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Yang YJ, Zhang SB, Wang JH, Huang W. Photosynthetic regulation under fluctuating light in field-grown Cerasus cerasoides: A comparison of young and mature leaves. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2019; 1860:148073. [PMID: 31473302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is a potential target of photoinhibition under fluctuating light. However, photosynthetic regulation under fluctuating light in field-grown plants is little known. Furthermore, it is unclear how young leaves protect PSI against fluctuating light under natural field conditions. In the present study, we examined chlorophyll fluorescence, P700 redox state and the electrochromic shift signal in the young and mature leaves of field-grown Cerasus cerasoides (Rosaceae). Within the first seconds after any increase in light intensity, young leaves showed higher proton gradient (ΔpH) across the thylakoid membranes than the mature leaves, preventing over-reduction of PSI in the young leaves. As a result, PSI was more tolerant to fluctuating light in the young leaves than in the mature leaves. Interestingly, after transition from low to high light, the activity of cyclic electron flow (CEF) in young leaves increased first to a high level and then decreased to a stable value, while this rapid stimulation of CEF was not observed in the mature leaves. Furthermore, the over-reduction of PSI significantly stimulated CEF in the young leaves but not in the mature leaves. Taken together, within the first seconds after any increase in illumination, the stimulation of CEF favors the rapid lumen acidification and optimizes the PSI redox state in the young leaves, protecting PSI against photoinhibition under fluctuating light in field-grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ji-Hua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
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Kaur R, Gupta M, Singh S, Pandher S. Evaluation and validation of experimental condition-specific reference genes for normalization of gene expression in Asia II-I Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119058. [PMID: 31185291 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional genomics in whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is gaining impetus due to its polyphagous nature, worldwide distribution and recently sequenced whole genome. These studies require an in-depth evaluation and validation of reference genes in different development stages and variable experimental setups. Normalization with reference genes is an essential step in the gene expression studies. Rather than selecting a reference gene empirically, the suitability of these genes must be validated for an individual organism, its specific stage or even for particular experimental conditions. The Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has evolved as an efficient and widely used technique for precise monitoring of gene expression. The prime focus of this study was to identify candidate reference genes in different developmental stages (adults, nymphs, eggs), sex (male and female), hosts (Gossypium hirsutum, G. arboreum), and under insecticidal and starvation stress. Expression stability of these genes in different experimental samples was evaluated by employing five different computational algorithms such as NormFinder, BestKeeper, Comparative delta-CT, geNorm and RefFinder. Our results identified a different set of reference genes under each experimental setup such as electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO), ubiquitin (UBIQ) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as best reference genes in adult whitefly. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) in eggs, cyclophilin (CYCLOPH) in red eyed nymph, GAPDH in third instar, tubulin (Tub) in female, ubiquitin ribosomal protein S27 (UBIRPS2) in male, succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B (SDHB) under insecticidal stress, ETF-QO under starvation stress, UBIRPS2 under host influence were the top most stable genes. Our studies report the importance of selection of specific reference genes for accurate gene expression studies under various experimental setups in B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Mridula Gupta
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Satnam Singh
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India.
| | - Suneet Pandher
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
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Tahmasebi A, Hosseini SM, Karami A, Afsharifar A, Sharifi Olounabadi AR. Variation in essential oil composition of Rydingia michauxii at the three developmental stages. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:342-345. [PMID: 31140321 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1622112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the essential oil composition of Rydingia michauxii was evaluated during the dormant, vegetative and flowering stages. The major chemical constituents of R. michauxii at the dormant stage were eugenol (36.81%), eugenol acetate (21.02%), and carvacrol (9.35%). While the main chemical constituents for the vegetative stage were carvacrol (16.08%), eugenol (13.23%), cumin aldehyde (9.63%), and linalool (8.28%). In addition, carvacrol (14.20%), eugenol (8.98%), δ-cadinene (8.90%), caryophyllene oxide (8.43%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (7.07%) were the major volatile components during the flowering stage. Variation in chemical compositions of R. michauxii during the various developmental stages might be affected by environmental and climatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminallah Tahmasebi
- Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Plant Virology Research Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Hosseini
- Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Karami
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Rodrigues AS, De Vega JJ, Miguel CM. Comprehensive assembly and analysis of the transcriptome of maritime pine developing embryos. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:379. [PMID: 30594130 PMCID: PMC6310951 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are clear differences in embryo development between angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Most of the current knowledge on gene expression and regulation during plant embryo development has derived from studies on angiosperms species, in particular from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The few published studies on transcript profiling of conifer embryogenesis show the existence of many putative embryo-specific transcripts without an assigned function. In order to extend the knowledge on the transcriptomic expression during conifer embryogenesis, we sequenced the transcriptome of zygotic embryos for several developmental stages that cover most of Pinus pinaster (maritime pine) embryogenesis. RESULTS Total RNA samples collected from five zygotic embryo developmental stages were sequenced with Illumina technology. A de novo transcriptome was assembled as no genome sequence is yet published for Pinus pinaster. The transcriptome of reference for the period of zygotic embryogenesis in maritime pine contains 67,429 transcripts, which likely encode 58,527 proteins. The annotation shows a significant percentage, 31%, of predicted proteins exclusively present in pine embryogenesis. Functional categories and enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts evidenced carbohydrate transport and metabolism over-representation in early embryo stages, as highlighted by the identification of many putative glycoside hydrolases, possibly associated with cell wall modification, and carbohydrate transport transcripts. Moreover, the predominance of chromatin remodelling events was detected in early to middle embryogenesis, associated with an active synthesis of histones and their post-translational modifiers related to increased transcription, as well as silencing of transposons. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend the understanding of gene expression and regulation during zygotic embryogenesis in conifers and are a valuable resource to support further improvements in somatic embryogenesis for vegetative propagation of conifer species. Specific transcripts associated with carbohydrate metabolism, monosaccharide transport and epigenetic regulation seem to play an important role in pine early embryogenesis and may be a source of reliable molecular markers for early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia S. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José J. De Vega
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ UK
