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Piza DB, Corrigan BW, Gulli RA, Do Carmo S, Cuello AC, Muller L, Martinez-Trujillo J. Primacy of vision shapes behavioral strategies and neural substrates of spatial navigation in marmoset hippocampus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4053. [PMID: 38744848 PMCID: PMC11093997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the hippocampus in spatial navigation has been primarily studied in nocturnal mammals, such as rats, that lack many adaptations for daylight vision. Here we demonstrate that during 3D navigation, the common marmoset, a new world primate adapted to daylight, predominantly uses rapid head-gaze shifts for visual exploration while remaining stationary. During active locomotion marmosets stabilize the head, in contrast to rats that use low-velocity head movements to scan the environment as they locomote. Pyramidal neurons in the marmoset hippocampus CA3/CA1 regions predominantly show mixed selectivity for 3D spatial view, head direction, and place. Exclusive place selectivity is scarce. Inhibitory interneurons are predominantly mixed selective for angular head velocity and translation speed. Finally, we found theta phase resetting of local field potential oscillations triggered by head-gaze shifts. Our findings indicate that marmosets adapted to their daylight ecological niche by modifying exploration/navigation strategies and their corresponding hippocampal specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Piza
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin W Corrigan
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lyle Muller
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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2
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Anderson EM, Candy TR, Gold JM, Smith LB. An edge-simplicity bias in the visual input to young infants. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj8571. [PMID: 38728400 PMCID: PMC11086614 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of sparse edge coding in the mammalian visual cortex depends on early visual experience. In humans, there are multiple indicators that the statistics of early visual experiences has unique properties that may support these developments. However, there are no direct measures of the edge statistics of infant daily-life experience. Using head-mounted cameras to capture egocentric images of young infants and adults in the home, we found infant images to have distinct edge statistics relative to adults. For infants, scenes with sparse edge patterns-few edges and few orientations-dominate. The findings implicate biased early input at the scale of daily life that is likely specific to the early months after birth and provide insights into the quality, amount, and timing of the visual experiences during the foundational developmental period for human vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Anderson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - T. Rowan Candy
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jason M. Gold
- Psychological and Brain Sciences Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Linda B. Smith
- Psychological and Brain Sciences Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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3
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Wang G, Alais D. Tactile adaptation to orientation produces a robust tilt aftereffect and exhibits crossmodal transfer when tested in vision. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10164. [PMID: 38702338 PMCID: PMC11068783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Orientation processing is one of the most fundamental functions in both visual and somatosensory perception. Converging findings suggest that orientation processing in both modalities is closely linked: somatosensory neurons share a similar orientation organisation as visual neurons, and the visual cortex has been found to be heavily involved in tactile orientation perception. Hence, we hypothesized that somatosensation would exhibit a similar orientation adaptation effect, and this adaptation effect would be transferable between the two modalities, considering the above-mentioned connection. The tilt aftereffect (TAE) is a demonstration of orientation adaptation and is used widely in behavioural experiments to investigate orientation mechanisms in vision. By testing the classic TAE paradigm in both tactile and crossmodal orientation tasks between vision and touch, we were able to show that tactile perception of orientation shows a very robust TAE, similar to its visual counterpart. We further show that orientation adaptation in touch transfers to produce a TAE when tested in vision, but not vice versa. Additionally, when examining the test sequence following adaptation for serial effects, we observed another asymmetry between the two conditions where the visual test sequence displayed a repulsive intramodal serial dependence effect while the tactile test sequence exhibited an attractive serial dependence. These findings provide concrete evidence that vision and touch engage a similar orientation processing mechanism. However, the asymmetry in the crossmodal transfer of TAE and serial dependence points to a non-reciprocal connection between the two modalities, providing further insights into the underlying processing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guandong Wang
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - David Alais
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Sendesen E, Kocabay AP, Yiğit Ö. Does sleep quality affect balance? The perspective from the somatosensory, vestibular, and visual systems. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104230. [PMID: 38422556 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have focused on the balance system's involvement in sleep deprivation or disorders. This study investigated how daily routine sleep quality affects the balance system of people without sleep deprivation or diagnosed sleep disorders. METHODS The study included 45 participants with a BMI score of <25. The PSQI was used to determine sleep quality. The SOT, HS-SOT, and ADT evaluated the vestibular system's functionality. RESULTS In SOT, condition 3, 4, 5, and 6 composite scores, VIS and VEST composite balance scores, and HS-SOT 5 scores were lower in the HPSQI group. At the same time, there is a statistically significant negative correlation between these scores and PSQI scores. CONCLUSION Poor sleep quality may be a factor influencing the balance system. Sleep quality affects the visual and vestibular systems rather than the somatosensory system. The population should be made aware of this issue, and clinicians should consider the potential impact of sleep quality when evaluating the balance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eser Sendesen
- Department of Audiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Öznur Yiğit
- Department of Audiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Wang Y, Zha Y, Bao C, Hu F, Di Y, Liu C, Xing F, Xu X, Wen X, Gan Z, Jia B. Monolithic 2D Perovskites Enabled Artificial Photonic Synapses for Neuromorphic Vision Sensors. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2311524. [PMID: 38275007 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic visual sensors (NVS) based on photonic synapses hold a significant promise to emulate the human visual system. However, current photonic synapses rely on exquisite engineering of the complex heterogeneous interface to realize learning and memory functions, resulting in high fabrication cost, reduced reliability, high energy consumption and uncompact architecture, severely limiting the up-scaled manufacture, and on-chip integration. Here a photo-memory fundamental based on ion-exciton coupling is innovated to simplify synaptic structure and minimize energy consumption. Due to the intrinsic organic/inorganic interface within the crystal, the photodetector based on monolithic 2D perovskite exhibits a persistent photocurrent lasting about 90 s, enabling versatile synaptic functions. The electrical power consumption per synaptic event is estimated to be≈1.45 × 10-16 J, one order of magnitude lower than that in a natural biological system. Proof-of-concept image preprocessing using the neuromorphic vision sensors enabled by photonic synapse demonstrates 4 times enhancement of classification accuracy. Furthermore, getting rid of the artificial neural network, an expectation-based thresholding model is put forward to mimic the human visual system for facial recognition. This conceptual device unveils a new mechanism to simplify synaptic structure, promising the transformation of the NVS and fostering the emergence of next generation neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Zha
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiong Bao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fengrui Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yunsong Di
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Cihui Liu
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Fangjian Xing
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Centre for Atomaterials and Nanomanufacturing, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Zhixing Gan
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Atomaterials and Nanomanufacturing, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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6
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Vilotijević A, Mathôt S. Functional benefits of cognitively driven pupil-size changes. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2024; 15:e1672. [PMID: 38149763 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Pupil-size changes are typically associated with the pupil light response (PLR), where they are driven by the physical entry of light into the eye. However, pupil-size changes are also influenced by various cognitive processes, where they are driven by higher-level cognition. For example, the strength of the PLR is not solely affected by physical properties of the light but also by cognitive factors, such as whether the source of light is attended or not, which results in an increase or decrease in the strength of the PLR. Surprisingly, although cognitively driven pupil-size changes have been the focus of extensive research, their possible functions are rarely discussed. Here we consider the relative (dis)advantages of small versus large pupils in different situations from a theoretical point of view, and compare these to empirical results showing how pupil size actually changes in these situations. Based on this, we suggest that cognitively driven pupil-size changes optimize vision either through preparation, embodied representations, or a differential emphasis on central or peripheral vision. More generally, we argue that cognitively driven pupil-size changes are a form of sensory tuning: a subtle adjustment of the eyes to optimize vision for the current situation and the immediate future. This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Cognition Neuroscience > Physiology Neuroscience > Behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vilotijević
