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Sanjay S, Choudhary A, Kawali A, Mahendradas P. Unilateral Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis with frosted branch angiitis: a multimodal imaging study. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e253286. [PMID: 38740445 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-253286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A woman in her late 30s presented with sudden diminution of vision, redness and pain in the right eye (OD) of 10 days' duration. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/160 in OD and 20/20 in the left eye (OS). Anterior segment of OD showed keratic precipitates, flare 3+, cells 2+ and a festooned pupil. Vitreous haze and cells were seen in OD. Frosted branch angiitis (FBA) was seen in all quadrants in OD and old Toxoplasma scar was seen in both eyes. Serum toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) was positive and IgM negative, and PCR of an aqueous humour sample was negative for Toxoplasma She was diagnosed with toxoplasa retinochoroiditis in OD and treated with intravitreal clindamycin injections, oral anti-Toxoplasma antibiotics and steroids. Three months later, her BCVA in OD was 20/40 with resolving inflammation. She presented 2 months later with a new focus of retinochoroiditis without FBA and an old Toxoplasma scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Sanjay
- Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Ayushi Choudhary
- Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Ankush Kawali
- Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
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Artiaga JCM, Azarcon CP, Levina FD, Bromeo AJ, Mesina BVQ, Arcinue CA. Considerations in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: a review of literature. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1262-1268. [PMID: 38191658 PMCID: PMC11076467 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis. Available literature is still conflicting regarding the incidence of recurrence during pregnancy as various calculations were employed in the different published studies. Although earlier reports have suggested a difference in presentation and an increase in severity during pregnancy, newer studies appear to show otherwise. Further diagnostic testing, including serologic and intraocular fluid sampling, may be indicated to increase the diagnostic accuracy in this special population of patients. The management of ocular toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is challenging as the foetus is additionally considered in the choice of treatment. Traditionally preferred anti-toxoplasmosis regimens containing antifolate drugs, such as pyrimethamine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cannot be used routinely in pregnant patients, especially during the first trimester. This review includes literature on alternative treatments for ocular toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, including spiramycin and intravitreal treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlo M Artiaga
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Corrina P Azarcon
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Faye D Levina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Bryan Vincent Q Mesina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cheryl A Arcinue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Asian Eye Institute, Makati City, Philippines
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3
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Journé A, Garweg J, Ksiazek E, Peyron F, Binquet C, Wallon M. Long-term Ocular Outcomes in Congenital Toxoplasmosis Treated Perinatally. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023064114. [PMID: 38454832 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) can be accompanied by serious organ manifestations, particularly retinochoroiditis, and may occur throughout life. We aimed to monitor long-term ocular prognosis in a large French cohort of patients with CT and its changes over time in the context of mandatory prenatal screening (since 1992) and incidence decrease since 2008. METHODS Patients with CT diagnosed between 1987 and 2021 were prospectively included and followed for up to 35 years. The effect of the period of conception on the risk of first retinochoroiditis has been tested using a flexible extension of the Cox model. Incidence rates of retinochoroiditis were estimated. RESULTS A total of 646 infected live born children were followed for a median of 12 years (range, 0.5-35); 187 patients (29%) had at least 1 ocular lesion (first at a median age of 5 years; range, 0-26 years) with peaks at 7 and 12 years. Early maternal infection and the presence of nonocular signs at birth were associated with a higher risk of retinochoroiditis, whereas delayed diagnosis of CT (after birth versus before or at birth) was associated with a lower risk (13% decrease for each additional month after birth; P = .01). A period effect for the risk of developing retinochoroiditis in patients born after 2008 was not detected. CONCLUSIONS Despite prenatal screening and prolonged perinatal treatment, retinochoroiditis is not a rare event in French patients with CT and can occur well into adulthood, with peak incidences at 7 and 12 years of age. It rarely causes severe damage but warrants regular follow-up into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Journé
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne, CIC1432 Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Justus Garweg
- Swiss Eye Institute and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eléa Ksiazek
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne, CIC1432 Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - François Peyron
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Lyon, France
- Waking Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Bron, France
| | - Christine Binquet
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne, CIC1432 Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Martine Wallon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Lyon, France
- Waking Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Bron, France
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Patnaik G, Pyare R, Kaushik VV, Dutta Majumder P. Ocular toxoplasmosis following anti-tumour necrosis factor-α therapy combined with oral methotrexate therapy: A case report and review of literature. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:NP113-NP117. [PMID: 37818617 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231207513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To report a case of ocular toxoplasmosis following long-term treatment with adalimumab and review the literature on ocular toxoplasmosis following anti-Tumour necrosis factor-α therapy. Method: A retrospective chart review of A 21-year-old male who developed retinochoroiditis in his left eye following adalimumab therapy combined with oral methotrexate. Result: A known patient of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) on adalimumab and oral methotrexate for the last four years presented to us with a blurring of vision for the last 15 days. Fundus examination of the left eye revealed severe vitritis and two patches of retinochoroiditis in the inferior part of the fundus. Subsequent investigations confirmed it to be a case of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, and he responded to anti-toxoplasma treatment. A review of literature on a similar topic revealed five such cases, and the index case was the first such report in patients with JIA. Conclusion: The index case highlights the importance of early recognition and management of opportunistic infections in patients receiving biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazal Patnaik
- Department of Uvea, Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, India
| | - Richa Pyare
- Department of Uvea, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Cirone D, Pellegrini F, Cuna A, Caruso E, Cimino L, Leonardi F. Serous macular detachment in ocular toxoplasmosis: A review. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:30-38. [PMID: 37016744 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231168148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis, a disease of the eye caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, represents a common cause of posterior uveitis. The Authors review the current Literature regarding the uncommon presentation of ocular toxoplasmosis as macular serous retinal detachment (SRD). It is imperative to keep in mind that inflammatory SRD is a possible presentation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Underestimation of this clinical scenario and treatment with steroids alone without appropriate antiparasitic drugs, could lead to devastating consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cirone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Villa Anna Hospital, San Benedetto del Tronto, AP, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Cuna
- Department of Ophthalmology, De Gironcoli Hospital, AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Ettore Caruso
- Department of Ophthalmology, De Gironcoli Hospital, AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Luca Cimino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (RE), Italy
| | - Francesca Leonardi
- Department of Ophthalmology, De Gironcoli Hospital, AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Conegliano, TV, Italy
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Desai A, Tyagi M. Bacillary layer detachment as an inflammatory biomarker in toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis: serial evolution on optical coherence tomography. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e256629. [PMID: 38129084 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the clinical course and serial evolution of bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis and its importance as an inflammatory biomarker. Colour fundus photography and swept-source OCT of the BALAD were done at the time of presentation and subsequently at 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and at 11 weeks. Treatment involved oral trimethoprim (160 mg) + sulphamethoxazole (800 mg) two times per day, started at presentation for 2 months. Oral prednisolone was started after 1 week at a dose of 50 mg a day and tapered weekly over the next 5 weeks. The BALAD initially increased after starting treatment with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and regressed within 1 week after initiation of oral prednisolone. Best corrected visual acuity improved to 20/40 from 20/160 at presentation (Snellen equivalent). This suggests that BALAD is an indicator of an acute inflammatory event and the accumulated fluid is secondary to retinal and choroidal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Desai
