, the medium conditioned by composites caused blastocyst degeneration and apoptosis. The development of blastocysts in a medium containing serum obtained from animals after transplantation was, however, without effect. Finally, inconsistent reduction in the implantation rate in transplanted mothers was observed. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provide examples of in vitro and in vivo tests that may be used to evaluate embryotoxicity for dental materials. Our results show that leached components from our composite-material induced embryotoxicity in vitro, however, no toxicity was observed when subcutaneously implanted in vivo. This highlights the necessity of integrated in vitro and in vivo tests for valuable predictive estimation of embryotoxicity for complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Libonati
- Department of Dental Science, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marzo
- Department of Health Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca G Klinger
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Farini
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Gallusi
- Department of Dental Science, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Tecco
- Department of Health Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Mummolo
- Department of Health Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
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Riebeling C, Pirow R, Becker K, Buesen R, Eikel D, Kaltenhäuser J, Meyer F, Nau H, Slawik B, Visan A, Volland J, Spielmann H, Luch A, Seiler A. The embryonic stem cell test as tool to assess structure-dependent teratogenicity: the case of valproic acid. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:360-70. [PMID: 21227905 PMCID: PMC3061479 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Teratogenicity can be predicted in vitro using the embryonic stem cell test (EST). The EST, which is based on the morphometric measurement of cardiomyocyte differentiation and cytotoxicity parameters, represents a scientifically validated method for the detection and classification of chemicals according to their teratogenic potency. Furthermore, an abbreviated protocol applying flow cytometry of intracellular marker proteins to determine differentiation into the cardiomyocyte lineage is available. Although valproic acid (VPA) is in worldwide clinical use as antiepileptic drug, it exhibits two severe side effects, i.e., teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity. These limitations have led to extensive research into derivatives of VPA. Here we chose VPA as model compound to test the applicability domain and to further evaluate the reliability of the EST. To this end, we study six closely related congeners of VPA and demonstrate that both the standard and the molecular flow cytometry-based EST are well suited to indicate differences in the teratogenic potency among VPA analogs that differ only in chirality or side chain length. Our data show that identical results can be obtained by using the standard EST or a shortened protocol based on flow cytometry of intracellular marker proteins. Both in vitro protocols enable to reliably determine differentiation of murine stem cells toward the cardiomyocyte lineage and to assess its chemical-mediated inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Becker
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Nonclinical Drug Safety, Genetic Toxicology, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Buesen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Eikel
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - Johanna Kaltenhäuser
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Nonclinical Drug Safety, Genetic Toxicology, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Meyer
- Nycomed GmbH, Institute for Pharmacology and Preclinical Drug Safety (IPAS), Hamburg, 22885 Barsbüttel, Germany
| | - Heinz Nau
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - Birgitta Slawik
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Visan
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Volland
- Nycomed GmbH, Institute for Pharmacology and Preclinical Drug Safety (IPAS), Hamburg, 22885 Barsbüttel, Germany
| | - Horst Spielmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Seiler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Wei X, Bugni TS, Harper MK, Sandoval IT, Manos EJ, Swift J, Van Wagoner RM, Jones DA, Ireland CM. Evaluation of pyridoacridine alkaloids in a zebrafish phenotypic assay. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1769-78. [PMID: 20631869 PMCID: PMC2901824 DOI: 10.3390/md8061769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new minor components, the pyridoacridine alkaloids 1-hydroxy-deoxyamphimedine (1), 3-hydroxy-deoxyamphimedine (2), debromopetrosamine (3), and three known compounds, amphimedine (4), neoamphimedine (5) and deoxyamphimedine (6), have been isolated from the sponge Xestospongia cf. carbonaria, collected in Palau. Structures were assigned on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies as well as analysis by HRESIMS. Compounds 1–6 were evaluated in a zebrafish phenotype-based assay. Amphimedine (4) was the only compound that caused a phenotype in zebrafish embryos at 30 μM. No phenotype other than death was observed for compounds 1–3, 5, 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA; E-Mails: (X.M.W.); (M.K.H.); (R.M.V.W.)
| | - Tim S. Bugni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA; E-Mails: (X.M.W.); (M.K.H.); (R.M.V.W.)
| | - Mary Kay Harper
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA; E-Mails: (X.M.W.); (M.K.H.); (R.M.V.W.)
| | - Imelda T. Sandoval
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA ; E-Mails: (I.T.S.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.) ; (D.A.J.)
| | - Elizabeth J. Manos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA ; E-Mails: (I.T.S.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.) ; (D.A.J.)
| | - Jennifer Swift
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA ; E-Mails: (I.T.S.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.) ; (D.A.J.)
| | - Ryan M. Van Wagoner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA; E-Mails: (X.M.W.); (M.K.H.); (R.M.V.W.)
| | - David A. Jones
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA ; E-Mails: (I.T.S.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.) ; (D.A.J.)
| | - Chris M. Ireland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112, USA; E-Mails: (X.M.W.); (M.K.H.); (R.M.V.W.)