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Kittelmann M, McGregor AP. Looking across the gap: Understanding the evolution of eyes and vision among insects. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300240. [PMID: 38593308 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The compound eyes of insects exhibit stunning variation in size, structure, and function, which has allowed these animals to use their vision to adapt to a huge range of different environments and lifestyles, and evolve complex behaviors. Much of our knowledge of eye development has been learned from Drosophila, while visual adaptations and behaviors are often more striking and better understood from studies of other insects. However, recent studies in Drosophila and other insects, including bees, beetles, and butterflies, have begun to address this gap by revealing the genetic and developmental bases of differences in eye morphology and key new aspects of compound eye structure and function. Furthermore, technical advances have facilitated the generation of high-resolution connectomic data from different insect species that enhances our understanding of visual information processing, and the impact of changes in these processes on the evolution of vision and behavior. Here, we review these recent breakthroughs and propose that future integrated research from the development to function of visual systems within and among insect species represents a great opportunity to understand the remarkable diversification of insect eyes and vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Kittelmann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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8
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OVS Feature Issue: Aging, the Eye and Vision System. Optom Vis Sci 2024; 101:232. [PMID: 38684066 DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
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9
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Gao J, Gu C, Long Y, Zhang X, Shen C, Yang H. Collective behaviors of animal groups may stem from visual lateralization-Tending to obtain information through one eye. Chaos 2024; 34:043147. [PMID: 38648384 DOI: 10.1063/5.0199200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Animal groups exhibit various captivating movement patterns, which manifest as intricate interactions among group members. Several models have been proposed to elucidate collective behaviors in animal groups. These models achieve a certain degree of efficacy; however, inconsistent experimental findings suggest insufficient accuracy. Experiments have shown that some organisms employ a single information channel and visual lateralization to glean knowledge from other individuals in collective movements. In this study, we consider individuals' visual lateralization and a single information channel and develop a self-propelled particle model to describe the collective behavior of large groups. The results suggest that homogeneous visual lateralization gives the group a strong sense of cohesiveness, thereby enabling diverse collective behaviors. As the overlapping field grows, the cohesiveness gradually dissipates. Inconsistent visual lateralization among group members can reduce the cohesiveness of the group, and when there is a high degree of heterogeneity in visual lateralization, the group loses their cohesiveness. This study also examines the influence of visual lateralization heterogeneity on specific formations, and the results indicate that the directional migration formation is responsive to such heterogeneity. We propose an information network to portray the transmission of information within groups, which explains the cohesiveness of groups and the sensitivity of the directional migration formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Changgui Gu
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongshang Long
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyun Zhang
- Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansheng Shen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
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10
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Liu H, Wei CM, Feng TY, Dong WX, Xiao C. Research progress on insect visual electrophysiological techniques. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2024; 35:858-866. [PMID: 38646774 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202403.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Insect visual electrophysiological techniques are important to study the electrical characteristics of photoreceptor cells and visual neurons in insects, including electroretinography (ERG) and microelectrode intracellular recording (MIR). ERG records the changes of voltage or electric current in the retina of insects in response to different light stimuli, which occurs outside the cell. MIR records the changes in individual photoreceptor cells or visual neurons of an insect exposed to different lights, which occurs inside the cell. Insect visual electrophysiological techniques can explore the mechanism of electrophysiological response of insects' vision to light and reveal their sensitive light spectra and photoreceptor types. This review introduced the basic structure and the principle of ERG and MIR, and summarized their applications in insect researches in the past 20 years, which would provide references for elucidating the mechanism of light perception in insects and the use of insect phototropism to control pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201,China
| | - Cheng-Mei Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201,China
| | - Tai-Yang Feng
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201,China
| | - Wen-Xia Dong
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201,China
| | - Chun Xiao
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201,China
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11
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Hahn J, Monavarfeshani A, Qiao M, Kao AH, Kölsch Y, Kumar A, Kunze VP, Rasys AM, Richardson R, Wekselblatt JB, Baier H, Lucas RJ, Li W, Meister M, Trachtenberg JT, Yan W, Peng YR, Sanes JR, Shekhar K. Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina. Nature 2023; 624:415-424. [PMID: 38092908 PMCID: PMC10719112 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The basic plan of the retina is conserved across vertebrates, yet species differ profoundly in their visual needs1. Retinal cell types may have evolved to accommodate these varied needs, but this has not been systematically studied. Here we generated and integrated single-cell transcriptomic atlases of the retina from 17 species: humans, two non-human primates, four rodents, three ungulates, opossum, ferret, tree shrew, a bird, a reptile, a teleost fish and a lamprey. We found high molecular conservation of the six retinal cell classes (photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and Müller glia), with transcriptomic variation across species related to evolutionary distance. Major subclasses were also conserved, whereas variation among cell types within classes or subclasses was more pronounced. However, an integrative analysis revealed that numerous cell types are shared across species, based on conserved gene expression programmes that are likely to trace back to an early ancestral vertebrate. The degree of variation among cell types increased from the outer retina (photoreceptors) to the inner retina (RGCs), suggesting that evolution acts preferentially to shape the retinal output. Finally, we identified rodent orthologues of midget RGCs, which comprise more than 80% of RGCs in the human retina, subserve high-acuity vision, and were previously believed to be restricted to primates2. By contrast, the mouse orthologues have large receptive fields and comprise around 2% of mouse RGCs. Projections of both primate and mouse orthologous types are overrepresented in the thalamus, which supplies the primary visual cortex. We suggest that midget RGCs are not primate innovations, but are descendants of evolutionarily ancient types that decreased in size and increased in number as primates evolved, thereby facilitating high visual acuity and increased cortical processing of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hahn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mu Qiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- LinkedIn, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Allison H Kao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yvonne Kölsch
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vincent P Kunze
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashley M Rasys
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rose Richardson
- Division of Neuroscience and Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joseph B Wekselblatt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Herwig Baier
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Division of Neuroscience and Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Meister
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Trachtenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Rong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute,Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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12
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Won BY, Park HB, Zhang W. Familiarity enhances mnemonic precision but impairs mnemonic accuracy in visual working memory. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1452-1462. [PMID: 36800069 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Prior stimulus familiarity has a variety of effects on visual working memory representations and processes. However, it is still unclear how familiarity interacts with the veridical correspondence between mnemonic representation and external stimuli. Here, we examined the effect of familiarity on two aspects of mnemonic correspondence, precision and accuracy, in visual working memory. Specifically, we used a hierarchical Bayesian method to model task performance in a change detection task with celebrity lookalikes (morphed faces between celebrities and noncelebrities with various ratios) as the memory stimuli. We found that familiarity improves memory precision by sharpening mnemonic representation but impairs memory accuracy by biasing mnemonic representation toward familiar faces (i.e., celebrity faces). These findings provide an integrated account of the puzzling celebrity sighting phenomena with the dissociable effects on mnemonic imprecision and bias and further highlight the importance of assessing these two aspects of memory correspondence in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yeong Won
- Department of Psychology, University of Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Department of Psychology, California State University Chico, 400 W. First St, Chico, CA, 95929, USA.