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Chen G, Klinkhamer PGL, Escobar-Bravo R, Leiss KA. Type VI glandular trichome density and their derived volatiles are differently induced by jasmonic acid in developing and fully developed tomato leaves: Implications for thrips resistance. Plant Sci 2018; 276:87-98. [PMID: 30348331 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the induction of plant defenses along the plant canopy can determine distribution and colonization of arthropod herbivores within the plant. In tomato, type VI glandular trichomes, which are epidermal defensive structures, and their derived volatiles are induced by the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). How JA-mediated induction of these trichome-associated chemical defenses depends on the leaf developmental stage and correlates with resistance against herbivory is unknown. We showed that application of JA reduced thrips-associated damage, however the amplitude of this response was reduced in the fully developed leaves compared to those still developing. Although JA increased type-VI trichome densities in all leaf developmental stages, as well as JA-inducible defensive proteins, these increases were stronger in developing leaves. Remarkably, the concentration of trichome-derived volatiles was induced by JA to a larger degree in developing leaves than in fully developed leaves. In fully developed leaves, the increase in trichome-derived volatiles was explained by an enhanced production per trichome, while in developing leaves this was mainly caused by increases in type-VI trichome densities. Together, we showed that JA-mediated induction of trichome density and chemistry depends on leaf development stage, and it might explain the degree of thrips-associated leaf damage in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Patricio-Gómez JM, Valdez RA, Veloz A, Aguilar-Vega L, Zurabian R, Romano MC. The synthesis of steroids by Taenia crassiceps WFU cysticerci and tapeworms is related to the developmental stages of the parasites. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 259:154-160. [PMID: 29174867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Taeniids tapeworms are hermaphroditic helminths that gradually develop testis and ovaries in their reproductive units. The larval stage of the tapeworms named cysticercus is a vesicle that contains the scolex and proliferates asexually in the abdominal cavity of mice. Once in the host, they evaginate, attach to the gut and develop into an adult organism, the tapeworm. We have previously reported reported that T. crassiceps ORF and solium cysticerci transform steroid precursors to androgens and estrogens. Taenia crassiceps WFU cysticerci can also synthesize corticosteroids. The aim of the present work is to investigate the relationship between steroid synthesis ability and the developmental stage of the parasite T. crassiceps WFU. To this purpose, cysticerci were obtained from the abdominal cavity of female mice, manually separated in invaginated (IC) and evaginated parasites (EC) and preincubated for 24 h in DMEM plus antibiotics/antimycotics. Next step consisted in incubation for different periods in the fresh media added with tritiated androstenedione (3H-A4) or progesterone (3H-P4) and incubated for different periods. Taenia crassiceps WFU tapeworms were recovered from the intestine of golden hamsters that had been orally infected with cysticerci. The worms were pre-cultured in DMEM plus FBS and antibiotics, and then incubated without FBS for different time periods, in the presence of 3H-A4 or 3H-P4. At the end of the experiments the media from cysticerci and tapeworms were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Results showed that testosterone synthesis was significantly higher in the evaginated cysticerci and increased with time in culture. The invaginated and evaginated cysticerci also synthesized small quantities of 17ß-estradiol (E2) and estrone. The evaginated cysticerci synthesized twice more 3H-deoxycorticosterone (3H-DOC) than the invaginated parasites, the production increased significantly with time in culture. Taenia crassiceps WFU tapeworms synthesized significant quantities of 3H-testosterone and small amounts of estrone after only 3 h of culture in the presence of 3H-A4. The tapeworms also transformed 3H-P4 to 3H-DOC and increased its synthesis after 24 h in culture. In summary, our data show the pathways that T. crassiceps WFU cysticerci use to synthesize sexual steroids in both larval developmental stages and reveals the steroidogenic capacity of the tapeworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Patricio-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV del I.P.N., México CdMx, Mexico
| | - R A Valdez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV del I.P.N., México CdMx, Mexico
| | - A Veloz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV del I.P.N., México CdMx, Mexico
| | - L Aguilar-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México CdMx, Mexico
| | - R Zurabian
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México CdMx, Mexico
| | - M C Romano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV del I.P.N., México CdMx, Mexico.
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Tyagi S, Sembi JK, Upadhyay SK. Gene architecture and expression analyses provide insights into the role of glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Plant Physiol 2018; 223:19-31. [PMID: 29471272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are redox sensor proteins that maintain a steady-state of H2O2 in plant cells. They exhibit distinct sub-cellular localization and have diverse functionality in response to different stimuli. In this study, a total of 14 TaGPX genes and three splice variants were identified in the genome of Triticum aestivum and evaluated for various physicochemical properties. The TaGPX genes were scattered on the various chromosomes of the A, B, and D sub-genomes and clustered into five homeologous groups based on high sequence homology. The majority of genes were derived from the B sub-genome and localized on chromosome 2. The intron-exon organization, motif and domain architecture, and phylogenetic analyses revealed the conserved nature of TaGPXs. The occurrence of both development-related and stress-responsive cis-acting elements in the promoter region, the differential expression of these genes during various developmental stages, and the modulation of expression in the presence of biotic and abiotic stresses suggested their diverse role in T. aestivum. The majority of TaGPX genes showed higher expression in various leaf developmental stages. However, TaGPX1-A1 was upregulated in the presence of each abiotic stress treatment. A co-expression analysis revealed the interaction of TaGPXs with numerous development and stress-related genes, which indicated their vital role in numerous biological processes. Our study revealed the opportunities for further characterization of individual TaGPX proteins, which might be useful in designing future crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivi Tyagi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh,160014, India
| | - Jaspreet K Sembi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh,160014, India
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Zhao H, Peng Z, Du Y, Xu K, Guo L, Yang S, Ma W, Jiang Y. Comparative antennal transcriptome of Apis cerana cerana from four developmental stages. Gene 2018; 660:102-108. [PMID: 29574189 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apis cerana cerana, an important endemic honey bee species in China, possesses valuable characteristics such as a sensitive olfactory system, good foraging ability, and strong resistance to parasitic mites. Here, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the antenna, the major chemosensory organ of the bee, using an Illumina sequencer, to identify typical differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in adult worker bees of different ages, namely, T1 (1 day); T2 (10 days); T3 (15 days); and T4 (25 days). Surprisingly, the expression levels of DEGs changed significantly between the T1 period and the other three periods. All the DEGs were classified into 26 expression profiles by trend analysis. Selected trend clusters were analyzed, and valuable information on gene expression patterns was obtained. We found that the expression levels of genes encoding cuticle proteins declined after eclosion, while those of immunity-related genes increased. In addition, genes encoding venom proteins and major royal jelly proteins were enriched at the T2 stage; small heat shock proteins showed significantly higher expression at the T3 stage; and some metabolism-related genes were more highly expressed at the T4 stage. The DEGs identified in this study may serve as a valuable resource for the characterization of expression patterns of antennal genes in A. cerana cerana. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the relationship between labor division in social bees and gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhu Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yali Du
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Lina Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Yusuo Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.