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LVPEI, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LVPEI, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Nsiangani Lusambo N, Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo D, Ngoyi Mumba DM, de-la-Torre A. Outcomes of trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis in Congolese patients. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:440. [PMID: 37907920 PMCID: PMC10617208 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is the leading cause of infectious posterior uveitis in several areas worldwide. The combination of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) has been presented as an attractive alternative to the "classic' treatment therapy (Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine). METHODS A prospective study was carried out between February 2020 and September 2021 in 2 ophthalmic centers in Kinshasa. This study aimed to describe TMP/SMX treatment outcomes for OT in a cohort of immunocompetent Congolese patients. RESULTS 54 patients were included, with a mean age at presentation of 37.5 ± 13.6 years old and a Male-Female ratio of 1.45:1. Three patients (5.6%) presented a recurrence during the follow-up period. At the end of the follow-up, improvement in VA and resolution of inflammation concerned 75.9% and 77.5% of patients, respectively. Cataracts (3.7%), macular scars (3.7%), and vitreous opacities (3.7%) were the principal causes of non-improvement in VA. Treatment-related adverse events were present in 10 patients (18.5%); gastrointestinal (14.8%) and dermatological (3.7%) adverse events were the most frequent. Dermatological adverse events led to discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSION TMP/SMX regimen appears to be a safe and effective treatment for OT in Congolese patients. The low cost and the accessibility of the molecules make this regimen an option for treating OT in resource-limited countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nsiangani Lusambo
- Eye Department, Teaching Hospital, Medical School, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Dieudonné Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo
- Eye Department, Teaching Hospital, Medical School, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi Mumba
- Parasitology Department, Teaching Hospital, Medical school, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Mesen S, Ozer MD. A new perspective in the treatment follow-up of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis: Infiltrate thickness measurement. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103676. [PMID: 37369261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of active lesions in toxoplasma retinochoroiditis cases and to examine the changes in retinochoroidal infiltrate thickness after treatment. METHODS A total of 21 newly diagnosed patients with ocular toxoplasmosis were included in this prospective study. A complete ophthalmologic examination and SD-OCT were performed at the first visit. The patients were followed up weekly, and the SD-OCT images were taken over the lesion at each visit for 6 weeks. The characteristics of the active retinochoroiditis focus at the first visit were determined, and the infiltrate thicknesses at all visits were analyzed. RESULTS A statistically significant BCVA difference was observed at the first visit and at the last visit 6 weeks later (p < 0.01). The first week after treatment showed a significant decrease in infiltrate thickness (113.904 ± 86.001 µm). In the following weeks, this decrease continued more softly. The thickness change at 6 weeks was significantly reduced (16.095 ± 14.784 µm) compared with the previous ones. Weekly infitrate thickness changes were compared among themselves; a statistically significant difference was found between the 1st and 2nd weeks and the 5th and 6th weeks (p = 0.035 and p = 0.007, respectively). Detached posterior vitreous in 71% (15/21) and increased posterior vitreous thickness in 76% (16/21) of active lesion were detected. All patients had 100% (21/21) increased retinal reflectivity and disorganized retinal layers, and choroidal hypo-reflectivity was observed in 86% (18/21). CONCLUSION SD-OCT is a useful imaging modality in the diagnosis and follow-up of ocular toxoplasmosis cases. Serial thickness measurements of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis lesions may help confirm our diagnosis and determine the need for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Mesen
- Turkoglu Dr. Kemal Beyazit State Hospital, Ophthalmology Department.
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9
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Yogeswaran K, Furtado JM, Bodaghi B, Matthews JM, Smith JR. Current practice in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:973-979. [PMID: 35197262 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2022-321091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular toxoplasmosis is common across all regions of the world. Understanding of the epidemiology and approach to diagnosis and treatment have evolved recently. In November 2020, an international group of uveitis-specialised ophthalmologists formed the International Ocular Toxoplasmosis Study Group to define current practice. METHODS 192 Study Group members from 48 countries completed a 36-item survey on clinical features, use of investigations, indications for treatment, systemic and intravitreal treatment with antiparasitic drugs and corticosteroids, and approach to follow-up and preventive therapy. RESULTS For 77.1% of members, unilateral retinochoroiditis adjacent to a pigmented scar accounted for over 60% of presentations, but diverse atypical presentations were also reported. Common complications included persistent vitreous opacities, epiretinal membrane, cataract, and ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Most members used clinical examination with (56.8%) or without (35.9%) serology to diagnose typical disease but relied on intraocular fluid testing-usually PCR-in atypical cases (68.8%). 66.1% of members treated all non-pregnant patients, while 33.9% treated selected patients. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was first-line therapy for 66.7% of members, and 60.9% had experience using intravitreal clindamycin. Corticosteroid drugs were administered systemically by 97.4%; 24.7% also injected corticosteroid intravitreally, almost always in combination with an antimicrobial drug (72.3%). The majority of members followed up all (60.4%) or selected (35.9%) patients after resolution of acute disease, and prophylaxis against recurrence with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was prescribed to selected patients by 69.8%. CONCLUSION Our report presents a current management approach for ocular toxoplasmosis, as practised by a large international group of uveitis-specialised ophthalmologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengadhevi Yogeswaran
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - João M Furtado
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Janet M Matthews
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justine R Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Sanchez-Quiros J, Burgos-Blasco B, Montolío-Marzo E, Medina-García E, Ramos-Amador JT, Diaz-Valle D. Toxoplasmic maculopathy with bacillary layer detachment in a pediatric patient. J AAPOS 2023; 27:176-179. [PMID: 37054965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a 14-year-old girl with ocular toxoplasmosis presenting with severe panuveitis with anterior segment involvement, moderate vitreous haze, focal retinochoroiditis, extensive retinal periphlebitis, and macular bacillary layer detachment. Toxoplasmosis treatment was complicated by Stevens-Johnson syndrome, which developed 8 days after starting trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sanchez-Quiros
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Barbara Burgos-Blasco
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Montolío-Marzo
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Medina-García
- Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Tomas Ramos-Amador
- Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Diaz-Valle
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Departments of Immunology, Ophthalmology, and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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Niu L, Wang S, Li Y, Liu J. Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii positive in serum and aqueous humor to diagnose clinically suspected ocular toxoplasmosis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30956. [PMID: 36221364 PMCID: PMC9543069 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previously, diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is based on clinical symptoms and Toxoplasma serology. Checking serological indicators often cannot reflect the real intraocular situation, and may even mislead clinicians to make wrong judgments. PATIENT CONCERNS A 38-year-old male patient visited our ophthalmology clinic with a chief complaint of decreased vision for about 5 days in his right eye. DIAGNOSIS Aqueous humor sample analysis found Toxoplasma DNA detectable, and Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) to be positive. His serum Toxoplasma IgG was also positive (10.04 IU/mL; reference range: 0 to 7.2 IU/mL). Therefore, the final diagnose was ocular toxoplasmosis involving his right eye. INTERVENTIONS Oral prednisone 60 mg/day and azithromycin 0.25 g/day were started. Oral antibiotic treatment for toxoplasma was continued for 4 weeks, and prednisone followed by weekly stepwise tapering in steps of 10 mg/day. OUTCOMES The BCVA and fundus of right eye remained stable after treatment at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This article reported a case of ocular Toxoplasma gondii infection diagnosis by serum and aqueous humor antibody tests. We provide some additional information on the T gondii infection diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, China
| | - Yunyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu, Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi 046000, China (e-mail: )
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li H, Cong H, Qu Y. In vitro and in vivo anti−Toxoplasma activities of HDAC inhibitor Panobinostat on experimental acute ocular toxoplasmosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1002817. [PMID: 36171756 PMCID: PMC9510647 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is retinochoroiditis caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection, which poses a huge threat to vision. However, most traditional oral drugs for this disease have multiple side effects and have difficulty crossing the blood-retinal barrier, so the new alternative strategy is required to be developed urgently. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors, initially applied to cancer, have attracted considerable attention as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii drugs. Here, the efficacy of a novel HDAC inhibitor, Panobinostat (LBH589), against T. gondii has been investigated. In vitro, LBH589 inhibited the proliferation and activity of T. gondii in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In vivo, optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination and histopathological studies showed that the inflammatory cell infiltration and the damage to retinal architecture were drastically reduced in C57BL/6 mice upon treatment with intravitreal injection of LBH589. Furthermore, we have found the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased in LBH589–treated group. Collectively, our study demonstrates that LBH589 holds great promise as a preclinical candidate for control and cure of ocular toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiming Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Cong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Cong, ; Yi Qu,
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Cong, ; Yi Qu,
