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Dubas E, Castillo AM, Żur I, Krzewska M, Vallés MP. Microtubule organization changes severely after mannitol and n-butanol treatments inducing microspore embryogenesis in bread wheat. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:586. [PMID: 34886809 PMCID: PMC8656030 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mannitol stress treatment and a subsequent application of n-butanol, known as a microtubule-disrupting agent, enhance microspore embryogenesis (ME) induction and plant regeneration in bread wheat. To characterize changes in cortical (CMT) and endoplasmic (EMT) microtubules organization and dynamics, associated with ME induction treatments, immunocytochemistry studies complemented by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were accomplished. This technique has allowed us to perform advanced 3- and 4D studies of MT architecture. The degree of MT fragmentation was examined by the relative fluorescence intensity quantification. RESULTS In uni-nucleated mannitol-treated microspores, severe CMT and EMT fragmentation occurs, although a complex network of short EMT bundles protected the nucleus. Additional treatment with n-butanol resulted in further depolymerization of both CMT and EMT, simultaneously with the formation of MT aggregates in the perinuclear region. Some aggregates resembled a preprophase band. In addition, a portion of the microspores progressed to the first mitotic division during the treatments. Bi-nucleate pollen-like structures showed a high MT depolymerization after mannitol treatment and numerous EMT bundles around the vegetative and generative nuclei after n-butanol. Interestingly, bi-nucleate symmetric structures showed prominent stabilization of EMT. CONCLUSIONS Fragmentation and stabilization of microtubules induced by mannitol- and n-butanol lead to new configurations essential for the induction of microspore embryogenesis in bread wheat. These results provide robust insight into MT dynamics during EM induction and open avenues to address newly targeted treatments to induce ME in recalcitrant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dubas
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - A M Castillo
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Żur
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Krzewska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - M P Vallés
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain.
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2
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ENDO Y. Development of a cell-free protein synthesis system for practical use. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2021; 97:261-276. [PMID: 33980755 PMCID: PMC8141837 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cell-free protein synthesis systems had been the major platform to study the mechanism behind translating genetic information into proteins, as proven in the central dogma of molecular biology. Albeit being powerful research tools, most of the in vitro methods at the time failed to produce enough protein for practical use. Tremendous efforts were being made to overcome the limitations of in vitro translation systems, though mostly with limited success. While great knowledge was accumulated on the translation mechanism and ribosome structure, researchers rationalized that it may be impossible to fully reconstitute such a complex molecular process in a test tube. This review will examine how we have solved the difficulties holding back progress. Our newly developed cell-free protein synthesis system is based on wheat embryos and has many excellent characteristics, in addition to its high translation activity and robustness. Combined with other novel elementary technologies, we have established cell-free protein synthesis systems for practical use in research and applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeta ENDO
- Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe-cho, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan
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3
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Abstract
Histone acetylation modification plays a vital role in plant cell division and differentiation. However, the function on wheat mature embryo culture has not been reported. Here, we used the mature embryo of wheat genotypes including CB037, Fielder, and Chinese Spring (CS) as materials to analyze the effects of different concentrations of trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (SB) on plant regeneration efficiency. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the induction rates of embryogenic callus and green shoot were significantly increased with the addition of 0.5 µM TSA, while they were reduced under treatment of 2.5 µM TSA on wheat mature embryo. With the respective addition of 200 µM and 1000 µM SB, regeneration frequency of three genotypes was enhanced, especially in Fielder, which reached significant difference compared with the control group. Unfortunately, 0.5 µM TSA and 200 µM SB combination had no apparent effect on wheat regeneration frequency. The results indicated that TSA and SB increase plant regeneration in common wheat. In addition, TSA had a common effect and SB had different effect among genotypes on wheat regeneration frequency. The mechanism of action needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min Bie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an, Shandong, China
- CONTACT Xiao Min Bie
| | - Luhao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an, Shandong, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an, Shandong, China
| | - Xi-Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an, Shandong, China
- Xing Guo Li State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an, Shandong271018, China
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4
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Debernardi JM, Tricoli DM, Ercoli MF, Hayta S, Ronald P, Palatnik JF, Dubcovsky J. A GRF-GIF chimeric protein improves the regeneration efficiency of transgenic plants. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:1274-1279. [PMID: 33046875 PMCID: PMC7642171 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of genome editing to improve the agronomic performance of crops is often limited by low plant regeneration efficiencies and few transformable genotypes. Here, we show that expression of a fusion protein combining wheat GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 4 (GRF4) and its cofactor GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (GIF1) substantially increases the efficiency and speed of regeneration in wheat, triticale and rice and increases the number of transformable wheat genotypes. GRF4-GIF1 transgenic plants were fertile and without obvious developmental defects. Moreover, GRF4-GIF1 induced efficient wheat regeneration in the absence of exogenous cytokinins, which facilitates selection of transgenic plants without selectable markers. We also combined GRF4-GIF1 with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and generated 30 edited wheat plants with disruptions in the gene Q (AP2L-A5). Finally, we show that a dicot GRF-GIF chimera improves regeneration efficiency in citrus, suggesting that this strategy can be applied to dicot crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Debernardi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - David M Tricoli
- Plant Transformation Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria F Ercoli
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sadiye Hayta
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Javier F Palatnik
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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5
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Miroshnichenko D, Klementyeva A, Pushin A, Dolgov S. A competence of embryo-derived tissues of tetraploid cultivated wheat species Triticum dicoccum and Triticum timopheevii for efficient and stable transgenesis mediated by particle inflow gun. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:442. [PMID: 33050908 PMCID: PMC7557024 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to engineer cereal crops by gene transfer technology is a powerful and informative tool for discovering and studying functions of genes controlling environmental adaptability and nutritional value. Tetraploid wheat species such as emmer wheat and Timopheevi wheat are the oldest cereal crops cultivated in various world areas long before the Christian era. Nowadays, these hulled wheat species are gaining new interest as donors for gene pools responsible for the improved grain yield and quality, tolerance for abiotic and biotic stress, resistance to pests and disease. The establishing of efficient gene transfer techniques for emmer and Timopheevi wheat may help in creation of modern polyploid wheat varieties. RESULTS In the present study, we describe a robust protocol for the production of fertile transgenic plants of cultivated emmer wheat (Russian cv. 'Runo') using a biolistic delivery of a plasmid encoding the gene of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and an herbicide resistance gene (BAR). Both the origin of target tissues (mature or immature embryos) and the type of morphogenic calli (white or translucent) influenced the efficiency of stable transgenic plant production in emmer wheat. The bombardment of nodular white compact calluses is a major factor allowed to achieve the highest transformation efficiency of emmer wheat (on average, 12.9%) confirmed by fluorescence, PCR, and Southern blot. In the absence of donor plants for isolation of immature embryos, mature embryo-derived calluses could be used as alternative tissues for recovering transgenic emmer plants with a frequency of 2.1%. The biolistic procedure based on the bombardment of immature embryo-derived calluses was also successful for the generation of transgenic Triticum timopheevii wheat plants (transformation efficiency of 0.5%). Most of the primary events transmitted the transgene expression to the sexual progeny. CONCLUSION The procedures described here can be further used to study the functional biology and contribute to the agronomic improvement of wheat. We also recommend involving in such research the Russian emmer wheat cv. 'Runo', which demonstrates a high capacity for biolistic-mediated transformation, exceeding the previously reported values for different genotypes of polyploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Miroshnichenko
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russian Federation
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550 Russian Federation
- Kurchatov Genomics Center—ARRIAB, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550 Russian Federation
| | - Anna Klementyeva
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russian Federation
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Pushin
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russian Federation
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550 Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russian Federation
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550 Russian Federation
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6
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Lian J, Wu J, Xiong H, Zeb A, Yang T, Su X, Su L, Liu W. Impact of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Hazard Mater 2020; 385:121620. [PMID: 31744724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics are emerging pollutants of global concern. However, the understanding of their ecological effects on terrestrial plants is still limited. We conducted the systematic research to reveal the impact of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) (0.01-10 mg/L) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The results showed that PSNPs had no discernible effect on seed germination rate whereas significantly (p < 0.01) increased root elongation by 88.6 %-122.6 % when compared with the control. Similarly, remarkable increases in carbon, nitrogen contents, and plant biomass were also observed after exposure to PSNPs. Moreover, PSNPs could reduce the shoot to root biomass ratio (S:R ratio) of wheat seedlings. Furthermore, the imagings of a 3D laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that PSNPs were taken up and subsequently down-top transported to shoot. The absorption and accumulation of four micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) in wheat were generally reduced in varying degrees. Notably, metabolomics analysis revealed that all PSNPs treatments altered the leaf metabolic profiles mainly by regulating energy metabolisms and amino acid metabolisms. These findings are expected to provide new insights into the effects of PSNPs on crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapan Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jiani Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xiong
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Protection in Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, PR China
| | - Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiangmiao Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lijuan Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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7
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Abstract
The discovery of site-specific programmable nucleases has led to a major breakthrough in the area of genome editing. In the past few years, CRISPR/Cas system has been utilized for genome editing of a large number of crops including cereals like wheat, rice, maize, and barley. In terms of consumption, wheat is second only to rice as the most important crop of the world. In the present chapter, we describe biolistic delivery method of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of programmable nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) for targeted genome editing and selection-free screening of transformants in wheat. The method not only overcomes the problem of random integration into the genome but also reduces the off-targets. Besides the step-by-step protocol, plausible challenges and ways to overcome them are also discussed. By using the described method of biolistic delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant systems, genome-edited plants can be identified within 11 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhandawat
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vinita Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Rishi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Joy K Roy
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India.
