51
|
Kavitha N, Vijayarathna S, Jothy SL, Oon CE, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. MicroRNAs: biogenesis, roles for carcinogenesis and as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7489-97. [PMID: 25292018 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs of 20-24 nucleotides that play important roles in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, miRNAs control numerous cancer-relevant biological events such as cell proliferation, cell cycle control, metabolism and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts concerning the biogenesis of miRNAs, miRNA roles in cancer and their potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis including the regulation of key cancer-related pathways, such as cell cycle control and miRNA dysregulation. Moreover, microRNA molecules are already receiving the attention of world researchers as therapeutic targets and agents. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of microRNAs has the potential not only to identify their roles in cancer, but also to exploit them as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and identify therapeutic targets for new drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nowroji Kavitha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Kamilla L, Ramanathan S, Sasidharan S, Mansor SM. Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of methanolic leaf and root extracts of Clitoria ternatea Linn. in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 46:515-20. [PMID: 25298581 PMCID: PMC4175888 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.140583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Clitoria ternatea Linn. (C. ternatea) is an Ayurvedic herb traditionally used as medicine to relieve inflammatory, rheumatism, ear diseases, fever, arthritis, eye ailments, sore throat and body ache. This study aims to evaluate and elucidate the possible mechanism underlying the antinociceptive action of methanolic extracts of C. ternatea leaf and root using several antinociception models. Materials and Methods: The different antinociception models such as hot plate, tail-flick and formalin tests were used along with naloxone (a non-selective opioid antagonist) to establish the antinociceptive activity of both leaf and root extracts. Results: Both C. ternatea leaf and root extracts markedly demonstrated antinociceptive action in experimental animals. Results of formalin test showed that the antinociceptive activity of the extracts may be mediated at both central and peripheral level. Moreover, the results of hot plate and tail-flick tests further implies that C. ternatea root extract mediates antinociceptive activity centrally at supraspinal and spinal levels whereas, the C. ternatea leaf extract's antinociceptive activity is mediated centrally at supraspinal level only. It is believed that the opioid receptors are probably involved in antinociceptive activity of both C. ternatea root extract. Conclusions: Our studies support the traditional use of C. ternatea leaf and root against pain. The extracts can also be utilised as a new source of central analgesics in treatment of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linggam Kamilla
- Center for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Surash Ramanathan
- Center for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Kanwar JR, Samarasinghe RM, Kumar K, Arya R, Sharma S, Zhou SF, Sasidharan S, Kanwar RK. Cissus quadrangularis inhibits IL-1β induced inflammatory responses on chondrocytes and alleviates bone deterioration in osteotomized rats via p38 MAPK signaling. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:2927-40. [PMID: 26089642 PMCID: PMC4467655 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s77369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory mediators are key players in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and bone destruction. Conventional drugs suppress symptomatic activity and have no therapeutic influence on disease. Cissus quadrangularis and Withania somnifera are widely used for the treatment of bone fractures and wounds; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulated by these herbals are still unclear. METHODS We established an in vitro OA culture model by exposing human chondrocytes to proinflammatory cytokine and interleukin (IL)-1β for 36 hours prior to treatment with the herbals: C. quadrangularis, W. somnifera, and the combination of the two herbals. Cell viability, toxicity, and gene expression of OA modifying agents were examined. In addition, expression of survivin, which is crucial for cell growth, was analyzed. In vivo work on osteotomized rats studied the bone and cartilage regenerative effects of C. quadrangularis, W. somnifera, and the combination therapy. RESULTS Exposure of chondrocytes to IL-1β induced significant toxicity and cell death. However, herbal treatment alleviated IL-1β induced cell toxicity and upregulated cell growth and proliferation. C. quadrangularis inhibited gene expression of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, known to aggravate cartilage and bone destruction, and augmented expression of survivin by inhibiting p38 MAPK. Interestingly, osteotomized rats treated with C. quadrangularis drastically enhanced alkaline phosphatase and cartilage tissue formation as compared to untreated, W. somnifera only, or the combination of both herbals. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate for the first time the signaling mechanisms regulated by C. quadrangularis and W. somnifera in OA and osteogenesis. We suggest that the chondroprotective effects and regenerative ability of these herbals are via the upregulation of survivin that exerts inhibitory effects on the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These findings thus validate C. quadrangularis as a potential therapeutic for rheumatic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Geelong Technology Precinct (GTP), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Rasika M Samarasinghe
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Geelong Technology Precinct (GTP), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Ayurvedic College, Paprola, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Arya
- Ayurvedic College, Paprola, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Sharma
- Ayurvedic College, Paprola, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Geelong Technology Precinct (GTP), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Yong CC, Khoo BY, Sasidharan S, Piyawattanametha W, Kim SH, Khemthongcharoen N, Chuah LO, Ang MY, Liong MT. Activity of crude and fractionated extracts by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from local dairy, meat, and fermented products against Staphylococcus aureus. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
55
|
Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Elaeis guineensis on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:826-9. [PMID: 23569855 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxic effect of Elaeis guineensis methanol extract on MCF-7 and Vero cell. METHODS In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in by MTT assay. Cell morphological changes were observed by using light microscope. RESULTS The MTT assay indicated that methanol extract of the plant exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on MCF-7. Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure with Elaeis guineensis extract were observed under phase contrast microscope in the dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the probable use of the Elaeis guineensis methanol extract in preparing recipes for cancer-related ailments. Further studies on isolation of metabolites and their in vivo cytotoxicity are under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the toxicity of methanol extract of various parts (Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower and Fruit) of Lantana camara (L. Camara) in Artemia salina. METHODS The methanol extracts of L. camara were tested for in vivo brine shrimp lethality assay. RESULTS All the tested extract exhibited very low toxicity on brine shrimp larva. The results showed that the root extract was the most toxic part of L. camara and may have potential as anticancer agent. CONCLUSIONS Methanolic extract of L. camara is relatively safe on short-term exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badakhshan Mahdi Pour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling, Batu 3 1/2, Bukit Air Nasi, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Basma AA, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S. A transmission electron microscopy study of the diversity of Candida albicans cells induced by Euphorbia hirta L. leaf extract in vitro. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 1:20-2. [PMID: 23569719 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the major changes in the microstructure of Candida albicans (C. albicans) after treatment with Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) L. leaf extract. METHODS Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructural changes caused by E. hirta extract on C. albicans cells at various exposure time. RESULTS It was found that the main abnormalities were the alterations in morphology, lysis and complete collapse of the yeast cells after 36 h of exposure to the extract. Whereas the control cultures showed a typical morphology of Candida with a uniform central density, typically structured nucleus, and a cytoplasm with several elements of endomembrane system and enveloped by a regular, intact cell wall. CONCLUSIONS The significant antifungal activity shown by this methanol extract of E. hirta L. suggests its potential against infections caused by C. albicans. The extract may be developed as an anticandidal agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Arra Basma