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Wadhwa H, Sims JL, Niederer RL. Rate of recurrence of toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis at a tertiary eye centre in Auckland. N Z Med J 2022; 135:10-18. [PMID: 35728200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to examine rate of recurrence of toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis and risk factors for recurrence. No New Zealand epidemiological data on recurrence rates of toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis have been previously published. METHODS Retrospective chart review of all patients with toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis presented to Auckland District Health Board Department of Ophthalmology between 2006-2019. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-six eyes of 115 patients were included with a median age at initial diagnosis of 36.7 years (IQR 23.7-53.8). Fifty-nine patients were female (51.3%), and 16 patients (13.9%) were immunosuppressed. Twenty-six of the 86 patients tested (30.2%) were IgM positive at presentation. Mean follow-up was 6.1 years and 73 recurrences occurred during the follow-up period in 36 patients (31.3%). Treatment was initiated in 87.4% of cases, with oral cotrimoxazole or clindamycin the most common options. Recurrence occurred in 14.8% in the first year (95% CI 10.3%-21.0%), and the risk of recurrence was increased 2x for every previously documented recurrence (HR 2.00; p<0.001). There was no statistically significant increased risk of recurrence with age, IgM positivity, immunosuppression or macular involvement. CONCLUSIONS Toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis had a 14.8% risk of recurrence in the first year, with each previous recurrence increasing the risk by two-times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Wadhwa
- MBChB - Junior Clinical and Research Fellow; Department of Ophthalmology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne L Sims
- MBChB FRANZCO - Consultant Ophthalmologist; Department of Ophthalmology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachael L Niederer
- PhD MBChB FRANZCO - Consultant Ophthalmologist; Department of Ophthalmology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kalogeropoulos D, Sakkas H, Mohammed B, Vartholomatos G, Malamos K, Sreekantam S, Kanavaros P, Kalogeropoulos C. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a review of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:295-321. [PMID: 34370174 PMCID: PMC8351587 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to summarize the current knowledge concerning the clinical features, diagnostic work-up and therapeutic approach of ocular toxoplasmosis focusing mainly on the postnatally acquired form of the disease. METHODS A meticulous literature search was performed in the PubMed database. A supplementary search was made in Google Scholar to complete the collected items. RESULTS Ocular toxoplasmosis is one of the most frequent infectious etiologies of posterior uveitis. It typically presents with retinochoroiditis. Setting an accurate diagnosis depends to a considerable degree on detecting characteristic clinical characteristics. In addition to the evaluation of clinical features, the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis relies at a large degree on serologic testing. The detection of the parasite DNA in the aqueous or vitreous humor can provide evidence for a definitive diagnosis. The current mainstay for the treatment, if necessary, is the use of oral antibiotic with systemic corticosteroids. Recent evidence suggests other therapeutic approaches, such as intravitreal antibiotics can be used. CONCLUSION Recent developments in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach have contributed to preventing or limiting vision loss of patients suffering from ocular toxoplasmosis. Further studies are required to provide a better understanding of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment with a significant impact on the management of this challenging clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchos Ave, 45500, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Hercules Sakkas
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Hematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Malamos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchos Ave, 45500, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Chris Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchos Ave, 45500, Ioannina, Greece
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15
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Feliciano-Alfonso JE, Muñoz-Ortiz J, Marín-Noriega MA, Vargas-Villanueva A, Triviño-Blanco L, Carvajal-Saiz N, de-la-Torre A. Safety and efficacy of different antibiotic regimens in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2021; 10:206. [PMID: 34275483 PMCID: PMC8287816 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is the most common cause of posterior uveitis, which leads to visual impairment in a large proportion of patients. Antibiotics and corticosteroids lower the risk of permanent visual loss by controlling infection and inflammation. However, there remains disagreement regarding optimal antibiotic therapy for OT. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to determine the effects and safety of existing antibiotic treatment regimens for OT. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform portal, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Gray Literature in Europe ("OpenGrey") were searched for relevant studies; manual searches of reference lists were performed for studies identified by other methods. All published and unpublished randomized controlled trials that compared antibiotic schemes known to be effective in OT at any dosage, duration, and administration route were included. Studies comparing antibiotics with placebo were excluded. This review followed standard methodological procedures recommended by the Cochrane group. RESULTS Ten studies were included in the narrative summary, of which four were included for quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). Interventions were organized into three groups: intravitreal clindamycin versus pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole versus other antibiotics, and other interventions. The first comparison favored intravitreal clindamycin (Mean difference (MD) = 0.10 logMAR; 95% confidence interval = 0.01 to 0.22). However, this finding lacks clinical relevance. Other outcomes showed no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups. In general, the risk of performance bias was high in evaluated studies, and the quality of the evidence found was low to very low. CONCLUSIONS No antibiotic scheme was superior to others, and the selection of a treatment regimen depends on multiple factors; therefore, treatment should be chosen based on safety, sulfa allergies, and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Feliciano-Alfonso
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Muñoz-Ortiz
- NeURos Research Group, Escuela de Medicina Y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología-Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Alejandra Marín-Noriega
- NeURos Research Group, Escuela de Medicina Y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Vargas-Villanueva
- NeURos Research Group, Escuela de Medicina Y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Triviño-Blanco
- NeURos Research Group, Escuela de Medicina Y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Carvajal-Saiz
- NeURos Research Group, Escuela de Medicina Y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- NeURos Research Group, Escuela de Medicina Y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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16
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Ajamil-Rodanes S, Luis J, Bourkiza R, Girling B, Rees A, Cosgrove C, Pavesio C, Westcott M. Ocular toxoplasmosis: phenotype differences between toxoplasma IgM positive and IgM negative patients in a large cohort. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105:210-215. [PMID: 32345603 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the differences in demographics and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis according to their IgM status. METHODS Retrospective case note analysis was carried out on patients who tested positive for serum Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM antibodies (IgM+) as well as a comparator group who tested negative for serum IgM (IgM-), but positive for serum IgG. Patient demographics and clinical features were compared between the two groups to evaluate for any significant differences. RESULTS One hundred and six patients were included in the study between March 2011 and June 2018, consisting of 37 in the IgM +group and 69 in the IgM- group. Patients in the IgM +group were significantly older (51.1 vs 34.1 years, p<0.0001), more likely to present with central macular lesions (32% vs 12%, p=0.012), and more likely to develop rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (11% vs 1%, p=0.049). In contrast, patients in the IgM- group were more likely present with pain (20% vs 3%, 0.017) and exhibit more severe inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreous (p<0.05). Overall, retinal lesions were more likely to be superotemporal (55%) and superonasal (31%). Furthermore, age was associated with larger (p=0.003) and more peripheral lesions (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated significant differences in clinical characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis according to serum IgM status. IgM+ patients were older, less likely to report pain, had lower levels of intraocular inflammation, but were more likely to have macular involvement. We also found age to be correlated with larger and more peripheral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Luis
- Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Rabia Bourkiza
- Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Benedict Girling
- Ophthalmology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Angela Rees
- Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Cosgrove
- Infectious Department, St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carlos Pavesio
- Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Mark Westcott
- Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
- Ophthalmology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, London, UK
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17
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Fernandes Felix JP, Cavalcanti Lira RP, Grupenmacher AT, de Assis Filho HLG, Cosimo AB, Nascimento MA, Leite Arieta CE. Reply to Comment on: Long-term Results of Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole Versus Placebo to Reduce the Risk of Recurrent Toxoplasma gondii Retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 220:217-218. [PMID: 33097174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tabuenca Del Barrio L, Heras Mulero H, Mozo Cuadrado M, Fanlo Mateo P, Compains Silva E. Intravitreal clindamycin as a therapeutic alternative in severe ocular toxoplasmosis. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 2019; 94:602-604. [PMID: 31607401 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease than have severe consequences on the eyesight. The aim of this study article is to present a bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis in a sulfamide allergic patient with unilateral activation and her favourable progression with intravitreal Clindamycin and oral steroids treatment. Weekly intravitreal Clindamycin treatment is shown to be a suitable therapeutic alternative in cases of severe ocular toxoplasmosis and/or in patients with a contraindication to classical treatment. Intravitreal Clindamycin treatment is a safe alternative with favourable clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tabuenca Del Barrio
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España.
