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Zhang H, Pang Y, Luo Y, Li X, Chen H, Han S, Jiang X, Zhu F, Hou H, Hu Q. Enantiomeric composition of nicotine in tobacco leaf, cigarette, smokeless tobacco, and e-liquid by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Chirality 2018; 30:923-931. [PMID: 29722457 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the source of nicotine in e-liquid is a problem. Tobacco-derived nicotine contains predominantly (S)-(-)-nicotine, whereas tobacco-free nicotine products may not. Thus, we developed a new normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography method to determinate the enantiomeric composition of nicotine in 10 kinds of flue-cured tobacco, 3 kinds of burley, 1 kind of cigar tobacco, 2 kinds of oriental tobacco, 5 kinds of Virginia cigarette, 5 kinds of blend cigarette, 10 kinds of e-liquid, and 4 kinds of smokeless tobacco. The amount of (R)-(+)-nicotine ranged from ~0.02% to ~0.76% of total nicotine. An e-liquid sample had the highest level of (R)-(+)-nicotine. The extraction and purification processes used to obtain commercial (S)-(-)-nicotine from the tobacco do not decrease the amount of (R)-(+)-nicotine in tobacco. So the amount of (R)-(+)-nicotine in samples in our work were the same as tobacco samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Pang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Jiang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengpeng Zhu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
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Cassidy RN, Colby SM, Tidey JW, Jackson KM, Cioe PA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Hatsukami D. Adolescent smokers' response to reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes: Acute effects on withdrawal symptoms and subjective evaluations. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 188:153-160. [PMID: 29775959 PMCID: PMC6057730 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mandating a reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes to a minimally addictive level could dramatically reduce smoking rates in the US. However, little is known about the effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes in adolescents. METHODS Following overnight abstinence, adolescent daily smokers (ages 15-19, n = 50) reported on their craving, withdrawal, and positive and negative affect pre- and post- ad lib smoking of one cigarette containing varying nicotine content (15.8, 5.2, 1.3 and 0.4 mg/g of tobacco) in the laboratory and reported their subjective evaluations of each cigarette. Carbon monoxide (CO) boost from pre- to post-cigarette was calculated to determine if lower-nicotine cigarettes led to differential acute changes in toxicant exposure. RESULTS All four nicotine cigarette types significantly reduced abstinence-induced craving, withdrawal, and negative affect (all p's < .05). Mixed models evaluating the effect of nicotine content, with nicotine dependence level and gender included as covariates, revealed a significant effect of nicotine content on craving and subjective evaluations: higher nicotine content resulted in greater reductions in craving and increases in both positive and negative subjective evaluations. There were no significant effects of nicotine dose on withdrawal symptoms, negative affect, or CO boost. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lower nicotine cigarettes might result in reduced abuse liability compared to higher nicotine content cigarettes due to reduced positive subjective effects, while still reducing withdrawal, in adolescents. These results highlight the potential feasibility of this policy approach and support continued research on how a nicotine reduction policy may affect adolescent smoking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Patricia A Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 425 E River Pkwy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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53
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Hellinghausen G, Roy D, Wang Y, Lee JT, Lopez DA, Weatherly CA, Armstrong DW. A comprehensive methodology for the chiral separation of 40 tobacco alkaloids and their carcinogenic E/Z-(R,S)-tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites. Talanta 2018; 181:132-141. [PMID: 29426492 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The predominant enantiomer of nicotine found in nature is (S)-nicotine and its pharmacology has been widely established. However, pharmacologic information concerning individual enantiomers of nicotine-related compounds is limited. Recently, a modified macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral selector was found to be highly stereoselective for most tobacco alkaloids and metabolites. This study examines the semi-synthetic and native known macrocyclic glycopeptides for chiral recognition, separation, and characterization of the largest group of nicotine-related compounds ever reported (tobacco alkaloids, nicotine metabolites and derivatives, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines). The enantioseparation of nicotine is accomplished in less than 20s for example. All liquid chromatography separations are mass spectrometry compatible for the tobacco alkaloids, as well as their metabolites. Ring-closed, cyclized structures were identified and separated from their ring-open, straight chain equilibrium structures. Also, E/Z-tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their enantiomers were directly separated. E/Z isomers also are known to have different physical and chemical properties and biological activities. This study provides optimal separation conditions for the analysis of nicotine-related isomers, which in the past have been reported to be ineffectively separated which can result in inaccurate results. The methodology of this study could be applied to cancer studies, and lead to more information about the role of these isomers in other diseases and as treatment for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Hellinghausen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Yadi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jauh T Lee
- AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Diego A Lopez
- AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Choyce A Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Li Q, Wan X, Liu C, Fang L. Investigating the role of ion-pair strategy in regulating nicotine release from patch: Mechanistic insights based on intermolecular interaction and mobility of pressure sensitive adhesive. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:102-111. [PMID: 29627622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare a drug-in-adhesive patch of nicotine (NIC) and use ion-pair strategy to regulate drug delivery rate. Moreover, the mechanism of how ion-pair strategy regulated drug release was elucidated at molecular level. Formulation factors including pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs), drug loading and counter ions (C4, C6, C8, C10, and C12) were screened. In vitro release experiment and in vitro transdermal experiment were conducted to determine the rate-limiting step in drug delivery process. FT-IR and molecular modeling were used to characterize the interaction between drug and PSA. Thermal analysis and rheology study were conducted to investigate the mobility variation of PSA. The optimized patch prepared with NIC-C8 had the transdermal profile fairly close to that of the commercial product (p > 0.05). The release rate constants (k) of NIC, NIC-C4 and NIC-C10 were 21.1, 14.4 and 32.4, respectively. Different release rates of NIC ion-pair complexes were attributed to the dual effect of ion-pair strategy on drug release. On one hand, ion-pair strategy enhanced the interaction between drug and PSA, which inhibited drug release. On the other hand, using ion-pair strategy improved the mobility of PSA, which facilitated drug release. Drug release behavior was determined by combined effect of two aspects above. These conclusions provided a new idea for us to regulate drug release behavior from patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiaocao Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Lee HW, Park SH, Weng MW, Wang HT, Huang WC, Lepor H, Wu XR, Chen LC, Tang MS. E-cigarette smoke damages DNA and reduces repair activity in mouse lung, heart, and bladder as well as in human lung and bladder cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1560-E1569. [PMID: 29378943 PMCID: PMC5816191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718185115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette smoke delivers stimulant nicotine as aerosol without tobacco or the burning process. It contains neither carcinogenic incomplete combustion byproducts nor tobacco nitrosamines, the nicotine nitrosation products. E-cigarettes are promoted as safe and have gained significant popularity. In this study, instead of detecting nitrosamines, we directly measured DNA damage induced by nitrosamines in different organs of E-cigarette smoke-exposed mice. We found mutagenic O6-methyldeoxyguanosines and γ-hydroxy-1,N2 -propano-deoxyguanosines in the lung, bladder, and heart. DNA-repair activity and repair proteins XPC and OGG1/2 are significantly reduced in the lung. We found that nicotine and its metabolite, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone, can induce the same effects and enhance mutational susceptibility and tumorigenic transformation of cultured human bronchial epithelial and urothelial cells. These results indicate that nicotine nitrosation occurs in vivo in mice and that E-cigarette smoke is carcinogenic to the murine lung and bladder and harmful to the murine heart. It is therefore possible that E-cigarette smoke may contribute to lung and bladder cancer, as well as heart disease, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Mao-Wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - William C Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987;
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Yang Y, Cheng J, Garamus VM, Li N, Zou A. Preparation of an Environmentally Friendly Formulation of the Insecticide Nicotine Hydrochloride through Encapsulation in Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:1067-1074. [PMID: 29301083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide nicotine hydrochloride (NCT) was formulated as nanoparticles composed of chitosan (CS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to undermine its adverse impacts on human health and reinforce its physicochemical stability. The study investigated the preparation and characterization of chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS/TPP NPs) with good encapsulation efficiency (55%), uniform morphology, and physicochemical stability (45 days) through dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. A bioassay against Musca domestica NCT CS/TPP NPs exhibited good bioactivity and thermal stability. The effect of the monovalent salt (NaCl) on manipulating the formation and size distribution of ionically cross-linked nanoparticles was demonstrated as well. The formulation of NCT CS/TPP NPs could be a utility candidate in public health and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vasil M Garamus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Na Li
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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Ichitsubo H, Kotaki M. Indoor air quality (IAQ) evaluation of a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:278-294. [PMID: 29277437 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The impact of using a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product on indoor air quality (IAQ) was simulated using an environmentally-controlled chamber. Three environmental simulations were examined; two non-smoking areas (conference room and dining room) and one ventilated smoking area (smoking lounge). IAQ was evaluated by (i) measuring constituents in the mainstream NTV product emissions, (ii) and by determining classical environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and representative air quality markers. Analysis of the mainstream emissions revealed that vapor from the NTV product is chemically simpler than cigarette smoke. ETS markers (RSP, UVPM, FPM, solanesol, nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine), volatile organic compound (toluene), carbon monoxide, propylene glycol, glycerol, and triacetin were below the limit of detection or the limit of quantification in both the non-smoking and smoking environments after using the NTV product. The concentrations of ammonia, carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone), and total volatile organic compounds were the same levels found in the chamber without NTV use. There was no significant increase in the levels of formaldehyde, acetone or ammonia in exhaled breath following NTV use. In summary, under the simulations tested, the NTV product had no measurable effect on the IAQ, in either non-smoking or smoking areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ichitsubo
- Tobacco Science Research Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Misato Kotaki
- Corporate, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Div., Tobacco Business Headquarters, Japan Tobacco Inc., JT Bldg. 2-2-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8422, Japan
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58