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Abstract
Root system formation to a great extent depends on lateral root (LR) formation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, LRs are initiated within a parent root in pericycle that is an external tissue of the stele. LR initiation takes place in a strictly acropetal pattern, whereas posterior lateral root primordium (LRP) formation is asynchronous. In this chapter, we focus on methods of genetic and phenotypic analysis of LR initiation, LRP morphogenesis, and LR emergence in Arabidopsis. We provide details on how to make cleared root preparations and how to identify the LRP stages. We also pay attention to the categorization of the LRP developmental stages and their variations and to the normalization of the number of LRs and LRPs formed, per length of the primary root, and per number of cells produced within a root. Hormonal misbalances and mutations affect LRP morphogenesis significantly, and the evaluation of LRP abnormalities is addressed as well. Finally, we deal with various molecular markers that can be used for genetic and phenotypic analyses of LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Napsucialy-Mendivil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Napiórkowska T, Kobak J, Napiórkowski P, Templin J. The effect of temperature and light on embryogenesis and post-embryogenesis of the spider Eratigena atrica (Araneae, Agelenidae). J Therm Biol 2017; 72:26-32. [PMID: 29496011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis and post-embryogenesis of spiders depend on several environmental factors including light and temperature. This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of different thermal and lighting conditions on embryonic and early post-embryonic development of Eratigena atrica. Embryos, larvae, nymphs I and II were incubated at constant temperatures of 12, 22, 25 and 32°C under three different light regimes: light, dark, light/dark. Extreme temperatures (12 and 32°C) significantly increased mortality of embryos (to 100%) and nymphs II, whereas larvae and nymphs I suffered reduced survival only at the lowest temperature. Moreover, the lowest temperature reduced the development rate of all stages. The impact of light conditions was less pronounced and more variable: constant light reduced the survival of nymphs I at lower temperatures, but increased that of larvae. Moreover, light increased the time of embryonic development and duration of nymphal stages, particularly at lower temperatures (12-22°C). Thus, the most optimal locations for spiders seem to be dark (though except larval stage) and warm (25°C) sites, where their development is fastest and mortality lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Napiórkowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Paweł Napiórkowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Julita Templin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland
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Al-Balbeesi HO, Al-Nahas NW, Baidas LF, Bin Huraib SM, Alhaidari R, Alwadai G. Correlation between skeletal maturation and developmental stages of canines and third molars among Saudi subjects. Saudi Dent J 2017; 30:74-84. [PMID: 30166875 PMCID: PMC6112366 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of using the developmental stages of the canines and third molars to predict the timing of skeletal maturity in the Saudi population. Material and methods The lateral cephalometric radiographs and orthopantograms of 239 Saudi patients, 106 males and 133 females, aged 9 to 21 years, were collected from several dental centers. Orthopantograms were used to assess the developmental stages of the upper and lower canine teeth and third molars using two popular methods: that of Nolla and that of Demirjian. Cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stage was assessed on the lateral cephalometric images according to the method of Baccetti et al. Trained observers with no knowledge of patient age or gender performed assessments. Data were analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient at a significance level of P ≤ .05. Result Skeletal CVM stages III and IV had a stronger correlation with mandibular left canine developmental stage than with maxillary canine developmental stage in the two methods used (correlation with Nolla stage 10 and Demirjian stage H: root completely formed with apex closed), especially for male patients (r = 0.700, P < .001). In contrast, the maxillary third molars at Nolla stages 5 and 7 (crown completed to 1/3 of the root formed) showed an association with CVM stages III and IV (r = 0.540 for females and r = 0.639 for males, P ≤ .001 for both) and with Demirjian stages D, E, and F. Males had slightly higher correlation values than females (r = 0.578 and 0.5010, respectively; P ≤ .001) at CVM stages III and IV. Interestingly, canine teeth showed a stronger correlation than third molars with skeletal maturation in Saudi children. Conclusion Dental developmental stages were highly correlated with CVM stages III and IV among Saudi subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana O. Al-Balbeesi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, 11545 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nadia W. Al-Nahas
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, 11545 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila F. Baidas
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 5967, 11432 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar M. Bin Huraib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, 11545 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roa'a Alhaidari
- College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Alwadai
- Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Izquierdo F, Moura H, Bornay-Llinares FJ, Sriram R, Hurtado C, Magnet Á, Fenoy S, Visvesvara G, Del Aguila C. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Encephalitozoon sp. spores and their developmental stages. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:560. [PMID: 29121996 PMCID: PMC5680761 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidia are intracellular obligate parasites traditionally associated with immunosuppressed patients; their detection in immunocompetent patients has increased, highlighting their possible importance as emerging pathogens. Detection of spores in stools, urine, body fluids and tissues is difficult and immunological techniques such as immunofluorescence have proved to be a useful and reliable tool in the diagnosis of human microsporidiosis. For this reason, we have produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for Encephalitozoon intestinalis (the second most frequent microsporidian infecting humans), and other Encephalitozoon species, that can be used in different diagnostic techniques. Results Seven MAbs were selected in accordance with their optical density (OD). Four (4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2) were isotype IgG2a; two (3A5 and 3C9) isotype IgG3, and one Mab, 1D7, IgM isotype. The selected monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridomas were characterized by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunoelectron microscopy (Immunogold) and in vitro cultures. The study by IFAT showed different behavior depending on the MAbs studied. The MAbs 4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2 showed reactivity against epitopes in the wall of the spore (exospore and endospore) epitopes located in Encephalitozoon sp. spores, whereas the MAbs 3A5, 1D7 and 3C9 showed reactivity against internal epitopes (cytoplasmic contents or sporoplasm) of E. intestinalis spores. All MAbs recognized the developing parasites in the in vitro cultures of E. intestinalis. Additionally, 59 formalin-fixed stool samples that had been previously analyzed were screened, with 26 (44%) presenting microsporidian spores (18 samples with E. intestinalis and 8 samples with Enterocytozoon bieneusi). Detection of microsporidian spores by microscopy was performed using Calcofluor stain, Modified Trichrome, Quick-Hot Gram Chromotrope, as well as IFAT using MAbs 4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2. The 4 MAbs tested clearly recognized the larger spores corresponding to E. intestinalis, but showed no reactivity with Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores. The mass spectrometry and proteomic study revealed that the Mabs 4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2 recognized the Spore Wall Protein 1 (SWP1) as the antigenic target. Conclusions The IFAT-positive MAbs exhibited excellent reactivity against spores and developmental stages, permitting their use in human and animal diagnosis. The epitopes recognized (exospore, endospore and cytoplasmic contents) by the different MAbs developed need further study, and may reveal potential targets for vaccine development, immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Izquierdo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain. .,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Hercules Moura
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Rama Sriram
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolina Hurtado
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Magnet
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Fenoy
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Del Aguila
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