| | - H Heras Mulero
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - M Mozo Cuadrado
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - P Fanlo Mateo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - E Compains Silva
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
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19
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Yates WB, Chiong F, Zagora S, Post JJ, Wakefield D, McCluskey P. Ocular Toxoplasmosis in a Tertiary Referral Center in Sydney Australia-Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prognosis. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2019; 8:280-284. [PMID: 31369405 PMCID: PMC6727929 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to provide a retrospective analysis of the presentation, demographics, and treatment regimens for ocular toxoplasmosis at a large tertiary referral uveitis center. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 48 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis who presented to Sydney Eye Hospital participated in this study. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patient files who presented to Sydney Eye Hospital between 2007 and 2016 with clinical features consistent with ocular toxoplasmosis. Baseline risk factors and treatment details were recorded and analyzed. Main outcome measures were visual acuity and relapse rate compared with other studies in ocular toxoplasmosis. RESULTS The median age was 35.5 (interquartile range 21-50) with 30 (60%) patients having no previous symptomatic episodes or evidence of chorioretinal scarring. Visual acuity at presentation was 0.51 or 6/19 (SE 0.096) and at follow-up 0.31 or 6/12 (SE 0.094). Nine patients experienced a recurrence during the period of observation with median time to recurrence 2.2 years (SE 0.45) and the relapse rate was 0.09/person-years. Location of lesion was predominantly within the vascular arcades (n = 44) with macular involvement in 9 patients. Most patients received clindamycin therapy (n = 34) with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine was used for those with macula involvement. CONCLUSIONS Patients with ocular toxoplasmosis had fewer recurrences compared with other published series and had better visual recovery. The majority of patients received clindamycin and oral prednisolone which were well tolerated with pyrimethazine and sulfadiazine reserved for those with macula-involving disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Adult
- Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Protozoan/analysis
- Australia/epidemiology
- DNA, Protozoan/analysis
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Eye Infections, Parasitic/diagnosis
- Eye Infections, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Eye Infections, Parasitic/epidemiology
- Female
- Fluorescein Angiography/methods
- Follow-Up Studies
- Fundus Oculi
- Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Tertiary Care Centers
- Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
- Toxoplasma/genetics
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasma/isolation & purification
- Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/diagnosis
- Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/drug therapy
- Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/epidemiology
- Visual Acuity
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Yates
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fabian Chiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sophia Zagora
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J. Post
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Denis Wakefield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, NSW Health, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter McCluskey
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Feliciano-Alfonso JE, Vargas-Villanueva A, Marín MA, Triviño L, Carvajal N, Moreno M, Luna T, Lopez de Mesa C, Muñoz-Ortiz J, de-la-Torre A. Antibiotic treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis: study protocol. Syst Rev 2019; 8:146. [PMID: 31221217 PMCID: PMC6587239 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is the most common cause of posterior uveitis, leading to visual impairment in a high proportion of patients. Antibiotics and corticosteroids lower the risk of permanent visual impairment by reducing the size of the retinochoroidal scar, the risk of recurrence, and the severity and duration of acute symptoms. Although OT is a very common cause of infectious posterior uveitis, its treatment remains controversial. Through our systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to provide the best possible evidence-based information on the safety and effectiveness of the different antibiotic regimes for OT. METHODS This systematic review protocol has been developed based on PRISMA-P guidelines for reporting systematic reviews evaluating health care interventions. We will include all published and unpublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different antibiotics used for the treatment of OT. We will consider changes in visual acuity, number of recurrences, improvement or worsening of ocular inflammation, size of lesion, and adverse effects as our outcomes. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment will be undertaken by two reviewers with disagreements resolved through discussion. Studies that compared antibiotics with placebo will be excluded. The reviews will be assessed for quality and relevance. We will assess the risk of bias in five domains according to Cochrane group's tool. The type of data will dictate measures of treatment effect. We will use a random-effects model to calculate our meta-analysis, as eligible studies represent clinically varied populations of participants. DISCUSSION The strength of our study will lie in the exhaustive and systematic nature of the literature search, as well as in its methods for assessing quality and analyzing RCT data. Considering the controversial efficacy of the treatment for OT, our study will contribute to improving the existing evidence on the effectiveness of different antibiotics. Future studies may be conducted to increase physicians' awareness of antibiotic therapies, improving the health of patients with OT. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018085468.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Feliciano-Alfonso
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - María Alejandra Marín
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Triviño
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Carvajal
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuela Moreno
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Luna
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Clara Lopez de Mesa
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología-Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Muñoz-Ortiz
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología-Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, Colombia
- NeURos research group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- NeURos research group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63 C 69, Bogotá, Colombia
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Aleixo ALQDC, Vasconcelos C. de Oliveira R, Cavalcanti Albuquerque M, Biancardi AL, Land Curi AL, Israel Benchimol E, Reis Amendoeira MR. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: The influence of age, number of retinochoroidal lesions and genetic polymorphism for IFN-γ +874 T/A as risk factors for recurrence in a survival analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211627. [PMID: 30753197 PMCID: PMC6372150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze risk factors for recurrent toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Design Single center prospective case series. Population and Methods A total of 230 patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were prospectively followed to assess recurrences. All patients were treated with a specific drug regime for toxoplasmosis in each episode of active retinochoroiditis. Individuals with chronic diseases and pregnant women were excluded. Survival analysis by extended Cox regression model (Prentice-Williams-Peterson counting process model) was performed to evaluate the time between recurrences according to some potential risk factors: age, number of retinochoroidal lesions at initial evaluation, sex and interferon gamma +874 T/A gene polymorphism. Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were provided to interpret the risk effects. Results One hundred sixty-two recurrence episodes were observed in 104 (45.2%) patients during follow-up that lasted from 269 to 1976 days. Mean age at presentation was 32.8 years (Standard deviation = 11.38). The risk of recurrence during follow up was influenced by age (HR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01–1.04) and number of retinochoroidal lesions at the beginning of the study (HR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.07–2.40). Heterozygosis for IFN-γ gene polymorphism at position +874 T/A was also associated with recurrence (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.04–2.14). Conclusion The risk of ocular toxoplasmosis recurrence after an active episode increased with age and was significantly higher in individuals with primary lesions, which suggests that individuals with this characteristic and the elderly could benefit from recurrence prophylactic strategies with antimicrobials. Results suggest an association between IFN-γ gene polymorphism at position +874T/A and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - André Luiz Land Curi
- Infectious Ophthalmology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Israel Benchimol
- Infectious Ophthalmology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Zhang Y, Lin X, Lu F. Current treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients: a network meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2018; 185:52-62. [PMID: 29704469 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is the most frequent form of infectious posterior uveitis caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. To evaluate the available evidence in peer-reviewed publications about the most effective therapy for OT in immunocompetent patients, herein a systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) database from January 1987 to October 2017, with search terms "OT", "retinochoroiditis", "treatment", and "immunocompetent"; search filters "controlled clinical trial", "randomized clinical trial", and "clinical trial". The included studies were performed to evaluate the various treatment modalities of OT. Different treatment regimens were compared with regard to the improvement of visual acuity, the resolution of vitreous inflammation, recurrence, and side-effects. We independently extracted data and assessed eligibility and risk of bias using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, and resolved any disagreement through discussion. A Bayesian network meta-analysis model was used to evaluate the interesting outcomes of all the interventions. Total 10 trials of treatments for OT were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Six trials of treatments including clindamycin, azithromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) were compared with conventional therapy (the combination of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and corticosteroids) for evaluation of the effect on visual acuity, vitreous inflammation, recurrence of OT, and side-effects. Two trials were compared TMP-SMX with placebo. One trial was compared azithromycin with TMP-SMX. And another trial was compared among treatments with clindamycin, P-S, TMP-SMX, and placebo. Based on our network meta-analysis, therapy with TMP-SMX seems to be an alternative treatment of OT in immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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23