- Biology Division, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Torey A, Vijayarathna S, Jothy SL, Gothai S, Chen Y, Latha LY, Kanwar JR, Dharmaraj S, Sasidharan S. Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:97-104. [PMID: 26870686 PMCID: PMC4737948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans has become resistant to the commercially available, toxic, and expensive anti-Candida agents that are on the market. These factors force the search for new antifungal agents from natural resources. Cassia spectabilis had been traditionally employed by healers for many generations. The possible mechanisms of the C. spectabilis leaf extract were determined by potassium leakage study and the effect of the extract on the constituents of the cell wall and enzymes as well as the morphological changes on C. albicans cells were studied along with cytotoxicity assays. The cytotoxicity result indicated that the extract is nontoxic as was clearly substantiated by a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 59.10 μg/mL. The treated cells (C. spectabilis extract) demonstrated potassium leakage of 1039 parts per million (ppm) compared to Amphotericin B (AmpB)-treated cells with a released potassium value of 1115 ppm. The effects of the extract on the cell wall proteins illustrated that there were three major types of variations in the expression of treated cell wall proteins: the presence of new proteins, the absence of proteins, and the amount of expressed protein. The activities of two enzymes, α-glucosidase and proteinase, were determined to be significantly high, thereby not fully coinciding with the properties of the antifungal reaction triggered by C. spectabilis. The morphology of C. albicans cells treated with the C. spectabilis extract showed that the cells had abnormalities and were damaged or detached within the microcolonies. Our study verifies C. spectabilis leaf extract as an effective anti-C. albicans agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Torey
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Subramanion L Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Sivapragasam Gothai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences (BioDeakin), Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dharmaraj
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kota Campus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 20400, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kanwar JR, Mahidhara G, Roy K, Sasidharan S, Krishnakumar S, Prasad N, Sehgal R, Kanwar RK. Fe-bLf nanoformulation targets survivin to kill colon cancer stem cells and maintains absorption of iron, calcium and zinc. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:35-55. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To validate the anticancer efficacy of alginate-enclosed, chitosan-conjugated, calcium phosphate, iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Fe-bLf) nanocarriers/nanocapsules (NCs) with improved sustained release and ability to induce apoptosis by downregulating survivin, as well as cancer stem cells. Materials & methods: The stability, nanotoxicity of the modified nanoformulation was evaluated and their anticancer efficacy was re-examined. Their mechanism of internalization was studied and we identified the role of various miRNAs in absorption of these NCs/iron in various body parts of mice. We determined the effect of these NCs on survivin, stem cell markers, red blood cell count, iron, calcium and zinc concentration in mice, determined the antiangiogenic properties of these NCs and studied their effect on cancer stem-like cells. Results: Spherical NCs (396.1 ± 27.2 nm) exceedingly reduced viability of Caco-2 cells (32 ± 2.83%). The NCs also showed effective internalization and reduction of cancer stem cell markers in triple-positive CD133, survivin and CD44 cancer stem-like cells. Mice treated with the NCs showed no nanotoxicity and did not develop any tumors in xenograft colon cancer models. We found that the serum iron, zinc and calcium absorption were increased. DMT1, LRP, transferrin and lactoferrin receptors were responsible for internalization of the NCs. Different miRNAs were responsible for iron regulation in different organs. Interestingly, NCs inhibited survivin and its different isoforms. Conclusion: Our results confirmed that NCs internalized and changed the expression of selected miRNAs that further enhanced their uptake. The NCs activated both extrinsic, as well as intrinsic apoptotic pathways to induce apoptosis by targeting survivin in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, without inducing any nonspecific nanotoxicity. Apart from inhibiting angiogenesis and stem cell markers, NCs also maintained iron and calcium levels. Original submitted 4 May 2014; Revised submitted 25 June 2014
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Ganesh Mahidhara
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision & Ophthalmology, Chennai, India
| | - Neerati Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Division (DMPK), University College of Pharmaceutical Science, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, 506009, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine, Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wong CB, Khoo BY, Sasidharan S, Piyawattanametha W, Kim S, Khemthongcharoen N, Ang MY, Chuah LO, Liong MT. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by crude and fractionated extract from lactic acid bacteria. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:129-39. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing levels of antibiotic resistance by Staphyloccocus aureus have posed a need to search for non-antibiotic alternatives. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of crude and fractionated cell-free supernatants (CFS) of locally isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against a clinical strain of S. aureus. A total of 42 LAB strains were isolated and identified from fresh vegetables, fresh fruits and fermented products prior to evaluation of inhibitory activities. CFS of LAB strains exhibiting a stronger inhibitive effect against S. aureus were fractionated into crude protein, polysaccharide and lipid fractions. Crude protein fractions showed greater inhibition against S. aureus compared to polysaccharide and lipid fractions, with a more prevalent effect from Lactobacillus plantarum 8513 and L. plantarum BT8513. Crude protein, polysaccharide and lipid fractions were also characterised with glycine, mannose and oleic acid being detected as the major component of each fraction, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed roughed and wrinkled membrane morphology of S. aureus upon treatment with crude protein fractions of LAB, suggesting an inhibitory effect via the destruction of cellular membrane. This research illustrated the potential application of fractionated extracts from LAB to inhibit S. aureus for use in the food and health industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.-B. Wong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - B.-Y. Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - S. Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - W. Piyawattanametha
- Integrated Biosensor Laboratory, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S.H. Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - N. Khemthongcharoen
- Integrated Biosensor Laboratory, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M.-Y. Ang