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8
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Mehdi C, Virginie L, Audrey G, Axelle B, Colette L, Hélène R, Elisabeth J, Fabienne G, Mathilde FA. Cell Wall Proteome of Wheat Grain Endosperm and Outer Layers at Two Key Stages of Early Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010239. [PMID: 31905787 PMCID: PMC6981528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is an important compartment in grain cells that fulfills both structural and functional roles. It has a dynamic structure that is constantly modified during development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Non-structural cell wall proteins (CWPs) are key players in the remodeling of the cell wall during events that punctuate the plant life. Here, a subcellular and quantitative proteomic approach was carried out to identify CWPs possibly involved in changes in cell wall metabolism at two key stages of wheat grain development: the end of the cellularization step and the beginning of storage accumulation. Endosperm and outer layers of wheat grain were analyzed separately as they have different origins (maternal and seed) and functions in grains. Altogether, 734 proteins with predicted signal peptides were identified (CWPs). Functional annotation of CWPs pointed out a large number of proteins potentially involved in cell wall polysaccharide remodeling. In the grain outer layers, numerous proteins involved in cutin formation or lignin polymerization were found, while an unexpected abundance of proteins annotated as plant invertase/pectin methyl esterase inhibitors were identified in the endosperm. In addition, numerous CWPs were accumulating in the endosperm at the grain filling stage, thus revealing strong metabolic activities in the cell wall during endosperm cell differentiation, while protein accumulation was more intense at the earlier stage of development in outer layers. Altogether, our work gives important information on cell wall metabolism during early grain development in both parts of the grain, namely the endosperm and outer layers. The wheat cell wall proteome is the largest cell wall proteome of a monocot species found so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherkaoui Mehdi
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Lollier Virginie
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Geairon Audrey
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Bouder Axelle
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Larré Colette
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Rogniaux Hélène
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Jamet Elisabeth
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France;
| | - Guillon Fabienne
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Francin-Allami Mathilde
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Watkins JL, Li M, McQuinn RP, Chan KX, McFarlane HE, Ermakova M, Furbank RT, Mares D, Dong C, Chalmers KJ, Sharp P, Mather DE, Pogson BJ. A GDSL Esterase/Lipase Catalyzes the Esterification of Lutein in Bread Wheat. Plant Cell 2019; 31:3092-3112. [PMID: 31575724 PMCID: PMC6925002 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophylls are a class of carotenoids that are important micronutrients for humans. They are often found esterified with fatty acids in fruits, vegetables, and certain grains, including bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Esterification promotes the sequestration and accumulation of carotenoids, thereby enhancing stability, particularly in tissues such as in harvested wheat grain. Here, we report on a plant xanthophyll acyltransferase (XAT) that is both necessary and sufficient for xanthophyll esterification in bread wheat grain. XAT contains a canonical Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL) motif and is encoded by a member of the GDSL esterase/lipase gene family. Genetic evidence from allelic variants of wheat and transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) calli demonstrated that XAT catalyzes the formation of xanthophyll esters. XAT has broad substrate specificity and can esterify lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin using multiple acyl donors, yet it has a preference for triacylglycerides, indicating that the enzyme acts via transesterification. A conserved amino acid, Ser-37, is required for activity. Despite xanthophylls being synthesized in plastids, XAT accumulated in the apoplast. Based on analysis of substrate preferences and xanthophyll ester formation in vitro and in vivo using xanthophyll-accumulating rice callus, we propose that disintegration of the cellular structure during wheat grain desiccation facilitates access to lutein-promoting transesterification.plantcell;31/12/3092/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta L Watkins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Kai Xun Chan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Maria Ermakova
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Daryl Mares
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Chongmei Dong
- Plant Breeding Institute and Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Kenneth J Chalmers
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Sharp
- Plant Breeding Institute and Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Diane E Mather
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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10
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Xiang D, Quilichini TD, Liu Z, Gao P, Pan Y, Li Q, Nilsen KT, Venglat P, Esteban E, Pasha A, Wang Y, Wen R, Zhang Z, Hao Z, Wang E, Wei Y, Cuthbert R, Kochian LV, Sharpe A, Provart N, Weijers D, Gillmor CS, Pozniak C, Datla R. The Transcriptional Landscape of Polyploid Wheats and Their Diploid Ancestors during Embryogenesis and Grain Development. Plant Cell 2019; 31:2888-2911. [PMID: 31628162 PMCID: PMC6925018 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Modern wheat production comes from two polyploid species, Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum (var durum), which putatively arose from diploid ancestors Triticum urartu, Aegilops speltoides, and Aegilops tauschii How gene expression during embryogenesis and grain development in wheats has been shaped by the differing contributions of diploid genomes through hybridization, polyploidization, and breeding selection is not well understood. This study describes the global landscape of gene activities during wheat embryogenesis and grain development. Using comprehensive transcriptomic analyses of two wheat cultivars and three diploid grasses, we investigated gene expression at seven stages of embryo development, two endosperm stages, and one pericarp stage. We identified transcriptional signatures and developmental similarities and differences among the five species, revealing the evolutionary divergence of gene expression programs and the contributions of A, B, and D subgenomes to grain development in polyploid wheats. The characterization of embryonic transcriptional programming in hexaploid wheat, tetraploid wheat, and diploid grass species provides insight into the landscape of gene expression in modern wheat and its ancestral species. This study presents a framework for understanding the evolution of domesticated wheat and the selective pressures placed on grain production, with important implications for future performance and yield improvements.plantcell;31/12/2888/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Teagen D Quilichini
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Ziying Liu
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Peng Gao
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Youlian Pan
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kirby T Nilsen
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Prakash Venglat
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Yejun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rui Wen
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Zhongjuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Wang
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- College of Art and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Richard Cuthbert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Leon V Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Andrew Sharpe
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Nicholas Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Stewart Gillmor
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Curtis Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
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11
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Shi Z, Wang Y, Wan Y, Hassall K, Jiang D, Shewry PR, Hawkesford MJ. Gradients of Gluten Proteins and Free Amino Acids along the Longitudinal Axis of the Developing Caryopsis of Bread Wheat. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:8706-8714. [PMID: 31310118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gradients in the contents and compositions of gluten proteins and free amino acids and the expression levels of gluten protein genes in developing wheat caryopses were determined by dividing the caryopsis into three longitudinal sections, namely, proximal (En1), middle (En2), and distal (En3) to embryo. The total gluten protein content was lower in En1 than in En2 and En3, with decreasing proportions of HMW-GS, LMW GS, and α/β- and γ-gliadins and increasing proportions of ω-gliadins. These differences were associated with the abundances of gluten protein transcripts. Gradients in the proportions of the gluten protein polymers which affect dough processing quality also occurred, but not in total free amino acids. Microscopy showed that the lower gluten protein content in En1 may have resulted, at least in part, from the presence of modified cells in the dorsal part of En1, but the reasons for the differences in composition are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Shi
- National Technology Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, and Ecology and Production in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
- Plant Sciences Department , Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ , U.K
| | - Yan Wang
- Plant Sciences Department , Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ , U.K
| | - Yongfang Wan
- Plant Sciences Department , Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ , U.K
| | - Kirsty Hassall
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department , Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ , U.K
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technology Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, and Ecology and Production in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Peter R Shewry
- Plant Sciences Department , Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ , U.K
| | - Malcolm J Hawkesford
- Plant Sciences Department , Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ , U.K
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12
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A V VB, Baresel JP, Weedon O, Finckh MR. Effects of ten years organic and conventional farming on early seedling traits of evolving winter wheat composite cross populations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9053. [PMID: 31227728 PMCID: PMC6588703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early vigour traits of wheat composite cross populations (CCPs) based on high yielding (Y) or high quality (Q) or Y*Q varietal intercross evolving under organic or conventional conditions in parallel populations were studied hydroponically. To eliminate storage and year effects, frozen F6, F10, F11 and F15 seeds were multiplied in one field, resulting in the respective Fx.1 generations. This eliminated generation and growing system effects on seed size for the F6.1 F10.1 and F15.1. Due to a severe winter kill affecting the F11, the generation effect persisted, leading to larger seeds and markedly different seedling traits in the F11.1 compared to the F10.1 and F15.1. Seedling traits were similar among parallel populations. Shoot length and weight increased in both systems until the F11.1 across farming systems and remained constant thereafter. Over time, seminal root length and root weight of organic CCPs increased and total- and specific- root length decreased significantly compared to the conventional CCPs. Rooting patterns under organic conditions suggests better ability to reach deeper soil nutrients. In both systems, Q and YQ CCPs were more vigorous than Y CCPs, confirming genetic differences among populations. Overall, heterogeneous populations appear very plastic and selection pressure was stronger in organic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Bhaskar A V
- Crops, Environment & Land Use Programme, Crops Research Centre Oak Park, Teagasc, Carlow, R93 XE12, Ireland.