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Lv X, Yu P. Early diagnosis and successful treatment of acquired toxoplasmosis infectious retinochoroiditis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11231. [PMID: 29952985 PMCID: PMC6039674 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Toxoplasma gondii is distributed worldwide, infecting a large population. It can cause focal necrotic retinitis or retinochoroiditis in the human eyes and is one of the most common causes of posterior uveitis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 68-year-old patient with normal immunity was complained about blurred vision and black shadow in the right eye for 1 week. DIAGNOSES Combined Yellow-and-white bulged lesions in the fundus of the right eye with the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient = 2 and based on the serological indicators, we considered the diagnosis of T. gondii infection-induced retinochondritis. INTERVENTIONS Acetylspiramycin 0.4 QID × 3 weeks, concussive 20 days treatment after 3 days, for a total of 3 months, prednisone 20 mg/day with a weekly reduction of 5 mg for 1 month. OUTCOMES After oral acetylspiramycin, topical and systemic corticosteroids for 3 months, the retinal lesions were scarred, and inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreum disappeared. After a 9-month follow-up, the visual acuity was 0.6, and no active lesions were observed in the fundus. LESSONS The immunocompetent elderly who are in contact with domestic cats may have an opportunistic infection with toxoplasmosis leading to primary retinochoroiditis. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment can get a good clinical prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite, may result in inflammation in the retina, choroid, and uvea, and consequently lead to complications such as glaucoma, cataract, and posterior synechiae. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effects of adjunctive use of corticosteroids to anti-parasitic therapy versus anti-parasitic therapy alone for ocular toxoplasmosis. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register (2016; Issue 11)), MEDLINE Ovid, Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, MEDLINE Ovid Daily (January 1946 to December 2016), Embase (January 1980 to December 2016), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS (January 1982 to December 2016)), the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We used no date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 7 December 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA We had planned to include randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Eligible trials would have enrolled participants of any age who were immunocompetent and were diagnosed with acute ocular toxoplasmosis. Included trials would have compared anti-parasitic therapy plus corticosteroids versus anti-parasitic therapy alone, different doses or times of initiation of corticosteroids. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts retrieved through the electronic searches. We retrieved full-text reports of studies categorized as 'unsure' or 'include' after we reviewed the abstracts. Two authors independently reviewed each full-text report for eligibility. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion. MAIN RESULTS We identified no completed or ongoing trial that was eligible for this Cochrane review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although research has identified a wide variation in practice regarding the use of corticosteroids, our review did not identify any evidence from randomized controlled trials for or against the role of corticosteroids in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Several questions remain unanswered by well-conducted randomized trials in this context, including whether the use of corticosteroids as an adjunctive agent is more effective than the use of anti-parasitic therapy alone; if so, when corticosteroids should be initiated in the treatment regimen (early versus late course of treatment), and what would be the best dose and duration of steroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Jasper
- Christian Medical CollegeDepartment of OphthalmologySchell Campus, Arni RoadVelloreTamil NaduIndia632001
| | | | - Sheeja S John
- Christian Medical CollegeDepartment of OphthalmologySchell Campus, Arni RoadVelloreTamil NaduIndia632001
| | - Saban Horo
- Christian Medical CollegeDepartment of OphthalmologySchell Campus, Arni RoadVelloreTamil NaduIndia632001
| | - Yasir J Sepah
- Stanford UniversityByers Eye InstitutePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
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Borkowski PK, Brydak-Godowska J, Basiak W, Świtaj K, Żarnowska-Prymek H, Olszyńska-Krowicka M, Kajfasz P, Rabczenko D. The Impact of Short-Term, Intensive Antifolate Treatment (with Pyrimethamine and Sulfadoxine) and Antibiotics Followed by Long-Term, Secondary Antifolate Prophylaxis on the Rate of Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis Recurrence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004892. [PMID: 27542116 PMCID: PMC4991784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of intensive antifolate treatment, followed by secondary antifolate prophylaxis (A-SP) on the recurrence rate of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (TRC). To investigate whether there are any other factors potentially predisposing for recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 637 medical records of TRC patients, who had been treated in the years 1994-2013 were reviewed. All patients were treated with pyrimethamine /sulfadoxine one 25mg/500mg tablet daily (P/S 25/500mg) for 21 days with a double loading dose for the first two days. From Day 2 the patients also received prednisone at a starting dose of 40mg and spiramycine 3 million IU three times daily, given for 10 days followed by azithromycin 500mg once daily for another 6 days. The analysis of the recurrence rate involved 352 patients who had completed 6-month secondary prophylaxis (P/S one 25 mg/500mg tablet twice a week). RESULTS When secondary antifolate prophylaxis (A-SP) was instituted immediately after the treatment for TRC, the probability of 3-year recurrence-free survival after the first course of A-SP was 90.9%. A recurrence was most likely approximately 3.5 years after the first treatment. A univariate Cox regression model demonstrated that a risk for recurrence was 2.82 times higher (p = 0.02) in patients with retinal scars. In the multivariate analysis, the risk for recurrence was 2.41 higher (p = 0.06). In patients with haemorrhagic lesions the risk for recurrence was lower, aRR = 0.17 (approaching borderline statistical significance p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS With the institution of A-SP of immediately after the intensive treatment for TRC, i.e. when a reactivation was most likely, there was no recurrence during A-SP. Following A-SP the recurrence rates were low and recurrence-free periods tended to be longer. The treatment regimen employed had a beneficial effect on the recurrence interval as it reduced and delayed the highest probability of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K. Borkowski
- Former Department of Zoonoses and Tropical Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, present Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Basiak
- Former Department of Zoonoses and Tropical Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, present Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Świtaj
- Former Department of Zoonoses and Tropical Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, present Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Żarnowska-Prymek
- Former Department of Zoonoses and Tropical Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, present Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Olszyńska-Krowicka
- Former Department of Zoonoses and Tropical Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, present Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kajfasz
- Former Department of Zoonoses and Tropical Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, present Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Rabczenko
- Department-Centre for Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health Status, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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Fernández C, Jaimes J, Ortiz MC, Ramírez JD. Host and Toxoplasma gondii genetic and non-genetic factors influencing the development of ocular toxoplasmosis: A systematic review. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 44:199-209. [PMID: 27389360 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan infection caused by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This infectious disease is widely distributed across the world where cats play an important role in its spread. The symptomatology caused by this parasite is diverse but the ocular affectation emerges as the most important clinical phenotype. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the current knowledge of ocular toxoplasmosis from the genetic diversity of the pathogen towards the treatment available for this infection. This review represents an update to the scientific community regarding the genetic diversity of the parasite, the genetic factors of the host, the molecular pathogenesis and its association with disease, the available diagnostic tools and the available treatment of patients undergoing ocular toxoplamosis. This review will be an update for the scientific community in order to encourage researchers to deploy cutting-edge investigation across this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fernández
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús Jaimes
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Camila Ortiz