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Sihi S, Maiti S, Bakshi S, Nayak A, Chaudhuri S, Sengupta DN. Understanding the role of DNA polymerase λ gene in different growth and developmental stages of Oryza sativa L. indica rice cultivars. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 120:156-168. [PMID: 29031161 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase λ (Pol λ) is the only member of DNA polymerase family X present in plants. The enzyme is ddNTP sensitive as it contains the conserved C-terminal Pol β domain. The 1.1 kb partial coding sequence isolated spanned the whole 3' regions of the gene containing functionally important domains of the Pol λ gene. Comparative in silico studies from both indica and japonica cultivars involving homology modelling showed that the model for the partial Pol λ gene was stable and acceptable. The alignment of both the protein models showed a RMS value of 0.783. Apart from this, expression of Pol λ and its relative activity is studied during different development stages of three different indica rice cultivars (IR29, Nonabokra and N22). Enhanced accumulation and higher activity of Pol λ during the early seedling stage was detected. Higher expression and activity were observed in the anthers, which was probably necessary for DNA repair during microspore formation. However, during the maturation stage of seed development and plant growth, expression and the activity of Pol λ decreased due to slow metabolic activity and a reduced rate of cell division respectively. Furthermore, the expression and activity of Pol λ were found to be higher in IR29 in comparison to Nonabokra and N22. IR29 is a rice cultivar susceptible to environmental stresses and hence it encounters higher DNA damages. The enhanced presence and activity of the Pol λ enzyme in IR29 with respect to the other two cultivars, which are more tolerant to the environmental stresses during various developmental stages, is therefore explainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sihi
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, 93/1 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Soumitra Maiti
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, 93/1 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sankar Bakshi
- Vidyasagar College for Women, 39 Sankar Ghosh Lane Kolkata 700006, India
| | - Arup Nayak
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, 93/1 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Shubho Chaudhuri
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
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Priyathilaka TT, Bathige SDNK, Herath HMLPB, Lee S, Lee J. Molecular identification of disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus) tetraspanin 33 and CD63: Insights into potent players in the disk abalone host defense system. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 69:173-184. [PMID: 28823981 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a superfamily of transmembrane proteins involved in a diverse range of physiological processes including differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell motility, and immune responses. In the present study, two tetraspanins, CD63 and tetraspanin 33 (TSPAN33) from disk abalone (AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33), were identified and characterized at the molecular level. The coding sequences for AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 encoded polypeptides of 234 and 290 amino acids (aa) with predicted molecular mass of 25.3 and 32.5 kDa, respectively. The deduced AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 protein sequences were also predicted to have a typical tetraspanin domain architecture, including four transmembrane domains (TM), short N- and C- terminal regions, a short intracellular loop, as well as a large and small extracellular loop. A characteristic CCG motif and cysteine residues, which are highly conserved across CD63 and TSPAN33 proteins of different species, were present in the large extracellular loop of both abalone tetraspanins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 clustered in the invertebrate subclade of tetraspanins, thus exhibiting a close relationship with tetraspanins of other mollusks. The AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 mRNA transcripts were detected at early embryonic development stages of disk abalone with significantly higher amounts at the trochophore stage, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in embryonic development. Both AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 were ubiquitously expressed in all the tissues of unchallenged abalones analyzed, with the highest expression levels found in hemocytes. Moreover, significant induction of AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 mRNA expression was observed in immunologically important tissues, such as hemocytes and gills, upon stimulation with live bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes), virus (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus), and two potent immune stimulators [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Collectively, these findings suggest that AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 are involved in innate immune responses in disk abalone during pathogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Sukkyoung Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Hadjipieri M, Georgiadou EC, Marin A, Diaz-Mula HM, Goulas V, Fotopoulos V, Tomás-Barberán FA, Manganaris GA. Metabolic and transcriptional elucidation of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in peel and flesh tissue of loquat fruit during on-tree development. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:102. [PMID: 28615062 PMCID: PMC5471668 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are the main colouring substances found in orange-fleshed loquat fruits. The aim of this study was to unravel the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of loquat fruit (cv. 'Obusa') in peel and flesh tissue during distinct on-tree developmental stages through a targeted analytical and molecular approach. RESULTS Substantial changes regarding colour parameters, both between peel and flesh and among the different developmental stages, were monitored, concomitant with a significant increment in carotenoid content. Key genes and individual compounds that are implicated in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were further dissected with the employment of molecular (RT-qPCR) and advanced analytical techniques (LC-MS). Results revealed significant differences in carotenoid composition between peel and flesh. Thirty-two carotenoids were found in the peel, while only eighteen carotenoids were identified in the flesh. Trans-lutein and trans-β-carotene were the major carotenoids in the peel; the content of the former decreased with the progress of ripening, while the latter registered a 7.2-fold increase. However, carotenoid profiling of loquat flesh indicated trans-β-cryptoxanthin, followed by trans-β-carotene and 5,8-epoxy-β-carotene to be the most predominant carotenoids. High amounts of trans-β-carotene in both tissues were supported by significant induction in a chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYCB) transcript levels. PSY1, ZDS, CYCB and BCH were up-regulated and CRTISO, LCYE, ECH and VDE were down-regulated in most of the developmental stages compared with the immature stage in both peel and flesh tissue. Overall, differential regulation of expression levels with the progress of on-tree fruit development was more evident in the middle and downstream genes of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Carotenoid composition is greatly affected during on-tree loquat development with striking differences between peel and flesh tissue. A link between gene up- or down-regulation during the developmental stages of the loquat fruit, and how their expression affects carotenoid content per tissue (peel or flesh) was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Hadjipieri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Egli C. Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Alicia Marin
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Huertas M. Diaz-Mula
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vlasios Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | | | - George A. Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
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Gao R, Li JJ. Correspondence of D. melanogaster and C. elegans developmental stages revealed by alternative splicing characteristics of conserved exons. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:234. [PMID: 28302059 PMCID: PMC5353869 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report a statistical study to find correspondence of D. melanogaster and C. elegans developmental stages based on alternative splicing (AS) characteristics of conserved cassette exons using modENCODE RNA-seq data. We identify “stage-associated exons” to capture the AS characteristics of each stage and use these exons to map pairwise stages within and between the two species by an overlap test. Results Within fly and worm, adjacent developmental stages are mapped to each other, i.e., a strong diagonal pattern is observed as expected, supporting the validity of our approach. Between fly and worm, two parallel mapping patterns are observed between fly early embryos to early larvae and worm life cycle, and between fly late larvae to adults and worm late embryos to adults. We also apply this approach to compare tissues and cells from fly and worm. Findings include the high similarity between fly/worm adults and fly/worm embryos, groupings of fly cell lines, and strong mappings of fly head tissues to worm late embryos and male adults. Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses provide a detailed functional annotation of the identified stage-associated exons, as well as a functional explanation of the observed correspondence map between fly and worm developmental stages. Conclusions Our results suggest that AS dynamics of the exon pairs that share similar DNA sequences are informative for finding transcriptomic similarity of biological samples. Our study is innovative in two aspects. First, to our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive study of AS events in fly and worm developmental stages, tissues, and cells. AS events provide an alternative perspective of transcriptome dynamics, compared to gene expression events. Second, our results do not entirely rely on the information of orthologous genes. Interesting results are also observed for fly and worm cassette exon pairs with DNA sequence similarity but not in orthologous gene pairs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3600-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Gao
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jingyi Jessica Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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67