- University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecological Plant Protection, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, Witzenhausen, D-37213, Germany.
| | - Jörg Peter Baresel
- Technical University Munich, Institute for Plant Nutrition, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Odette Weedon
- University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecological Plant Protection, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, Witzenhausen, D-37213, Germany
| | - Maria R Finckh
- University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecological Plant Protection, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, Witzenhausen, D-37213, Germany
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13
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Yu Z, Wang X, Tian Y, Zhang D, Zhang L. The functional analysis of a wheat group 3 late embryogenesis abundant protein in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis under abiotic stresses. Plant Signal Behav 2019; 14:1667207. [PMID: 31524548 PMCID: PMC6804706 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1667207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are highly hydrophilic and thermostable proteins that could be induced by abiotic stresses in plants. Previously, we have isolated a group 3 LEA gene WZY3-1 (GenBank: KX090360.1) in wheat. In this study, the recombinant plasmid with WZY3-1 was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 for protein expression. Furthermore, we transformed WZY3-1 into Arabidopsis. Overexpression of WZY3-1 in E.coli enhanced their tolerance to mannitol and NaCl. WZY3-1 protein could protect lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) under freeze and heat stress. Overexpression of WZY3-1 showed that WZY3-1 could help to improve the drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. In summary, our works show that WZY3-1 plays an important role in abiotic stress resistance in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Yu
- College of Life Science/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Life Science/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Life Science/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- College of Life Science/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- CONTACT Dapeng Zhang
| | - Linsheng Zhang
- College of Life Science/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Linsheng Zhang Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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14
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Chu Z, Chen J, Sun J, Dong Z, Yang X, Wang Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Chen F, Cui D. De novo assembly and comparative analysis of the transcriptome of embryogenic callus formation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:244. [PMID: 29258440 PMCID: PMC5735865 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During asexual reproduction the embryogenic callus can differentiate into a new plantlet, offering great potential for fostering in vitro culture efficiency in plants. The immature embryos (IMEs) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are more easily able to generate embryogenic callus than mature embryos (MEs). To understand the molecular process of embryogenic callus formation in wheat, de novo transcriptome sequencing was used to generate transcriptome sequences from calli derived from IMEs and MEs after 3d, 6d, or 15d of culture (DC). RESULTS In total, 155 million high quality paired-end reads were obtained from the 6 cDNA libraries. Our de novo assembly generated 142,221 unigenes, of which 59,976 (42.17%) were annotated with a significant Blastx against nr, Pfam, Swissprot, KOG, KEGG, GO and COG/KOG databases. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that a total of 5194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the comparisons of IME vs. ME at the three stages, including 3181, 2085 and 1468 DEGs at 3, 6 and 15 DC, respectively. Of them, 283 overlapped in all the three comparisons. Furthermore, 4731 DEGs were identified in the comparisons between stages in IMEs and MEs. Functional analysis revealed that 271transcription factor (TF) genes (10 overlapped in all 3 comparisons of IME vs. ME) and 346 somatic embryogenesis related genes (SSEGs; 35 overlapped in all 3 comparisons of IME vs. ME) were differentially expressed in at least one comparison of IME vs. ME. In addition, of the 283 overlapped DEGs in the 3 comparisons of IME vs. ME, excluding the SSEGs and TFs, 39 possessed a higher rate of involvement in biological processes relating to response to stimuli, in multi-organism processes, reproductive processes and reproduction. Furthermore, 7 were simultaneously differentially expressed in the 2 comparisons between the stages in IMEs, but not MEs, suggesting that they may be related to embryogenic callus formation. The expression levels of genes, which were validated by qRT-PCR, showed a high correlation with the RNA-seq value. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the role of the transcriptome in embryogenic callus formation in wheat, and will serve as a valuable resource for further studies addressing embryogenic callus formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongli Chu
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Junying Chen
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyan Sun
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Zhongdong Dong
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- Agronomy College, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Feng Chen
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dangqun Cui
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Colombi T, Kirchgessner N, Walter A, Keller T. Root Tip Shape Governs Root Elongation Rate under Increased Soil Strength. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:2289-2301. [PMID: 28600344 PMCID: PMC5543947 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased soil strength due to soil compaction or soil drying is a major limitation to root growth and crop productivity. Roots need to exert higher penetration force, resulting in increased penetration stress when elongating in soils of greater strength. This study aimed to quantify how the genotypic diversity of root tip geometry and root diameter influences root elongation under different levels of soil strength and to determine the extent to which roots adjust to increased soil strength. Fourteen wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties were grown in soil columns packed to three bulk densities representing low, moderate, and high soil strength. Under moderate and high soil strength, smaller root tip radius-to-length ratio was correlated with higher genotypic root elongation rate, whereas root diameter was not related to genotypic root elongation. Based on cavity expansion theory, it was found that smaller root tip radius-to-length ratio reduced penetration stress, thus enabling higher root elongation rates in soils with greater strength. Furthermore, it was observed that roots could only partially adjust to increased soil strength. Root thickening was bounded by a maximum diameter, and root tips did not become more acute in response to increased soil strength. The obtained results demonstrated that root tip geometry is a pivotal trait governing root penetration stress and root elongation rate in soils of greater strength. Hence, root tip shape needs to be taken into account when selecting for crop varieties that may tolerate high soil strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Colombi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Achim Walter
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Agroscope, Department of Agroecology and Environment, Zurich 8046, Switzerland
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
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16
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Okamoto T, Ohnishi Y, Toda E. Development of polyspermic zygote and possible contribution of polyspermy to polyploid formation in angiosperms. J Plant Res 2017; 130:485-490. [PMID: 28275885 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization is a general feature of eukaryotic uni- and multicellular organisms to restore a diploid genome from female and male gamete haploid genomes. In angiosperms, polyploidization is a common phenomenon, and polyploidy would have played a major role in the long-term diversification and evolutionary success of plants. As for the mechanism of formation of autotetraploid plants, the triploid-bridge pathway, crossing between triploid and diploid plants, is considered as a major pathway. For the emergence of triploid plants, fusion of an unreduced gamete with a reduced gamete is generally accepted. In addition, the possibility of polyspermy has been proposed for maize, wheat and some orchids, although it has been regarded as an uncommon mechanism of triploid formation. One of the reasons why polyspermy is regarded as uncommon is because it is difficult to reproduce the polyspermy situation in zygotes and to analyze the developmental profiles of polyspermic triploid zygotes. Recently, polyspermic rice zygotes were successfully produced by electric fusion of an egg cell with two sperm cells, and their developmental profiles were monitored. Two sperm nuclei and an egg nucleus fused into a zygotic nucleus in the polyspermic zygote, and the triploid zygote divided into a two-celled embryo via mitotic division with a typical bipolar microtubule spindle. The two-celled proembryos further developed and regenerated into triploid plants. These suggest that polyspermic plant zygotes have the potential to form triploid embryos, and that polyspermy in angiosperms might be a pathway for the formation of triploid plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yukinosuke Ohnishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Erika Toda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Plant Breeding Innovation Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
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17
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Lv Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Hu Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Seeds during Artificial Ageing and Priming Using the Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162851. [PMID: 27632285 PMCID: PMC5025167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop worldwide. The physiological deterioration of seeds during storage and seed priming is closely associated with germination, and thus contributes to plant growth and subsequent grain yields. In this study, wheat seeds during different stages of artificial ageing (45°C; 50% relative humidity; 98%, 50%, 20%, and 1% Germination rates) and priming (hydro-priming treatment) were subjected to proteomics analysis through a proteomic approach based on the isobaric tandem mass tag labeling. A total of 162 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) mainly involved in metabolism, energy supply, and defense/stress responses, were identified during artificial ageing and thus validated previous physiological and biochemical studies. These DEPs indicated that the inability to protect against ageing leads to the incremental decomposition of the stored substance, impairment of metabolism and energy supply, and ultimately resulted in seed deterioration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the up-regulated proteins involved in seed ageing were mainly enriched in ribosome, whereas the down-regulated proteins were mainly accumulated in energy supply (starch and sucrose metabolism) and stress defense (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism). Proteins, including hemoglobin 1, oleosin, agglutinin, and non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, were first identified in aged seeds and might be regarded as new markers of seed deterioration. Of the identified proteins, 531 DEPs were recognized during seed priming compared with unprimed seeds. In contrast to the up-regulated DEPs in seed ageing, several up-regulated DEPs in priming were involved in energy supply (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation), anabolism (amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis), and cell growth/division. KEGG and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that the up-regulated proteins in seed priming were mainly enriched in amino acid synthesis, stress defense (plant-pathogen interactions, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism), and energy supply (oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism). Therefore, DEPs associated with seed ageing and priming can be used to characterize seed vigor and optimize germination enhancement treatments. This work reveals new proteomic insights into protein changes that occur during seed deterioration and priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinshui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Seifert F, Bössow S, Kumlehn J, Gnad H, Scholten S. Analysis of wheat microspore embryogenesis induction by transcriptome and small RNA sequencing using the highly responsive cultivar "Svilena". BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:97. [PMID: 27098368 PMCID: PMC4839079 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microspore embryogenesis describes a stress-induced reprogramming of immature male plant gametophytes to develop into embryo-like structures, which can be regenerated into doubled haploid plants after whole genome reduplication. This mechanism is of high interest for both research as well as plant breeding. The objective of this study was to characterize transcriptional changes and regulatory relationships in early stages of cold stress-induced wheat microspore embryogenesis by transcriptome and small RNA sequencing using a highly responsive cultivar. RESULTS Transcriptome and small RNA sequencing was performed in a staged time-course to analyze wheat microspore embryogenesis induction. The analyzed stages were freshly harvested, untreated uninucleate microspores and the two following stages from in vitro anther culture: directly after induction by cold-stress treatment and microspores undergoing the first nuclear divisions. A de novo transcriptome assembly resulted in 29,388 contigs distributing to 20,224 putative transcripts of which 9,305 are not covered by public wheat cDNAs. Differentially expressed transcripts and small RNAs were identified for the stage transitions highlighting various processes as well as specific genes to be involved in microspore embryogenesis induction. CONCLUSION This study establishes a comprehensive functional genomics resource for wheat microspore embryogenesis induction and initial understanding of molecular mechanisms involved. A large set of putative transcripts presumably specific for microspore embryogenesis induction as well as contributing processes and specific genes were identified. The results allow for a first insight in regulatory roles of small RNAs in the reprogramming of microspores towards an embryogenic cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Seifert
- />Developmental Biology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Bössow
- />Saaten-Union Biotec GmbH, Am Schwabenplan 6, 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibnitz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben Germany
| | - Heike Gnad
- />Saaten-Union Biotec GmbH, Am Schwabenplan 6, 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben Germany
| | - Stefan Scholten
- />Developmental Biology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
- />Institute for Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Seed size is an important agronomic trait and a major component of seed yield in wheat. However, little is known about the genes and mechanisms that determine the final seed size in wheat. Here, we isolated TaCYP78A5, the orthologous gene of Arabidopsis CYP78A5/KLUH in wheat, from wheat cv. Shaan 512 and demonstrated that the expression of TaCYP78A5 affects seed size. TaCYP78A5 encodes the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 78A5 protein in wheat and rescued the phenotype of the Arabidopsis deletion mutant cyp78a5. By affecting the extent of integument cell proliferation in the developing ovule and seed, TaCYP78A5 influenced the growth of the seed coat, which appears to limit seed growth. TaCYP78A5 silencing caused a 10% reduction in cell numbers in the seed coat, resulting in a 10% reduction in seed size in wheat cv. Shaan 512. By contrast, the overexpression of TaCYP78A5 increased the number of cells in the seed coat, resulting in seed enlargement of ~11-35% in Arabidopsis. TaCYP78A5 activity was positively correlated with the final seed size. However, TaCYP78A5 overexpression significantly reduced seed set in Arabidopsis, possibly due to an ovule development defect. TaCYP78A5 also influenced embryo development by promoting embryo integument cell proliferation during seed development. Accordingly, a working model of the influence of TaCYP7A5 on seed size was proposed. This study provides direct evidence that TaCYP78A5 affects seed size and is a potential target for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huixian Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shengwu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weining Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangli Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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20
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McMechan AJ, Hein GL. Planting Date and Variety Selection for Management of Viruses Transmitted by the Wheat Curl Mite (Acari: Eriophyidae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:70-7. [PMID: 26516091 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is an important food grain worldwide, and it is the primary dryland crop in the western Great Plains. A complex of three viruses (Wheat streak mosaic, Wheat mosaic, and Triticum mosaic viruses) is a common cause of loss in winter wheat production in the Great Plains. All these viruses are transmitted by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer). Once these viruses are established, there are no curative actions; therefore, prevention is the key to successful management. A study was designed to evaluate preventative management tactics (planting date, resistant varieties) for reducing the impact from this virus complex. The main plot treatments were three planting dates, and split-plot treatments were three wheat varieties. Varieties were planted at three different times during the fall to simulate early, recommended, and late planting dates. The varieties evaluated in this study were Mace (virus resistant), Millennium (mild tolerance), and Tomahawk (susceptible). Measurements of virus symptomology and yield were used to determine virus impact. Results consistently showed that the resistant Mace yielded more than Millennium or Tomahawk under virus pressure. In some years, delayed planting improved the yields for all varieties, regardless of their background; however, under the most severe virus pressure the combination of both management strategies was not sufficient to provide practical control of this complex. These results illustrate the importance of using a combination of management tactics for this complex, but also reinforce the importance for producers to use additional management strategies (e.g., control preharvest volunteer wheat) to manage this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J McMechan
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 (; )
| | - Gary L Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 (; )
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21
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Ral JP, Whan A, Larroque O, Leyne E, Pritchard J, Dielen AS, Howitt CA, Morell MK, Newberry M. Engineering high α-amylase levels in wheat grain lowers Falling Number but improves baking properties. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:364-76. [PMID: 26010869 PMCID: PMC4736685 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Late maturity α-amylase (LMA) and preharvest sprouting (PHS) are genetic defects in wheat. They are both characterized by the expression of specific isoforms of α-amylase in particular genotypes in the grain prior to harvest. The enhanced expression of α-amylase in both LMA and PHS results in a reduction in Falling Number (FN), a test of gel viscosity, and subsequent downgrading of the grain, along with a reduced price for growers. The FN test is unable to distinguish between LMA and PHS; thus, both defects are treated similarly when grain is traded. However, in PHS-affected grains, proteases and other degradative process are activated, and this has been shown to have a negative impact on end product quality. No studies have been conducted to determine whether LMA is detrimental to end product quality. This work demonstrated that wheat in which an isoform α-amylase (TaAmy3) was overexpressed in the endosperm of developing grain to levels of up to 100-fold higher than the wild-type resulted in low FN similar to those seen in LMA- or PHS-affected grains. This increase had no detrimental effect on starch structure, flour composition and enhanced baking quality, in small-scale 10-g baking tests. In these small-scale tests, overexpression of TaAmy3 led to increased loaf volume and Maillard-related browning to levels higher than those in control flours when baking improver was added. These findings raise questions as to the validity of the assumption that (i) LMA is detrimental to end product quality and (ii) a low FN is always indicative of a reduction in quality. This work suggests the need for a better understanding of the impact of elevated expression of specific α-amylase on end product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Whan
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Emmett Leyne
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Dielen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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22
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Lv Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Hu Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Seeds during Artificial Ageing and Priming Using the Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 27632285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.016285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop worldwide. The physiological deterioration of seeds during storage and seed priming is closely associated with germination, and thus contributes to plant growth and subsequent grain yields. In this study, wheat seeds during different stages of artificial ageing (45°C; 50% relative humidity; 98%, 50%, 20%, and 1% Germination rates) and priming (hydro-priming treatment) were subjected to proteomics analysis through a proteomic approach based on the isobaric tandem mass tag labeling. A total of 162 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) mainly involved in metabolism, energy supply, and defense/stress responses, were identified during artificial ageing and thus validated previous physiological and biochemical studies. These DEPs indicated that the inability to protect against ageing leads to the incremental decomposition of the stored substance, impairment of metabolism and energy supply, and ultimately resulted in seed deterioration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the up-regulated proteins involved in seed ageing were mainly enriched in ribosome, whereas the down-regulated proteins were mainly accumulated in energy supply (starch and sucrose metabolism) and stress defense (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism). Proteins, including hemoglobin 1, oleosin, agglutinin, and non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, were first identified in aged seeds and might be regarded as new markers of seed deterioration. Of the identified proteins, 531 DEPs were recognized during seed priming compared with unprimed seeds. In contrast to the up-regulated DEPs in seed ageing, several up-regulated DEPs in priming were involved in energy supply (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation), anabolism (amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis), and cell growth/division. KEGG and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that the up-regulated proteins in seed priming were mainly enriched in amino acid synthesis, stress defense (plant-pathogen interactions, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism), and energy supply (oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism). Therefore, DEPs associated with seed ageing and priming can be used to characterize seed vigor and optimize germination enhancement treatments. This work reveals new proteomic insights into protein changes that occur during seed deterioration and priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinshui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Bowerman AF, Newberry M, Dielen AS, Whan A, Larroque O, Pritchard J, Gubler F, Howitt CA, Pogson BJ, Morell MK, Ral JP. Suppression of glucan, water dikinase in the endosperm alters wheat grain properties, germination and coleoptile growth. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:398-408. [PMID: 25989474 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch phosphate ester content is known to alter the physicochemical properties of starch, including its susceptibility to degradation. Previous work producing wheat (Triticum aestivum) with down-regulated glucan, water dikinase, the primary gene responsible for addition of phosphate groups to starch, in a grain-specific manner found unexpected phenotypic alteration in grain and growth. Here, we report on further characterization of these lines focussing on mature grain and early growth. We find that coleoptile length has been increased in these transgenic lines independently of grain size increases. No changes in starch degradation rates during germination could be identified, or any major alteration in soluble sugar levels that may explain the coleoptile growth modification. We identify some alteration in hormones in the tissues in question. Mature grain size is examined, as is Hardness Index and starch conformation. We find no evidence that the increased growth of coleoptiles in these lines is connected to starch conformation or degradation or soluble sugar content and suggest these findings provide a novel means of increasing coleoptile growth and early seedling establishment in cereal crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Bowerman