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Dethloff O, Mueller C, Cahours X, Colard S. Cigar burning under different smoking intensities and effects on emissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:190-196. [PMID: 29074275 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of smoking intensity on cigar smoke emissions was assessed under a range of puff frequencies and puff volumes. In order to potentially reduce emissions variability and to identify patterns as accurately as possible, cigar weights and diameters were measured, and outliers were excluded prior to smoking. Portions corresponding to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the cigar, measured down to the butt length, were smoked under several smoking conditions, to assess nicotine, CO and water yields. The remaining cigar butts were analysed for total alkaloids, nicotine, and moisture. Results showed accumulation effects during the burning process having a significant impact on smoke emission levels. Condensation and evaporation occur and lead to smoke emissions dependent on smoking intensity. Differences were observed for CO on one side as a gas phase compound and nicotine on the other side as a particulate phase compound. For a given intensity, while CO emission increases linearly as the cigar burns, nicotine and water emissions exhibited an exponential increase. Our investigations showed that a complex phenomena occurs during the course of cigar smoking which makes emission data: difficult to interpret, is potentially misleading to the consumer, and inappropriate for exposure assessment. The results indicate that, tobacco content and physical parameters may well be the most robust basis for product characterisation and comparison rather than smoke emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Dethloff
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Imperial Tobacco Limited, Albert-Einstein-Ring 7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Mueller
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Imperial Tobacco Limited, Albert-Einstein-Ring 7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xavier Cahours
- SEITA, Imperial Tobacco Limited, 48, rue Danton, 45404 Fleury-les-Aubrais, France
| | - Stéphane Colard
- SEITA, Imperial Tobacco Limited, 48, rue Danton, 45404 Fleury-les-Aubrais, France
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59
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Caraway JW, Ashley M, Bowman SA, Chen P, Errington G, Prasad K, Nelson PR, Shepperd CJ, Fearon IM. Influence of cigarette filter ventilation on smokers' mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:235-239. [PMID: 29097238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette filter ventilation allows air to be drawn into the filter, diluting the cigarette smoke. Although machine smoking reveals that toxicant yields are reduced, it does not predict human yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between cigarette filter ventilation and mouth level exposure (MLE) to tar and nicotine in cigarette smokers. We collated and reviewed data from 11 studies across 9 countries, in studies performed between 2005 and 2013 which contained data on MLE from 156 products with filter ventilation between 0% and 87%. MLE among 7534 participants to tar and nicotine was estimated using the part-filter analysis method from spent filter tips. For each of the countries, MLE to tar and nicotine tended to decrease as filter ventilation increased. Across countries, per-cigarette MLE to tar and nicotine decreased as filter ventilation increased from 0% to 87%. Daily MLE to tar and nicotine also decreased across the range of increasing filter ventilation. These data suggest that on average smokers of highly ventilated cigarettes are exposed to lower amounts of nicotine and tar per cigarette and per day than smokers of cigarettes with lower levels of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine Ashley
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Peter Chen
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Krishna Prasad
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Shepperd
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ian M Fearon
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
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Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Clark L, Cox LS, Khariwala SS, Pulvers K, Benowitz NL, Ahluwalia JS. Tobacco toxicant exposure in cigarette smokers who use or do not use other tobacco products. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:330-336. [PMID: 28843083 PMCID: PMC5599364 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-cigarette other tobacco products (OTP; e.g., cigarillos, little cigars) are typically used in combination with cigarettes, but limited data exists on the tobacco toxicant exposure profiles of dual cigarette-OTP (Cig-OTP) users. This study examined biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure in cigarette smokers who used or did not use OTP. METHODS 111 Cig-OTP and 111 cigarette only (Cig Only) users who smoked equivalent cigarettes per day were matched on age (< 40, >=40), race (African American, White), and gender. Participants reported past 7-day daily use of cigarettes and OTP and provided urine for nicotine, cotinine, total nicotine equivalents (TNE) and total NNAL concentrations. RESULTS Cig-OTP users reported greater past 7-day tobacco use (15.9 versus 13.0 products/day, p<0.01) but had significantly lower creatinine-normalized nicotine (606 versus 1301ng/mg), cotinine (1063 versus 2125ng/mg), TNE (28 versus 57 nmol/mg) and NNAL (251 versus 343pg/mg) than Cig Only users (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cig-OTP users had lower levels of nicotine and metabolites of a lung carcinogen relative to Cig-Only users, but concentrations of toxicants among Cig-OTP users were still at levels that place smokers at great risk from the detrimental health effects of smoking. IMPACT Our study finds that nicotine and carcinogen exposure in Cig-OTP users are lower compared to cigarette only users, but still likely to be associated with substantial harm. A better understanding of why toxicant levels may be lower in Cig-OTP is an important area for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nollen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, United States.
| | - Matthew S Mayo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, United States.
| | - Lauren Clark
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, United States.
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, United States.
| | - Samir S Khariwala
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.
| | - Kim Pulvers
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA, 92096, United States.
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States.