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Gan Y, Tao H, Guan J, Zhou S. iHMS: a database integrating human histone modification data across developmental stages and tissues. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:103. [PMID: 28187703 PMCID: PMC5303264 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in chromatin states are critical to the multiplicity of cell states. Recently genome-wide histone modification maps of diverse human developmental stages and tissues have been charted. Description To facilitate the investigation of epigenetic dynamics and regulatory mechanisms in cellular differentiation processes, we developed iHMS, an integrated human histone modification database that incorporates massive histone modification maps spanning different developmental stages, lineages and tissues (http://www.tongjidmb.com/human/index.html). It also includes genome-wide expression data of different conditions, reference gene annotations, GC content and CpG island information. By providing an intuitive and user-friendly query interface, iHMS enables comprehensive query and comparative analysis based on gene names, genomic region locations, histone modification marks and cell types. Moreover, it offers an efficient browser that allows users to visualize and compare multiple genome-wide histone modification maps and related expression profiles across different developmental stages and tissues. Conclusion iHMS is of great helpfulness to understand how global histone modification state transitions impact cellular phenotypes across different developmental stages and tissues in the human genome. This extensive catalog of histone modification states thus presents an important resource for epigenetic and developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglan Gan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Guan
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuigeng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing and School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Archana M, D'Souza PE, Patil J. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on developmental stages of house fly, Musca domestica. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:782-794. [PMID: 28848279 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The housefly, Musca domestica is a major domestic, medical and veterinary pest. The management of these flies reliance on insecticide, causes environmental constraints, insecticide resistance and residues in the meat, skin. Therefore one of the eco-friendly alternate methods is by using biological agents such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). In the present study evaluated the survival of EPN species Steinernema feltiae, Heterorhabditis indica, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri and S. abbasi in poultry manure and also their efficacy against different developmental stages of house fly. After exposing to poultry manure, S. feltiae showed more survival as followed by H. indica, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri and S. abbasi in all exposition period. When the exposition period extended to 96 h, all nematode species survivability was drastically reduced. After exposing these nematodes to poultry manure at 24 h their virulence capacity against wax moth, Galleria mellonella showed all the nematode species were able cause 100% mortality. However their progeny production was significantly reduced. Fly eggs and pupae were refractory to these nematode infection. Petri dish without artificial diet assay showed that, second and 3rd-instar larvae were highly susceptible to EPNs as compared to larvae provided with artificial diet. H. indica showed high virulence capacity compared to other nematodes tested. Poultry manure assay revealed that, H. indica and S. carpocapsae caused minimal mortality where as S. feltiae, S. glaseri and S. abbasi did not cause any mortality. This may be because of poor survival and limited movement of nematodes in poultry manure which may be due to ammonia, other toxic substances in poultry manure. The decrease in larval mortality in manure suggests that biocontrol of housefly by using EPNs is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Archana
- Centre of Advanced Faculty Training, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Placid E D'Souza
- Centre of Advanced Faculty Training, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Jagadeesh Patil
- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 560024 India
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Félix LM, Antunes LM, Coimbra AM, Valentim AM. Behavioral alterations of zebrafish larvae after early embryonic exposure to ketamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:549-558. [PMID: 27933364 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ketamine has been associated with pediatric risks that include neurocognitive impairment and long-term behavioral disorders. However, the neurobehavioral effects of ketamine exposure in early development remain uncertain. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test stage- and dose-dependent effects of ketamine exposure on certain brain functions by evaluating alterations in locomotion, anxiety-like and avoidance behaviors, as well as socialization. METHODS Embryos were exposed to different concentrations of ketamine (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg mL-1) for 20 min during the 256-cell (2.5 h post fertilization-hpf), 50% epiboly (5.5 hpf), and 1-4 somites (10.5 hpf) stages. General exploratory activities, natural escape-like responses, and social interactions were analyzed under continuous light or under a moving light stimulus. RESULTS A dose-dependent decrease in the overall mean speed was perceived in the embryos exposed during the 256-cell stage. These results were related to previously observed head and eye malformations, following ketamine exposure at this stage and may indicate possible neurobehavioral disorders when ketamine exposure is performed at this stage. Results also showed that ketamine exposure during the 50% epiboly and 1-4 somites stages induced a significant increment of the anxiety-like behavior and a decrease in avoidance behavior in all exposed groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results validate the neurodevelopmental risks of early-life exposure to ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luís M Antunes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana M Coimbra
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana M Valentim
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Analyzing pollen quality in an efficient and reliable manner is of great importance to the industries involved in seed and fruit production, plant breeding, and plant research. Pollen quality parameters, viability and germination capacity, are analyzed by various staining methods or by in vitro germination assays, respectively. These methods are time-consuming, species-dependent, and require a lab environment. Furthermore, the obtained viability data are often poorly related to in vivo pollen germination and seed set. Here, we describe a quick, label-free method to analyze pollen using microfluidic chips inserted into an impedance flow cytometer (IFC). Using this approach, pollen quality parameters are determined by a single measurement in a species-independent manner. The advantage of this protocol is that pollen viability and germination can be analyzed quickly by a reliable and standardized method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Heidmann
- Acepo, Seyndersloot 20, 1602, HA, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
- Enza Zaden Research and Development B.V., Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
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Chen K, Tsutsumi Y, Yoshitake S, Qiu X, Xu H, Hashiguchi Y, Honda M, Tashiro K, Nakayama K, Hano T, Suzuki N, Hayakawa K, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. Alteration of development and gene expression induced by in ovo-nanoinjection of 3-hydroxybenzo[c]phenanthrene into Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 182:194-204. [PMID: 27930992 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[c]phenanthrene (BcP) is a highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) found throughout the environment. In fish, it is metabolized to 3-hydroxybenzo[c]phenanthrene (3-OHBcP). In the present study, we observed the effects of 1nM 3-OHBcP on the development and gene expression of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Embryos were nanoinjected with the chemical after fertilization. Survival, developmental stage, and heart rate of the embryos were observed, and gene expression differences were quantified by messenger RNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq). The exposure to 1nM 3-OHBcP accelerated the development of medaka embryos on the 1st, 4th, and 6th days post fertilization (dpf), and increased heart rates significantly on the 5th dpf. Physical development differences of exposed medaka embryos were consistent with the gene expression profiles of the mRNA-Seq results for the 3rd dpf, which show that the expression of 780 genes differed significantly between the solvent control and 1nM 3-OHBcP exposure groups. The obvious expression changes in the exposure group were found for genes involved in organ formation (eye, muscle, heart), energy supply (ATPase and ATP synthase), and stress-response (heat shock protein genes). The acceleration of development and increased heart rate, which were consistent with the changes in mRNA expression, suggested that 3-OHBcP affects the development of medaka embryos. The observation on the developmental stages and heart beat, in ovo-nanoinjection and mRNA-Seq may be efficient tools to evaluate the effects of chemicals on embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hai Xu
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | | | - Masato Honda
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hano