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +01-801-581-8305; Fax: +01-801-585-6208
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Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Nawaz M, Lim CW, Kim B. Anti-angiogenic and teratological activities associated with exposure to total particulate matter from commercial cigarettes. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:368-76. [PMID: 19084571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and the embryonic movement (EM) pathway are evolutionarily conserved mechanisms, which are essential for embryonic development. Deviation in these processes from exposure to cigarette total particulate matter (TPM) may produce vascular, morphogenetic, and teratological disorders. The anti-angiogenic and teratogenic potential of TPM from commercially available cigarettes was studied. In vitro effects of TPM on angiogenesis were determined with different assays utilizing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). A chicken embryo model was used to demonstrate the in vivo effects of TPM on EM, vascular development, and organogenesis. The current study provides evidence that cigarette TPM plays an impeding role in endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting, which are crucial factors in angiogenesis. Video recordings and kinematic analyses of the TPM exposed chicken embryos revealed a striking decrease in EM. Likewise, exposure of TPM to embryos resulted in ocular, mandibular, and abdominal hemorrhaging. Several teratologies including ectopia cordis, as well as bi-trunked and mammoth headed embryos were frequent findings among TPM treated embryos. These results are strongly reminiscent of morphogenetic and teratogenic deformities in TPM exposed embryos. This shows that cigarette smoking during pregnancy can be fatal to growing embryos. In addition, TPM may produce defective morphogenesis, leading to various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ejaz
- Angiogenesis and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Abstract
2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread environmental contaminants and potent developmental toxicants. Hallmarks of embryonic exposure include edema, hemorrhage, and mortality. Recent studies in zebrafish and chicken have revealed direct impairment of cardiac muscle growth that may underlie these overt symptoms. TCDD toxicity is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, but downstream targets remain unclear. Oxidative stress and growth factor modulation have been implicated in TCDD cardiovascular toxicity. Gene expression profiling is elucidating additional pathways by which TCDD might act. We review our understanding of the mechanism of TCDD embryotoxicity at morphological and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M H Goldstone
- The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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27
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Nana P, Asongalem EA, Foyet HS, Folefoc GN, Dimo T, Kamtchouing P. Maternal and developmental toxicity evaluation of Acanthus montanus leaves extract administered orally to Wistar pregnant rats during organogenesis. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116:228-233. [PMID: 18178353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acanthus montanus is a plant used in Cameroon to treat pains and threatened abortion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of methanol/methylene chlorides leaves extract from Acanthus montanus on Wistar pregnant rats and identify the substance(s) essential for these actions. Dams were treated orally from days 6 to 15 of the pregnancy at the dose levels of 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/(kgday). They were sacrificed on day 20 or allowed to deliver and wean. Various parameters were assessed. The F(1) generation offsprings were allowed to give birth to F(2) generation and a number of parameters assessed. The results showed that there was no maternal or organs toxicity. Embryotoxicity was observed during organogenesis manifested by reduction in foetal body weight, crown-rump and tail lengths and reduced ossification of extremities bones. However after delivery, these signs of growth retardation were seen before day 5, and henceforth, the treated pups regained all their parameters to normality. All others parameters for F(1) and F(2) generations were insignificant. beta-Sitosterol was the major chemical component of the extract and its role on these results could not be ignored. The MeOH/CH(2)Cl(2) extract of this plant is embryotoxic peri-natally at high doses but this failed to manifest after 5 days of post-natal survival. beta-Sitosterol may be central in the observed effects of the extract. This extract can be tolerated by pregnant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nana
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Chand B. Biological activity predictions, crystallographic comparison and hydrogen bonding analysis of cholane derivatives. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2007; 44:458-469. [PMID: 18320845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A total of eighteen molecules of cholane derivatives (I-XVIII) (a series of steroids) have been included to predict their pharmacological effects, specific mechanisms of action, known toxicities, drug-likeness, etc, by using the statistics of multilevel neighbourhoods of atoms (MNA) descriptors for active and inactive fragments. The biological activity spectra for substances have been correlated on SAR base (structure-activity relationships data and knowledge base), which provides the different P(a) (possibility of activity) and P(i) (possibility of inactivity). Most of the probable activities have been characterized by P(a) and P(i) values, which depict that all the molecules have high value of teratogen activity. The Lipinski's thumb rule predicts that all the cholane derivatives have stronger preponderance for "cancer-like-drug" molecules and some of their related analogous have entered in the ANCI (American National Cancer Institute) database. Some selected bond distances and bond angles of interest have been taken into account and deviation of bond distances/bond angles, vis-a-vis the substitutional group and X-H...A intra/intermolecular hydrogen bonds has been discussed in detail. X-H...A intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the molecules have been described with the standard distance and angle cut-off criteria. D-theta and d-theta. scatter plots for intra- and intermolecular interactions are presented for better understanding of packing interactions existing among these derivatives. There exists only one C-H...O intramolecular bifurcated hydrogen bond. while high tendency of intermolecular bifurcated hydrogen bonds based on a defined O-H...O has been observed, in which O atom acts as a prototype donor as well as acceptor. The frequency of occurrence of C-H...O hydrogen bonds is predominant (i.e. 85.7%) in intramolecular interactions, whereas in intermolecular interactions, frequency of occurrence for O-H...O interactions is 62.9%. Solvent-solute/solute-solvent interactions have also been investigated to understand more complicated processes that occur for biomolecules in aqueous solutions. The number of hydrogen donors in each derivative is less than 5, except for molecule XVIII and which has 91.3% of drug-likeness, instead of observed range of 96.5-99.39%.