| | - Hyung-Bum Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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13
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Gruhl T, Weinert T, Rodrigues MJ, Milne CJ, Ortolani G, Nass K, Nango E, Sen S, Johnson PJM, Cirelli C, Furrer A, Mous S, Skopintsev P, James D, Dworkowski F, Båth P, Kekilli D, Ozerov D, Tanaka R, Glover H, Bacellar C, Brünle S, Casadei CM, Diethelm AD, Gashi D, Gotthard G, Guixà-González R, Joti Y, Kabanova V, Knopp G, Lesca E, Ma P, Martiel I, Mühle J, Owada S, Pamula F, Sarabi D, Tejero O, Tsai CJ, Varma N, Wach A, Boutet S, Tono K, Nogly P, Deupi X, Iwata S, Neutze R, Standfuss J, Schertler G, Panneels V. Ultrafast structural changes direct the first molecular events of vision. Nature 2023; 615:939-944. [PMID: 36949205 PMCID: PMC10060157 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Vision is initiated by the rhodopsin family of light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)1. A photon is absorbed by the 11-cis retinal chromophore of rhodopsin, which isomerizes within 200 femtoseconds to the all-trans conformation2, thereby initiating the cellular signal transduction processes that ultimately lead to vision. However, the intramolecular mechanism by which the photoactivated retinal induces the activation events inside rhodopsin remains experimentally unclear. Here we use ultrafast time-resolved crystallography at room temperature3 to determine how an isomerized twisted all-trans retinal stores the photon energy that is required to initiate the protein conformational changes associated with the formation of the G protein-binding signalling state. The distorted retinal at a 1-ps time delay after photoactivation has pulled away from half of its numerous interactions with its binding pocket, and the excess of the photon energy is released through an anisotropic protein breathing motion in the direction of the extracellular space. Notably, the very early structural motions in the protein side chains of rhodopsin appear in regions that are involved in later stages of the conserved class A GPCR activation mechanism. Our study sheds light on the earliest stages of vision in vertebrates and points to fundamental aspects of the molecular mechanisms of agonist-mediated GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gruhl
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthew J Rodrigues
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christopher J Milne
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Giorgia Ortolani
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karol Nass
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Eriko Nango
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Saumik Sen
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Division of Scientific Computing, Theory and Data, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philip J M Johnson
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Nonlinear Optics, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Cirelli
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Furrer
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Mous
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Petr Skopintsev
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel James
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, USA
| | - Florian Dworkowski
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Petra Båth
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Demet Kekilli
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Division Scientific Computing, Theory and Data, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Rie Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hannah Glover
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Camila Bacellar
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Brünle
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Azeglio D Diethelm
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dardan Gashi
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Gotthard
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Guixà-González
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Division of Scientific Computing, Theory and Data, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Victoria Kabanova
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Elena Lesca
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pikyee Ma
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Martiel
- Photon Science Division, Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Mühle
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Filip Pamula
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sarabi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oliver Tejero
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Ju Tsai
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Niranjan Varma
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Wach
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraców, Poland
- Operando X-ray Spectroscopy, Energy and Environment Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Przemyslaw Nogly
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Dioscuri Center For Structural Dynamics of Receptors, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Division of Scientific Computing, Theory and Data, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - So Iwata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gebhard Schertler
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Valerie Panneels
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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14
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Fenk LM, Avritzer SC, Weisman JL, Nair A, Randt LD, Mohren TL, Siwanowicz I, Maimon G. Muscles that move the retina augment compound eye vision in Drosophila. Nature 2022; 612:116-122. [PMID: 36289333 PMCID: PMC10103069 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most animals have compound eyes, with tens to thousands of lenses attached rigidly to the exoskeleton. A natural assumption is that all of these species must resort to moving either their head or their body to actively change their visual input. However, classic anatomy has revealed that flies have muscles poised to move their retinas under the stable lenses of each compound eye1-3. Here we show that Drosophila use their retinal muscles to smoothly track visual motion, which helps to stabilize the retinal image, and also to perform small saccades when viewing a stationary scene. We show that when the retina moves, visual receptive fields shift accordingly, and that even the smallest retinal saccades activate visual neurons. Using a head-fixed behavioural paradigm, we find that Drosophila perform binocular, vergence movements of their retinas-which could enhance depth perception-when crossing gaps, and impairing the physiology of retinal motor neurons alters gap-crossing trajectories during free behaviour. That flies evolved an ability to actuate their retinas suggests that moving the eye independently of the head is broadly paramount for animals. The similarities of smooth and saccadic movements of the Drosophila retina and the vertebrate eye highlight a notable example of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Fenk
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Function and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Active Sensing, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Sofia C Avritzer
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Function and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jazz L Weisman
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Function and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditya Nair
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Function and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lucas D Randt
- Active Sensing, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas L Mohren
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Function and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Siwanowicz
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Gaby Maimon
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Function and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Berger Dauxère A, Montagne G, Serres JR. An experimental setup for decoupling optical invariants in honeybees' altitude control. J Insect Physiol 2022; 143:104451. [PMID: 36374736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bees outperform pilots in navigational tasks, despite having 100,000 times fewer neurons. It is commonly accepted in the literature that optic flow is a key parameter used by flying insects to control their altitude. The ambition of the present work was to design an innovative experimental setup that would make it possible to determine whether bees could rely simultaneously on several optical invariants, as pilots do. We designed a flight tunnel to enable manipulation of an optical invariant, the Splay Angle Rate of Change (SARC) and the restriction of the Optical Speed Rate of Change (OSRC) in the optic flow. It allows us to determine if bees use the SARC to control their altitude and to identify the integration process combining these two optical invariants. Access to the OSRC can be restricted by using different textures. The SARC can be biased thanks to motorized rods. This device allows to record bees' trajectories in different visual configurations, including impoverished conditions and conditions containing contradictory information. The comparative analysis of the recorded trajectories provides first time evidence of SARC use in a ground-following task by a non-human animal. This new tunnel allows a precise experimental control of the visual environment in ecological experimental conditions. Therefore, it could pave the way for a new type of ecologically based studies examining the simultaneous use of several information sources for navigation by flying insects.
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16
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Franke K, Willeke KF, Ponder K, Galdamez M, Zhou N, Muhammad T, Patel S, Froudarakis E, Reimer J, Sinz FH, Tolias AS. State-dependent pupil dilation rapidly shifts visual feature selectivity. Nature 2022; 610:128-134. [PMID: 36171291 PMCID: PMC10635574 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To increase computational flexibility, the processing of sensory inputs changes with behavioural context. In the visual system, active behavioural states characterized by motor activity and pupil dilation1,2 enhance sensory responses, but typically leave the preferred stimuli of neurons unchanged2-9. Here we find that behavioural state also modulates stimulus selectivity in the mouse visual cortex in the context of coloured natural scenes. Using population imaging in behaving mice, pharmacology and deep neural network modelling, we identified a rapid shift in colour selectivity towards ultraviolet stimuli during an active behavioural state. This was exclusively caused by state-dependent pupil dilation, which resulted in a dynamic switch from rod to cone photoreceptors, thereby extending their role beyond night and day vision. The change in tuning facilitated the decoding of ethological stimuli, such as aerial predators against the twilight sky10. For decades, studies in neuroscience and cognitive science have used pupil dilation as an indirect measure of brain state. Our data suggest that, in addition, state-dependent pupil dilation itself tunes visual representations to behavioural demands by differentially recruiting rods and cones on fast timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Franke
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Konstantin F Willeke
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kayla Ponder
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mario Galdamez
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taliah Muhammad
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saumil Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emmanouil Froudarakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabian H Sinz
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Bradley C, Malaia EA, Siskind JM, Wilbur RB. Visual form of ASL verb signs predicts non-signer judgment of transitivity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262098. [PMID: 35213558 PMCID: PMC8880903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Longstanding cross-linguistic work on event representations in spoken languages have argued for a robust mapping between an event’s underlying representation and its syntactic encoding, such that–for example–the agent of an event is most frequently mapped to subject position. In the same vein, sign languages have long been claimed to construct signs that visually represent their meaning, i.e., signs that are iconic. Experimental research on linguistic parameters such as plurality and aspect has recently shown some of them to be visually universal in sign, i.e. recognized by non-signers as well as signers, and have identified specific visual cues that achieve this mapping. However, little is known about what makes action representations in sign language iconic, or whether and how the mapping of underlying event representations to syntactic encoding is visually apparent in the form of a verb sign. To this end, we asked what visual cues non-signers may use in evaluating transitivity (i.e., the number of entities involved in an action). To do this, we correlated non-signer judgments about transitivity of verb signs from American Sign Language (ASL) with phonological characteristics of these signs. We found that non-signers did not accurately guess the transitivity of the signs, but that non-signer transitivity judgments can nevertheless be predicted from the signs’ visual characteristics. Further, non-signers cue in on just those features that code event representations across sign languages, despite interpreting them differently. This suggests the existence of visual biases that underlie detection of linguistic categories, such as transitivity, which may uncouple from underlying conceptual representations over time in mature sign languages due to lexicalization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck Bradley