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi-shi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Perera NCN, Godahewa GI, Lee J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus): Roles in early development and immunity-related transcriptional responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 59:57-65. [PMID: 27765698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in the regulation of cellular events by mediating signal transduction pathways. MAPK1 is a member of the extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERKs), playing roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and development. This is mainly in response to growth factors, mitogens, and many environmental stresses. In the current study, we have characterized the structural features of a homolog of MAPK1 from disk abalone (AbMAPK1). Further, we have unraveled its expressional kinetics against different experimental pathogenic infections or related chemical stimulants. AbMAPK1 harbors a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 23 bps, a coding sequence of 1104 bps, and a 3' UTR of 448 bp. The putative peptide comprises a predicted molecular mass of 42.2 kDa, with a theoretical pI of 6.28. Based on the in silico analysis, AbMAPK1 possesses two N-glycosylation sites, one S_TK catalytic domain, and a conserved His-Arg-Asp domain (HRD). In addition, a conservative glycine rich ATP-phosphate-binding loop and a threonine-x-tyrosine motif (TEY) important for the autophosphorylation were also identified in the protein. Homology assessment of AbMAPK1 showed several conserved regions, and ark clam (Aplysia californica) showed the highest sequence identity (87.9%). The phylogenetic analysis supported close evolutionary kinship with molluscan orthologs. Constitutive expression of AbMAPK1 was observed in six different tissues of disk abalone, with the highest expression in the digestive tract, followed by the gills and hemocytes. Highest AbMAPK1 mRNA expression level was detected at the trochophore developmental stage, suggesting its role in abalone cell differentiation and proliferation. Significant modulation of AbMAPK1 expression under pathogenic stress suggested its putative involvement in the immune defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C N Perera
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Chen J, Fan L, Du Y, Zhu W, Tang Z, Li N, Zhang D, Zhang L. Temporal and spatial expression and function of TaDlea3 in Triticum aestivum during developmental stages under drought stress. Plant Sci 2016; 252:290-299. [PMID: 27717465 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major factor limiting wheat growth and productivity. Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are tolerant to water-related stress. To reveal the regulatory mechanisms of LEA proteins under drought stress, we cloned a novel group 3 LEA gene, namely, TaDlea3, from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Shaanhe 6. Subcellular localization assay showed that TaDlea3 protein accumulated in the cytoplasm. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that TaDlea3 expression was induced by drought stress. Western blot results indicated that TaDlea3 protein expression gradually increased with drought stress during four different developmental stages. Under normal conditions, no obvious phenotype difference was observed between the transgenic and wild-type seedlings. Meanwhile, the overexpression of TaDlea3 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced tolerance to drought stress, as determined by the assessment of antioxidant enzyme activities. Our results provide a basis for highly detailed functional analyses of LEA proteins and offer a promising approach for improving the tolerances of wheat cultivars to drought stress through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Lei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Ya Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Weining Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi' an 710069, PR China
| | - Ziqin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Linsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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Gupta R, Lee SJ, Min CW, Kim SW, Park KH, Bae DW, Lee BW, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Kim ST. Coupling of gel-based 2-DE and 1-DE shotgun proteomics approaches to dig deep into the leaf senescence proteome of Glycine max. J Proteomics 2016; 148:65-74. [PMID: 27474340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development that re-mobilizes nutrients from the source to sink. Here, we have utilized the soybean as a model system to unravel senescence-associated proteins (SAPs). A comparative proteomics approach was used at two contrasting stages of leaf development, namely mature (R3) and senescent (R7). Selection criteria for these two stages were the contrasting differences in their biochemical parameters - chlorophyll, carotenoids and malondialdehyde contents. Proteome analysis involved subjecting the total leaf proteins to 15% poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) pre-fractional method to enrich the low-abundance proteins (LAPs) and their analyses by gel-based 2-DE and 1-DE shotgun proteomics approaches. 2-DE profiling of PEG-supernatant and -pellet fractions detected 153 differential spots between R3 and R7 stages, of which 102 proteins were identified. In parallel, 1-DE shotgun proteomics approach identified 598 and 534 proteins in supernatant and pellet fractions of R3 and R7 stages, respectively. MapMan and Gene Ontology analyses showed increased abundance and/or specific accumulation of proteins related to jasmonic acid biosynthesis and defense, while proteins associated with photosynthesis and ROS-detoxification were decreased during leaf senescence. These findings and the generated datasets further our understanding on leaf senescence at protein level, providing a resource for the scientific community. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Leaf senescence is a major biological event in the life cycle of plants that leads to the recycling of nutrients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf senescence still remain poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of gel-based 2-DE and 1-DE shotgun proteomics approaches to dig deeper into the leaf senescence proteome using soybean leaf as a model experimental material. For the identification of low-abundance proteins, polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation was employed and both PEG-supernatant and -pellet fractions were utilized for 2-DE and shotgun proteomic analysis. A total of 1234 (102 from 2-DE and 1132 from 1-DE shotgun proteome analysis) proteins were identified which were functionally annotated using GO and MapMan bioinformatics tools. Our results also emphasize the role of jasmonic acid in soybean leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ji Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-707, Republic of Korea
| | - So Wun Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Park
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Center for Research Facilities, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Won Lee
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang 627-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 13265, Kathmandu, Nepal; GRADE Academy Private Limited, Adarsh Nagar-13, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 13265, Kathmandu, Nepal; GRADE Academy Private Limited, Adarsh Nagar-13, Birgunj, Nepal; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences and Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-707, Republic of Korea.
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Monte TCDC, Garcia J, Gentile R, de Vasconcellos MC, Souza J, Braga BV, Maldonado A. In vivo and in vitro effects of the herbicide Roundup(®) on developmental stages of the trematode Echinostoma paraensei. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:43-50. [PMID: 27373431 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of wildlife and humans to toxic residues of Roundup(®) through agricultural practices or the food chain has been reported since the herbicide was found contaminating rivers. Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine acid, is a nonselective post-emergent herbicide and is formulated as an isopropylamine salt with the surfactant taloamine polyethoxylate (POEA) representing the commercial formulation of Roundup(®). There is little knowledge about the effects of the herbicide on helminth parasites, particularly those whose life cycle is related to water bodies. Here we investigated the effects of the Roundup(®) on the food-borne trematode Echinostoma paraensei in experimental conditions using different developmental stages (eggs, miracidia, cercariae, metacercariae, newly excysted larvae (NEL), helminths at seven days and helminths at fourteen days). Three different herbicide concentrations were tested based on concentrations typically applied in the field: 225, 450 and 900 mg/L. Specimens were analyzed in vitro for hatching miracidia, mortality and excystment rate of metacercariae and in vivo for parasitic load and egg production. There was a significant difference in the hatching miracidia rate only for the newly embryonated eggs. The mortality of specimens and excystment rate of metacercariae were concentration-dependent. There was a significant difference in the miracidia mortality with respect to concentration until 56.3 mg/L. The same effect was observed for cercariae, and mortality was observed from 15 min onwards at concentrations of 225-900 mg/L. At low concentrations, mortality was detected after 30 min. The effects of the herbicide concentration on NEL and on helminths at seven and fourteen days showed a significant difference after 24 h. There was no significant difference in parasitic load and egg production after infection of rodents with exposed metacercariae. All developmental stages of the trematode E. paraensei were affected by Roundup(®) exposure under experimental conditions. These results suggest that dynamics of transmission of the trematode could be affected in the natural environments. The study also reinforces the usefulness of this trematode as a good model organism to test pesticides regarding human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá C de C Monte
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juberlan Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana Gentile
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Joyce Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brunna V Braga