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Stolarczyk EU, Groman A, Kaczmarek ŁS, Gołebiewski P. GC method for quantitative determination of residual 2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethanol (CEE) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) in quetiapine. Acta Pol Pharm 2007; 64:187-9. [PMID: 17665871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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30
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Walter I, Schwerdtle T, Thuy C, Parsons JL, Dianov GL, Hartwig A. Impact of arsenite and its methylated metabolites on PARP-1 activity, PARP-1 gene expression and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in cultured human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007; 6:61-70. [PMID: 17011244 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenicity are still not fully understood. Mechanisms currently discussed include the induction of oxidative DNA damage and the interference with DNA repair pathways. Still unclear is the role of biomethylation, which has long been considered to be one major detoxification process. Methylated arsenicals have recently been shown to interfere with DNA repair in cellular and subcellular systems, but up to now no DNA repair protein has been identified being particular sensitive towards methylated arsenicals in cultured cells. Here we report that the trivalent methylated metabolites MMA(III) and DMA(III) inhibit poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in cultured human HeLa S3 cells at concentrations as low as 1nM, thereby showing for the first time an inactivation of an enzymatic reaction related to DNA repair by the trivalent methylated arsenicals at very low environmentally relevant concentrations. In contrast the pentavalent metabolites MMA(V) and DMA(V) showed no such effects up to high micromolar concentrations. All investigated arsenicals did not alter gene expression of PARP-1. However, all trivalent arsenicals were able to inhibit the activity of isolated PARP-1, indicating that the observed decrease in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in cultures human cells, predominantly mediated by PARP-1, is likely due to changes in the activity of PARP-1. Since poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation plays a major role in DNA repair, cell cycle control and thus in the maintenance of genomic stability, these findings could in part explain DNA repair inhibition and the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Walter
- Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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Bader M, Wrbitzky R, Blaszkewicz M, van Thriel C. Human experimental exposure study on the uptake and urinary elimination of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) during simulated workplace conditions. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:335-46. [PMID: 17103143 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A human experimental study was carried out with 16 volunteers to examine the elimination of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) after exposure to the solvent under simulated workplace conditions. The NMP concentrations were 10, 40 and 80 mg/m(3) for 2 x 4 h with an exposure-free interval of 30 min. Additionally, a peak exposure scenario (25 mg/m(3) baseline, 160 mg/m(3) peaks for 4 x 15 min, time-weighted average: 72 mg/m(3)) was tested. The influence of physical activity on the uptake and elimination of NMP was studied under otherwise identical exposure conditions but involving moderate workload on a bicycle ergometer (75 W for 6 x 10 min). The peak times and biological half-lives of urinary NMP and its main metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI) in urine were analysed as well as the interrelationships between exposure and biomarkers. All analytes showed a close correlation between their post-shift peak concentrations and airborne NMP. An exposure to the current German workplace limit value of 80 mg/m(3) under resting conditions resulted in urinary peak concentrations of 2,400 microg/L NMP, 117 mg/g creatinine 5-HNMP and 32 mg/g creatinine 2-HMSI (workload conditions: 3,400 microg/L NMP, 150 mg/g creatinine 5-HNMP, 44 mg/g creatinine 2-HMSI). Moderate workload enhanced the total uptake of NMP by approximately one third. Differences between the estimated and the observed total amount of urinary metabolites point to a significant contribution of dermal absorption on the uptake of NMP. This aspect, together with the influence of physical workload, should be considered for the evaluation of a biological limit value for NMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, OE 5370, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Patil RD, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK. Critical period and minimum single oral dose of ochratoxin A for inducing developmental toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:679-87. [PMID: 16781114 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent in vivo teratogen, has been tested in various laboratory animal species. Present investigation was conducted to determine critical dose and critical time for the developmental toxicity of OTA in pregnant Wistar rats after single oral dose administration. OTA at different graded dose levels (2-4 mg/kg body weight) and at different gestation days (6-15), caused variable developmental defects in developing fetuses. OTA at 2.75 mg/kg body weight, dissolved in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate (vehicle) and administered by oral intubation as a single dose on one of the gestational days 6-15, caused significant maternal toxicity in the dams and various gross, visceral and skeletal anomalies in the fetuses. The major gross malformations were external hydrocephaly, incomplete closure of skull and omphalocele. Internal hydrocephaly, microphthalmia, enlarged renal pelvis and renal hypoplasia were the main internal soft tissue anomalies. Major skeletal defects were developmental defects in skull bones, sternebrae, vertebrae and ribs. The gestational days 6 and 7 were found to be the most critical for the induction of teratogenicity in rats. Single oral dose of 2.75 mg/kg body weight OTA was found to be the minimum effective teratogenic dose in pregnant Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra D Patil
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Rubenstein E, Zhou H, Krasinska KM, Chien A, Becker CH. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in garden beets (Beta vulgaris). Phytochemistry 2006; 67:898-903. [PMID: 16516254 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 01/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (L-Aze) is a toxic and teratogenic non-protein amino acid. In many species, including man, L-Aze is misincorporated into protein in place of proline, altering collagen, keratin, hemoglobin, and protein folding. In animal models of teratogenesis, it causes a wide range of malformations. The role of L-Aze in human disease has been unexplored, probably because the compound has not been associated with foods consumed by humans. Herein we report the presence of L-Aze in the garden or table beet (Beta vulgaris).