- Department of Linguistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Evie A. Malaia
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Mark Siskind
- Department of Linguistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Elmore Family School School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ronnie B. Wilbur
- Department of Linguistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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18
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Rodrigues FM, Rato JR, Mineiro A, Holmström I. Unveiling teachers’ beliefs on visual cognition and learning styles of deaf and hard of hearing students: A Portuguese-Swedish study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263216. [PMID: 35167582 PMCID: PMC9116990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is considered a privileged sensory channel for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students to learn, and, naturally, they recognize themselves as visual learners. This assumption also seems widespread among schoolteachers, which led us to analyse the intersection between teachers’ beliefs on deaf and hard of hearing students’ academic achievement, visual skills, attentional difficulties, and the perceived importance of image display in class. An online survey was designed to analyse the beliefs of the schoolteachers about the deaf and hard of hearing students learning in educational settings from Portugal and Sweden. Participated 133 teachers, 70 Portuguese and 63 Swedish, from the preschool to the end of mandatory education (ages 3–18) with several years of experience. The content analysis and the computed SPSS statistical significance tests reveal that surveyed teachers believe that deaf and hard of hearing students have better visual skills when compared with their hearing peers yet show divergent beliefs about visual attentional processes. Within the teachers’ perceptions on learning barriers to DHH students, the distractibility and cognitive effort factors were highlighted, among communicational difficulties in class. Conclusions about the prevalence of learning misconceptions in teachers from both countries analysed, corroborate previous studies on neuromyths in education, and bring novelty to Deaf Education field. The work of translation of scientific knowledge, teacher training updating, and partnership between researchers and educators are also urgently needed in special education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M. Rodrigues
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon,
Portugal
- School of Education and Social Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria,
Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica
Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Joana R. Rato
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon,
Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica
Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Mineiro
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon,
Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica
Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ingela Holmström
- Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm,
Sweden
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19
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Hermann KL, Singh SR, Rosenthal IA, Pantazis D, Conway BR. Temporal dynamics of the neural representation of hue and luminance polarity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:661. [PMID: 35115511 PMCID: PMC8814185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hue and luminance contrast are basic visual features. Here we use multivariate analyses of magnetoencephalography data to investigate the timing of the neural computations that extract them, and whether they depend on common neural circuits. We show that hue and luminance-contrast polarity can be decoded from MEG data and, with lower accuracy, both features can be decoded across changes in the other feature. These results are consistent with the existence of both common and separable neural mechanisms. The decoding time course is earlier and more temporally precise for luminance polarity than hue, a result that does not depend on task, suggesting that luminance contrast is an updating signal that separates visual events. Meanwhile, cross-temporal generalization is slightly greater for representations of hue compared to luminance polarity, providing a neural correlate of the preeminence of hue in perceptual grouping and memory. Finally, decoding of luminance polarity varies depending on the hues used to obtain training and testing data. The pattern of results is consistent with observations that luminance contrast is mediated by both L-M and S cone sub-cortical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Hermann
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shridhar R Singh
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Isabelle A Rosenthal
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Dimitrios Pantazis
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bevil R Conway
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Pupillometry has become a standard measure for assessing arousal state. However, environmental factors such as luminance, a primary dictator of pupillary responses, often vary across studies. To what degree does luminance interact with arousal-driven pupillary changes? Here, we parametrically assessed luminance-driven pupillary responses across a wide-range of luminances, while concurrently manipulating cognitive arousal using auditory math problems of varying difficulty. At the group-level, our results revealed that the modulatory effect of cognitive arousal on pupil size interacts multiplicatively with luminance, with the largest effects occurring at low and mid-luminances. However, at the level of individuals, there were qualitatively distinct individual differences in the modulatory effect of cognitive arousal on luminance-driven pupillary responses. Our findings suggest that pupillometry as a measure for assessing arousal requires more careful consideration: there are ranges of luminance levels that are more ideal in observing pupillary differences between arousal conditions than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pan
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michaela Klímová
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T McGuire
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sam Ling
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Abstract
The mouse has dichromatic color vision based on two different types of opsins: short (S)- and middle (M)-wavelength-sensitive opsins with peak sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV; 360 nm) and green light (508 nm), respectively. In the mouse retina, cone photoreceptors that predominantly express the S-opsin are more sensitive to contrasts and denser towards the ventral retina, preferentially sampling the upper part of the visual field. In contrast, the expression of the M-opsin gradually increases towards the dorsal retina that encodes the lower visual field. Such a distinctive retinal organization is assumed to arise from a selective pressure in evolution to efficiently encode the natural scenes. However, natural image statistics of UV light remain largely unexplored. Here we developed a multi-spectral camera to acquire high-quality UV and green images of the same natural scenes, and examined the optimality of the mouse retina to the image statistics. We found that the local contrast and the spatial correlation were both higher in UV than in green for images above the horizon, but lower in UV than in green for those below the horizon. This suggests that the dorsoventral functional division of the mouse retina is not optimal for maximizing the bandwidth of information transmission. Factors besides the coding efficiency, such as visual behavioral requirements, will thus need to be considered to fully explain the characteristic organization of the mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Abballe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Hiroki Asari
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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22
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Chuang JZ, Yang N, Nakajima N, Otsu W, Fu C, Yang HH, Lee MP, Akbar AF, Badea TC, Guo Z, Nuruzzaman A, Hsu KS, Dunaief JL, Sung CH. Retinal pigment epithelium-specific CLIC4 mutant is a mouse model of dry age-related macular degeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:374. [PMID: 35042858 PMCID: PMC8766482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly. Dry AMD has unclear etiology and no treatment. Lipid-rich drusen are the hallmark of dry AMD. An AMD mouse model and insights into drusenogenesis are keys to better understanding of this disease. Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) is a pleomorphic protein regulating diverse biological functions. Here we show that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific Clic4 knockout mice exhibit a full spectrum of functional and pathological hallmarks of dry AMD. Multidisciplinary longitudinal studies of disease progression in these mice support a mechanistic model that links RPE cell-autonomous aberrant lipid metabolism and transport to drusen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Zen Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Urology, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Cheng Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Howard Hua Yang
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maxwell Ping Lee
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tudor Constantin Badea
- National Eye Institute, National institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Brasov, School of Medicine, Brasov, Romania
| | - Ziqi Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Afnan Nuruzzaman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kuo-Shun Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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23
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Abstract
We developed an image-computable observer model of the initial visual encoding that operates on natural image input, based on the framework of Bayesian image reconstruction from the excitations of the retinal cone mosaic. Our model extends previous work on ideal observer analysis and evaluation of performance beyond psychophysical discrimination, takes into account the statistical regularities of the visual environment, and provides a unifying framework for answering a wide range of questions regarding the visual front end. Using the error in the reconstructions as a metric, we analyzed variations of the number of different photoreceptor types on human retina as an optimal design problem. In addition, the reconstructions allow both visualization and quantification of information loss due to physiological optics and cone mosaic sampling, and how these vary with eccentricity. Furthermore, in simulations of color deficiencies and interferometric experiments, we found that the reconstructed images provide a reasonable proxy for modeling subjects' percepts. Lastly, we used the reconstruction-based observer for the analysis of psychophysical threshold, and found notable interactions between spatial frequency and chromatic direction in the resulting spatial contrast sensitivity function. Our method is widely applicable to experiments and applications in which the initial visual encoding plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nicolas P Cottaris
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - David H Brainard
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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24
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Abstract