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Yu SH, Yang P, Sun T, Qi Q, Wang XQ, Xu DL, Chen XM. Identification and evaluation of reference genes in the Chinese white wax scale insect Ericerus pela. Springerplus 2016; 5:791. [PMID: 27390632 PMCID: PMC4916112 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, is a well-known resource insect. The females and males are dramatically distinct at each developmental stage. We sought to identify suitable reference genes to use as internal controls in molecular research on E. plea. RESULTS geNorm, RefFinder and Normfinder analyses showed that ßTub-2 was the best reference gene throughout different developmental stages; SdhA-1 was the most stable reference gene in different tissues, and ßTub-1 was the most reliable reference gene under treatment with different temperatures. The results also showed that the optimal number of reference genes for analyzing target gene expression levels in the three experimental conditions was two. CONCLUSIONS The identified reference genes are suitable reference genes for normalization in RT-qPCR of E. pela samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Yu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Pu Yang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Tao Sun
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Qian Qi
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Xue-Qing Wang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Dong-Li Xu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650224 China
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Rao G, Sui J, Zhang J. Metabolomics reveals significant variations in metabolites and correlations regarding the maturation of walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Biol Open 2016; 5:829-36. [PMID: 27215321 PMCID: PMC4920193 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The content of walnut metabolites is related to its nutritive value and physiological characteristics, however, comprehensive information concerning the metabolome of walnut kernels is limited. In this study we analyzed the metabolites of walnut kernels at five developmental stages from filling to ripening using GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics; of a total 252 peaks identified, 85 metabolites were positively identified. Further statistical analysis revealed that these 85 metabolites covered different types of metabolism pathways. PCA scores revealed that the metabolic compositions of the embryo are different at each stage, while the metabolic composition of the endotesta could not be significantly separated into distinct groups. Additionally, 7225 metabolite-metabolite correlations were detected in walnut kernel by a Pearson correlation coefficient approach; during screening of the calculated correlations, 463 and 1047 were determined to be significant with r2≥0.49 and had a false discovery rate (FDR) ≤0.05 in endotesta and embryo, respectively. This work provides the first comprehensive metabolomic study of walnut kernels and reveals that most of the carbohydrate and protein-derived carbon was transferred into other compounds, such as fatty acids, during the maturation of walnuts, which may potentially provide the basis for further studies on walnut kernel metabolism. Summary: This work provides a comprehensive metabolomic study of walnut kernels and reveals most of the carbohydrate and protein-derived carbons were transferred into other compounds during the maturation of walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Republic of China Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, Republic of China
| | - Jinkai Sui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Republic of China Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, Republic of China
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Hashemian S, O'Rourke C, Phillips JB, Strömberg I, Af Bjerkén S. Embryonic and mature astrocytes exert different effects on neuronal growth in rat ventral mesencephalic slice cultures. Springerplus 2015; 4:558. [PMID: 26435904 PMCID: PMC4586178 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One obstacle with grafting of dopamine neurons in Parkinson’s disease is the insufficient ability of the transplant to reinnervate the host striatum. Another issue is the prospective interaction between the donor fetal tissue and the adult astrocytes of the host. To study nerve fiber growth and its interaction with immature/mature astrocytes, ventral mesencephalic (VM) organotypic rat tissue cultures from embryonic days (E) 12, E14, and E18 were studied up to 35 days in vitro (DIV), and co-cultures of E14 VM tissue and mature green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive astrocytes were performed. Generally, nerve fibers grew from the tissue slice either in association with a monolayer of migrated astroglia surrounding the tissue (glial-associated), or distal to the astroglia as non-glial-associated outgrowth. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive glial-associated nerve fiber outgrowth reached a plateau at 21 DIV in E12 and E14 cultures. In E18 cultures, TH-positive neurons displayed short processes and migrated onto the astrocytes. While the non-glial-associated nerve fiber outgrowth dominated the E14 cultures, it was found absent in E18 cultures. The GFP-positive cells in the VM and GFP-positive astrocyte co-cultures were generally located distal to the monolayer of migrated fetal astrocytes, a few GFP-positive cells were however observed within the astrocytic monolayer. In those cases TH-positive neurons migrated towards the GFP-positive cells. Both the non-glial- and glial-associated nerve fibers grew onto the GFP-positive cells. Taken together, the glial-associated growth has limited outgrowth compared to the non-glial-associated nerve fibers, while none of the outgrowth types were hampered by the mature astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Hashemian
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caitriona O'Rourke
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK ; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD UK
| | - James B Phillips
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK ; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD UK
| | - Ingrid Strömberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Af Bjerkén
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
In the central nervous system, NG2-glia are the cells responsible for the generation of mature oligodendrocytes during development and adulthood. Some studies could show that NG2-glia can give origin also to astrocytes and neurons, a property that makes them similar to neural stem cells. Beside their important role as progenitors, NG2-glia are believed also to have more functions due to their unique interaction with neurons through synapses. It is however not clear whether these features are common to all NG2-glia or different subpopulations of NG2-glia devoted to different functions exist. Therefore the aim of this review is to highlight the state of the art on NG2-glia heterogeneity from development to adulthood and in different brain areas, and discuss the impact of it on our understanding of the glial neurobiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Viganò
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - L Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systemic Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany.
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Manivannan S. Toxicity of phosphine on the developmental stages of rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst over a range of concentrations and exposures. J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52:6810-5. [PMID: 26396434 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of the developmental stages of rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum to a range of concentrations of phosphine over varying durations from 24 to 168 h was reconnoitered in the laboratory at 25 ± 2 °C. Responses of the life stages exposed to phosphine were compared with those of un-treated controls over 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 h exposures and mortality was assessed after 14 days. Among the life stages tested, pupae were more tolerant to phosphine followed by the egg and the larval instars. At 24 h, the maximum LC50 value was observed in case of egg; 1.571 mgL(-1); followed by the pupae, 6(th) instar, 4(th) instar and 2(nd) instar larvae with LC50 values of 1.184, 0.336, 0.212 and 0.081 mgL(-1) respectively. However, continued exposure of the developmental stages to phosphine, recorded maximum LC values in the pupae followed by egg and the larval instars. A linear increase in the mortality response was witnessed in all the insect stages when the exposure periods were extended from 24 to 168 h with increasing concentrations of phosphine, conversely significant increase in mortality was greatly apparent during the initial treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manivannan
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
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81
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Huang NC, Yu TS. A pin-fasten grafting method provides a non-sterile and highly efficient method for grafting Arabidopsis at diverse developmental stages. Plant Methods 2015; 11:38. [PMID: 26157472 PMCID: PMC4495618 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher plants have evolved sophisticated communication systems to integrate environmental stimuli into their developmental programs. Grafting provides a powerful technique to examine transportation and systemic effects of mobile molecules. In Arabidopsis, many grafting approaches have been developed to investigate systemic molecules. However, these methods are usually limited to specific developmental stages or require sterilized conditions. To broaden the application of grafting for examining systemic signals at diverse developmental stages, we developed an Arabidopsis pin-fasten grafting method with insect pins used to assemble stocks and scions. RESULTS We report the step-by-step protocol of Arabidopsis pin-fasten grafting. Arabidopsis wild-type or gl1-1 plants were grown under long- or short-day conditions. Insect pins were inserted into gl1-1 scions at different developmental stages for grafting onto epicotyls or hypocotyls of stocks. Successfully grafted scions with newly developed glabrous leaves were observed at 14 days after grafting. Further longitudinal sections of the graft union showed well-connected vascular tissues between grafted plants. Use of fluorescent phloem-limited dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate in grafted plants demonstrated a symplastic connection established at 6 days after grafting and almost fully developed at 8 days. CONCLUSIONS Our method provides a simple and robust approach to grafting Arabidopsis at different developmental stages. Sterilized conditions are not required, which greatly improves the success of grafting and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Chen Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shin Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