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute toxoplasma retinochoroiditis causes transient symptoms of ocular discomfort and may lead to permanent visual loss. Antibiotic treatment aims primarily to reduce the risk of permanent visual loss, recurrent retinochoroiditis, and the severity and duration of acute symptoms. There is uncertainty about the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of antibiotic treatment versus placebo or no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision group Trials Register) (2016, Issue 1), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 1946 to February 2016), EMBASE (January 1980 to February 2016), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS) (January 1982 to February 2016), the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 22 February 2016. We searched the reference lists of identified articles and contacted pharmaceutical companies for unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials that compared any antibiotic treatment against placebo or no treatment. We excluded trials that included immunocompromised participants. We considered any antibiotic treatment known to be active against Toxoplasma gondii. Antibiotic treatment could be given in any dose orally, by intramuscular injection, by intravenous infusion, or by intravitreal injection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The primary outcomes for this review were visual acuity at least three months after treatment and risk of recurrent retinochoroiditis. Secondary outcomes were improvement in symptoms and signs of intraocular inflammation, size of lesion, and adverse events. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS Four trials that randomised a total of 268 participants met the inclusion criteria. In all four studies antibiotic was administered orally.One study conducted in Brazil in both adults and children compared trimethoprim-sulfamexacocol over 20 months to no treatment and was judged to be at high risk of performance, detection, and attrition bias. The other three studies compared antibiotic treatment to placebo. We judged these three studies to be at a mixture of low or unclear risk of bias due to poor reporting. One study conducted in the US in adults studied pyrimethamine-trisulfapyrimidine for eight weeks; one study conducted in the UK in children and adults evaluated pyrimethamine for four weeks; and one study conducted in Brazil in adults investigated trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 12 months. In the last study, all participants had active retinochoroiditis and were treated with antibiotics for 45 days prior to randomisation to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo.Only the study in Brazil of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole over 12 months, in participants with healed lesions, reported the effect of treatment on visual acuity. People treated with antibiotics may have a similar change in visual acuity compared with people treated with placebo at one year (mean difference -1.00 letters, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.93 to 5.93 letters; 93 participants; low-quality evidence).Treatment with antibiotics probably reduces the risk of recurrent retinochoroiditis compared with placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.26, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.63; 227 participants; 3 studies; I(2) = 0%; moderate-quality evidence); similar results were seen for acute and chronic retinochoroiditis.The UK study of pyrimethamine for four weeks reported an improvement in intraocular inflammation in treated compared with control participants (RR 1.76, 95% CI 0.98 to 3.19; 29 participants; low-quality evidence). The study in Brazil of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 12 months stated that the severity of inflammation was higher in the comparator group when compared to the antibiotic-treated group but did not provide further details. In the US study of pyrimethamine-trisulfapyrimidine for eight weeks intraocular inflammation had almost completely resolved by eight weeks in all participants, however in this study all participants received steroid treatment.Two studies (UK and US studies) reported an increased risk of adverse events in treated participants. These were a fall in haemoglobin, leucocyte, and platelet count, nausea, loss of appetite, rash, and arthralgia. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Treatment with antibiotics probably reduces the risk of recurrent toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, but there is currently no good evidence that this leads to better visual outcomes. However, absence of evidence of effect is not the same as evidence of no effect. Further trials of people with acute and chronic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis affecting any part of the retina are required to determine the effects of antibiotic treatment on visual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Pradhan
- Tilganga Institute of OphthalmologyKathmanduNepal
| | | | - Ruth E Gilbert
- University College London, Institute of Child HealthPopulation, Policy & Practice Programme30 Guilford StreetLondonUKWC1N 1EH
| | - Miles Stanford
- St. Thomas' HospitalMedical Eye UnitLambeth Palace RoadLondonUKSE1 7EH
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Abstract
We report a case of toxoplasmosis with bilateral maculopathy in a 7-year-old boy diagnosed with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) at age 6. AT manifests as ataxia, apraxia, telangiectasia, and dysarthria. Common ophthalmologic findings in AT include fine conjunctival telangiectasia. Patients also suffer from recurrent sinopulmonary infections; however, serious opportunistic infection is rarely diagnosed. At 8 years of age he developed disseminated Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) infection and meningoencephalitis. This ophthalmologic finding and the subsequent toxoplasmosis meningoencephalitis have not been previously reported in AT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathryn Moffett
- WVU Pediatrics and WVU Infectious Diseases, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Choudhury H, Jindal A, Pathengay A, Bawdekar A, Albini T, Flynn HW. The role of intravitreal trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:137-40. [PMID: 25559528 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150101-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluate the role of intravitreal trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis (TRC) in four patients. Intravitreal injection of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1.28 mg/0.08 mL with dexamethasone 400 µg/0.1 mL was injected weekly or biweekly. After the initiation of treatment, a reduction in intraocular inflammation was observed clinically and on optical coherence tomography within 1 week. Three patients regained visual acuity of 20/20, and one patient improved to 20/40 with residual macular scarring. No evidence of retinal toxicity was noted on full-field electroretinogram. Intravitreal trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and dexamethasone combination may be an alternative treatment strategy in patients with TRC.
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Tanaka R, Obata R, Sawamura H, Ohtomo K, Kaburaki T. Temporal changes in a giant macular hole formed secondary to toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Can J Ophthalmol 2015; 49:e115-8. [PMID: 25284113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Tanaka
- The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Obata
- The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Sawamura
- The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ohtomo
- The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Kaburaki
- The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Prášil P, Plíšek S, Boštík P. [Ocular toxoplasmosis - seeking a strategy for treatment]. Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek 2014; 20:112-115. [PMID: 25702053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effectiveness of treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine + clindamycin (or sulfadiazine) + a corticoid (Group 1), or azithromycin or a combination of azithromycin with a corticoid or a corticoid alone (Group 2). To determine the relapse rate depending on the treatment approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 25 patients treated for ocular toxoplasmosis over the last five years (2008-2013) were analyzed. Group 1 comprised 16 patients (3 were excluded) and Group 2 consisted of 6 patients. RESULTS Visual improvement was more rapid in Group 1 (day 10.7) than in Group 2 (significant improvement on day 29.6). There were 5 cases of relapse in Group 1; in 13 cases, no relapse was noted; all patients in Group 2 relapsed (a total of 13 relapses). Twenty-three patients were positive for specific IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION According to our experiences, pyrimethamine + clindamycin (or sulfadiazine) + a corticoid should be the treatment of choice in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Prášil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic, e-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular infestation with Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite, may result in inflammation in the retina, choroid, and uvea and consequently lead to complications such as glaucoma, cataract, and posterior synechiae. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effects of adjunctive use of corticosteroids for ocular toxoplasmosis. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 9), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE, (January 1950 to October 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to October 2012), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to October 2012), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We searched the reference lists of included studies for any additional studies not identified by the electronic searches. We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 11 October 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA We planned to include randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Eligible trials would have enrolled participants of any age who were immunocompetent and were diagnosed with active ocular toxoplasmosis. Included trials would have compared anti-parasitic therapy plus corticosteroids versus anti-parasitic therapy alone, or different doses or times of initiation of corticosteroids. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts retrieved from the electronic searches. We retrieved full-text articles of studies categorized as 'unsure' or 'include' after review of the abstracts. Two authors independently reviewed each full-text article. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion. MAIN RESULTS The electronic searches retrieved 368 titles and abstracts. We reviewed 20 full-text articles. We identified no trials eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although research has identified wide variation in practices regarding use of corticosteroids, our systematic review did not identify evidence from randomized controlled trials for the role of corticosteroids in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Several questions remain unanswered by well-conducted randomized trials in this context, including whether use of corticosteroids is more effective than use of anti-parasitic therapy alone, when corticosteroids should be initiated in the treatment regimen (early versus late course of treatment), and which dosage and duration of steroid use is best. These questions are easily amenable to research using a randomized controlled design and they are ethical due to the absence of evidence to support or discourage use of corticosteroids for this condition. The question of foremost importance, however, is whether they should be used as adjunct therapy (that is, additional) to anti-parasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Jasper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Satyanarayana S Vedula
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheeja S John
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Saban Horo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Yasir J Sepah
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Toxoplasma is a leading cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients manifesting as a focal posterior retinochoroiditis. The clinical diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is usually straightforward. There is typically a fluffy white retinal lesion which may lie adjacent to a pigmented chorioretinal scar and a prominent vitreous, or additionally, anterior chamber cellular reaction. Several unusual presentations in ocular toxoplasmosis have been reported, including: papillitis, neuroretinitis, retrobulbar neuritis, retinal detachment and macular oedema. This is a case of presumed primary toxoplasma papillitis in a 14-year-old child with complete absence of vitritis at presentation that made the diagnosis challenging. This evolved into neuroretinitis that resolved upon introducing antitoxoplasma antibiotics.