Mucins are an ancient group of glycoproteins that provide viscoelastic, lubricating and hydration properties to fluids bathing wet surfaced epithelia. They are involved in the protection of underlying tissues by forming a barrier with selective permeability properties. The expression, processing and spatial distribution of mucins are often determined by organ-specific requirements that in the eye involve protecting against environmental insult while allowing the passage of light. The human ocular surface epithelia have evolved to produce an extremely thin and watery tear film containing a distinct soluble mucin product secreted by goblet cells outside the visual axis. The adaptation to the ocular environment is notably evidenced by the significant contribution of transmembrane mucins to the tear film, where they can occupy up to one-quarter of its total thickness. This article reviews the tissue-specific properties of human ocular mucins, methods of isolation and detection, and current approaches to model mucin systems recapitulating the human ocular surface mucosa. This knowledge forms the fundamental basis to develop applications with a promising biological and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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25
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Kupers ER, Benson NC, Carrasco M, Winawer J. Asymmetries around the visual field: From retina to cortex to behavior. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009771. [PMID: 35007281 PMCID: PMC8782511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual performance varies around the visual field. It is best near the fovea compared to the periphery, and at iso-eccentric locations it is best on the horizontal, intermediate on the lower, and poorest on the upper meridian. The fovea-to-periphery performance decline is linked to the decreases in cone density, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density, and V1 cortical magnification factor (CMF) as eccentricity increases. The origins of polar angle asymmetries are not well understood. Optical quality and cone density vary across the retina, but recent computational modeling has shown that these factors can only account for a small percentage of behavior. Here, we investigate how visual processing beyond the cone photon absorptions contributes to polar angle asymmetries in performance. First, we quantify the extent of asymmetries in cone density, midget RGC density, and V1 CMF. We find that both polar angle asymmetries and eccentricity gradients increase from cones to mRGCs, and from mRGCs to cortex. Second, we extend our previously published computational observer model to quantify the contribution of phototransduction by the cones and spatial filtering by mRGCs to behavioral asymmetries. Starting with photons emitted by a visual display, the model simulates the effect of human optics, cone isomerizations, phototransduction, and mRGC spatial filtering. The model performs a forced choice orientation discrimination task on mRGC responses using a linear support vector machine classifier. The model shows that asymmetries in a decision maker's performance across polar angle are greater when assessing the photocurrents than when assessing isomerizations and are greater still when assessing mRGC signals. Nonetheless, the polar angle asymmetries of the mRGC outputs are still considerably smaller than those observed from human performance. We conclude that cone isomerizations, phototransduction, and the spatial filtering properties of mRGCs contribute to polar angle performance differences, but that a full account of these differences will entail additional contribution from cortical representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline R. Kupers
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Noah C. Benson
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Winawer
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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26
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Jang H, McCormack D, Tong F. Noise-trained deep neural networks effectively predict human vision and its neural responses to challenging images. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001418. [PMID: 34882676 PMCID: PMC8659651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep neural networks (DNNs) for object classification have been argued to provide the most promising model of the visual system, accompanied by claims that they have attained or even surpassed human-level performance. Here, we evaluated whether DNNs provide a viable model of human vision when tested with challenging noisy images of objects, sometimes presented at the very limits of visibility. We show that popular state-of-the-art DNNs perform in a qualitatively different manner than humans—they are unusually susceptible to spatially uncorrelated white noise and less impaired by spatially correlated noise. We implemented a noise training procedure to determine whether noise-trained DNNs exhibit more robust responses that better match human behavioral and neural performance. We found that noise-trained DNNs provide a better qualitative match to human performance; moreover, they reliably predict human recognition thresholds on an image-by-image basis. Functional neuroimaging revealed that noise-trained DNNs provide a better correspondence to the pattern-specific neural representations found in both early visual areas and high-level object areas. A layer-specific analysis of the DNNs indicated that noise training led to broad-ranging modifications throughout the network, with greater benefits of noise robustness accruing in progressively higher layers. Our findings demonstrate that noise-trained DNNs provide a viable model to account for human behavioral and neural responses to objects in challenging noisy viewing conditions. Further, they suggest that robustness to noise may be acquired through a process of visual learning. Unlike human observers, deep neural networks fail to recognize objects in severe visual noise. This study develops noise-trained networks and shows that these networks better predict human performance and neural responses in the visual cortex to challenging noisy object images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Jang
- Psychology Department and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJ); (FT)
| | - Devin McCormack
- Psychology Department and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Frank Tong
- Psychology Department and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJ); (FT)
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Ptito
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada; (M.B.); (J.B.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Maxime Bleau
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada; (M.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bouskila
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada; (M.B.); (J.B.)
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28
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Bruschetta M, de Winkel KN, Mion E, Pretto P, Beghi A, Bülthoff HH. Assessing the contribution of active somatosensory stimulation to self-acceleration perception in dynamic driving simulators. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259015. [PMID: 34793458 PMCID: PMC8601569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In dynamic driving simulators, the experience of operating a vehicle is reproduced by combining visual stimuli generated by graphical rendering with inertial stimuli generated by platform motion. Due to inherent limitations of the platform workspace, inertial stimulation is subject to shortcomings in the form of missing cues, false cues, and/or scaling errors, which negatively affect simulation fidelity. In the present study, we aim at quantifying the relative contribution of an active somatosensory stimulation to the perceived intensity of self-motion, relative to other sensory systems. Participants judged the intensity of longitudinal and lateral driving maneuvers in a dynamic driving simulator in passive driving conditions, with and without additional active somatosensory stimulation, as provided by an Active Seat (AS) and Active Belts (AB) integrated system (ASB). The results show that ASB enhances the perceived intensity of sustained decelerations, and increases the precision of acceleration perception overall. Our findings are consistent with models of perception, and indicate that active somatosensory stimulation can indeed be used to improve simulation fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bruschetta
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ksander N. de Winkel
- TU Delft, Cognitive Robotics Delft, Delft, Netherlands
- Department of Perception, Cognition, and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Enrico Mion
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Perception, Cognition, and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alessandro Beghi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Heinrich H. Bülthoff
- Department of Perception, Cognition, and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Oscar-Strom Y, Guez J. A simulation of older adults' associative memory deficit using structural process interference in young adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258574. [PMID: 34793482 PMCID: PMC8601526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative memory deficit underlies a part of older adults' deficient episodic memory due to the reduced ability to bind units of information. In this article we further assess the mechanism underlying this deficit, by assessing the degree to which we can model it in young adults under conditions of divided attention. We shall describe two experiments in this paper; these experiments investigate item and associative recognition in young adults under full- or divided-attention conditions. The secondary tasks employed were N-back like (NBL), which serves as a working memory updating task, and parity judgement and visuospatial (VS) tasks, which serve as non-working memory tasks. The results of both experiments show that only the NBL specifically affected associative recognition, while the other tasks affected item and associative memory to the same degree, indicating a general resource competition. These results presented a convergence of evidence for the associative deficit in older adults by modelling it in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafit Oscar-Strom
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan Guez
- Department of Psychology, Achva Academic College, Arugot, Israel
- Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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30
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Martin Ask N, Leung M, Radhakrishnan R, Lobo GP. Vitamin A Transporters in Visual Function: A Mini Review on Membrane Receptors for Dietary Vitamin A Uptake, Storage, and Transport to the Eye. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113987. [PMID: 34836244 PMCID: PMC8620617 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are essential compounds obtained through diet that are necessary for normal development and function in an organism. One of the most important vitamins for human physiology is vitamin A, a group of retinoid compounds and carotenoids, which generally function as a mediator for cell growth, differentiation, immunity, and embryonic development, as well as serving as a key component in the phototransduction cycle in the vertebrate retina. For humans, vitamin A is obtained through the diet, where provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene from plants or preformed vitamin A such as retinyl esters from animal sources are absorbed into the body via the small intestine and converted into all-trans retinol within the intestinal enterocytes. Specifically, once absorbed, carotenoids are cleaved by carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs), such as Beta-carotene 15,15’-monooxygenase (BCO1), to produce all-trans retinal that subsequently gets converted into all-trans retinol. CRBP2 bound retinol is then converted into retinyl esters (REs) by the enzyme lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is then packaged into chylomicrons and sent into the bloodstream for storage in hepatic stellate cells in the liver or for functional use in peripheral tissues such as the retina. All-trans retinol also travels through the bloodstream bound to retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), where it enters cells with the assistance of the transmembrane transporters, stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6) in peripheral tissues or retinol binding protein 4 receptor 2 (RBPR2) in systemic tissues (e.g., in the retina and the liver, respectively). Much is known about the intake, metabolism, storage, and function of vitamin A compounds, especially with regard to its impact on eye development and visual function in the retinoid cycle. However, there is much to learn about the role of vitamin A as a transcription factor in development and cell growth, as well as how peripheral cells signal hepatocytes to secrete all-trans retinol into the blood for peripheral cell use. This article aims to review literature regarding the major known pathways of vitamin A intake from dietary sources into hepatocytes, vitamin A excretion by hepatocytes, as well as vitamin A usage within the retinoid cycle in the RPE and retina to provide insight on future directions of novel membrane transporters for vitamin A in retinal cell physiology and visual function.