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marcus Newberry
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Dielen
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alex Whan
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Frank Gubler
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Crispin A Howitt
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew K Morell
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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24
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Simińska J, Orzechowski S, Bielawski W. Analysis of expression and inhibitory activity of a TrcC-6 phytocystatin present in developing and germinating seeds of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.). Plant Physiol Biochem 2015; 96:209-216. [PMID: 26298807 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Storage proteins of cereal seeds are processed during accumulation and degraded during germination primarily by cysteine proteinases. One of the mechanisms controlling the activity of these enzymes is the synthesis of specific inhibitors named phytocystatins. Here we present the complete gene sequence of a triticale ( × Triticosecale Wittm.) phytocystatin, TrcC-6, which encodes a 152-amino acid protein with a putative 25-amino acid signal peptide. This protein has a calculated molecular mass of 16.2 kDa, and was assigned to phylogenetic group B of phytocystatins. Because TrcC-6 transcripts are present in triticale seeds, we hypothesized that this phytocystatin regulates storage protein accumulation and degradation. Therefore, changes in gene expression during the entire period of seed development and germination were examined. TrcC-6 transcripts and TrcC-6 protein levels increased during the maturation of seeds and remained high during the first hours of germination. This enabled us to conclude that TrcC-6 likely regulates seed germination by the regulation of storage protein hydrolysis. For the analysis of TrcC-6 inhibitory activity, recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified. Recombinant TrcC-6 proved to be a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. It inhibited the in vitro activity of papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and ficin (EC 3.4.22.3). Furthermore, native PAGE analysis revealed that recombinant TrcC-6 inhibits the activity of endogenous cysteine proteinases present in germinating seeds of triticale. Based on these results, TrcC-6 is likely one of the important factors that regulate cysteine proteinase activity during the accumulation and mobilization of storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Orzechowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wiesław Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Gu A, Hao P, Lv D, Zhen S, Bian Y, Ma C, Xu Y, Zhang W, Yan Y. Integrated Proteome Analysis of the Wheat Embryo and Endosperm Reveals Central Metabolic Changes Involved in the Water Deficit Response during Grain Development. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:8478-87. [PMID: 26332669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The embryo and endosperm of wheat have different physiological functions and large differences in protein level. In this study, we performed the first integrated proteome analysis of wheat embryo and endosperm in response to the water deficit during grain development. In total, 155 and 130 differentially expressed protein (DEP) spots in the embryo and endosperm, respectively, were identified by nonlinear two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. These DEPs in the embryo were mainly involved in stress/defense responses such as heat shock-related proteins (HSP) and peroxidase, whereas those in endosperm were mainly related to starch and storage protein synthesis such as α-amylase inhibitor and the globulin-1 S allele. In particular, some storage proteins such as avenin-like proteins and high-molecular weight glutenin subunit Dy12 displayed higher expression levels in the mature endosperm under a water deficit, which might contribute to the improvement in the quality of breadmaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Pengchao Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Dongwen Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shoumin Zhen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanwei Bian
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chaoying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanhao Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University , 434025 Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University , 434025 Jingzhou, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University , 434025 Jingzhou, China
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26
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Ma M, Wang Q, Li Z, Cheng H, Li Z, Liu X, Song W, Appels R, Zhao H. Expression of TaCYP78A3, a gene encoding cytochrome P450 CYP78A3 protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), affects seed size. Plant J 2015; 83:312-25. [PMID: 26043144 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have described quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed size in wheat, but the relevant genes and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we report the functional characterization of the wheat TaCYP78A3 gene and its effect on seed size. TaCYP78A3 encoded wheat cytochrome P450 CYP78A3, and was specifically expressed in wheat reproductive organs. TaCYP78A3 activity was positively correlated with the final seed size. Its silencing caused a reduction of cell number in the seed coat, resulting in an 11% decrease in wheat seed size, whereas TaCYP78A3 over-expression induced production of more cells in the seed coat, leading to an 11-48% increase in Arabidopsis seed size. In addition, the cell number in the final seed coat was determined by the TaCYP78A3 expression level, which affected the extent of integument cell proliferation in the developing ovule and seed. Unfortunately, TaCYP78A3 over-expression in Arabidopsis caused a reduced seed set due to an ovule developmental defect. Moreover, TaCYP78A3 over-expression affected embryo development by promoting embryo integument cell proliferation during seed development, which also ultimately affected the final seed size in Arabidopsis. In summary, our results indicated that TaCYP78A3 plays critical roles in influencing seed size by affecting the extent of integument cell proliferation. The present study provides direct evidence that TaCYP78A3 affects seed size in wheat, and contributes to an understanding of the cellular basis of the gene influencing seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhanjie Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huihui Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangli Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weining Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rudi Appels
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Huixian Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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27
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Masisi K, Diehl-Jones WL, Gordon J, Chapman D, Moghadasian MH, Beta T. Carotenoids of aleurone, germ, and endosperm fractions of barley, corn and wheat differentially inhibit oxidative stress. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2715-2724. [PMID: 25706713 DOI: 10.1021/jf5058606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant potential of carotenoids from aleurone, germ, and endosperm fractions of barley, corn, and wheat has been evaluated. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids (nd-15139 μg/kg) in extracts of cereal grain fractions. The antioxidant properties using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays revealed significantly higher (P<0.001) antioxidant activity in the germ than in the aleurone and endosperm fractions. Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 2,2'azobis (2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced cell loss was effectively reduced by preincubating Caco-2, HT-29, and FHs 74 Int cells with carotenoid extracts. Moreover, carotenoid extracts reduced (P<0.001) AAPH-induced intracellular oxidation in the cell lines, suggesting antioxidant activity. Of the 84 antioxidant pathway genes included in microarray array analysis (HT-29 cells), the expressions of 28 genes were enhanced (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that carotenoids of germ, aleurone, and endosperm fractions improved antioxidant capacity and thus have the potential to mitigate oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L Diehl-Jones
- ΔManitoba Institute of Child Health, John Buhler Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Joseph Gordon
- ΔManitoba Institute of Child Health, John Buhler Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
- †Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Donald Chapman
- ΔManitoba Institute of Child Health, John Buhler Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Mohammed H Moghadasian
- ○Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6
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28
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Mukherjee S, Stasolla C, Brûlé-Babel A, Ayele BT. Isolation and characterization of rubisco small subunit gene promoter from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Signal Behav 2015; 10:e989033. [PMID: 25713931 PMCID: PMC4622651 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.989033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Choice of an appropriate promoter is critical to express target genes in intended tissues and developmental stages. However, promoters capable of directing gene expression in specific tissues and stages are not well characterized in monocot species. To identify such a promoter in wheat, this study isolated a partial sequence of the wheat small subunit of RuBisCO (TarbcS) promoter. In silico analysis revealed the presence of elements that are characteristic to rbcS promoters of other, mainly dicot, species. Transient expression of the TarbcS:GUS in immature wheat embryos and tobacco leaves but not in the wheat roots indicate the functionality of the TarbcS promoter fragment in directing the expression of target genes in green plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Anita Brûlé-Babel
- Department of Plant Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg, Canada
- Corresponding author: Belay T Ayele,
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29
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Dobrovol'skaia OB, Badaeva ED, Adonina IG, Popova OM, Krasnikov AA, Laĭkova LI. [Investigation of morphogenesis of inflorescence and determination of the nature of inheritance of "supernumerary spikelets" trait of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant line]. Ontogenez 2014; 45:434-441. [PMID: 25739301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using C-banding and FISH methods, the karyotype of MC1611 induced mutant of bread wheat, which develop additional spikelets at a rachis node (trait "supernumerary spikelets") was characterized. It was determined that the mutant phenotype is not associated with aneuploidy and major chromosomal rearrangements. The results of genetic analysis showed that supernumerary spikelets of the line are caused by a mutation of the single bh-D. 1 gene, influenced by the genetic background. The mutation causes abnormalities of inflorescence morphogenesis associated with the development of ectopic spikelet meristems in place of floral meristems in the basal part of the spikelets, causing the appearance of additional spikes at a rachis node. The mutant phenotype suggests that the Bh-D gene determines the fate of the lateral meristem in ear, which develops as floral meristem and gives rise to floral organs in wild-type inflorescences. In the Bh-D. 1 mutant, the establishing identity is impaired. The characterized mutant can be used in further studies on molecular genetic basis of development of wheat inflorescence.