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Kianersi F, Naderi Beni A, Ghanbari H, Fazel F. Ocular toxoplasmosis and retinal detachment: five case reports. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16 Suppl 4:84-89. [PMID: 23090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular toxoplasmosis is a potentially blinding cause of posterior uveitis. Retinal detachment is rare complication of ocular toxoplasmosis. AIM To report the clinical course and prognosis of retinal breaks and detachments occurring in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a retrospective, non-comparative case series of five patients with ocular toxoplasmosis who had consulted us with retinal detachment. RESULTS All of the participants had retinal detachment after severe and treatment resistant toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, leaving one of them with decreased visual acuity to light perception in spite of treatment and final visual acuity was 20/100 or better in four patients. CONCLUSIONS The functional prognosis for the patients with retinal detachment was poor. Careful retinal examination in ocular toxoplasmosis is warranted, especially in patients with severe intraocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kianersi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Adán
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Vorob'eva OK, Razumova II. [Optimization of complex treatment in ocular toxoplasmosis and concurrent infections]. Vestn Oftalmol 2012; 128:30-33. [PMID: 23120922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
137 patients (177 eyes) with verified toxoplasmic uveitis, retinitis, chorioretenitis were observed. Among them 65 patients had concurrent infections: tuberculosis, herpes simplex and chlamydia. Routine ophthalmologic, clinical and laboratory examination was performed. The results of intensive treatment in acute and chronic phases are presented, the staged drug pathogenic treatment including methods of specific therapy, based on differential approach to anti-inflammatory agents use, was provided. Early diagnosis and appropriate management including combined treatment of concurrent infections improves treatment efficacy and allows to achieve excellent results.
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Khalili H, Soudbakhsh A, Talasaz AH. Severe hepatotoxicity and probable hepatorenal syndrome associated with sulfadiazine. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011; 68:888-92. [PMID: 21546639 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PURPOSE. The case of a patient who developed hepatorenal syndrome during treatment with sulfadiazine for toxoplasmosis retinitis is reported. SUMMARY A 20-year-old Caucasian woman weighing 59 kg was admitted to the infectious diseases ward of a hospital in May 2009 with nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. In March 2009, she was diagnosed with toxoplasmosis retinitis and received sulfadiazine 3 g daily, pyrimethamine 50 mg daily, leucovorin 15 mg daily, and prednisolone 75 mg daily; she continued these medications for three weeks. After the development of gastrointestinal symptoms, she stopped taking the prescribed medications (five days before hospital admission). One day before hospital admission, her skin appeared jaundiced. At the time of admission, the patient had high transaminase levels, hyperbilirubinemia, abnormal prothrombin time and International Normalized Ratio values, and clinical evidence of acute fulminant hepatitis complicated by hepatorenal syndrome. Autoimmune hepatitis was excluded as a cause of her hepatotoxicity, as was Wilson's disease, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. She was diagnosed with probable drug-related fulminant hepatitis, presumably caused by sulfadiazine treatment. Lactulose 20 g was started for the prevention of encephalopathy. She received phytonadione 10 mg daily for three consecutive days, ranitidine 50 mg thrice daily, ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily, and acetylcysteine 600 mg thrice daily. The patient underwent hemodialysis five times during her hospital stay. Her symptoms gradually improved, and she was discharged on hospital day 20. CONCLUSION Probable hepatorenal syndrome requiring hemodialysis occurred in a patient receiving sulfadiazine for the treatment of toxoplasmosis retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Wakefield
- St Vincents Eye Clinic and School of Medical Sciences, University of New Sourth Wales, Sydney. Australia
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Berrébi A, Assouline C, Bessières MH, Lathière M, Cassaing S, Minville V, Ayoubi JM. Long-term outcome of children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:552.e1-6. [PMID: 20633868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal toxoplasmosis infection acquired during pregnancy carries significant risk of fetal damage. We aimed to assess the long-term outcome of children and young adults with congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosed and treated in utero. STUDY DESIGN This was a 20 year prospective study (1985-2005). All mothers received spiramycin, alone or associated with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and underwent amniocentesis and monthly ultrasound screening. Infected children were followed every 3-6 months. RESULTS Of 666 liveborn children (676 mothers), 112 (17%) had congenital toxoplasmosis. Among these, 107 were followed up for 12-250 months: 79 were asymptomatic (74%) and 28 had chorioretinitis (26%). Only 1 child had a serious neurological involvement. CONCLUSION The percentage of chorioretinitis in treated children depends on length of follow-up, but this complication occurs mainly before the age of 5 years and almost always before the age of 10 years. Visual impairment was infrequently severe, and outcome appears consistently good. Long-term follow-up is recommended to monitor ocular and neurological prognosis, whatever the practical difficulties.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Child
- Child Development/physiology
- Child, Preschool
- Chorioretinitis/drug therapy
- Chorioretinitis/etiology
- Chorioretinitis/physiopathology
- Cohort Studies
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Male
- Monitoring, Physiologic
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis
- Prospective Studies
- Pyrimethamine/therapeutic use
- Risk Assessment
- Spiramycin/therapeutic use
- Sulfadoxine/therapeutic use
- Time Factors
- Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/complications
- Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/diagnosis
- Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/drug therapy
- Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/drug therapy
- Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/etiology
- Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Berrébi
- Fédération de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France.
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41
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Matusková V, Vyslouzilová D. [The possibility of the treatment of bilateral macular edema without the anti VEGF treatment--a case report]. Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2010; 66:30-35. [PMID: 20521508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aim of this case report is to present a case of a female patient with bilateral macular edema successfully treated by the systemic antibiotic. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors present a case of 58 years old female with bilateral cystoid macular edema. In this patient, the central retinal thickness of the right eye was 550 microm, and 600 microm of the left eye. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the right eye was 4/10 (0.4) and 4/12 (0.33) of the left eye. The patient underwent complex ophthalmologic examination. During the examination of the posterior pole, there were found no signs of the diabetic changes, or signs of the uveitis. The fluorescein angiography did not prove the presence of the choroidal neovascular membrane or vasculitis. The serological tests (toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, borreliosis, syphilis--TPHA, RRR), and immunologic tests were performed as well. Toxoplasma positive IgG antibodies were found. According to these serological results, the systemic oral antibiotic treatment was started: clindamycin 300 mg three times daily for 14 days. After the termination of the treatment, improvement of the BCVA to 4/5 (0.8) in both eyes occurred. The OCT examination showed the foveolar depression in both eyes. Two months after the termination of the antibiotic treatment, the relapse of the macular edema occurred (BCVA 4/6 (0.66) in both eyes). According to the consultation with the doctor from the Department of Infectious Diseases, the treatment with clindamycin was started again (300 mg three times daily) for three weeks. After termination of this treatment, the foveolar depression on the OCT examination was evident and the BCVA was 4/4 (1.0) in both eyes (central retinal thickness of the right eye was 215 microm, and of the left eye it was 225 microm). This condition is stable and lasts for more than one year. CONCLUSION In the differential diagnosis of the bilateral macular edema also the inflammatory etiology should be always considered. According to our experience, the bilateral macular edema may be the only presentation of toxoplasmosis.