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31
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Abstract
We often take people’s ability to understand and produce line drawings for granted. But where should we draw lines, and why? We address psychological principles that underlie efficient representations of complex information in line drawings. First, 58 participants with varying degree of artistic experience produced multiple drawings of a small set of scenes by tracing contours on a digital tablet. Second, 37 independent observers ranked the drawings by how representative they are of the original photograph. Matching contours between drawings of the same scene revealed that the most consistently drawn contours tend to be drawn earlier. We generated half-images with the most- versus least-consistently drawn contours and asked 25 observers categorize the quickly presented scenes. Observers performed significantly better for the most compared to the least consistent half-images. The most consistently drawn contours were more likely to depict occlusion boundaries, whereas the least consistently drawn contours frequently depicted surface normals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Sheng
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John Wilder
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dirk B. Walther
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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32
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Le B, White ACG, Chaudhari A, Al-Mutawaly N, White JE, Lee WK, Hsu YL, White JD. Dynamic white lighting to aid sleep and vision for persons living with dementia using off-the-shelf LED strips. Opt Express 2021; 29:38606-38614. [PMID: 34808910 DOI: 10.1364/oe.443050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease and related dementias affect 15-20% of elderly people, and 60-70% of these suffer from sleep disturbances. Studies suggest that lighting can improve sleep. The key challenge is how to deliver light effectively. We have designed a lighting system that adjusts spectrum and irradiance on a 24-hour timetable to provide spatially uniform, shadow-free white light with CRI>85 and up to 1000 Lux for day vision and amber light for night vision. To aid sleep, melanopic illuminance varies over 3 orders of magnitude to enable strong suppression of melatonin in the morning/early afternoon, moderate suppression in the evening, and no suppression at night.
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33
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Young BK, Ramakrishnan C, Ganjawala T, Wang P, Deisseroth K, Tian N. An uncommon neuronal class conveys visual signals from rods and cones to retinal ganglion cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104884118. [PMID: 34702737 PMCID: PMC8612366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104884118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are distinguished by the neurotransmitter types they release, their synaptic connections, morphology, and genetic profiles. To fully understand how the CNS works, it is critical to identify all neuronal classes and reveal their synaptic connections. The retina has been extensively used to study neuronal development and circuit formation. Here, we describe a previously unidentified interneuron in mammalian retina. This interneuron shares some morphological, physiological, and molecular features with retinal bipolar cells, such as receiving input from photoreceptors and relaying visual signals to retinal ganglion cells. It also shares some features with amacrine cells (ACs), particularly Aii-ACs, such as their neurite morphology in the inner plexiform layer, the expression of some AC-specific markers, and possibly the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine. Thus, we unveil an uncommon interneuron, which may play an atypical role in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent K Young
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84114
| | | | - Tushar Ganjawala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ning Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132;
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84114
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148
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34
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Sabbagh U, Govindaiah G, Somaiya RD, Ha RV, Wei JC, Guido W, Fox MA. Diverse GABAergic neurons organize into subtype-specific sublaminae in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurochem 2021; 159:479-497. [PMID: 32497303 PMCID: PMC8210463 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the visual system, retinal axons convey visual information from the outside world to dozens of distinct retinorecipient brain regions and organize that information at several levels, including either at the level of retinal afferents, cytoarchitecture of intrinsic retinorecipient neurons, or a combination of the two. Two major retinorecipient nuclei which are densely innervated by retinal axons are the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, which is important for classical image-forming vision, and ventral LGN (vLGN), which is associated with non-image-forming vision. The neurochemistry, cytoarchitecture, and retinothalamic connectivity in vLGN remain unresolved, raising fundamental questions of how it receives and processes visual information. To shed light on these important questions, used in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and genetic reporter lines to identify and characterize novel neuronal cell types in mouse vLGN. Not only were a high percentage of these cells GABAergic, we discovered transcriptomically distinct GABAergic cell types reside in the two major laminae of vLGN, the retinorecipient, external vLGN (vLGNe) and the non-retinorecipient, internal vLGN (vLGNi). Furthermore, within vLGNe, we identified transcriptionally distinct subtypes of GABAergic cells that are distributed into four adjacent sublaminae. Using trans-synaptic viral tracing and in vitro electrophysiology, we found cells in each these vLGNe sublaminae receive monosynaptic inputs from retina. These results not only identify novel subtypes of GABAergic cells in vLGN, they suggest the subtype-specific laminar distribution of retinorecipient cells in vLGNe may be important for receiving, processing, and transmitting light-derived signals in parallel channels of the subcortical visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubadah Sabbagh
- Center for Neurobiology ResearchFralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech CarilionRoanokeVAUSA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and HealthVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Gubbi Govindaiah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and NeurobiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Rachana D. Somaiya
- Center for Neurobiology ResearchFralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech CarilionRoanokeVAUSA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and HealthVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Ryan V. Ha
- School of NeuroscienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Jessica C. Wei
- NeuroSURFFralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech CarilionRoanokeVAUSA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and NeurobiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Michael A. Fox
- Center for Neurobiology ResearchFralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech CarilionRoanokeVAUSA
- School of NeuroscienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Department of PediatricsVirginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVAUSA
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35
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Klaus C, Caruso G, Gurevich VV, Hamm HE, Makino CL, DiBenedetto E. Phototransduction in retinal cones: Analysis of parameter importance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258721. [PMID: 34710119 PMCID: PMC8553137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In daylight, cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for the bulk of visual perception, yet compared to rods, far less is known quantitatively about their biochemistry. This is partly because it is hard to isolate and purify cone proteins. The issue is also complicated by the synergistic interaction of these parameters in producing systems biology outputs, such as photoresponse. Using a 3-D resolved, finite element model of cone outer segments, here we conducted a study of parameter significance using global sensitivity analysis, by Sobol indices, which was contextualized within the uncertainty surrounding these parameters in the available literature. The analysis showed that a subset of the parameters influencing the circulating dark current, such as the turnover rate of cGMP in the dark, may be most influential for variance with experimental flash response, while the shut-off rates of photoexcited rhodopsin and phosphodiesterase also exerted sizable effect. The activation rate of transducin by rhodopsin and the light-induced hydrolysis rate of cGMP exerted measurable effects as well but were estimated as relatively less significant. The results of this study depend on experimental ranges currently described in the literature and should be revised as these become better established. To that end, these findings may be used to prioritize parameters for measurement in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Klaus
- The Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Caruso
- CNR, Ist. Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali, Rome, Italy
| | - Vsevolod V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Clint L. Makino
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Emmanuele DiBenedetto
- Department of Mathematics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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Kralik J, Kleinlogel S. Functional Availability of ON-Bipolar Cells in the Degenerated Retina: Timing and Longevity of an Optogenetic Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111515. [PMID: 34768944 PMCID: PMC8584043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative diseases of the retina are responsible for the death of photoreceptors and subsequent loss of vision in patients. Nevertheless, the inner retinal layers remain intact over an extended period of time, enabling the restoration of light sensitivity in blind retinas via the expression of optogenetic tools in the remaining retinal cells. The chimeric Opto-mGluR6 protein represents such a tool. With exclusive ON-bipolar cell expression, it combines the light-sensitive domains of melanopsin and the intracellular domains of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), which naturally mediates light responses in these cells. Albeit vision restoration in blind mice by Opto-mGluR6 delivery was previously shown, much is left to be explored in regard to the effects of the timing of the treatment in the degenerated retina. We performed a functional evaluation of Opto-mGluR6-treated murine blind retinas using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) and observed long-term functional preservation in the treated retinas, as well as successful therapeutical intervention in later stages of degeneration. Moreover, the treatment decreased the inherent retinal hyperactivity of the degenerated retinas to levels undistinguishable from healthy controls. Finally, we observed for the first time micro electroretinograms (mERGs) in optogenetically treated animals, corroborating the origin of Opto-mGluR6 signalling at the level of mGluR6 of ON-bipolar cells.