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30
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Polgári D, Cseh A, Szakács É, Jäger K, Molnár-Láng M, Sági L. High-frequency generation and characterization of intergeneric hybrids and haploids from new wheat-barley crosses. Plant Cell Rep 2014; 33:1323-31. [PMID: 24770442 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid plants and a high frequency of maternal haploids were obtained using an efficient wheat-barley hybridization system (with new genotype combinations) and confirmed by several cytological and molecular tools. An efficient hybridization system between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is presented on the basis of three new genotype combinations. A particularly high, 14% frequency of plant regeneration per florets was achieved in the wheat-barley genotype combination of 'Sichuan' × 'Morex'. The genome composition in 42 of the 95 plants regenerated by embryo rescue was determined using ploidy analysis, genomic in situ hybridization and the application of chromosome arm-specific molecular markers (SSR and STS). A high overall frequency (76%) of maternal (wheat) haploids was observed in all the tests for all three cross combinations. A major implication of this observation is that this new hybridization system represents a useful tool to study the mechanism of uniparental chromosome elimination in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Polgári
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
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31
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Sarah DL, Jan DR, Geert H. ABA gene expression during kernel development in relation to pre-harvest sprouting in wheat and triticale. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2014; 79:19-36. [PMID: 26072571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) during wet and cool harvest periods remains a serious problem in the production of cereals like barley, wheat and triticale. Being involved in dormancy induction and maintenance during seed development, abscisic acid (ABA) may play a key role to improve dormancy level and hence PHS-tolerance in these grains. In this study, we investigated the ABA levels and expression profiles of ABA biosynthesis and degradation genes during kernel development to explore the potential of these genes for improving PHS-tolerance in wheat and triticale. Plants of a PHS-tolerant and a PHS-susceptible variety of both wheat and triticale were grown under controlled conditions from flowering to harvest. At regular time points, kernels were harvested for ABA analysis and RNA extraction. RNA extracts were used in an RT-qPCR assay to obtain expression profiles of the ABA synthesis genes ZEP, NCED1 and NCED2 and the ABA degradation genes CYP707A1 and CYP707A2. In contrast to reports in Arabidopsis, the ZEP gene was predominantly expressed towards harvest maturity in both wheat and triticale. NCED1 expression coincided well with the observed ABA levels during kernel development, while NCED2 expression was mainly detected in early development, indicating a potential role for dormancy induction. ABA degradation towards harvest maturity was mainly associated with increased CYP707A1 expression, whereas CYP707A2 expression appeared to correlate with the regulation of ABA levels during kernel development. However, no differential expression of the investigated genes was detected between PHS-tolerant and PHS-susceptible varieties.
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32
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Delporte F, Muhovski Y, Pretova A, Watillon B. Analysis of expression profiles of selected genes associated with the regenerative property and the receptivity to gene transfer during somatic embryogenesis in Triticum aestivum L. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5883-906. [PMID: 24078158 PMCID: PMC3825128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms regulating the initiation of a regenerative pathway remain partially unknown. Efforts to identify the biological features that confer transformation ability, or the tendency of some cells to induce transgene silencing, would help to improve plant genetic engineering. The objective of our study was to monitor the evolution of plant cell competencies in relation to both in vitro tissue culture regeneration and the genetic transformation properties. We used a simple wheat regeneration procedure as an experimental model for studying the regenerative capacity of plant cells and their receptivity to direct gene transfer over the successive steps of the regenerative pathway. Target gene profiling studies and biochemical assays were conducted to follow some of the mechanisms triggered during the somatic-to-embryogenic transition (i.e. dedifferentiation, cell division activation, redifferentiation) and affecting the accessibility of plant cells to receive and stably express the exogenous DNA introduced by bombardment. Our results seem to indicate that the control of cell-cycle (S-phase) and host defense strategies can be crucial determinants of genetic transformation efficiency. The results from studies conducted at macro-, micro- and molecular scales are then integrated into a holistic approach that addresses the question of tissue culture and transgenesis competencies more broadly. Through this multilevel analysis we try to establish functional links between both regenerative capacity and transformation receptiveness, and thereby to provide a more global and integrated vision of both processes, at the core of defense/adaptive mechanisms and survival, between undifferentiated cell proliferation and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Delporte
- Department of Life Sciences, Bioengineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRAw), Chaussée de Charleroi 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yordan Muhovski
- Department of Life Sciences, Bioengineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRAw), Chaussée de Charleroi 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Anna Pretova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P.O. Box 39 A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Bernard Watillon
- Department of Life Sciences, Bioengineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRAw), Chaussée de Charleroi 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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33
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Gao F, Rampitsch C, Chitnis VR, Humphreys GD, Jordan MC, Ayele BT. Integrated analysis of seed proteome and mRNA oxidation reveals distinct post-transcriptional features regulating dormancy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Biotechnol J 2013; 11:921-32. [PMID: 23745731 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wheat seeds can be released from a dormant state by after-ripening; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still mostly unknown. We previously identified transcriptional programmes involved in the regulation of after-ripening-mediated seed dormancy decay in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Here, we show that seed dormancy maintenance and its release by dry after-ripening in wheat is associated with oxidative modification of distinct seed-stored mRNAs that mainly correspond to oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome biogenesis, nutrient reservoir and α-amylase inhibitor activities, suggesting the significance of post-transcriptional repression of these biological processes in regulating seed dormancy. We further show that after-ripening induced seed dormancy release in wheat is mediated by differential expression of specific proteins in both dry and hydrated states, including those involved in proteolysis, cellular signalling, translation and energy metabolism. Among the genes corresponding to these proteins, the expression of those encoding α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor and starch synthase appears to be regulated by mRNA oxidation. Co-expression analysis of the probesets differentially expressed and oxidized during dry after-ripening along with those corresponding to proteins differentially regulated between dormant and after-ripened seeds produced three co-expressed gene clusters containing more candidate genes potentially involved in the regulation of seed dormancy in wheat. Two of the three clusters are enriched with elements that are either abscisic acid (ABA) responsive or recognized by ABA-regulated transcription factors, indicating the association between wheat seed dormancy and ABA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Sánchez-Díaz RA, Castillo AM, Vallés MP. Microspore embryogenesis in wheat: new marker genes for early, middle and late stages of embryo development. Plant Reprod 2013; 26:287-96. [PMID: 23839308 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-013-0225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis involves reprogramming of the pollen immature cell towards embryogenesis. We have identified and characterized a collection of 14 genes induced along different morphological phases of microspore-derived embryo development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture. SERKs and FLAs genes previously associated with somatic embryogenesis and reproductive tissues, respectively, were also included in this analysis. Genes involved in signalling mechanisms such as TaTPD1-like and TAA1b, and two glutathione S-transferase (GSTF2 and GSTA2) were induced when microspores had acquired a 'star-like' morphology or had undergone the first divisions. Genes associated with control of plant development and stress response (TaNF-YA, TaAGL14, TaFLA26, CHI3, XIP-R; Tad1 and WALI6) were activated before exine rupture. When the multicellular structures have been released from the exine, TaEXPB4, TaAGP31-like and an unknown embryo-specific gene TaME1 were induced. Comparison of gene expression, between two wheat cultivars with different response to anther culture, showed that the profile of genes activated before exine rupture was shifted to earlier stages in the low responding cultivar. This collection of genes constitutes a value resource for study mechanism of intra-embryo communication, early pattern formation, cell wall modification and embryo differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angélica Sánchez-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética y Producción Vegetal, Estación Experimental Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Av Montañana 1005, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
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35
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Munkvold JD, Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Sorrells ME. Systems genetics of environmental response in the mature wheat embryo. Genetics 2013; 194:265-77. [PMID: 23475987 PMCID: PMC3632474 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.150052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative phenotypic traits are influenced by genetic and environmental variables as well as the interaction between the two. Underlying genetic × environment interaction is the influence that the surrounding environment exerts on gene expression. Perturbation of gene expression by environmental factors manifests itself in alterations to gene co-expression networks and ultimately in phenotypic plasticity. Comparative gene co-expression networks have been used to uncover biological mechanisms that differentiate tissues or other biological factors. In this study, we have extended consensus and differential Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis to compare the influence of different growing environments on gene co-expression in the mature wheat (Triticum aestivum) embryo. This network approach was combined with mapping of individual gene expression QTL to examine the genetic control of environmentally static and variable gene expression. The approach is useful for gene expression experiments containing multiple environments and allowed for the identification of specific gene co-expression modules responsive to environmental factors. This procedure identified conserved coregulation of gene expression between environments related to basic developmental and cellular functions, including protein localization and catabolism, vesicle composition/trafficking, Golgi transport, and polysaccharide metabolism among others. Environmentally unique modules were found to contain genes with predicted functions in responding to abiotic and biotic environmental variables. These findings represent the first report using consensus and differential Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis to characterize the influence of environment on coordinated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Munkvold
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Debbie Laudencia-Chingcuanco
- Genomics and Gene Discovery Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California 94710
| | - Mark E. Sorrells
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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36
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Ndolo VU, Beta T. Distribution of carotenoids in endosperm, germ, and aleurone fractions of cereal grain kernels. Food Chem 2013; 139:663-71. [PMID: 23561159 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To compare the distribution of carotenoids across the grain, non-corn and corn cereals were hand dissected into endosperm, germ and aleurone fractions. Total carotenoid content (TCC) and carotenoid composition were analysed using spectrophotometry and HPLC. Cereal carotenoid composition was similar; however, concentrations varied significantly (p<0.05). Endosperm fractions had TCC ranging from 0.88 to 2.27 and 14.17 to 31.35 mg/kg in non-corn cereals and corn, respectively. TCC, lutein and zeaxanthin in germ fractions were higher in non-corn cereals than in corn. Lutein and zeaxanthin contents were lower in non-corn cereal endosperms. The aleurone layer had zeaxanthin levels 2- to 5-fold higher than lutein among the cereals. Positive significant correlations (p<0.05) were found between TCC, carotenoids analysed by HPLC and DPPH results. This study is the first to report on carotenoid composition of the aleurone layer. Our findings suggest that the aleurone of wheat, oat, corn and germ of barley have significantly enhanced carotenoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria U Ndolo