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Pocar P, Nestler D, Risch M, Fischer B. Apoptosis in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures during in vitro maturation. Reproduction 2006; 130:857-68. [PMID: 16322545 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aroclor-1254 (A-1254) is a commercial mixture of coplanar (dioxin-like) and non-coplanar (non dioxin-like) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affecting bovine oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and developmental competence. In the present study, the role of cumulus cell apoptosis in mediating the toxic effects of PCBs during in vitro maturation has been investigated. Results indicate that exposure of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) to A-1254 significantly induced apoptosis of cumulus cells. Furthermore, A-1254 significantly increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene, Bax, concomitantly reducing the level of the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2, in the cumulus cell compartment. The effects of pure mixtures of coplanar (PCB 77, 126 and 169) or non-coplanar (PCB 52, 101 and 153) PCBs were examined. Exposure of COCs to coplanar PCBs affected maturation at doses as low as 100.6 pg/ml. Furthermore, a significant increase in apoptosis and in Bax mRNA expression was observed. No variations in maturation or apoptosis were observed in the non-coplanar PCB group. To further analyze the role of cumulus cells, COCs and denuded oocytes (DOs) have been exposed to A-1254 or coplanar PCBs during IVM. Exposure of COCs significantly reduced the percentage of matured oocytes after 24 h of culture in both treatments. In contrast, exposure of DOs significantly decreased the maturation rate only at the highest dose investigated (100-fold greater than that affecting COCs). Taken together, the results indicate a direct role of cumulus cell apoptosis in mediating PCB toxicity on bovine oocytes, and a direct relationship between congener planarity and toxicity in bovine oocytes is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pocar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Ballerstadt R, Evans C, McNichols R, Gowda A. Concanavalin A for in vivo glucose sensing: a biotoxicity review. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:275-84. [PMID: 16488598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades there as has been surging scientific interest in employing the glucose- and mannose-specific lectin Concanavalin A (ConA) in affinity biosensors for in vivo glucose monitoring in diabetics. Numerous research groups have successfully shown in in vitro and in vivo studies that ConA-based affinity sensors can monitor glucose very accurately and reproducibly over many months, making ConA-based sensors an extremely interesting prospect for long-term implantation in humans. Despite this progress, there remains concern over the safety of ConA, which has widely been reported as a toxin in the literature. In this article, we review in vitro and in vivo studies related to ConA toxicity in order to assess the health risks posed by ConA in the context of an implantable biosensor. Based on the wealth of information available and on data from our own studies, we can conclude that the site of implantation (subcutaneous skin tissue) and the small amount of ConA (<10 microg/microl) being used in implantable glucose-sensitive detector devices like those proposed by various research groups would pose little or no health risk to its bearer even in the event of unexpected sensor rupture.
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Abstract
Five dipyridyl isomers, 2,2'-, 2,3'-, 2,4'-, 3,3'-, and 4,4'-dipyridyl, are products resulting from the pyrolytic degradation of tobacco products and degradation of the herbicide paraquat, and therefore may be present in the environment. In this article, the toxicological properties of these dipyridyl isomers in humans and animals are reviewed. Epidemiological studies suggest that cancerous skin lesions in workers involved in the manufacturing of paraquat may be associated with exposure to dipyridyl compounds. Experimental animal studies suggest that dipyridyl isomers may have several toxicological effects. Three of the dipyridyl isomers (the 2,2', 2,4', and 4,4' isomers) appear to be inducers of some metabolic enzymes. The 2,2'-dipyridyl isomer, an iron chelator, appears to influence vasospasm in primate models of stroke. The cytotoxic effects of 2,2'-dipyridyl on several leukemia cell lines have been reported, and a potent teratogenic effect of 2,2'-dipyridyl has been observed in rats. Based on the results of paraquat studies in experimental animal models, it has been proposed that paraquat may have deleterious effects on dopaminergic neurons. These findings support the epidemiological evidence that paraquat exposure may be associated with the development of Parkinson's disease. Studies designed to determine an association between paraquat exposure and Parkinson's disease are complicated by the possibility that metabolic changes may influence the neurotoxicity of paraquat and/or its metabolites. Preliminary unpublished data in mice show that 300-mg/kg doses of 2,2'-dipyridyl are neurotoxic, and 300-mg/kg doses of 2,4'- and 4,4'-dipyridyls are lethal. These results are consistent with earlier studies in Sherman rats using high 2,2'- and 4,4'-dipyridyl doses. New studies are needed to further explore the toxicological properties of dipyridyls and their potential public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenggang Li
- University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, USA
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Hong EJ, Ji YK, Choi KC, Manabe N, Jeung EB. Conflict of Estrogenic Activity by Various Phthalates between In Vitro and In Vivo Models Related to the Expression of Calbindin-D9k. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:253-63. [PMID: 15883486 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are suspected to disrupt the endocrine system, especially through estrogenic effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of various phthalates and compared them with those of estrogenic compounds that disrupt the female reproductive system. To assess the effects of these phthalates, alteration of the Calbindin-D9k (CaBP-9k) gene was measured as a biomarker because rat CaBP-9k gene carries an estrogen response element (ERE) which is involved in estrogen responsiveness of the gene during the estrous cycle. In this study, phthalates were tested for estrogenic properties in in vitro and in vivo models. First, the E-Screen assay was used to measure the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line. Treatments with 17beta-estradiol (E2; 9-fold) and 17alpha-estradiol (EE; 9-fold) induced MCF-7 cell proliferation at concentrations of 10(-9) M. Phthalates induced an increase in MCF-7 proliferation at concentration of 10(-6) M up to 10(-4) M. Nbutyl benzyl phthalate (BBP; 6-fold