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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61
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Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, Lorkiewicz PK, Blair IA, Kimmel HL, Doerschuk CM, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L425-L452. [PMID: 28522563 PMCID: PMC5626373 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaynn F Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | | | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John C Gomez
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica R Martin
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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El-Hellani A, El-Hage R, Salman R, Talih S, Shihadeh A, Saliba NA. Carboxylate Counteranions in Electronic Cigarette Liquids: Influence on Nicotine Emissions. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1577-1581. [PMID: 28686840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The wide pH range reported for electronic cigarette (ECIG) liquids indicates that nicotine may be present in one or more chemical forms. The nicotine form affects the bioavailability and delivery of nicotine from inhaled products. Protonated nicotine is normally associated with counteranions in tobacco products. The chemical and physical properties of counteranions may differently influence the nicotine form and emissions in ECIG aerosols. In this study, we examined how these anions influence nicotine emissions and their evaporation behavior and potential decomposition during ECIG operation. ECIG liquid solutions with equal nicotine concentration and pH but different counteranions (formate, acetate, and citrate) were prepared from analytical standards to assess the effect of the counteranion on nicotine partitioning. High performance liquid and gas chromatography methods were developed to determine the counteranions and the two protonated (NicH+) and free base (Nic) forms of nicotine in commercially available and standard solutions of ECIG liquids and aerosols. In commercial samples, acetate and citrate anions were detected. In standard solutions, both formate and acetate ions were found to evaporate intact, but citrate ion decomposed into formic acid and other products. This study also shows that the identity of the counteranion has no effect on total nicotine emission from ECIG in agreement with previous reports on tobacco cigarettes. However, the partitioning of aerosolized nicotine into NicH+ and Nic is anion-dependent even when the parent liquid pH is held constant. These results indicate that the anions found in a given ECIG product may influence the nicotine delivery profile to the user by enriching aerosols with free-base nicotine as in the case of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Soha Talih
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are one of the most extensively and continually studied classes of compounds found in tobacco and cigarette smoke.1-5 The TSNAs N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) have been characterized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products,6 and cigarette manufacturers report their levels in cigarette tobacco filler and cigarette smoke to the FDA. NNN and NNK are classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans.7 TSNAs transfer from tobacco to smoke by evaporation driven by heat and the flow of gases down the cigarette rod. Other TSNA sources in smoke include pyrorelease, where room temperature-unextractable TSNAs are released by smoking, and pyrosynthesis, where TSNAs are formed by reactions during smoking. We propose the first model that quantifies these three sources of TSNA in smoke. In our model, evaporative transfer efficiency of a TSNA is equated to the evaporative transfer efficiency of nicotine. Smoke TSNA measured in excess of what is transferred by evaporation is termed "pyrogeneration," which is the net sum of pyrorelease and pyrosynthesis minus pyrodegredation. This model requires no internal standard, is applicable to commercial cigarettes "as is," and uses existing analytical methods. This model was applied to archived Philip Morris USA data. For commercial blended cigarettes, NNN pyrogeneration appears to be unimportant, but NNK pyrogeneration contributes roughly 30-70% of NNK in smoke with the greater contribution at lower tobacco NNK levels. This means there is an opportunity to significantly reduce smoke NNK by up to 70% if pyrogeneration can be decreased or eliminated, perhaps by finding a way to grow and cure tobacco with reduced matrix-bound NNK. For burley research cigarettes, pyrogeneration may account for 90% or more of both NNN and NNK in smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lipowicz
- Research, Development & Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services LLC , 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Jeffrey I Seeman
- SaddlePoint Frontiers , 12001 Bollingbrook Place, Richmond, Virginia 23236, United States
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Baracchi D, Marples A, Jenkins AJ, Leitch AR, Chittka L. Nicotine in floral nectar pharmacologically influences bumblebee learning of floral features. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1951. [PMID: 28512323 PMCID: PMC5434031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants defend themselves against herbivores by chemical deterrents in their tissues and the presence of such substances in floral nectar means that pollinators often encounter them when foraging. The effect of such substances on the foraging behaviour of pollinators is poorly understood. Using artificial flowers in tightly-controlled laboratory settings, we examined the effects of the alkaloid nicotine on bumblebee foraging performance. We found that bumblebees confronted simultaneously with two equally rewarded nicotine-containing and nicotine-free flower types are deterred only by unnaturally high nicotine concentrations. This deterrence disappears or even turns into attraction at lower nectar-relevant concentrations. The alkaloid has profound effects on learning in a dose-dependent manner. At a high natural dose, bees learn the colour of a nicotine-containing flower type more swiftly than a flower type with the same caloric value but without nicotine. Furthermore, after experiencing flowers containing nicotine in any tested concentration, increasing numbers of bumblebees stay more faithful to these flowers, even if they become a suboptimal choice in terms of reward. These results demonstrate that alkaloids enhance pollinator flower constancy, opening new perspectives in co-evolutionary process between plants and pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baracchi
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse cedex 09, France.