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Xiong Q, Liu H, Chen Z, Tai Y, Shi J, Liu W. Detection of binocular chromatic fusion limit for opposite colors. Opt Express 2021; 29:35022-35037. [PMID: 34808947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When the input colors of the left and right eyes are different from one another, binocular rivalry may occur. According to Hering theory, opponent colors would have the most significant tendency for rivalry. However, binocular color fusion still occurs under the condition that each eye's opponent chromatic responses do not exceed a specific chromatic fusion limit (CFL). This paper detects the binocular chromatic fusion limit for opposite colors within a conventional 3D display color gamut. We conducted a psychophysical experiment to quantitatively measure the binocular chromatic fusion limit on four opposite color directions in the CIELAB color space. Due to color inconsistency between eyes may affect the binocular color fusion, the experiment was divided into two sessions by swapping stimulation colors of left and right eyes. There were 5 subjects and they each experienced 320 trials. By analyzing the results, we used ellipses to quantify the chromatic fusion limits for opposing colors. The average semi-major axis of the ellipses is 27.55 Δ E a b∗, and the average semi-minor axis is 16.98 Δ E a b∗. We observed that the chromatic fusion limit varies with the opposite color direction: the CFL on RedBlue-GreenYellow direction is greater than that on Red-Green direction, the latter being greater than that on Yellow-Blue direction and the CFL on RedYellow-GreenBlue direction is smallest. Furthermore, we suggested that the chromatic fusion limit is independent of the distribution of cells, and there is no significant change in the fusion ellipse boundaries after swapping left and right eye colors.
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Cohen JH, Last KS, Charpentier CL, Cottier F, Daase M, Hobbs L, Johnsen G, Berge J. Photophysiological cycles in Arctic krill are entrained by weak midday twilight during the Polar Night. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001413. [PMID: 34665816 PMCID: PMC8525745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays a fundamental role in the ecology of organisms in nearly all habitats on Earth and is central for processes such as vision and the entrainment of the circadian clock. The poles represent extreme light regimes with an annual light cycle including periods of Midnight Sun and Polar Night. The Arctic Ocean extends to the North Pole, and marine light extremes reach their maximum extent in this habitat. During the Polar Night, traditional definitions of day and night and seasonal photoperiod become irrelevant since there are only "twilight" periods defined by the sun's elevation below the horizon at midday; we term this "midday twilight." Here, we characterize light across a latitudinal gradient (76.5° N to 81° N) during Polar Night in January. Our light measurements demonstrate that the classical solar diel light cycle dominant at lower latitudes is modulated during Arctic Polar Night by lunar and auroral components. We therefore question whether this particular ambient light environment is relevant to behavioral and visual processes. We reveal from acoustic field observations that the zooplankton community is undergoing diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior. Furthermore, using electroretinogram (ERG) recording under constant darkness, we show that the main migratory species, Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) show endogenous increases in visual sensitivity during the subjective night. This change in sensitivity is comparable to that under exogenous dim light acclimations, although differences in speed of vision suggest separate mechanisms. We conclude that the extremely weak midday twilight experienced by krill at high latitudes during the darkest parts of the year has physiological and ecological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Cohen
- School of Marine Science & Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kim S. Last
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Corie L. Charpentier
- Department of Biology, Stetson University, DeLand, Florida, United States of America
| | - Finlo Cottier
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malin Daase
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura Hobbs
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Geir Johnsen
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
Although luminance is the main determinant of pupil size, the amplitude of the pupillary light response is also modulated by stimulus appearance and attention. Here we ask whether perceived numerosity modulates the pupillary light response. Participants passively observed arrays of black or white dots of matched physical luminance but different physical or illusory numerosity. In half the patterns, pairs of dots were connected by lines to create dumbbell-like shapes, inducing an illusory underestimation of perceived numerosity; in the other half, connectors were either displaced or removed. Constriction to white arrays and dilation to black were stronger for patterns with higher perceived numerosity, either physical or illusory, with the strength of the pupillary light response scaling with the perceived numerosity of the arrays. Our results show that even without an explicit task, numerosity modulates a simple automatic reflex, suggesting that numerosity is a spontaneously encoded visual feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castaldi
- Department of Translational Research and New technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Pomè
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - David Burr
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research and New technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Shugyo A, Koh S, Inoue R, Ambrósio R, Miki A, Maeda N, Nishida K. Optical Quality in Keratoconus Is Associated With Corneal Biomechanics. Cornea 2021; 40:1276-1281. [PMID: 33332893 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the correlations between corneal biomechanical indices from dynamic Scheimpflug assessment and optical quality assessed as higher-order aberrations (HOAs) using a Hartmann-Shack ocular wavefront sensor in patients with keratoconus (KC). METHODS In this prospective, observational case series, the eyes with KC or KC suspect (KCS) from Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan, were analyzed. Corneal biomechanical assessment was performed using Corvis ST (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), and ocular wavefront aberrations were measured using the KR-1W (Topcon Corp, Tokyo, Japan). Correlations between the biomechanical indices and ocular HOAs were assessed. Corneal biomechanical indices included the deformation amplitude ratio within 2 mm, integrated radius, stiffness parameter at the first applanation, and the linear Corvis Biomechanical Index. Wavefront data of the central 4-mm region were expanded up to the sixth order of Zernike polynomials. The magnitudes of trefoil, coma, tetrafoil, secondary astigmatism, and spherical aberration were calculated by Zernike vector analysis and then used as ocular HOA parameters along with total HOAs. RESULTS Thirty-four KC eyes and 37 KCS eyes were included. KC eyes showed significant correlations between ocular HOAs and biomechanics, whereas there were few significant correlations in KCS eyes. In KC eyes, deformation amplitude ratio within 2 mm, integrated radius, and Corvis Biomechanical Index beta showed stronger correlations with coma among the wavefront parameters. CONCLUSIONS Corneal biomechanical indices correlated with ocular HOAs in patients with KC. In particular, there was a strong association with the increase in coma caused by inferosuperior asymmetry of the shape of the cornea in patients with KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shugyo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuka Koh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Inoue
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Seed Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Renato Ambrósio
- Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambrósio/Visare Personal Laser, and Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Atsuya Miki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Maeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Life and Medical Science Frontier Research Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Jiao S, Jia Y, Yao X. Emerging imaging developments in experimental vision sciences and ophthalmology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2137-2139. [PMID: 34404253 PMCID: PMC8718248 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211038891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xincheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Abstract
When a mammal, such as a macaque monkey, sees a complex natural image, many neurons in its visual cortex respond simultaneously. Here, we provide a protocol for studying the structure of population responses in laminar recordings with a machine learning model, the linear support vector machine. To unravel the role of single neurons in population responses and the structure of noise correlations, we use a multivariate decoding technique on time-averaged responses. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Koren et al. (2020a). Linear support vector machine (SVM) is an efficient model for decoding from neural data Permutation test is a rigorous method for testing the significance of results Neural responses along the cortical depth are heterogeneous Decoding weights and noise correlations share a similar structure
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Koren
- Institute of Mathematics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author
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Franz M, Schmidt B, Hecht H, Naumann E, Miltner WHR. Suggested visual blockade during hypnosis: Top-down modulation of stimulus processing in a visual oddball task. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257380. [PMID: 34525129 PMCID: PMC8443036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several theories of hypnosis assume that responses to hypnotic suggestions are implemented through top-down modulations via a frontoparietal network that is involved in monitoring and cognitive control. The current study addressed this issue re-analyzing previously published event-related-potentials (ERP) (N1, P2, and P3b amplitudes) and combined it with source reconstruction and connectivity analysis methods. ERP data were obtained from participants engaged in a visual oddball paradigm composed of target, standard, and distractor stimuli during a hypnosis (HYP) and a control (CON) condition. In both conditions, participants were asked to count the rare targets presented on a video screen. During HYP participants received suggestions that a wooden board in front of their eyes would obstruct their view of the screen. The results showed that participants’ counting accuracy was significantly impaired during HYP compared to CON. ERP components in the N1 and P2 window revealed no amplitude differences between CON and HYP at sensor-level. In contrast, P3b amplitudes in response to target stimuli were significantly reduced during HYP compared to CON. Source analysis of the P3b amplitudes in response to targets indicated that HYP was associated with reduced source activities in occipital and parietal brain areas related to stimulus categorization and attention. We further explored how these brain sources interacted by computing time-frequency effective connectivity between electrodes that best represented frontal, parietal, and occipital sources. This analysis revealed reduced directed information flow from parietal attentional to frontal executive sources during processing of target stimuli. These results provide preliminary evidence that hypnotic suggestions of a visual blockade are associated with a disruption of the coupling within the frontoparietal network implicated in top-down control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Franz
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Hecht