vs. vehicle), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP; 8-fold), 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP; 6-fold) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 7-fold) at the concentration of 10(-4) M induced in an increase in MCF-7 proliferation after 6 d of treatment compared to vehicle. However, significant increase in MCF-7 proliferation was induced by diethyl phthalate (DEP). Second, we investigated the expression of CaBP-9k in the uterus of immature rats after oral treatment with BBP, DCHP, DEHP, DBP or DBP (600 mg/kg per day) in this in vivo model, because the immature rat model is highly sensitive to exposure to estrogenic chemicals. None of the phthalates induced the expression of CaBP-9k mRNA and its protein in the neonatal uterus as analysed by Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. Although phthalates induced an increase in MCF-7 cell proliferation by an estrogenic effect, they could not induce CaBP-9k expression in the in vivo system, suggesting that the assays of estrogenic effects of various phthalates conducted in vitro and in vivo expression of CaBP-9k may produce conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Ju Hong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Republic of Korea
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Dimopoulos MA, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou V. Adverse effects of thalidomide administration in patients with neoplastic diseases. Am J Med 2004; 117:508-15. [PMID: 15464708 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide, a glutamic acid derivative, was withdrawn from clinical use in 1962 due to its severe teratogenic effects. Its recent reinstitution in clinical practice was related to its benefits in leprosy and multiple myeloma. Moreover, the antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory properties of thalidomide have led to its evaluation in several malignant diseases, including myelofibrosis, renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, and Kaposi sarcoma. However, thalidomide use is associated with several side effects: somnolence and constipation are the most common, while deep vein thrombosis and peripheral neuropathy are the most serious. A combination of thalidomide with steroids or chemotherapy is being evaluated in several phase 2 studies. While it is not yet clear whether these combinations will enhance efficacy, they appear to increase the toxicity of thalidomide, and thalidomide analogs are being developed to minimize this toxicity. Ongoing studies will clarify the potential advantages of these agents in the treatment of neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
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Shelby M, Portier C, Goldman L, Moore J, Iannucci A, Jahnke G, Donkin S. NTP-CERHR Expert Panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of methanol. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18:303-90. [PMID: 15082073 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) established the NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) in June 1998. The purpose of the Center is to provide timely, unbiased, scientifically sound evaluations of human and experimental evidence for adverse effects on reproduction, including development, caused by agents to which humans may be exposed. Methanol was selected for evaluation by the CERHR based on high production volume, extent of human exposure, and published evidence of reproductive or developmental toxicity. Methanol is used in chemical syntheses and as an industrial solvent. It is a natural component of the human diet and is found in consumer products such as paints, antifreeze, cleaning solutions, and adhesives. It is used in race car fuels and there is potential for expanded use as an automobile fuel. This evaluation is the result of a 10-month effort by a 12-member panel of government and non-government scientists that culminated in a public Expert Panel meeting. This report has been reviewed by CERHR staff scientists, and by members of the Methanol Expert Panel. Copies have been provided to the CERHR Core Committee, which is made up of representatives of NTP-participating agencies. This report is a product of the Expert Panel and is intended to (1). interpret the strength of scientific evidence that a given exposure or exposure circumstance may pose a hazard to reproduction and the health and welfare of children; (2). provide objective and scientifically thorough assessments of the scientific evidence that adverse reproductive/development health effects are associated with exposure to specific chemicals or classes of chemicals, including descriptions of any uncertainties that would diminish confidence in assessment of risks; and (3). identify knowledge gaps to help establish research and testing priorities. The expert panel report becomes a central part of the subsequent NTP-CERHR Monograph. Each monograph includes the NTP Brief on the chemical under evaluation, the expert panel report, and all public comments on the expert panel report. The NTP Brief contains the NTP's conclusions on the potential for exposure to result in adverse effects on human development and reproduction. It is based on the expert panel report, public comments on the report, and relevant data published after the expert panel report was completed. NTP-CERHR Monographs are publicly available and are transmitted to appropriate health and regulatory agencies.
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Isoherranen N, Spiegelstein O, Bialer M, Zhang J, Merriweather M, Yagen B, Roeder M, Triplett AA, Schurig V, Finnell RH. Developmental outcome of levetiracetam, its major metabolite in humans, 2-pyrrolidinone N-butyric acid, and its enantiomer (R)-alpha-ethyl-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide in a mouse model of teratogenicity. Epilepsia 2003; 44:1280-8. [PMID: 14510821 DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.21503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the teratogenic potential of the antiepileptic drug (AED) levetiracetam (LEV), its major metabolite in humans, 2-pyrrolidone-N-butyric acid (PBA), and enantiomer, (R)-alpha-ethyl-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide (REV), in a well-established mouse model. METHODS All compounds were administered by intraperitoneal injections once daily to SWV/Fnn mice on gestational days 8-1/2 to 12-1/2. LEV was administered at doses of 600, 1,200, and 2,000 mg/kg/day, piracetam (PIR) and PBA, at 600 and 1,200 mg/kg/day, and REV, at 600 mg/kg/day. On gestational day 18(1/2), fetuses were examined for gross external malformations and prepared for skeletal analysis by using Alizarin Red S staining. RESULTS No significant gross external malformations were observed in any of the study groups. Fetal weights were significantly reduced in most study groups. Resorption rates were significantly increased only in the 2,000-mg/kg/day LEV group. The overall incidence of skeletal abnormalities and specifically of hypoplastic phalanges was significantly increased in both PBA treatments and in the intermediate 1,200-mg/kg/day LEV group. In contrast to that in humans, 24-h urinary excretion analysis in mice showed that 65-100% of the LEV doses were excreted unchanged, whereas only 4% was excreted as the metabolite PBA. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study demonstrate that both LEV and its major metabolite in humans, PBA, do not induce major structural malformations in developing SWV/Fnn embryos and suggest that they provide a margin of reproductive safety for the pregnant epileptic population when compared with other AEDs tested in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Attar M, Dong D, Ling KHJ, Tang-Liu DDS. Cytochrome P450 2C8 and flavin-containing monooxygenases are involved in the metabolism of tazarotenic acid in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:476-81. [PMID: 12642475 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.4.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon oral administration, tazarotene is rapidly converted to tazarotenic acid by esterases. The main circulating agent, tazarotenic acid is subsequently oxidized to the inactive sulfoxide metabolite. Therefore, alterations in the metabolic clearance of tazarotenic acid may have significant effects on its systemic exposure. The objective of this study was to identify the human liver microsomal enzymes responsible for the in vitro metabolism of tazarotenic acid. Tazarotenic acid was incubated with 1 mg/ml pooled human liver microsomes, in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 37 degrees C, over a period of 30 min. The microsomal enzymes that may be involved in tazarotenic acid metabolism were identified through incubation with microsomes containing cDNA-expressed human microsomal isozymes. Chemical inhibition studies were then conducted to confirm the identity of the enzymes potentially involved in tazarotenic acid metabolism. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the sulfoxide metabolite, the major metabolite of tazarotenic acid. Upon incubation of tazarotenic acid with microsomes expressing CYP2C8, flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 (FMO1), or FMO3, marked formation of the sulfoxide metabolite was observed. The involvement of these isozymes in tazarotenic acid metabolism was further confirmed by inhibition of metabolite formation in pooled human liver microsomes by specific inhibitors of CYP2C8 or FMO. In conclusion, the in vitro metabolism of tazarotenic acid to its sulfoxide metabolite in human liver microsomes is mediated by CYP2C8 and FMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Attar
- Allergan Inc., Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 2525 DuPont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Gong Z, Jiang G, Cullen WR, Aposhian HV, Le XC. Determination of arsenic metabolic complex excreted in human urine after administration of sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:1318-23. [PMID: 12387631 DOI: 10.1021/tx020058m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS) has been used to treat acute arsenic poisoning. Presumably DMPS functions by chelating some arsenic species to increase the excretion of arsenic from the body. However, the excreted complex of DMPS with arsenic has not been detected. Here we describe a DMPS complex with monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), a key trivalent arsenic in the arsenic methylation process, and show the presence of the DMPS-MMA(III) complex in human urine after the administration of DMPS. The DMPS-MMA(III) complex was characterized using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and determined by using HPLC separation with hydride generation atomic fluorescence detection (HGAFD). The DMPS-MMA(III) complex did not form a volatile hydride with borohydride treatment. On-line digestion with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide following HPLC separation decomposed the DMPS-MMA(III) complex and allowed for the subsequent quantification by hydride generation atomic fluorescence. Arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), MMA(III), and DMPS-MMA(III) complex were analyzed in urine samples from human subjects collected after the ingestion of 300 mg of DMPS. The administration of DMPS resulted in a decrease of the DMA(V) concentration and an increase of the MMA(V) concentration excreted in the urine, confirming the previous results. The finding of the DMPS-MMA(III) complex in human urine after DMPS treatment provides an explanation for the inhibition of arsenic methylation by DMPS. Because MMA(III) is the substrate for the biomethylation of arsenic from MMA(V) to DMA(V), the formation of DMPS-MMA(III) complex would reduce the availability of MMA(III) for the subsequent biomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Gong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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Costa-Lotufo LV, Cunha GMA, Farias PAM, Viana GSB, Cunha KMA, Pessoa C, Moraes MO, Silveira ER, Gramosa NV, Rao VSN. The cytotoxic and embryotoxic effects of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene isolated from Copaifera langsdorffii oleo-resin. Toxicon 2002; 40:1231-234. [PMID: 12165328 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the effects of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene isolated from the oleo-resin of Copaifera langsdorffii in developing sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) embryos, on tumor cell growth in microculture tetrazolium (MTT) test and on mouse and human erythrocytes in hemolysis assay. Continuous exposure of embryos to kaurenoic acid starting immediately after fertilization inhibited the first cleavage (IC(50): 84.2 microM) and progressively induced embryo destruction (IC(50): 44.7 microM and < 10 microM for blastulae and larvae stages, respectively). In MTT assay, kaurenoic acid at a concentration of 78 microM produced growth inhibition of CEM leukemic cells by 95%, MCF-7 breast and HCT-8 colon cancer cells by 45% each. Further, kaurenoic acid induced a dose-dependent hemolysis of mouse and human erythrocytes with an EC(50) of 74.0 and 56.4 microM, respectively. The destruction of sea urchin embryos, the inhibition of tumor cell growth and the hemolysis of mouse and human erythrocytes indicate the potential cytotoxicity of kaurenoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel Nunes de Melo, 1127, P.O. Box 3157, 60430-270, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Grafe M, Eick MJ, Grossl PR, Saunders AM. Adsorption of arsenate and arsenite on ferrihydrite in the presence and absence of dissolved organic carbon. J Environ Qual 2002; 31:1115-1123. [PMID: 12175028 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2002.