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Macarie S, Hulpuş A, Rusu I. [Toxoplasmic central chorioretinitis]. Oftalmologia 2010; 54:71-74. [PMID: 20827914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the most frequent cause of chorioretinitis in immunocompetent patients. This paper highlights the case of a 15 years old girl, an immunocompetent patient, with an active chorioretinal focus in the LE and a chorioretinal scar in the RE. Serologically, the IgG antiToxoplasma titre is increased, but the IgM antibodies are negative. It is the bilateral character of the lesions and the serology found that make this case special.
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43
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Miserocchi E, Modorati G, Rama P. Atypical toxoplasmosis masquerading late occurrence of typical findings. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009; 19:1091-1093. [PMID: 19882557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report two unusual cases of ocular toxoplasmosis. METHOD Case series. RESULTS We describe one case of retinochoroiditis associated with branch retinal artery occlusion and a second case of optic disc edema with subsequent neuroretinitis. In both cases, the typical findings of ocular toxoplasmosis were not initially present, but became evident later during follow-up after the institution of antitoxoplasma treatment. The prompt response to antiparasitic treatment with visual improvement and late disclosure of typical findings confirmed the clinical suspicion of the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Ocular toxoplasmosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with unilateral branch retinal artery occlusion and neuroretinitis. Prompt initiation of specific antibiotic treatment can improve visual prognosis and reduce ocular complications.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the development of Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) following bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis in an Asian Indian female. METHODS Case report of a patient with bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis who developed bilateral Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis. RESULTS Features characteristic of bilateral Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis developed following several attacks of bilateral toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in a 26-year-old Indian female patient. CONCLUSION Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis can develop over a period of time in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha K Ganesh
- Medical and Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
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45
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Bowles EC, Hillenius JM, Biesma DH, Kortbeek LM, de Jongh BM. [Postnatal ocular toxoplasmosis in a grown woman]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2009; 153:292-296. [PMID: 19291946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmée C Bowles
- Afd. Medische Microbiologie en Immunologie, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein.
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Antoniazzi E, Guagliano R, Meroni V, Pezzotta S, Bianchi PE. Ocular impairment of toxoplasmosis. Parassitologia 2008; 50:35-36. [PMID: 18693554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to update the latest information about ocular toxoplasmosis. The infection can be congenital or acquired, but also depends about the immune condition of the patient and can affect the eye. Ocular symptoms are variable according to the age of the subject. Retinochoroiditis is the most common manifestation of toxoplasmic infection. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis typically affects the posterior pole, and the lesions can be solitary or multiple. Active lesions present as grey-white focus of retinal necrosis with adjacent choroiditis, vasculitis, hemorrhage and vitreitis. Anterior uveitis is a common finding. Atypical presentations include punctate outer retinitis, neuroretinitis and papillitis. Depending on the patient's age and the localization of the lesion, ocular symptoms vary usually presenting with reduced visual acuity or without symptoms. The laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on detection of antibodies and T. gondii DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which fulfillis clinical findings. Toxoplasmosis therapy includes antimicrobial drugs and corticosteroids. There are several regimens with different drug combinations including, among others, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, clindamycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Antoniazzi
- Clinica Oculistica-Università di Pavia-Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico S. Matteo.
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Teodorescu C, Teodorescu I, Raneti C, Dumitrica DM, Stefan C. The antitoxoplasma gondii antibodies incidence to the different ocular diseases patients cases of human ocular toxoplasmosis infections in Romania. Oftalmologia 2008; 52:88-94. [PMID: 19354169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an anthropo-zoonosis widely spread around the earth, whose ocular complications are very frequent and are often a first sign of infestation. This is a retrospective statistic research based on the clinical survey and periodic control of a lot of 135 patients with toxoplasmosis, out of which 90 presented ocular toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Teodorescu
- Medical Centre of Diagnosis and Ambulatory Treatment of the Defence Ministry, Bucharest
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48
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Phan L, Kasza K, Jalbrzikowski J, Noble AG, Latkany P, Kuo A, Mieler W, Meyers S, Rabiah P, Boyer K, Swisher C, Mets M, Roizen N, Cezar S, Remington J, Meier P, McLeod R. Longitudinal study of new eye lesions in treated congenital toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 2007; 115:553-559.e8. [PMID: 17825418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of new chorioretinal lesions in patients with congenital toxoplasmosis who were treated throughout their first year of life. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal observation of a cohort. PARTICIPANTS One hundred thirty-two children were studied as part of the longitudinal observation. METHODS One hundred thirty-two children were treated during their first year of life with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin. They had eye examinations at prespecified intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES New chorioretinal lesions on fundus examination and fundus photographs. RESULTS The mean age (+/- standard deviation) is 10.8+/-5.1 years (range, 0.2-23). One hundred eight children have been evaluated for new chorioretinal lesions. Thirty-four (31%; 95% confidence interval, 23%-41%) of 108 children developed at least one chorioretinal lesion that was previously undetected. These occurred at varying times during their follow-up course. Fifteen children (14%) developed new central lesions, and 27 (25%) had newly detected lesions peripherally. Ten (9%) had more than one occurrence of new lesions developing, and 13 (12%) had new lesions in both eyes. Of those who developed new lesions, 14 children (41%) did so at age 10 or later. CONCLUSION New central chorioretinal lesions are uncommon in children with congenital toxoplasmosis who are treated during their first year of life. This finding contrasts markedly with earlier reports in the literature for untreated children or those treated for only 1 month near birth, in whom new lesions were much more prevalent (>/=82%). Our observation that 14 (41%) of the 34 children with new chorioretinal lesions had occurrences when they were 10 years or older indicates that long-term follow-up into the second decade of life is important in assessing the efficacy of treating toxoplasmosis during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Phan
- University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report outcomes of off-label use of intravitreal clindamycin in the treatment of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. METHODS In a noncomparative, retrospective, interventional case series, we reviewed the charts of six consecutive patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis who were treated with intravitreal injection of clindamycin (1.0 mg/0.1 mL) because of intolerance to or disease progression despite oral microbial treatment. The primary outcome measures were change in Snellen visual acuity, resolution of inflammation, and adverse events. RESULTS Injection of intravitreal clindamycin was associated with control of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and resolution of vitreous inflammation in all six patients. Five patients had improvement in visual acuity. One patient's vision was limited because of macular scarring. Four patients underwent concomitant pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) at the time of injection. One patient who had concomitant clindamycin injection and PPV developed a retinal detachment postoperatively. CONCLUSION Intravitreal clindamycin injection, alone or in conjunction with PPV, was associated with resolution of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in six patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sobrin
- Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe eight patients with active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (RC) who had features suggestive of acute choroidal ischemia. METHODS A retrospective review of the clinical records of 23 consecutive patients with acute toxoplasmic RC was performed. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examination at presentation and throughout follow-up, including dilated biomicroscopic fundus examination, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography. RESULTS Of 23 patients, 8 (34.8%) had a large area of retinal whitening surrounding a small focus of RC. Fluorescein as well as ICG angiography showed a well demarcated geographic area of early choroidal hypofluorescence that extended beyond the clinical borders of the white retinal lesion, particularly by ICG angiography. Associated findings for these 8 patients included old retinochoroidal scars (7 [87.5%]), serous retinal detachment (3 [37.5%]), retinal hemorrhages (1 [12.5%]), and multiple satellite dark dots by ICG angiography (6 [75%]). Seven of eight patients were treated using a combination of antitoxoplasmic drugs and corticosteroids. All findings seen at the acute stage resolved in 2 weeks to 6 weeks. A small atrophic retinochoroidal scar replaced the active toxoplasmic lesion and was surrounded with mild or moderate retinal pigment epithelium changes that were associated with decreased final visual acuity in 2 patients (25%). CONCLUSION Patients with toxoplasmic RC may develop features suggestive of choroidal ischemia that can result in a transient or permanent decrease in vision. Choroidal ischemia can only be suspected clinically, and fluorescein angiography and ICG angiography are required to establish the definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.
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