- University of Manitoba, Department of Food Science, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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37
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Schier JG, Sejvar JJ, Lutterloh E, Likaka A, Katsoudas E, Karaseva YD, Tippett Barr B, Redwood Y, Monroe S. Consumption of pesticide-treated wheat seed by a rural population in Malawi. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012; 22:569-573. [PMID: 23047320 PMCID: PMC4547766 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of typhoid fever in rural Malawi triggered an investigation by the Malawi Ministry of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in July 2009. During the investigation, villagers were directly consuming washed, donated, pesticide-treated wheat seed meant for planting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for pesticide exposure and health risk in the outbreak community. A sample of unwashed (1430 g) and washed (759 g) wheat seed donated for planting, but which would have been directly consumed, was tested for 365 pesticides. Results were compared with each other (percentage change), the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) health guidance values and estimated daily exposures were compared with their Reference dose (RfD). Unwashed and washed seed samples contained, respectively: carboxin, 244 and 57 p.p.m.; pirimiphos methyl, 8.18 and 8.56 p.p.m.; total permethrin, 3.62 and 3.27 p.p.m.; and carbaryl, 0.057 and 0.025 p.p.m.. Percentage change calculations (unwashed to washed) were as follows: carboxin, -76.6%; pirimiphos methyl, +4.6%; total permethrin, -9.7%; and carbaryl -56.1%. Only carboxin and total permethrin concentration among washed seed samples exceeded US EPA health guidance values (285 × and seven times, respectively). Adult estimated exposure scenarios (1 kg seed) exceeded the RfD for carboxin (8 × ) and pirimiphos methyl (12 × ). Adult villagers weighing 70 kg would have to consume 0.123, 0.082, 1.06, and 280 kg of washed seed daily to exceed the RfD for carboxin, pirimiphos methyl, permethrins, and carbaryl, respectively. Carboxin, pirimiphos methyl, permethrins, and carbaryl were detected in both unwashed and washed samples of seed. Carboxin, total permethrin, and carbaryl concentration were partially reduced by washing. Health risks from chronic exposure to carboxin and pirimiphos methyl in these amounts are unclear. The extent of this practice among food insecure communities receiving relief seeds and resultant health impact needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Schier
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has major advantages over traditional cell-based methods in the capability of high-throughput protein synthesis and special protein production. During recent decades, CFPS has become an alternative protein production platform for both fundamental and applied purposes. Using Renilla luciferase as model protein, we describe a typical process of CFPS in wheat germ extract system, including wheat germ extract preparation, expression vector construction, in vitro protein synthesis (transcription/translation), and target protein assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumeng Ge
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
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39
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Fábián A, Jäger K, Rakszegi M, Barnabás B. Embryo and endosperm development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels subjected to drought stress. Plant Cell Rep 2011; 30:551-63. [PMID: 21246199 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to reveal the histological alterations triggered in developing wheat kernels by soil drought stress during early seed development resulting in yield losses at harvest. For this purpose, observations were made on the effect of drought stress, applied in a controlled environment from the 5th to the 9th day after pollination, on the kernel morphology, starch content and grain yield of the drought-sensitive Cappelle Desprez and drought-tolerant Plainsman V winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. As a consequence of water withdrawal, there was a decrease in the size of the embryos and the number of A-type starch granules deposited in the endosperm, while the development of aleurone cells and the degradation of the cell layers surrounding the ovule were significantly accelerated in both genotypes. In addition, the number of B-type starch granules per cell was significantly reduced. Drought stress affected the rate of grain filling shortened the grain-filling and ripening period and severely reduced the yield. With respect to the recovery of vegetative tissues, seed set and yield, the drought-tolerant Plainsman V responded significantly better to drought stress than Cappelle Desprez. The reduction in the size of the mature embryos was significantly greater in the sensitive genotype. Compared to Plainsman V, the endosperm cells of Cappelle Desprez accumulated significantly fewer B-type starch granules. In stressed kernels of the tolerant genotype, the accumulation of protein bodies occurred significantly earlier than in the sensitive variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Fábián
- Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik 2, Martonvásár 2462, Hungary
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40
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Chaban IA, Lazareva EM, Kononenko NV, Poliakov VI. [Antipodal complex development in the embryo sac of wheat]. Ontogenez 2011; 42:101-115. [PMID: 21542339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of an antipodal complex formation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been observed in detail using a reconstruction of serial semifine sections. Three consecutive crucial stages have been identified in the development of the antipodal complex: (1) proliferation of initial cells, (2) growth and functional differentiation of antipodal cells, and (3) cell apoptosis. Specific features of the mitotic division of antipodal cells have been characterized. It has been shown that the structure of interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes of proliferating antipodal cells is similar to that of nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac. According to the reconstruction of appropriately oriented serial sections, the division of antipodal cells is asynchronous. DNA content in differentiated antipodal cells has been determined by a cytophotometric analysis; in the case of a mature embryo sac, the ploidy of antipodal cells varied from 8 to 32C. Proliferation and DNA endoreduplication processes in the antipodal complex proceed at different time; the second process starts only after the termination of the first one. DNA endoreduplication is accompanied by total chromatin remodeling; as a result, giant chromosomes are formed in the nuclei of antipodal cells. The final stage of the antipodal complex development is programmed cell death or apoptosis. A model for the structural organization of an antipodal complex has been proposed based on the layer arrangement of cells. The secretory activity of antipodal cells directed towards the endosperm syncytium has been detected for the first time. The analysis of "truncated" ovules with an undeveloped endosperm has shown that developing endosperm can be a possible inductor, which stimulates the functional activity of antipodal cells and triggers their terminal differentiation. The obtained results evidence the functional role of antipodal cells in the development of the endosperm and embryo.
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41
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Abstract
A critical step in the development of a robust Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation -system for cereal crop plants is the establishment of optimal conditions for efficient T-DNA delivery into target tissue, from which plants can be regenerated. Although, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cereals is an important method that has been widely used by many laboratories around the world, routine protocols have been established only in specific cultivars within a species and with specific tissues of high regeneration potential. Cocultivation of highly embryogenic callus tissue or healthy immature embryos with A. tumefaciens is considered one of the critical factors in successful genetic transformation of crop plants. Immature embryos collected only from vigorously growing healthy and green plants grown in the field or in the well-conditioned greenhouse are the ideal target for genetic transformation of recalcitrant crop species. Here, we describe an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method that uses immature embryos as the starting material for inoculation with Agrobacterium. The aim of this chapter is to provide the key steps/components involved in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cereal crops. However, these steps or components often vary between protocols and from laboratory to laboratory, and can be optimized or modified based on the requirement of a specific cultivar or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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42
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Opanowicz M, Hands P, Betts D, Parker ML, Toole GA, Mills ENC, Doonan JH, Drea S. Endosperm development in Brachypodium distachyon. J Exp Bot 2011; 62:735-48. [PMID: 21071680 PMCID: PMC3003816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grain development and its evolution in grasses remains poorly understood, despite cereals being our most important source of food. The grain, for which many grass species have been domesticated, is a single-seeded fruit with prominent and persistent endosperm. Brachypodium distachyon, a small wild grass, is being posited as a new model system for the temperate small grain cereals, but little is known about its endosperm development and how this compares with that of the domesticated cereals. A cellular and molecular map of domains within the developing Brachypodium endosperm is constructed. This provides the first detailed description of grain development in Brachypodium for the reference strain, Bd21, that will be useful for future genetic and comparative studies. Development of Brachypodium grains is compared with that of wheat. Notably, the aleurone is not regionally differentiated as in wheat, suggesting that the modified aleurone region may be a feature of only a subset of cereals. Also, the central endosperm and the nucellar epidermis contain unusually prominent cell walls that may act as a storage material. The composition of these cell walls is more closely related to those of barley and oats than to those of wheat. Therefore, although endosperm development is broadly similar to that of temperate small grain cereals, there are significant differences that may reflect its phylogenetic position between the Triticeae and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Opanowicz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Philip Hands
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Donna Betts
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | | | | | - John H. Doonan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Zeng W, Jiang N, Nadella R, Killen TL, Nadella V, Faik A. A glucurono(arabino)xylan synthase complex from wheat contains members of the GT43, GT47, and GT75 families and functions cooperatively. Plant Physiol 2010; 154:78-97. [PMID: 20631319 PMCID: PMC2938142 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.159749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAXs) are the major hemicelluloses in grass cell walls, but the proteins that synthesize them have previously been uncharacterized. The biosynthesis of GAXs would require at least three glycosyltransferases (GTs): xylosyltransferase (XylT), arabinosyltransferase (AraT), and glucuronosyltransferase (GlcAT). A combination of proteomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed three wheat (Triticum aestivum) glycosyltransferase (TaGT) proteins from the GT43, GT47, and GT75 families as promising candidates involved in GAX synthesis in wheat, namely TaGT43-4, TaGT47-13, and TaGT75-4. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using specific antibodies produced against TaGT43-4 allowed the immunopurification of a complex containing these three GT proteins. The affinity-purified complex also showed GAX-XylT, GAX-AraT, and GAX-GlcAT activities that work in a cooperative manner. UDP Xyl strongly enhanced both AraT and GlcAT activities. However, while UDP arabinopyranose stimulated the XylT activity, it had only limited effect on GlcAT activity. Similarly, UDP GlcUA stimulated the XylT activity but had only limited effect on AraT activity. The [(14)C]GAX polymer synthesized by the affinity-purified complex contained Xyl, Ara, and GlcUA in a ratio of 45:12:1, respectively. When this product was digested with purified endoxylanase III and analyzed by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, only two oligosaccharides were obtained, suggesting a regular structure. One of the two oligosaccharides has six Xyls and two Aras, and the second oligosaccharide contains Xyl, Ara, and GlcUA in a ratio of 40:8:1, respectively. Our results provide a direct link of the involvement of TaGT43-4, TaGT47-13, and TaGT75-4 proteins (as a core complex) in the synthesis of GAX polymer in wheat.