- Analytical Department, Fisher Scientific Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, 40400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - L.-O. Chuah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M.-T. Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Sasidharan S, Prema B, Yoga LL. Antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 1:130-2. [PMID: 23569742 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in dairy products. METHODS Isolation and identification of S. aureus were performed in 3 dairy-based food products. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 5 different common antimicrobial drugs. RESULTS Of 50 samples examined, 5 (10%) were contaminated with S. aureus. Subsequently, the 5 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial resistance pattern using five antibiotic discs (methicillin, vancomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline). Sample 29 showed resistance to methicillin and vancomycin. Sample 18 showed intermediate response to tetracycline. The other samples were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. CONCLUSIONS The results provide preliminary data on sources of food contamination which may act as vehicles for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus. Therefore, it enables us to develop preventive strategies to avoid the emergence of new strains of resistant S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Coaxing cancer pro-apoptoticity: an approach blending therapeutic miRNAs and dietary phytochemicals. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5499-500. [PMID: 25041025 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. E-mail :
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Vijayarathna S, Oon C, Jothy S, Chen Y, Kanwar J, Sasidharan S. MicroRNA Pathways: An Emerging Role in Identification of Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Gene Ther 2014; 14:112-20. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523214666140302192953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
64
|
Ping KY, Darah I, Chen Y, Sasidharan S. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of Euphorbia hirta in MCF-7 cell line model using comet assay. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 3:692-6. [PMID: 23998008 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity activity of Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) in MCF-7 cell line model using comet assay. METHODS The cytotoxicity of E. hirta extract was investigated by employing brine shrimp lethality assay and the genotoxicity of E. hirta was assessed by using Comet assay. RESULTS Both toxicity tests exhibited significant toxicity result. In the comet assay, the E. hirta extract exhibited genotoxicity effects against MCF-7 DNA in a time-dependent manner by increasing mean percentage of DNA damage. The extract of E. hirta showed significant toxicity against brine shrimp with an LC₅₀ value of 620.382 µg/mL (24 h). Comparison with positive control potassium dichromate signifies that cytotoxicity exhibited by the methanol extract might have moderate activity. CONCLUSION The present work confirmed the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of E. hirta. However, the observed toxicity of E. hirta extracts needs to be confirmed in additional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Yuet Ping
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), University Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Jothy SL, Oon CE, Sasidharan S. Natural pro-oxidants: an alternative remedy to explore as novel cancer therapeutic agents. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1501. [PMID: 24606490 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.3.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanion Lachumy Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia E-mail :
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Naidu JR, Ismail R, Sasidharan S. Acute Oral Toxicity and Brine Shrimp Lethality of Methanol Extract of Mentha Spicata L (Lamiaceae). TROP J PHARM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
67
|
Gurudevan S, Kanwar R, Veedu R, Sasidharan S, Kennedy R, Walder K, Prasad N, Kanwar J. Targeted Multimodal Liposomes for Nano-delivery and Imaging: An Avenger for Drug Resistance and Cancer. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 13:322-34. [DOI: 10.2174/156652321305131212123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
68
|
Lachumy SJ, Oon CE, Deivanai S, Saravanan D, Vijayarathna S, Choong YS, Yeng C, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Herbal Remedies for Combating Irradiation: a Green Anti-irradiation Approach. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5553-65. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
69
|
Dawar S, Singh N, Kanwar RK, Kennedy RL, Veedu RN, Zhou SF, Krishnakumar S, Hazra S, Sasidharan S, Duan W, Kanwar JR. Multifunctional and multitargeted nanoparticles for drug delivery to overcome barriers of drug resistance in human cancers. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1292-300. [PMID: 24055842 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recurrence and metastatic spread of cancer are major drawbacks in cancer treatment. Although chemotherapy is one of the most effective methods for the treatment of metastatic cancers, it is nonspecific and causes significant toxic damage. The development of drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents through various mechanisms also limits their therapeutic potential. However, as we discuss here, the use of nanodelivery systems that are a combination of diagnostics and therapeutics (theranostics) is as relatively novel concept in the treatment of cancer. Such systems are likely to improve the therapeutic benefits of encapsulated drugs and can transit to the desired site, maintaining their pharmaceutical properties. The specific targeting of malignant cells using multifunctional nanoparticles exploits theranostics as an improved agent for delivering anticancer drugs and as a new solution for overriding drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Dawar
- Nanomedicine Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Sumathy V, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Latha LY, Jothy SL, Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Evaluation of the effect of Cassia surattensis Burm. f., flower methanolic extract on the growth and morphology of Aspergillus niger. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17:1648-1654. [PMID: 23832733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cassia (C.) surattensis Burm. f. (Leguminosae), a medicinal herb native to tropical equatorial Asia, was commonly used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of methanolic flower extract of C. surattensis against Aspergillus (A.) niger. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antifungal activity of C. surattensis flower extract was studied by using agar disc diffusion method, broth dilution method, percentage of hyphal growth inhibition and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. RESULTS The extract exhibited good antifungal activity with zone of inhibition 15 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 6.25 mg/ml. The flower extract exhibited considerable antifungal activity against A. niger with a IC50 of 2.49 mg/ml on the hyphal growth. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) squashed, collapsed, empty and deformation of hyphae were the major changes observed. Shrunken conidiophores were the obvious alteration on the spores. Morphological alterations observed on A. niger caused by the flower extract could be the contribution of chemical compounds present in the Cassia flower. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of carbohydrate, tannins, saponins and phenols in the extract. The amount of tannin, total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated to be 55.14 ± 3.11 mg/g, 349.87 ± 5.41 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 89.64 ± 3.21 mg/g catechin equivalent respectively. CONCLUSIONS C. surattensis flower extract potently inhibited the growth of A. niger and are, therefore, excellent candidates for use as the lead compounds for the development of novel antifungal agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sumathy