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El Senousy AS, Farag MA, Al-Mahdy DA, Wessjohann LA. Developmental changes in leaf phenolics composition from three artichoke cvs. (Cynara scolymus) as determined via UHPLC-MS and chemometrics. Phytochemistry 2014; 108:67-76. [PMID: 25301664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The metabolomic differences in phenolics from leaves derived from 3 artichoke cultivars (Cynara scolymus): American Green Globe, French Hyrious and Egyptian Baladi, collected at different developmental stages, were assessed using UHPLC-MS coupled to chemometrics. Ontogenic changes were considered as leaves were collected at four different time intervals and positions (top and basal) during artichoke development. Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (O2PLS-DA) were used for comparing and classification of samples harvested from different cultivars at different time points and positions. A clear separation among the three investigated cultivars was revealed, with the American Green Globe samples found most enriched in caffeic acid conjugates and flavonoids vs. other cultivars. Furthermore, these metabolites also showed a marked effect on the discrimination between leaf samples from cultivars harvested at different positions, regardless of the plant age. Metabolite absolute quantifications further confirmed that discrimination was mostly influenced by phenolic compounds, namely caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids. This study demonstrates an effect of artichoke leaf position, regardless of plant age, on its secondary metabolites composition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for compositional differences among artichoke leaves, based on their positions, via a metabolomic approach and suggesting that top positioned artichoke leaves present a better source of caffeoylquinic acids, compared to basal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S El Senousy
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dalia A Al-Mahdy
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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83
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Olaniyi WA, Omitogun OG. Embryonic and larval developmental stages of African giant catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1809) (Teleostei, Clariidae). Springerplus 2014; 3:677. [PMID: 25512884 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dearth of African giant catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis seeds poses great threat to its aquaculture and biodiversity, hence detailed knowledge and understanding of its embryology is indispensable for its artificial propagation and conservation programmes. Photomicrographs of extruded oocyte through all developmental cell stages of live embryo to larval stage are documented with the aid of a light microscope. The optical transparency of the developing embryo enabled us to describe its deep structures, distinctive features and characterize the stages pictorially. Extruded oocyte had a mean diameter of 1 ± 0.1 mm, ~20% increase when hydrated, and bounded by double thin perivitelline membranes. The first mitotic cleavage occurred at 69 min post-fertilization (pf) resulting in 2, 4 (2 × 2 array of cells), 8 (2 × 4), 16 (4 × 4), 32 (4 × 8), 64 (2 × 4 × 8) blastomeres, then developed to morula, blastula and gastrula stages. Blastula was featured by formation of enveloping layer and yolk syncytial layer. Onset of epiboly at 3 h 57 min depicted the commencement of gastrula while closure of blastopore at 11 h 8 min marked its completion. Neurulation period was distinct from segmentation where organogenesis was fully active. Embryo sudden muscular contraction was noticed at ~17 h pf, increased prior to hatching with caudal locomotion firstly at 42 s interval. Heartbeat of embryo commenced at ~1 h before its unique eclosion at average of 72 beats/min while first larva emerged at 21 h at a controlled temperature of 28.5 ± 0.5°C. Mean total length (TL) of larvae and their pouch thickness were 5 ± 1 mm and 0.05 ± 0.02 mm respectively. 1 –day old larvae revealed 8 distinctive neuromeres and by day 3, epicanthus folds of the eyes were fully uncovered; and thereafter commenced exogenous feeding. At day 4, larvae recorded mean TL of 9 ± 1 mm and 15 caudal fin rays. The fin bifurcation to dorsal and adipose fins was observed at third and half weeks post-hatchability with the dorsal fin length to adipose fin was 1.7:1. This study, for the first time, presents significant morpho-sequential developmental stages of H. bidorsalis and registers its unique form of eclosion.
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84
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Manfrino RG, Gutiérrez AC, Steinkraus DC, Salto CE, López Lastra CC. Prevalence of entomophthoralean fungi (Entomophthoromycota) of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on solanaceous crops in Argentina. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 121:21-3. [PMID: 24956128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Solanum melongena L. and Capsicum annuum L. were sampled in Argentina to determine the prevalence of fungal diseased aphids. The pathogens identified were Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudière & Hennebert) Humber and Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) on aphids from eggplants; and P. neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) on aphids from peppers. The highest fungal prevalence was 45.5% (n=2296) and 98.1% (n=3212) from aphids on eggplants and peppers, respectively. In both crops, significant differences were found on number of infected aphids among developmental stages. P.neoaphidis and E. planchoniana caused epizootics in M. persicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Manfrino
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Área Investigación Agronomía, Protección Vegetal, Ruta Nacional 34, Km. 227, Rafaela 2300, Santa Fe, Argentina; Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 2, nro. 584, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - A C Gutiérrez
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 2, nro. 584, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D C Steinkraus
- Department of Entomology, 321 AGRI, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - C E Salto
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Área Investigación Agronomía, Protección Vegetal, Ruta Nacional 34, Km. 227, Rafaela 2300, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C C López Lastra
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 2, nro. 584, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Though technical aspects of surgical practice are commonly emphasized, communication is the most frequent "procedure" employed by surgeons. A good patient-physician relationship enhances the quality of surgical care by improving outcomes and patient and family satisfaction. There are general principles that can enhance communication with all children and families. Employing a developmentally sensitive approach that adjusts communication style based on a child's cognitive abilities and emotional concerns can further enhance the relationship with children of different ages. These communication skills can be learned and are improved by practice and self-reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rackley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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86
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Abstract
This paper attempts to suggest a more 'natural' mode of computation; one that can fail if carried out too long, and that might be deployed differently in different contexts. The developmental process of dissipative structures is brought to bear on this question, as well as hierarchical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley N Salthe
- Biology, City University of New York, New York; Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, New York.
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87
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Pyeon HJ, Lee YI. Differential expression levels of synaptophysin through developmental stages in hippocampal region of mouse brain. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:97-102. [PMID: 22822464 PMCID: PMC3398181 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of neural synapses according to the development and growth of neurite were usually studied with various markers. Of these markers, synaptophysin is a kind of synaptic protein located in the synaptic vesicle of neuron or neuroendocrine cell known to be distributed consistently in all neural synapses. The purpose of this study was to investigate differential expression levels and patterns of synaptic marker (synaptophysin) in the mouse hippocampal region according to the developmental stages of embryonic, neonatal, and adulthood respectively. In the embryonic and neonatal groups, synaptophysin immunofluorescence was almost defined to cornu ammonis subfields (CA1 and CA3) of hippocampus and subiculum proper in the hippocampal region. However in dentate gyrus, synaptophysin immunoreactivities were insignificant or absent in all developmental stages. In embryonic and neonatal hippocampus, the intensities of immunofluorescence were significantly different between molecular and oriens layers. Furthermore, those intensities were decreased considerably in both layers of neonatal group compared to embryonic. The results from this study will contribute to characterizing synaptogenic activities in the central nervous system through developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jang Pyeon
- Department of NanoBio Medical Science, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young-Il Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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