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44
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Abstract
Membrane proteins play crucial roles in various processes. However, biochemical characterization of the membrane proteins remains challenging due to the difficulty in producing membrane proteins in a functional state. Here, we describe a novel method for the production of functional membrane proteins based on a wheat germ cell-free translation system. Using this method, functional membrane proteins are successfully synthesized in the presence of liposomes and a detergent. In addition, the synthesized membrane proteins are easily purified from the cell-free translation mixture as proteoliposomes by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. These advantages over conventional approaches are very helpful for the clarification of the function of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nozawa
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
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45
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Abstract
In malaria vaccine research, one of the major obstacles has been the difficulty of expressing recombinant malarial proteins and it is mainly due to the lack of an efficient methodology for the synthesis of sufficient quantity of quality proteins. We demonstrate that the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system can be applied for the successful production of leading malaria vaccine candidate antigens and, thus, prove that it may be a key tool for malaria vaccine research.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Cell-Free System
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Malaria Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Protein Folding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protozoan Proteins/biosynthesis
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/isolation & purification
- Seeds/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Triticum/embryology
- Triticum/genetics
- Triticum/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Tsuboi
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center and Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Cell-free translation systems are a powerful tool for the production of many kinds of proteins. However, there are some barriers to improve the system in order to make it a more convenient approach. These include the fact that the production of proteins made up of hetero subunits is difficult. In this chapter, we describe the synthesis of yeast tRNA (m(7)G46) methyltransferase as a model protein. This enzyme catalyzes transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanine at position 46 in tRNA and generates N(7)-methylguanine. Yeast tRNA (m(7)G46) methyltransferase is composed of two protein subunits, Trm8 and Trm82. To obtain the active Trm8-Trm82 complex, co-translation of both subunits is necessary. Preparation of mRNAs, in vitro synthesis and purification of the complex are explained in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
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47
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Shi C, Rui Q, Xu LL. Enzymatic properties of the 20S proteasome in wheat endosperm and its biochemical characteristics after seed imbibition. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2009; 11:849-858. [PMID: 19796362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The 20S proteasome from wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Yangmai 158) endosperm was purified to apparent homogeneity by three sequential centrifugations and gradient PAGE (GPAGE). The purified 20S proteasome clearly cleaved peptidyl-arylamide bonds in the model synthetic substrates Z-GGL-AMC and Z-GGR-AMC, which are used to reflect chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like activity, respectively. For both substrates, the optimum pH was 8.0, but the optimum temperatures for chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like activity were 55 degrees C and 37 degrees C, respectively. Both enzyme activities were clearly inhibited by MG115 and PMSF. Polyubiquitinated proteins remained constant from 0 to 7 days after seed imbibition, but caseinolytic activity and the amount of the 20S proteasome associated with the aleurone layer decreased from 1 to 2 days after imbibition (DAI), then increased from 2 to 4 DAI, and reached a maximum at 4 DAI that was retained until 7 DAI. An increase was seen in the mRNA level of the beta5 subunit of the 20S proteasome from 2 DAI, and caseinolytic activity and the amount of the 20S proteasome increased from 3 DAI onwards. In addition, the main storage proteins of the wheat endosperm could not be hydrolyzed by the 20S proteasome. The evidence suggests that the main role of the 20S proteasome may not be to degrade massive proteins of the wheat endosperm after seed imbibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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48
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Cistué L, Romagosa I, Batlle F, Echávarri B. Improvements in the production of doubled haploids in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) through isolated microspore culture. Plant Cell Rep 2009; 28:727-35. [PMID: 19288107 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to produce durum wheat doubled haploid (DH) plants through the induction of microspore embryogenesis. The microspore culture technique was improved to maximize production of green plants per spike using three commercial cultivars. Studies on factors such as induction media composition, induction media support and the stage and growth of donor plants were carried out in order to develop an efficient protocol to regenerate green and fertile DH plants. Microspores were plated on a C(17) induction culture medium with ovary co-culture and a supplement of glutathione plus glutamine; 300 g/l Ficoll Type-400 was incorporated to the induction medium support. Donor plants were fertilized with a combination of macro and microelements. With the cultivars 'Ciccio' and 'Claudio' an average of 36.5 and 148.5 fertile plants were produced, respectively, from 1,000 anthers inoculated. This technique was then used to produce fertile DH plants of potential agronomic interest from a collection of ten F(1) crosses involving cultivars of high breeding value. From these crosses 849 green plants were obtained and seed was harvested from 702 plants indicating that 83% of green plants were fertile and therefore were spontaneously DHs. No aneuploid plant was obtained. The 702 plants yielded enough seeds to be field tested. One of the DH lines obtained by microspore embryogenesis, named 'Lanuza', has been sent to the Spanish Plant Variety Office for Registration by the Batlle Seed Company. This protocol can be used instead of the labor-intensive inter-generic crossing with maize as an economically feasible method to obtain DHs for most crosses involving the durum wheat cultivars grown in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cistué
- Departamento de Genética y Producción Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Toole GA, Barron C, Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Shewry PR, Mills ENC. Remodelling of arabinoxylan in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm cell walls during grain filling. Planta 2009; 229:667-80. [PMID: 19066942 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using spectroscopic imaging have allowed the spatial distribution of structural components in wheat endosperm cell walls to be determined. FT-IR microspectroscopy showed differing changes in arabinoxylan (AX) structure, during grain development under cool/wet and hot/dry growing conditions, for differing cultivars (Toole et al. in Planta 225:1393-1403, 2007). These studies have been extended using Raman microspectroscopy, providing more details of the impact of environment on the polysaccharide and phenolic components of the cell walls. NMR studies provide complementary information on the types and levels of AX branching both early in development and at maturity. Raman microspectroscopy has allowed the arabinose:xylose (A/X) ratio in the cell wall AX to be determined, and the addition of ferulic acid and related phenolic acids to be followed. The changes in the A/X ratio during grain development were affected by the environmental conditions, with the A/X ratio generally being slightly lower for samples grown under cool/wet conditions than for those from hot/dry conditions. The degree of esterification of the endosperm cell walls with ferulic acid was also affected by the environment, being lower under hot/dry conditions. The results support earlier suggestions that AX is either delivered to the cell wall in a highly substituted form and is remodelled through the action of arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases or arabinofuranosidases, or that low level substituted AX are incorporated into the wall late in cell wall development, reducing the average degree of substitution, and that the rate of this remodelling is influenced by the environment. (1)H NMR provided a unique insight into the chemical structure of intact wheat endosperm cell walls, providing qualitative information on the proportions of mono- and disubstituted AX and the levels of branching of adjacent units. The A/X ratio did not change greatly with either the development stage or the growth conditions, but the ratio of mono- to disubstituted Xylp residues increased markedly (by about fourfold) in the more mature samples, confirming the changes in branching levels determined using FT-IR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that intact endosperm cell walls have been studied by (1)H NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Toole
- Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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Abstract
The processing properties of the wheat flour are largely determined by the structures and interactions of the grain storage proteins (also called gluten proteins) which form a continuous visco-elastic network in dough. Wheat gluten proteins are classically divided into two groups, the monomeric gliadins and the polymeric glutenins, with the latter being further classified into low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) subunits. The synthesis, folding and deposition of the gluten proteins take place within the endomembrane system of the plant cell. However, determination of the precise routes of trafficking and deposition of individual gluten proteins in developing wheat grain has been limited in the past by the difficulty of developing monospecific antibodies. To overcome this limitation, a single gluten protein (a LMW subunit) was expressed in transgenic wheat with a C-terminal epitope tag, allowing the protein to be located in the cells of the developing grain using highly specific antibodies. This approach was also combined with the use of wider specificity antibodies to compare the trafficking and deposition of different gluten protein groups within the same endosperm cells. These studies are in agreement with previous suggestions that two trafficking pathways occur in wheat, with the proteins either being transported via the Golgi apparatus into the vacuole or accumulating directly within the lumen of the ER. They also suggest that the same individual protein could be trafficked by either pathway, possibly depending on the stage of development, and that segregation of gluten proteins both between and within protein bodies may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tosi
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
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