- Biological Program, School of Distance Education, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Sabetghadam A, Ramanathan S, Sasidharan S, Mansor SM. Subchronic exposure to mitragynine, the principal alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 146:815-823. [PMID: 23422336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mitragyna speciosa is a popular medicinal plant in Southeast Asia which is commonly used for its morphine-like effects. Although the analgesic properties of Mitragyna speciosa and its ability to ameliorate withdrawal signs after abrupt cessation of opioid abuse are well known, information about the long-term safety of the plant's active compounds is lacking. In this work, we evaluated the effects of sub-chronic exposure to mitragynine, the principal alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa leaves in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received three doses of mitragynine (1, 10, 100mg/kg, p.o) for 28 days respectively. Food intake and relative body weight were measured during the experiment. After completion of drug treatment biochemical, hematological, and histological analyses were performed. RESULTS No mortality was observed in any of the treatment groups. The groups of rats treated with the lower and intermediate doses showed no toxic effects during the study. However, the relative body weight of the group of female rats treated with the 100mg/kg dose was decreased significantly. Food intake also tended to decrease in the same group. Only relative liver weight increased after treatment with the high dose of mitragynine (100mg/ kg) in both the male and female treatment groups of rats. Biochemical and hematological parameters were also altered especially in high dose treatment group which corresponds to the histopathological changes. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that mitragynine is relatively safe at lower sub-chronic doses (1-10mg/kg) but exhibited toxicity at a highest dose (sub-chronic 28 days: 100mg/kg). This was confirmed by liver, kidney, and brain histopathological changes, as well as hematological and biochemical changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Sabetghadam
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sasidharan S. Retraction: Sasidharan et al. Evaluation of the Hepatoprotective Effects of Lantadene A, a Pentacyclic Triterpenoid of Lantana Plants against Acetaminophen-induced Liver Damage. Molecules 2012, 17, 13937-13947. Molecules 2013; 18:3839-40. [PMID: 23535517 PMCID: PMC6269939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18043839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Sasidharan S, Parthiban SG, Jothy SL, Latha LY. Ethical issues in the prevention of H1N1: the Malaysian experience. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
74
|
Avadhani J, Sasidharan S, Carton C, Lowen M, Klapproth T, Licitra C. Dosimetric Analysis of Small Field 6 MeV Electrons to Replace Superficial X-Rays for Superficial Cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
75
|
Rajeh MAB, Kwan YP, Zakaria Z, Latha LY, Jothy SL, Sasidharan S. Acute toxicity impacts of Euphorbia hirta L extract on behavior, organs body weight index and histopathology of organs of the mice and Artemia salina. Pharmacognosy Res 2012; 4:170-7. [PMID: 22923956 PMCID: PMC3424845 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.99085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The methanol extract of Euphorbia hirta L (Euphorbiaceae), which is used in traditional medicines, was tested for in vivo toxicity. Materials and Methods: In vivo brine shrimp lethality assay and oral acute toxicity study at single high dose of 5000 mg/kg and observation for 14 days in mice were used to study the toxic effect of E. hirta. Results: Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to calculate the median lethal concentration (LC50) of E. hirta (for leaves, stems, flowers and roots) methanolic extracts at concentrations from 100 to 0.07 mg/ml. The LC50 values of 1.589, 1.420, 0.206 and 0.0827 mg/ml were obtained for stems, leaves, flowers and roots, respectively. Potassium dichromate (the positive control) had LC50 value of 0.00758 mg/ml. The acute oral toxicity study of the leaf extract resulted in one third mortality and mild behavioral changes among the treated mice. No significant statistical differences found between body weight, relative (%) and absolute (g) organ weights of treated and untreated groups (P> 0.05). Gross and microscopic examination of the vital organ tissues revealed no differences between control and treated mice. All the tissues appeared normal. Conclusions: E. hirta leaves methanol extract has exhibited mild toxic effects in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu Basma Rajeh
- Biology Division, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Chemotherapy Through a Combination of Fasting and Chronopharmacology. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4847-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
77
|
Jothy SL, Torey A, Darah I, Choong YS, Saravanan D, Chen Y, Latha LY, Deivanai S, Sasidharan S. Cassia spectabilis (DC) Irwin et Barn: a promising traditional herb in health improvement. Molecules 2012; 17:10292-305. [PMID: 22932211 PMCID: PMC6268459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cassia, comprising about 600 species widely distributed worldwide is well known for its diverse biological and pharmacological properties. Cassia spectabilis (sin Senna spectabilis) (DC) Irwin et Barn (Fabaceae) is widely grown as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas. C. spectabilis has been commonly used in traditional medicine for many years. Information in the biomedical literature has indicated the presence of a variety of medicinally-important chemical constituents in C. spectabilis. Pharmacological studies by various groups of investigators have shown that C. spectabilis possesses significant biological activity, such as antibacterial, antibiofilm, antifungal and antioxidant properties. Beside this, toxicity studies of this plant have revealed no toxic effect on mice. In view of the immense medicinal importance of C. spectabilis, this review aimed at compiling all currently available information on C. spectabilis’s botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and mechanism of actions, toxicology and its ethnomedicinal uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanion L. Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Angeline Torey
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Ibrahim Darah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Dharmaraj Saravanan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kota Kampus, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research and Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Subramanian Deivanai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong Semeling, Batu 3½, Bukit Air Nasi, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; (A.T.); (Y.S.C.); (L.Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Kavitha N, Noordin R, Kit-Lam C, Sasidharan S. Real time anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of an active fraction of Eurycoma longifolia root studied by in situ scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Molecules 2012; 17:9207-19. [PMID: 22858841 PMCID: PMC6268920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of active fractions of Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) root, namely TAF355 and TAF401, were evaluated against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). In our previous study, we demonstrated that T. gondii was susceptible to TAF355 and TAF401 with IC₅₀ values of 1.125 µg/mL and 1.375 µg/mL, respectively. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were used to study the in situ antiparasitic activity at the IC₅₀ value. Clindamycin was used as positive control. SEM examination revealed cell wall alterations with formation of invaginations followed by completely collapsed cells compared to the normal T. gondii cells in response to the fractions. The main abnormality noted via TEM study was decreased cytoplasmic volume, leaving a state of structural disorganization within the cell cytoplasm and destruction of its organelles as early as 12 h of treatment, which indicated of rapid antiparasitic activity of the E. longifolia fractions. The significant antiparasitic activity shown by the TAF355 and TAF401 active fractions of E. longifolia suggests their potential as new anti-T. gondii agent candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nowroji Kavitha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chan Kit-Lam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +604-653-4820; Fax: +604-653-4803