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of As(V) and As(III) on synthetic two-line ferrihydrite in the presence and absence of a peat humic acid (HAp), Suwannee River fulvic acid (FA), or citric acid (CA) was investigated. Previous work with goethite has demonstrated the ability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to decrease As(V) and As(III) adsorption. The results obtained demonstrate that As(V) adsorption on ferrihydrite was decreased only in the presence of CA. Arsenate decreased the adsorption of all organic acids except HAp. Both FA and CA reduced As(III) adsorption on ferrihydrite, while HAp had no effect. Fulvic and citric acid adsorption on ferrihydrite was decreased in the presence of As(III); however, FA and CA adsorption increased at lower pH, which was consistent with decreased As(III) adsorption. Peat humic acid did not decrease As(III) adsorption, and we believe that the adsorption process of HAp and As(III) and As(V) on ferrihydrite are independent of each other. Previously, we observed that As(V) adsorption on goethite decreased in the presence of HAp > FA > CA, while As(III) adsorption on goethite was decreased similarly to that on ferrihydrite in the presence of CA > FA approximately HAp, yet As(III) adsorption on ferrihydrite was greater than on goethite. The observed differences between this study and the earlier study on goethite are believed to be an intricate function of ferrihydrite's surface characteristics, which affect the mechanisms of adsorption and hence the affinity of organic acids such as HAp, FA, and CA for the ferrihydrite surface. As such, the adsorption of DOCs to ferrihydrite are assumed to be less favorable and to occur with a fewer number of ligands, resulting in lower surface coverage of weaker bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Grafe
- Dep of Plant and Soil Sciences, Univ of Delaware, Newark 19717, USA
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Abstract
Stearamide DIBA-Stearate is a substituted dihydroxyisobutylamine (DIBA) that functions in cosmetic formulations as an opacifying agent, a surfactant-foam booster, and a viscosity increasing agent. Stearamide DIBA-Stearate was reportedly used in four cosmetic formulations, at concentrations of 1% to 3%. Few data on this ingredient were available. Data on related ingredients, including Dibutyl Adipate, Diisopropyl Adipate, Stearamide DEA, and Stearamide MEA, were considered in the assessment of safety. A formulation containing 1.3% Stearamide DIBA-Stearate (further diluted to 4% of the formulation) was mildly irritating but nonsensitizing in an repeated-insult patch test (RIPT). The same dilution was noncomedogenic. At a concentration of 20%, Dibutyl Adipate had an oral LD50 of 2 g/kg. Subchronic dermal exposure of rabbits (1.0 ml/kg/day) caused a reduction in weight gain that was not observed at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg/day. In studies using rabbits, undiluted Dibutyl Adipate caused mild to moderate skin irritation and minimal ocular irritation. When pregnant rats were treated intraperitoneally with approximately 1.75 ml/kg Dibutyl Adipate during gestation, the incidence of fetal gross abnormalities was increased. No effect was observed at smaller doses. Diisopropyl Adipate had low acute oral and percutaneous toxicity, and was only a very mild ocular irritant. In skin irritation studies using rabbits, 5.0% to 100% Diisopropyl Adipate caused minimal to mild irritation; these results were also seen in clinical testing with only moderate cumulative irritation, and no sensitization or photosensitization. A formulation containing 5.27% Stearamide MEA was not toxic to rats when applied topically daily for 13 weeks. In studies using rabbits, Stearamide DEA (35% to 40%) was not a skin or ocular irritant, and Stearamide MEA (5.27%) was not an ocular irritant. At 17%, Stearamide MEA was not irritating to the skin, but caused minimal to moderate irritation to the eyes of rabbits. Stearamide MEA (5.27%) did not cause sensitization during a clinical study. It was not possible, however, to determine the relevance of these data on related ingredients. Therefore, it was concluded that the available data are insufficient. Additional data needs are (1) method of manufacture; (2) chemical characterization, including impurities; (3) dermal absorption; if significantly absorbed, then a 28-day dermal toxicity study and a reproductive and developmental toxicity study may be needed; (4) two genotoxicity assays, at least one in a mammalian system; if positive, then a 2-year dermal carcinogenesis study using National Toxicology Program (NTP) methods may be needed; (5) ultraviolet (UV) absorption data; if significant absorption occurs in the UVA or UVB range, photosensitization data are needed. Absent these data, it was concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of Stearamide DIBA-Stearate as used in cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lanigan
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Abstract
These inorganic polyphosphate salts all function as chelating agents in cosmetic formulations. In addition, Sodium Metaphosphate functions as an oral care agent, Sodium Trimetaphosphate as a buffering agent, and Sodium Hexametaphosphate as a corrosion inhibitor. Only Sodium Hexametaphosphate is currently reported to be used. Although the typical concentrations historically have been less than 1%, higher concentrations have been used in products such as bath oils, which are diluted during normal use. Sodium Metaphosphate is the general term for any polyphosphate salt with four or more phosphate units. The four-phosphate unit version is cyclic, others are straight chains. The hexametaphosphate is the specific six-chain length form. The trimetaphosphate structure is cyclic. Rats fed 10% Sodium Trimetaphosphate for a month exhibited transient tubular necrosis; rats given 10% Sodium Metaphosphate had retarded growth and those fed 10% Sodium Hexametaphosphate had pale and swollen kidneys. In chronic studies using animals, growth inhibition, increased kidney weights (with calcium deposition and desquamation), bone decalcification, parathyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia, inorganic phosphaturia, hepatic focal necrosis, and muscle fiber size alterations. Sodium Hexametaphosphate was a severe skin irritant in rabbits, whereas a 0.2% solution was only mildly irritating. A similar pattern was seen with ocular toxicity. These ingredients were not genotoxic in bacterial systems nor were they carcinogenic in rats. No reproductive or developmental toxicity was seen in studies using rats exposed to Sodium Hexametaphosphate or Sodium Trimetaphosphate. In clinical testing, irritation is seen as a function of concentration; concentrations as high as 1% produced no irritation in contact allergy patients. Because of the corrosive nature of Sodium Hexametaphosphate, it was concluded that these ingredients could be used safely if each formulation was prepared to avoid skin irritation; for example, low concentration in a leave-on product or dilution of a higher concentration as part of product usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lanigan