| | - A Marples
- University College London, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A J Jenkins
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - A R Leitch
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - L Chittka
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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Arutla V, Leal J, Liu X, Sokalingam S, Raleigh M, Adaralegbe A, Liu L, Pentel PR, Hecht SM, Chang Y. Prescreening of Nicotine Hapten Linkers in Vitro To Select Hapten-Conjugate Vaccine Candidates for Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Vivo. ACS Comb Sci 2017; 19:286-298. [PMID: 28383252 PMCID: PMC5916772 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the demonstration of nicotine vaccines as a possible therapeutic intervention for the effects of tobacco smoke, extensive effort has been made to enhance nicotine specific immunity. Linker modifications of nicotine haptens have been a focal point for improving the immunogenicity of nicotine, in which the evaluation of these modifications usually relies on in vivo animal models, such as mice, rats or nonhuman primates. Here, we present two in vitro screening strategies to estimate and predict the immunogenic potential of our newly designed nicotine haptens. One utilizes a competition enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to profile the interactions of nicotine haptens or hapten-protein conjugates with nicotine specific antibodies, both polyclonal and monoclonal. Another relies on computational modeling of the interactions between haptens and amino acid residues near the conjugation site of the carrier protein to infer linker-carrier protein conjugation effect on antinicotine antibody response. Using these two in vitro methods, we ranked the haptens with different linkers for their potential as viable vaccine candidates. The ELISA-based hapten ranking was in an agreement with the results obtained by in vivo nicotine pharmacokinetic analysis. A correlation was found between the average binding affinity (IC50) of the haptens to an anti-Nic monoclonal antibody and the average brain nicotine concentration in the immunized mice. The computational modeling of hapten and carrier protein interactions helps exclude conjugates with strong linker-carrier conjugation effects and low in vivo efficacy. The simplicity of these in vitro screening strategies should facilitate the selection and development of more effective nicotine conjugate vaccines. In addition, these data highlight a previously under-appreciated contribution of linkers and hapten-protein conjugations to conjugate vaccine immunogenicity by virtue of their inclusion in the epitope that binds and activates B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Arutla
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Joseph Leal
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sriram Sokalingam
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Michael Raleigh
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, United States
| | - Adejimi Adaralegbe
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Paul R. Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, United States
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yung Chang
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Williams M, Bozhilov K, Ghai S, Talbot P. Elements including metals in the atomizer and aerosol of disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175430. [PMID: 28414730 PMCID: PMC5393578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to quantify 36 inorganic chemical elements in aerosols from disposable electronic cigarettes (ECs) and electronic hookahs (EHs), examine the effect of puffing topography on elements in aerosols, and identify the source of the elements. METHODS Thirty-six inorganic chemical elements and their concentrations in EC/EH aerosols were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and their source was identified by analyzing disassembled atomizers using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. RESULTS Of 36 elements screened, 35 were detected in EC/EH aerosols, while only 15 were detected in conventional tobacco smoke. Some elements/metals were present in significantly higher concentrations in EC/EH aerosol than in cigarette smoke. Concentrations of particular elements/metals within EC/EH brands were sometimes variable. Aerosols generated at low and high air-flow rates produced the same pattern of elements, although the total element concentration decreased at the higher air flow rate. The relative amount of elements in the first and last 60 puffs was generally different. Silicon was the dominant element in aerosols from all EC/EH brands and in cigarette smoke. The elements appeared to come from the filament (nickel, chromium), thick wire (copper coated with silver), brass clamp (copper, zinc), solder joints (tin, lead), and wick and sheath (silicon, oxygen, calcium, magnesium, aluminum). Lead was identified in the solder and aerosol of two brands of EHs (up to 0.165 μg/10 puffs). CONCLUSION These data show that EC/EH aerosols contain a mixture of elements, including heavy metals, with concentrations often significantly higher than in conventional cigarette smoke. While the health effects of inhaling mixtures of heated metals is currently not known, these data will be valuable in future risk assessments involving EC/EH elements/metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Williams
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States America
| | - Krassimir Bozhilov
- Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States America
| | - Sanjay Ghai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States America
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States America
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Medana C, Santoro V, Bello FD, Sala C, Pazzi M, Sarro M, Calza P. Mass spectrometric fragmentation and photocatalytic transformation of nicotine and cotinine. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:2617-2627. [PMID: 27706863 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine and cotinine are, respectively, alkaloids produced mainly by the Solanaceae plant family, especially tobacco, and its most important human metabolite. These compounds are frequently found as contaminants in wastewater or landfill samples and they could be used to evaluate pollution by tobacco use. The aim of this study is to improve the knowledge about possible transformation pathways of nicotine and cotinine. This would help the identification of degradants by using HPLC coupled with a high resolving power mass analyzer (LTQ-Orbitrap). In addition, we evaluated toxicity on bioluminescent photobacteria to indicate possible relationships between the formation of transformation products and their toxic effects. METHODS The transformation of nicotine and cotinine and the formation of intermediate products were evaluated adopting titanium dioxide as photocatalyst. The structural identification of photocatalytic transformation products of these two alkaloids was based on LC/multistage MS experiments. High-resolution MS allowed the elemental composition of these products to be hypothesized. The evolution of toxicity as a function of the irradiation time was also studied using a bioluminescent photobacterium (Vibrio fischeri) test. RESULTS Several products were formed and characterized using HPLC/HRMSn . The main photocatalytic pathways involving nicotine and cotinine appear to be hydroxylation, demethylation and oxidation. Nine degradants were formed from nicotine, including cotinine. Seven degradants were generated from cotinine. There is no transformation product in common between the two studied molecules. CONCLUSIONS The study of photocatalytic degradation allowed us to partially simulate human metabolism and the environmental transformation of the bioactive alkaloid nicotine. We searched for some of the identified transformation products in river water and landfill percolate by solid-phase extraction and HPLC/HRMS and eventually their presence was confirmed. These new findings could be of interest in further metabolism and environmental pollution studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Sarro
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
The first structure of nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2) was determined by X-ray crystallography. Pseudomonas putida has evolved nicotine-degrading activity to provide a source of carbon and nitrogen. The structure establishes NicA2 as a member of the monoamine oxidase family. Residues 1-50 are disordered and may play a role in localization. The nicotine-binding site proximal to the isoalloxazine ring of flavin shows an unusual composition of the classical aromatic cage (W427 and N462). The active site architecture is consistent with the proposed binding of the deprotonated form of the substrate and the flavin-dependent oxidation of the pyrrolidone C-N bond followed by nonenzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A. Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Medical Research (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road BCC-582, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Karen N. Allen
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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Abstract
The growing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) raises concerns about the possibility of adverse health effects to primary users and people exposed to e-cigarette vapors. E-Cigarettes offer a very wide variety of flavors, which is one of the main factors that attract new, especially young, users. How flavoring compounds in e-cigarette liquids affect the chemical composition and toxicity of e-cigarette vapors is practically unknown. Although e-cigarettes are marketed as safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes, several studies have demonstrated formation of toxic aldehydes in e-cigarette vapors during vaping. So far, aldehyde formation has been attributed to thermal decomposition of the main components of e-cigarette e-liquids (propylene glycol and glycerol), while the role of flavoring compounds has been ignored. In this study, we have measured several toxic aldehydes produced by three popular brands of e-cigarettes with flavored and unflavored e-liquids. We show that, within the tested e-cigarette brands, thermal decomposition of flavoring compounds dominates formation of aldehydes during vaping, producing levels that exceed occupational safety standards. Production of aldehydes was found to be exponentially dependent on concentration of flavoring compounds. These findings stress the need for a further, thorough investigation of the effect of flavoring compounds on the toxicity of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khlystov
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
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Su Y, Xian H, Shi S, Zhang C, Manik SMN, Mao J, Zhang G, Liao W, Wang Q, Liu H. Biodegradation of lignin and nicotine with white rot fungi for the delignification and detoxification of tobacco stalk. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27871279 PMCID: PMC5117543 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco stalk is one kind of abundant crop residues in China. The high lignification of tobacco stalk increases its reusing cost and the existing of nicotine will cause serious pollution. The biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass has been demonstrated to be an environmental and economical approach for the utilization of plant stalk. Meanwhile, many nicotine-degrading microorganisms were found in nature. However, microorganisms which could degraded both nicotine and lignin haven't been reported. Therefore, it's imperative to find some suitable microorganisms to break down lignin and simultaneously remove nicotine in tobacco stalk. RESULTS The nicotine in tobacco stalk could be degraded effectively by Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The nicotine content in tobacco stalk was lowered to below 500 mg/kg (a safe concentration to environment) after 10 days of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor, and 15 days with Trametes hirsute. The degradation rate of lignin in the fermented tobacco stalk was 37.70, 51.56 and 53.75% with Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, respectively. Meanwhile, 24.28% hemicellulose was degraded by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and 28.19% cellulose was removed by Trametes hirsute. Through the enzyme activity analysis, the main and highest ligninolytic enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes hirsute and Trametes versicolor were lignin peroxidase (88.62 U · L-1), manganese peroxidase (100.95 U · L-1) and laccase (745.65 U · L-1). Meanwhile, relatively high and stable cellulase activity was also detected during the fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the highest endoglucanase, exoglucanase and filter paper enzyme activities were 0.38 U · mL-1, 0.45 U · mL-1 and 0.35U · mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the products in the fermentation of tobacco stalk with P. chrysosporium were identified with GC-MS, besides the chemicals produced in the degradation of lignin and nicotine, some small molecular valuable chemicals and fatty acid were also detected. CONCLUSIONS Our study developed a new method for the degradation and detoxification of tobacco stalk by fermentation with white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes hirsute. The different oxidative enzymes and chemical products detected during the degradation indicated a possible pathway for the utilization of tobacco stalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Su
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - He Xian
- Qingdao No.9 High School, Qingdao, 266012 Shandong Province China
| | - Sujuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - S. M. Nuruzzaman Manik
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Weihong Liao