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Kavitha N, Noordin R, Chan KL, Sasidharan S. In vitro anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of root extract/fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12:91. [PMID: 22781137 PMCID: PMC3488307 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii infection causes toxoplasmosis, an infectious disease with worldwide prevalence. The limited efficiency of drugs against this infection, their side effects and the potential appearance of resistant strains make the search of novel drugs an essential need. We examined Eurycoma longifolia root extract and fractions as potential sources of new compounds with high activity and low toxicity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the anti-T. gondii activity of crude extract (TACME) and four fractions (TAF 273, TAF 355, TAF 191 and TAF 401) from E. longifolia, with clindamycin as the positive control. Methods In vitro toxoplasmacidal evaluation was performed using Vero cells as host for T. gondii. Light microscopy technique was used to study in situ antiparasitic activity. Results Significant anti-T. gondii activity was observed with clindamycin (EC50 = 0.016 μg/ml), follow by TAF 355 (EC50 = 0.369 μg/ml) and TAF 401 (EC50 = 0.882 μg/ml). Light microscopy revealed that most Vero cells were infected after 3 h of exposure to T. gondii. After 36 h of exposure to the E. longifolia fraction, the host Vero cells showed no visible intracellular parasite and no remarkable morphological changes. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that TAF 355 and TAF401 fractions may be the sources of new anti-T. gondii compounds.
Collapse
|
80
|
Ping KY, Darah I, Yusuf UK, Yeng C, Sasidharan S. Genotoxicity of Euphorbia hirta: an Allium cepa assay. Molecules 2012; 17:7782-91. [PMID: 22735780 PMCID: PMC6269077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17077782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential genotoxic effects of methanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta which is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseased conditions including asthma, coughs, diarrhea and dysentery was investigated using Allium cepa assay. The extracts of 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 µg/mL were tested on root meristems of A. cepa. Ethylmethanesulfonate was used as positive control and distilled water was used as negative control. The result showed that mitotic index decreased as the concentrations of E. hirta extract increased. A dose-dependent increase of chromosome aberrations was also observed. Abnormalities scored were stickiness, c-mitosis, bridges and vagrant chromosomes. Micronucleated cells were also observed at interphase. Result of this study confirmed that the methanol extracts of E. hirta exerted significant genotoxic and mitodepressive effects at 1,000 µg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Yuet Ping
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Ibrahim Darah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Umi Kalsom Yusuf
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Chen Yeng
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +604-653-4820; Fax: +604-653-4803
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Avadhani J, Sasidharan S, Carton C, Lowen M, Klapproth T, Licitra C. SU-E-T-231: Comparison of Beam Characteristics of Small Field 6 MeV Electrons as Replacement for Superficial X Ray Beam. Med Phys 2012; 39:3756. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4735294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
82
|
Vijayarathna S, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Latha LY, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. The Antimicrobial efficacy of Elaeis guineensis: characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules 2012; 17:4860-77. [PMID: 22538489 PMCID: PMC6268431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17054860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The urgent need to treat multi-drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms in chronically infected patients has given rise to the development of new antimicrobials from natural resources. We have tested Elaeis guineensis Jacq (Arecaceae) methanol extract against a variety of bacterial, fungal and yeast strains associated with infections. Our studies have demonstrated that E. guineensis exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo against the bacterial and fungal strains tested. A marked inhibitory effect of the E. guineensis extracts was observed against C. albicans whereby E. guineensis extract at ½, 1, or 2 times the MIC significantly inhibited C. albicans growth with a noticeable drop in optical density (OD) of the bacterial culture. This finding confirmed the anticandidal activity of the extract on C. albicans. Imaging using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy was done to determine the major alterations in the microstructure of the extract-treated C. albicans. The main abnormalities noted via SEM and TEM studies were the alteration in morphology of the yeast cells. In vivo antimicrobial activity was studies in mice that had been inoculated with C. albicans and exhibited good anticandidal activity. The authors conclude that the extract may be used as a candidate for the development of anticandidal agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; (S.V.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Zuraini Zakaria
- Biology Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; (S.V.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Jagat R. Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences (BioDeakin), Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia;
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; (S.V.); (L.Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Latha LY, Darah I, Jain K, Sasidharan S. Pharmacological screening of methanolic extract of Ixora species. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:149-51. [PMID: 23569886 PMCID: PMC3609250 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of different parts of Ixora species. METHODS Antimicrobial activity was carried out using disc diffusion assay against fungi, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. RESULTS All methanolic extracts of different parts of Ixora species showed a broad-spectrum of antibacterial and antiyeast activities, which inhibited the growth of at least one bacterium or yeast. There was no remarkable difference between different Ixora species observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS The significant antimicrobial activity shown by this Ixora species suggests its potential against infections caused by pathogens. The extract may be developed as an antimicrobial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Darah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kassim Jain
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institutes for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Daruliza KMA, Fernandez L, Jegathambigai R, Sasidharan S. Anti-Candida activity and brine shrimp toxicity assay of Ganoderma boninense. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16:43-48. [PMID: 22338547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ganoderma (G.) boninense is a white rot fungus, which can be found in the palm oil tree. Several studies have shown that G. boninense has antimicrobial and antagonistic properties. However, there is limited information reported on antifungal properties especially on Candida (C) albicans. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the anti-Candida activity of G. boninense against C albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crude methanolic extracts of G. boninense was obtained by maceration method with 70% methanol. Anti-Candida test was carried out using disc diffusion assay, broth dilution method, time killing profile and brine shrimp toxicity assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Anti-Candida activity indicated that the mean zone of inhibition was 12.5 +/- 0.6 mm. The MIC value for C. albicans found to be 3.125 mg/ml. The result from time-killing profile showed that the growth of C albicans was inhibited hence decreases its exponential phase. For brine shrimp toxicity assay, the LC50 value was 3.59 mg/ml which proved that the extract of G. boninense is not toxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M A Daruliza