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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47
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Abstract
Arsenate coprecipitated with hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) was stabilized against dissolution during transformation of HFO to more crystalline iron (hydr)oxides. The rate of arsenate stabilization approximately coincided with the rate of HFO transformation at pH 6 and 40 degrees C. Comparison of extraction data and X-ray diffraction results confirmed that hematite and goethite were the primary transformation products. HFO transformation was significantly retarded at or above an arsenate solid loading of 29 455 mg As/kg HFO. However, HFO transformation proceeded at a significant rate for arsenate solid loadings of 4208 and 8416 mg As/kg HFO. At a solid loading of 8416 mg As/kg HFO, XRD results suggested arsenate primarily partitioned to hematite. Comparison of HFO transformation rates observed in this research to rates obtained from the literature at pH 6 and temperatures ranging from 24 to 70 degrees C suggests that arsenate stabilization could be realized in oxic environments with a significantfraction of iron (hydr)oxides. While this process has not been documented in natural systems, the predicted half-life for transformation of an arsenic-bearing HFO is approximately 300 days at 25 degrees C at solid loading < 8415 mg As/kg HFO. The projected time frame for arsenate stabilization indicates this process should be considered during development of conceptual and analytical models describing arsenic fate and transport in oxic systems containing reactive iron (hydr)oxides. The likelihood of this process would depend on the chemical dynamics of the soil or sediment system relative to iron (hydr)oxide precipitation-dissolution reactions and the potential retarding/competing influence of ions such as silicate and organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ford
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, USA.
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48
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Abstract
The revival of thalidomide began shortly after the drug was withdrawn from the market because of its teratogenic properties. Therapeutic effects of thalidomide were found accidentally in leprosy patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Subsequent research widened the understanding of the activity of thalidomide, and with improved methodology and the augmented background knowledge of immunology it was possible to interpret the properties of thalidomide more coherently. Effects on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) release play an important role in the ability of thalidomide to affect the immune system. Alteration of synthesis and release of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon-gamma is involved in the complex mechanisms of thalidomide. Thalidomide targets leucocytes, endothelial cells and keratinocytes, affecting them in a different manner and at different cellular levels. Changes in the density of adhesion molecules alter leucocyte extravasation and the inflammatory response in the tissue involved. Several mechanisms for the teratogenic action of thalidomide are currently under review, but this mode of action of the drug still remains unclear and we review evidence-based hypotheses for the teratogenicity of thalidomide. Thalidomide shows significant clinical impact in several diseases such as ENL in lepromatous leprosy, chronic graft-versus-host disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, aphthous lesions in HIV infection, wasting syndrome in chronic illness, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple myeloma and some solid tumours. In 1998 the US Food and Drug Administration approved thalidomide exclusively for the treatment of ENL, and strict conditions were stipulated for its use in order to prevent teratogenic adverse effects. However, despite the promising findings of thalidomide at the molecular level, namely its anti-TNFalpha properties and its intercalation with DNA, and activity in clinical trials, there is still a great need for more intensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meierhofer
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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49
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Su C, Puls RW. Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: effects of phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, sulfate, chromate, molybdate, and nitrate, relative to chloride. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35:4562-4568. [PMID: 11757617 DOI: 10.1021/es010768z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Batch tests were performed to evaluate the effects of inorganic anion competition on the kinetics of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) removal by zerovalent iron (Peerless Fe0) in aqueous solution. The oxyanions underwent either sorption-dominated reactions (phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, and sulfate) or reduction-dominated reactions (chromate, molybdate, and nitrate) with Peerless Fe0 in the presence of As(V) or As(III), relative to chloride. Pseudo-first-order rate equations were found to describe satisfactorily both As(V) and As(III) removal kinetics in the presence of each competing anion. Of the oxyanions tested for Peerless Fe0 in the pH range from 7 to 9, phosphate caused the greatest decrease in As removal rate (7.0 x 10(-3) to 18.5 x 10(-3) h(-1)) relative to chloride (34.9 x 10(-3) to 36.2 x 10(-3) h(-1)). Silicate, chromate, and molybdate also caused strong inhibition of As removal, followed by carbonate and nitrate, whereas borate and sulfate only caused slight inhibition to As(III) removal. Present results show that Peerless Fe0 may be an excellent permeable reactive barrier medium for a suite of mixed inorganic contaminants. The anion competing effects should be considered when designing permeable reactive barriers composed of zerovalent iron for field applications to remediate As(V) and As(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Su
- ManTech Environmental Research Services Corp, Ada, Oklahoma 74821-1198, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Enhanced reactivity of NaBH4 was observed as a solution in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Thus, a simple protocol for debromination of alkyl bromide and sulfonate is devised with NMP as a key solvent. Also described is a new mixed borohydride system, NaBH4-LiOTf-NMP, which works as an alternative to NaBH3CN for the SN2 type displacement. No reports have ever revealed usefulness of NMP in borohydride reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Torisawa
- Process Research Laboratory, Second Tokushima Factory, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, 771-0182, Tokushima, Japan.
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