- Shandong Lukang Drugs Group, Jining, 272001 China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
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Zhao D, Qin LJ, Zhao DG. RNA interference of the nicotine demethylase gene CYP82E4v1 reduces nornicotine content and enhances Myzus persicae resistance in Nicotiana tabacum L. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 107:214-221. [PMID: 27314515 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The CYP82E4v1 gene was identified to encode nicotine demethylase, which catalyzed the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine. In this study, we constructed CYP82E4v1-RNAi vector and genetically transformed tobacco variety K326. The determination results of nicotine and nornicotine content via HPLC demonstrated that there was significant increase of nicotine content and reduction of nornicotine content in transgenic plants compared with those in wild-type plants. Exogenous application of IAA or GA3 could reduce the nicotine content in tobaccos, while ABA or 6-BA could increase the content of nicotine. And the more significant difference of nicotine content change in transgenic plants. Aphid-inoculation experiment demonstrated the number of aphid population in transgenic plants was significantly lower than wild-type plants at 12 d after aphid-inoculation. Meanwhile, the activity of AOEs and PAL in transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants after aphid-inoculation was measured. At 3 d after aphid-inoculation, both AOEs and PAL activity were significantly higher than controls, including wild-type plants with aphid-inoculation and transgenic plants with mock-inoculation. Also, the relative expression of these genes involved in salicylic acid/jasmonic acid (SA/JA) signaling pathways was analyzed at different stages after aphid-inoculation and the results demonstrated that there was significantly higher expression of JA-induced LOX gene in both transgenic and wild-type plants inoculated by aphid than the non-inoculated ones while no significant difference in the expression of SA-induced PR-1a gene among them was found, which indicated the JA-mediated resistance response was activated during aphid infestation. Moreover, although the expression level of BGL (another JA-induced gene) was less significant between the two inoculated tobaccos, it was significantly higher than the plant without inoculation, which was 1.4 and 2.2 folds higher than the non-inoculated controls respectively. To sum up, the improvement of aphid-resistance in transgenic tobaccos was based on nicotine accumulation which might cause nerve and antifeed toxicity and JA-mediated resistance response by enhancing the activities of AOEs and PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China; Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China; Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - De-Gang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China; Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China.
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72
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Romek KM, Remaud GS, Silvestre V, Paneth P, Robins RJ. Non-statistical 13C Fractionation Distinguishes Co-incident and Divergent Steps in the Biosynthesis of the Alkaloids Nicotine and Tropine. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16620-9. [PMID: 27288405 PMCID: PMC4974377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During the biosynthesis of natural products, isotopic fractionation occurs due to the selectivity of enzymes for the heavier or lighter isotopomers. As only some of the positions in the molecule are implicated in a given reaction mechanism, position-specific fractionation occurs, leading to a non-statistical distribution of isotopes. This can be accessed by isotope ratio monitoring (13)C NMR spectrometry. The solanaceous alkaloids S-(-)-nicotine and hyoscyamine (atropine) are related in having a common intermediate, but downstream enzymatic steps diverge, providing a relevant test case to: (a) elucidate the isotopic affiliation between carbon atoms in the alkaloids and those in the precursors; (b) obtain information about the kinetic isotope effects of as yet undescribed enzymes, thus to make predictions as to their possible mechanism(s). We show that the position-specific (13)C/(12)C ratios in the different moieties of these compounds can satisfactorily be related to their known precursors and to the known kinetic isotope effects of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, or to similar reaction mechanisms. Thus, the pathway to the common intermediate, N-methyl-Δ(1)-pyrrolinium, is seen to introduce similar isotope distribution patterns in the two alkaloids independent of plant species, whereas the remaining atoms of each target compound, which are of different origins, reflect their specific metabolic ancestry. We further demonstrate that the measured (13)C distribution pattern can be used to deduce aspects of the reaction mechanism of enzymes still to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Romek
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Łodź University of Technology, ul. Stefana Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
| | - Piotr Paneth
- the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Łodź University of Technology, ul. Stefana Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Richard J Robins
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
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73
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Jing Y, Yuan X, Yuan Q, He K, Liu Y, Lu P, Li H, Li B, Zhan H, Li G. Determination of nicotine in tobacco products based on mussel-inspired reduced graphene oxide-supported gold nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29230. [PMID: 27374974 PMCID: PMC4931682 DOI: 10.1038/srep29230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydopamine functionalized reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticle (PDA-RGO/Au) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by a simple and mild procedure. The PDA-RGO/Au nanocomposite is successfully formed in an aqueous buffer solution (pH 8.5) without using any reducing agent. FTIR confirmed the successful coating of PDA and informed the reduction of the surface functional groups of GO. The formation of reduced GO and Au NPs was further evidenced by UV-Vis and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. This method is environmentally friendly and highly beneficial for the mass production of graphene-noble metal based nanocomposite. The as prepared PDA-RGO/Au nanocomposite could greatly enhance the electrochemical oxidation of nicotine. We fabricated an electrochemical nicotine sensor based on the prepared PDA-RGO/Au nanocomposite. The proposed nicotine sensor showed a wide detection range from 0.05 to 500 μM with a low detection limit of 0.015 μM. Moreover, the proposed nicotine sensor was also successfully applied for determination nicotine content in tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Jing