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Sasidharan S, Logeswaran S, Latha LY. Wound healing activity of Elaeis guineensis leaf extract ointment. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:336-47. [PMID: 22312255 PMCID: PMC3269689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaeis guineensis of the Arecaceae family is widely used in the traditional medicine of societies in West Africa for treating various ailments. To validate the ethnotherapeutic claims of the plant in skin diseases, wound healing activity was studied. The results showed that E. guineensis leaf extract had potent wound healing capacity as evident from the better wound closure (P < 0.05), improved tissue regeneration at the wound site, and supporting histopathological parameters pertaining to wound healing. Matrix metalloproteinases expression correlated well with the results thus confirming efficacy of E. guineensis in the treatment of the wound. E. guineensis accelerated wound healing in rats, thus supporting its traditional use. The result of this study suggested that, used efficiently, oil palm leaf extract is a renewable resource with wound healing properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +60-46534820; Fax: +60-46534803
| | - Selvarasoo Logeswaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, 08000 Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Nithianantham K, Shyamala M, Chen Y, Latha LY, Jothy SL, Sasidharan S. Hepatoprotective potential of Clitoria ternatea leaf extract against paracetamol induced damage in mice. Molecules 2011; 16:10134-45. [PMID: 22146374 PMCID: PMC6264671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules161210134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Clitoria ternatea, a medicinal herb native to tropical equatorial Asia, is commonly used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of C. ternatea against experimentally induced liver injury. Methods: The antioxidant property of methanolic extract (ME) of C. ternatea leaf was investigated by employing an established in vitro antioxidant assay. The hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in mice of ME of C. ternatea leaf was also studied. Activity was measured by monitoring the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and billirubin along with histopathological analysis. Results: The amount of total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated to be 358.99 ± 6.21 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 123.75 ± 2.84 mg/g catechin equivalent, respectively. The antioxidant activity of C. ternatea leaf extract was 67.85% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and was also concentration dependant, with an IC50 value of 420.00 µg/mL. The results of the paracetamol-induced liver toxicity experiments showed that mice treated with the ME of C. ternatea leaf (200 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels, which were all elevated in the paracetamol group (p < 0.01). C. ternatea leaf extract therapy also protective effects against histopathological alterations. Histological studies supported the biochemical findings and a maximum improvement in the histoarchitecture was seen. Conclusions: The current study confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of C. ternatea leaf extract against the model hepatotoxicant paracetamol. The hepatoprotective action is likely related to its potent antioxidative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuppan Nithianantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling, Batu 3½, Bukit Air Nasi, Bedong, 08100 Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Murugesan Shyamala
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling, Batu 3½, Bukit Air Nasi, Bedong, 08100 Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +60-37-967-4800
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (L.Y.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Subramanion L. Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (L.Y.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (L.Y.L.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Tan AA, Azman SN, Abdul Rani NR, Kua BC, Sasidharan S, Kiew LV, Othman N, Noordin R, Chen Y. Optimal protein extraction methods from diverse sample types for protein profiling by using Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis (2DE). Trop Biomed 2011; 28:620-629. [PMID: 22433892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is a great diversity of protein samples types and origins, therefore the optimal procedure for each sample type must be determined empirically. In order to obtain a reproducible and complete sample presentation which view as many proteins as possible on the desired 2DE gel, it is critical to perform additional sample preparation steps to improve the quality of the final results, yet without selectively losing the proteins. To address this, we developed a general method that is suitable for diverse sample types based on phenolchloroform extraction method (represented by TRI reagent). This method was found to yield good results when used to analyze human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), Vibrio cholerae, Cryptocaryon irritans cyst and liver abscess fat tissue. These types represent cell line, bacteria, parasite cyst and pus respectively. For each type of samples, several attempts were made to methodically compare protein isolation methods using TRI-reagent Kit, EasyBlue Kit, PRO-PREP™ Protein Extraction Solution and lysis buffer. The most useful protocol allows the extraction and separation of a wide diversity of protein samples that is reproducible among repeated experiments. Our results demonstrated that the modified TRI-reagent Kit had the highest protein yield as well as the greatest number of total proteins spots count for all type of samples. Distinctive differences in spot patterns were also observed in the 2DE gel of different extraction methods used for each type of sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Tan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Sahgal G, Ramanathan S, Sasidharan S, Mordi MN, Ismail S, Mansor SM. Brine shrimp lethality and acute oral toxicity studies on Swietenia mahagoni (Linn.) Jacq. seed methanolic extract. Pharmacognosy Res 2011; 2:215-20. [PMID: 21808570 PMCID: PMC3141130 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.69107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The seeds of Swietenia mahagoni have been applied in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, malaria, amoebiasis, cough, chest pain, and intestinal parasitism. Here we are the first to report on the toxicity of the Swietenia mahagoni crude methanolic (SMCM) seed extract. Methods: SMCM seed extract has been studied for its brine shrimp lethality and acute oral toxicity, in mice. Results: The brine shrimp lethality bioassay shows a moderate cytotoxicity at high concentration. The LC50 for the extract is 0.68 mg/ml at 24 hours of exposure. The LD50 of the SMCM seed extract for acute oral toxicity in mice is greater than 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that Swietenia mahagoni crude methanolic seed extract may contain bioactive compounds of potential therapeutic significance which are relatively safe from toxic effects, and can compromise the medicinal use of this plant in folk medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geethaa Sahgal
- Center for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Jothy SL, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Lau YL, Latha LY, Shin LN, Sasidharan S. Bioassay-directed isolation of active compounds with antiyeast activity from a Cassia fistula seed extract. Molecules 2011; 16:7583-92. [PMID: 21894090 PMCID: PMC6264236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cassia fistula L belongs to the family Leguminosae, and it is one of the most popular herbal products in tropical countries. C. fistula seeds have been used as a herbal medicine and have pharmacological activity which includes anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and antioxidant properties. The goal of this study was to identify compounds from C. fistula seeds which are responsible for anti-Candida albicans activity using bioassay-directed isolation. RESULTS The preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant seed revealed the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The isolation of active compounds was carried out in four steps: multiple extractions, fractionation using column chromatography and purification using preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The structure of separated compounds was determined on the basis of mass spectrometry data. One compound was identified is roseanone. CONCLUSIONS The MS analysis on the active fraction from seed extract of C. fistula confirmed the presence of roseanone with antiyeast activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanion L. Jothy
- Biological Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zuraini Zakaria
- Biological Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.S.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +604-6534817; Fax: +604-6534803
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (Y.L.L.)