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ewald Naumann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Kimura Y, Wanibuchi M, Akiyama Y, Mikami T, Mikuni N. Preserved arachnoid membrane acts as a predictor of postoperative visual improvement in clinoidal meningioma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 208:106874. [PMID: 34418702 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improvement of patient visual outcome is very important in the treatment of clinoidal meningioma (CLM). The purpose of this study is to determine the association between arachnoid preservation and visual outcome. PATIENTS Fifteen patients with CLMs that caused visual impairment underwent surgery in our hospital. The patients included 4 men and 11 women, and the mean age was 53.3 years. METHODS The clinical findings of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. We divided the patients into two groups based on the presence or absence of the arachnoid membrane. Group 1 comprised cases in which arachnoid preservation was intraoperatively confirmed. Group 2 comprised cases in which the arachnoid membrane was not preserved. The Landolt C chart was used to evaluate visual acuity, and dynamic visual field tests using Goldmann perimetry were used to evaluate the visual field. Results were compared before and after surgery. RESULTS The visual acuity of the ipsilateral eye was significantly improved in Group 1 (p = 0.038). There were no other significant differences between the two groups in terms of tumor volume, patient age, and symptom duration. CONCLUSIONS Patients in which arachnoid preservation could be intraoperatively confirmed had good improvement in visual acuity. Further research with an increased number of cases is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiko Wanibuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukinori Akiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mikami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Mikuni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Aksum KM, Brotangen L, Bjørndal CT, Magnaguagno L, Jordet G. Scanning activity of elite football players in 11 vs. 11 match play: An eye-tracking analysis on the duration and visual information of scanning. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244118. [PMID: 34415909 PMCID: PMC8378692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual perception in football ("soccer" in the U.S.) is increasingly becoming a key area of interest for researchers and practitioners. This exploratory case study investigated a sub-set of visual perception, namely visual exploratory scanning. The aim of this study was to examine the scanning of four elite football midfield players in an 11 vs. 11 real-game environment using mobile eye-tracking technology. More specifically, we measured the duration and information (number of teammates and opponents) of the players' scanning behavior. The results showed that the players' scanning duration was influenced by the ball context and the action undertaken with the ball at the moment of scan initiation. Furthermore, fixations were found in only 2.3% of the scans. Additionally, the results revealed that the stop point is the most information-rich part of a scan and that the players had more opponents than teammates inside their video frame during scans. Practical applications and further research recommendations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Marius Aksum
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Brotangen
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Geir Jordet
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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van Zoest W, Huber-Huber C, Weaver MD, Hickey C. Strategic Distractor Suppression Improves Selective Control in Human Vision. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7120-7135. [PMID: 34244360 PMCID: PMC8372027 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0553-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our visual environment is complicated, and our cognitive capacity is limited. As a result, we must strategically ignore some stimuli to prioritize others. Common sense suggests that foreknowledge of distractor characteristics, like location or color, might help us ignore these objects. But empirical studies have provided mixed evidence, often showing that knowing about a distractor before it appears counterintuitively leads to its attentional selection. What has looked like strategic distractor suppression in the past is now commonly explained as a product of prior experience and implicit statistical learning, and the long-standing notion the distractor suppression is reflected in α band oscillatory brain activity has been challenged by results appearing to link α to target resolution. Can we strategically, proactively suppress distractors? And, if so, does this involve α? Here, we use the concurrent recording of human EEG and eye movements in optimized experimental designs to identify behavior and brain activity associated with proactive distractor suppression. Results from three experiments show that knowing about distractors before they appear causes a reduction in electrophysiological indices of covert attentional selection of these objects and a reduction in the overt deployment of the eyes to the location of the objects. This control is established before the distractor appears and is predicted by the power of cue-elicited α activity over the visual cortex. Foreknowledge of distractor characteristics therefore leads to improved selective control, and α oscillations in visual cortex reflect the implementation of this strategic, proactive mechanism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To behave adaptively and achieve goals we often need to ignore visual distraction. Is it easier to ignore distracting objects when we know more about them? We recorded eye movements and electrical brain activity to determine whether foreknowledge of distractor characteristics can be used to limit processing of these objects. Results show that knowing the location or color of a distractor stops us from attentionally selecting it. A neural signature of this inhibition emerges in oscillatory alpha band brain activity, and when this signal is strong, selective processing of the distractor decreases. Knowing about the characteristics of task-irrelevant distractors therefore increases our ability to focus on task-relevant information, in this way gating information processing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieske van Zoest
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Trento, Italy
| | - Christoph Huber-Huber
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Trento, Italy
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew D Weaver
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Trento, Italy
| | - Clayton Hickey
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068 Trento, Italy
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47
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Simon F, Konstantinides N. Single-cell transcriptomics in the Drosophila visual system: Advances and perspectives on cell identity regulation, connectivity, and neuronal diversity evolution. Dev Biol 2021; 479:107-122. [PMID: 34375653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila visual system supports complex behaviors and shares many of its anatomical and molecular features with the vertebrate brain. Yet, it contains a much more manageable number of neurons and neuronal types. In addition to the extensive Drosophila genetic toolbox, this relative simplicity has allowed decades of work to yield a detailed account of its neuronal type diversity, morphology, connectivity and specification mechanisms. In the past three years, numerous studies have applied large scale single-cell transcriptomic approaches to the Drosophila visual system and have provided access to the complete gene expression profile of most neuronal types throughout development. This makes the fly visual system particularly well suited to perform detailed studies of the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution and development of neuronal systems. Here, we highlight how these transcriptomic resources allow exploring long-standing biological questions under a new light. We first present the efforts made to characterize neuronal diversity in the Drosophila visual system and suggest ways to further improve this description. We then discuss current advances allowed by the single-cell datasets, and envisage how these datasets can be further leveraged to address fundamental questions regarding the regulation of neuronal identity, neuronal circuit development and the evolution of neuronal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Simon
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Nikolaos Konstantinides
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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48
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Benson NC, Kupers ER, Barbot A, Carrasco M, Winawer J. Cortical magnification in human visual cortex parallels task performance around the visual field. eLife 2021; 10:e67685. [PMID: 34342581 PMCID: PMC8378846 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vision has striking radial asymmetries, with performance on many tasks varying sharply with stimulus polar angle. Performance is generally better on the horizontal than vertical meridian, and on the lower than upper vertical meridian, and these asymmetries decrease gradually with deviation from the vertical meridian. Here, we report cortical magnification at a fine angular resolution around the visual field. This precision enables comparisons between cortical magnification and behavior, between cortical magnification and retinal cell densities, and between cortical magnification in twin pairs. We show that cortical magnification in the human primary visual cortex, measured in 163 subjects, varies substantially around the visual field, with a pattern similar to behavior. These radial asymmetries in the cortex are larger than those found in the retina, and they are correlated between monozygotic twin pairs. These findings indicate a tight link between cortical topography and behavior, and suggest that visual field asymmetries are partly heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah C Benson
- Department of Psychology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Eline R Kupers
- Department of Psychology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Antoine Barbot
- Department of Psychology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jonathan Winawer
- Department of Psychology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Masur PK, DiFranzo D, Bazarova NN. Behavioral contagion on social media: Effects of social norms, design interventions, and critical media literacy on self-disclosure. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254670. [PMID: 34280233 PMCID: PMC8289004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Social norms are powerful determinants of human behaviors in offline and online social worlds. While previous research established a correlational link between norm perceptions and self-reported disclosure on social network sites (SNS), questions remain about downstream effects of prevalent behaviors on perceived norms and actual disclosure on SNS. We conducted two preregistered studies using a realistic social media simulation. We further analyzed buffering effects of critical media literacy and privacy nudging. The results demonstrate a disclosure behavior contagion, whereby a critical mass of posts with visual disclosures shifted norm perceptions, which, in turn, affected perceivers’ own visual disclosure behavior. Critical media literacy was negatively related and moderated the effect of norms on visual disclosure behavioral intentions. Neither critical media literacy nor privacy nudge affected actual disclosure behaviors, however. These results provide insights into how behaviors may spread on SNS through triggering changes in perceived social norms and subsequent disclosure behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp K. Masur
- Department of Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Dominic DiFranzo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natalie N. Bazarova
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Dell'Orco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, I-37124, Verona, Italy
| | - Karl-Wilhelm Koch
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biochemistry, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, Via Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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