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.S.)
| | - Lai Ngit Shin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.S.)
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Sasidharan S, Darah I, Jain K. In vitro and in situ antiyeast activity of Gracilaria changii methanol extract against Candida albicans. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011; 15:1020-1026. [PMID: 22013724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Gracilaria (G.) sp are widely used in the traditional medicine in Malaysia. The methanol extract of Gracilaria changii B.M. Xia & I.A. Abbott (Gracilariaciae) was evaluated for antiyeast activity against Candida albicans (Berkhout). MATERIALS AND METHODS The antiyeast activities were studied by using disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. The effect of the extract on the growth profile of the yeast was also examined via time-kill assay. In addition, the in situ antiyeast activity was studied by microscopic observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the major alterations in the microstructure of Candida (C.) albicans. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The extract showed a favourable antimicrobial activity against C albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.56 mg/mL. The main abnormalities noted from the SEM and TEM studies were the internal shrinkage of cell, disorganization within the cell cytoplasm and complete collapse of the yeast cells after 36 h of exposure to the extract. The time-kill assay suggested that the G. changii extract significantly inhibited C. albicans growth and it also exhibited prolonged antiyeast activity against the C albicans. CONCLUSION The extract has shown in vitro fungicidal properties against C. albicans and should be investigated for its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Torey A, Sasidharan S. Anti-Candida albicans biofilm activity by Cassia spectabilis standardized methanol extract: an ultrastructural study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011; 15:875-882. [PMID: 21845797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Candida (C.) albicans infection in its biofilm mode of growth has taken centre point with the increasing recognition of its role in human infections due to the development of resistance to the commonly used antibiotic or phenotypic adaptation within the biofilm. Hence, in this study the inhibitory effect of methanol extract of Cassia (C.) spectabilis leaves was evaluated against biofilm forming C. albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-yeast activities were carried out using disc diffusion assay and broth dilution method against biofilm forming C. albicans. C. spectabilis leaves extract was assessed using XTT (2,3-bis [2-Methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay for biofilm quantification with positive control fluconazole. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) analysis further revealed reduction in C. albicans biofilm by C. spectabilis leaves extract. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The methanol extract of C. spectabilis showed a favorable antiyeast activity against C. albicans with MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) value of 6.25 mg/ml. Fluconazole and leaves extract showed 95.4% and 96.9% biofilm reduction respectively. The main changes observed under scanning electron microscopy after C. spectabilis leaves extract treatment were cellular damage and disruption in biofilms of C. albicans. The ultrastructural changes visualized by SEM were further confirmed using CLSM study. CONCLUSIONS The results from this research conclusively exhibit the in vitro anti-biofilm potential of C. spectabilis leaves extract against Candida biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Torey
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Sasidharan S, Sumathi V, Jegathambigai NR, Latha LY. Antihyperglycaemic effects of ethanol extracts of Carica papaya and Pandanus amaryfollius leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:1982-7. [PMID: 21707251 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.523703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global disease that is increasing in an alarming rate. The present study was undertaken to study the antidiabetic effect of the ethanol extracts of Carica papaya and Pandanus amaryfollius on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the body weight of the treated groups when compared to diabetic control. Whereas, there was significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the blood glucose level of the plant-treated groups compared to the diabetic control. Histologically the pancreas of the treated groups indicated significant regeneration of the β-cells when compared to the diabetic control. The liver tissues of the treated group indicated a reduction in fatty changes and pyknotic nucleus. The kidney tissues of the treated groups indicated significant recovery in the cuboidal tissue. The results from the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin and tannin in C. papaya and P. amaryfollius. The antidiabetic effect of C. papaya and P. amaryfollius observed in the present study may be due to the presence of these phytochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), University Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Basma AA, Zakaria Z, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:386-90. [PMID: 21771682 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess antioxidant activities of different parts of Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta), and to search for new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants. METHODS Samples of leaves, stems, flowers and roots from E. hirta were tested for total phenolic content, and flavonoids content and in vitro antioxidant activity by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power was measured using cyanoferrate method. RESULTS The leaves extract exhibited a maximum DPPH scavenging activity of (72.96±0.78)% followed by the flowers, roots and stems whose scavenging activities were (52.45±0.66)%, (48.59±0.97)%, and (44.42±0.94)%, respectively. The standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was (75.13±0.75)%. The IC(50) for leaves, flowers, roots, stems and BHT were 0.803, 0.972, 0.989, 1.358 and 0.794 mg/mL, respectively. The reducing power of the leaves extract was comparable with that of ascorbic acid and found to be dose dependent. Leaves extract had the highest total phenolic content [(206.17±1.95) mg GAE/g], followed by flowers, roots and stems extracts which were (117.08±3.10) mg GAE/g, (83.15±1.19) mg GAE/g, and (65.70±1.72) mg GAE/g, respectively. On the other hand, total flavonoids content also from leave had the highest value [(37.970±0.003) mg CEQ/g], followed by flowers, roots and stems extracts which were (35.200±0.002) mg CEQ/g, (24.350±0.006) mg CEQ/g, and (24.120±0.004) mg CEQ/g, respectively. HPTLC bioautography analysis of phenolic and antioxidant substance revealed phenolic compounds. Phytochemical screening of E. hirta leaf extract revealed the presence of reducing sugars, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavanoids and phenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS These results suggeste that E. hirta have strong antioxidant potential. Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents, which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Arra Basma
- Biology Division, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Latha LY, Darah I, Jain K, Sasidharan S. Effects of Vernonia cinerea less methanol extract on growth and morphogenesis of Candida albicans. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011; 15:543-549. [PMID: 21744750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Vernonia (V.) cinerea Less (Asteraceae) have many therapeutic uses in the practice of traditional medicine. The methanol extract of V cinerea, was screened for antiyeast activity against pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activities were studied by using disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. The effect of the extract on the growth profile of the yeast was also examined via time-kill assay. In addition to the fungicidal effects study, microscopic observations using Scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, Transmission (TEM) electron microscopy and light microscopy (LM) were done to determine the major alterations in the microstructure of Candida (C) albicans. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The extract showed a favorable antimicrobial activity against C. albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.56 mg/mL. Time-kill assay suggested that Vernonia cinerea extract had completely inhibited Candida albicans growth and also exhibited prolonged antiyeast activity. The main abnormalities notes from these microscopic observations were the alterations in morphology and complete collapse of the yeast cells after 36 h of exposure to the extract. CONCLUSION The extract of Vernonia cinerea may be an effective agent to treat the Candida albicans infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Yoga Latha
- School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Sahgal G, Ramanathan S, Sasidharan S, Mordi MN, Ismail S, Mansor SM. In vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity of Swietenia mahogani methanolic seed extract. Trop Biomed 2011; 28:132-137. [PMID: 21602779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Swietenia mahogani crude methanolic (SMCM) seed extract was investigated for the antifungal activity against Candida albicans which has not been evaluated previously. The antifungal activity was evaluated against C. albicans via disk diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and time killing profile. The MIC value of SMCM seed extract is 12.5 mg/ml. The SEM and TEM findings showed there is morphological changes and cytological destruction of C. albicans at the MIC value. Animal model was used to evaluate the in vivo antifungal activity of SMCM seed extract. The colony forming unit (CFU) were calculated per gram of kidney sample and per ml of blood sample respectively for control, curative and ketaconazole treated groups. There was significant reduction for the CFU/ml of blood and CFU/g of kidney. This indicated that the extract was observed to be effective against C. albicans in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sahgal
- Centre for Drug Research, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Yoga Latha L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011. [PMID: 22238476 DOI: 10.1625/jcam.8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations are discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Yoga Latha L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011; 8:1-10. [PMID: 22238476 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations are discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Sumathy V, Jothy Lachumy S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S. Effects of Stenochlaena palustris Leaf Extract on Growth and Morphogenesis of Food Borne Pathogen, Aspergillus niger. Malays J Nutr 2010; 16:439-446. [PMID: 22691997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Some synthetic preservatives have become controversial because they have been proven to cause health problems. These increased health concerns have led consumers to prefer food preservatives based on natural products. Hence, Stenochlaena palustris leaf extract was used in this study to evaluate the antifungal activity against food borne pathogen, Aspergillus niger. The value of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of leaf extract for this fungus grown on Potato Dextrose Agar medium was 50 mg/ml. IC50 value for the hyphal growth of A. niger was at a concentration of 17.41 mg/ml. Morphology changes of A. niger treated with the fern leaf extract was observed through scanning electron microscope. The thread-like and elongated hyphae cell wall was disrupted, with some appearing flattened and others being broken. Currently, there is growing interest in using natural food preservatives such as medicinal plant extracts for preserving foods to reduce outbreaks of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, S. palustris appears to have promise as a safe alternative natural product-based food preservative for future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sumathy
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Syahmi ARM, Vijayaratna S, Sasidharan S, Latha LY, Kwan YP, Lau YL, Shin LN, Chen Y. Acute oral toxicity and brine shrimp lethality of Elaeis guineensis Jacq., (oil palm leaf) methanol extract. Molecules 2010; 15:8111-21. [PMID: 21072022 PMCID: PMC6259233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) is widely used in West African traditional medicine for treating various ailments. An evaluation on the toxicity of extracts of this plant is crucial to support the therapeutic claims. The acute oral toxicity and brine shrimp lethality of a methanolic extract of this plant was tested. Oral administration of crude extract at the highest dose of 5,000 mg/kg resulted in no mortalities or evidence of adverse effects, implying that E. guineensis is nontoxic. Normal behavioral pattern, clinical signs and histology of vital organs confirm this evidence. The E. guineensis extracts screened for toxicity against brine shrimp had 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values of more than 1.0 mg/mL (9.00 and 3.87 mg/mL, at 6 and 24 h, respectively), confirming that the extract was not toxic. Maximum mortalities occurred at 100 mg/mL concentration while the least mortalities happened to be at 0.195 mg/mL concentration. The results of both tests confirm that E. guineensis is nontoxic and hence safe for commercial utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soundararajan Vijayaratna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mails: (L.Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mails: (L.Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mails: (L.Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuet Ping Kwan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mails: (L.Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mail: (Y.L.L.)
| | - Lai Ngit Shin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mails: (L.Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yeng Chen
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mails: (L.Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Yoga Latha L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2010; 8:1-10. [PMID: 22238476 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56936-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations are discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|