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Xiuxiu Yuan
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Qiu Yuan
- Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi of China National Tobacco Corporation, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, China
| | - Kuanxin He
- Research institute of Jiangxi of China National Tobacco Corporation, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Zhengzhou Branch of Henan Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Tobacco Industry Technology Research and Development Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Huaiqi Li
- Tobacco Industry Technology Research and Development Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Bin Li
- Zhengzhou Branch of Henan Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Quality Management Section of Hainan Hongta Cigarette CO., LTD, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China
| | - Guangliang Li
- Zhengzhou Branch of Henan Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
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74
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Lee G, Joo Y, Diezel C, Lee EJ, Baldwin IT, Kim SG. Trichobaris weevils distinguish amongst toxic host plants by sensing volatiles that do not affect larval performance. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3509-19. [PMID: 27146082 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects use plant metabolites to inform their host plant selection for oviposition. These host-selection behaviours are often consistent with the preference-performance hypothesis; females oviposit on hosts that maximize the performance of their offspring. However, the metabolites used for these oviposition choices and those responsible for differences in offspring performance remain unknown for ecologically relevant interactions. Here, we examined the host-selection behaviours of two sympatric weevils, the Datura (Trichobaris compacta) and tobacco (T. mucorea) weevils in field and glasshouse experiments with transgenic host plants specifically altered in different components of their secondary metabolism. Adult females of both species strongly preferred to feed on D. wrightii rather than on N. attenuata leaves, but T. mucorea preferred to oviposit on N. attenuata, while T. compacta oviposited only on D. wrightii. These oviposition behaviours increased offspring performance: T. compacta larvae only survived in D. wrightii stems and T. mucorea larvae survived better in N. attenuata than in D. wrightii stems. Choice assays with nicotine-free, JA-impaired, and sesquiterpene-over-produced isogenic N. attenuata plants revealed that although half of the T. compacta larvae survived in nicotine-free N. attenuata lines, nicotine did not influence the oviposition behaviours of both the nicotine-adapted and nicotine-sensitive species. JA-induced sesquiterpene volatiles are key compounds influencing T. mucorea females' oviposition choices, but these sesquiterpenes had no effect on larval performance. We conclude that adult females are able to choose the best host plant for their offspring and use chemicals different from those that influence larval performance to inform their oviposition decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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75
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Taylor M, Carr T, Oke O, Jaunky T, Breheny D, Lowe F, Gaça M. E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:465-476. [PMID: 27690198 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1222473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for various diseases. The underlying cellular mechanisms are not fully characterized, but include oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis. Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as an alternative to and a possible means to reduce harm from tobacco smoking. E-cigarette vapor contains significantly lower levels of toxicants than cigarette smoke, but standardized methods to assess cellular responses to exposure are not well established. We investigated whether an in vitro model of the airway epithelium (human bronchial epithelial cells) and commercially available assays could differentiate cellular stress responses to aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) generated from cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosols. After exposure to AqE concentrations of 0.063-0.500 puffs/mL, we measured the intracellular glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), intracellular generation of oxidant species, and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-controlled antioxidant response elements (ARE) to characterize oxidative stress. Apoptotic and necrotic responses were characterized by increases in caspase 3/7 activity and reductions in viable cell protease activities. Concentration-dependent responses indicative of oxidative stress were obtained for all endpoints following exposure to cigarette smoke AqE: intracellular generation of oxidant species increased by up to 83%, GSH:GSSG reduced by 98.6% and transcriptional activation of ARE increased by up to 335%. Caspase 3/7 activity was increased by up to 37% and the viable cell population declined by up to 76%. No cellular stress responses were detected following exposure to e-cigarette AqE. The methods used were suitably sensitive to be employed for comparative studies of tobacco and nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Taylor
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Tony Carr
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Oluwatobiloba Oke
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Frazer Lowe
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
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76
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Cai B, Ji H, Fannin FF, Bush LP. Contribution of Nicotine and Nornicotine toward the Production of N'-Nitrosonornicotine in Air-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). J Nat Prod 2016; 79:754-9. [PMID: 26959866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
N'-Nitrosonornicotine (6) is a potent and organ-specific carcinogen found in tobacco and tobacco smoke in substantial amounts. Nicotine (1) and nornicotine (2) are proposed to be the precursors of 6 in tobacco. Since 1 can be rapidly demethylated to 2 in tobacco, to distinguish between the direct formation of 6 from these potential precursors is difficult. A gas chromatography/thermal energy analyzer method using two columns in series was developed to separate the enantiomers of 6, N'-nitrosoanabasine (7), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (8). Tobacco lines with different combinations of three nicotine demethylases inhibited were grown in the field. Air-cured leaves were analyzed for the enantiomeric composition of four main alkaloids and their corresponding tobacco-specific nitrosamines. The percentage of (R)-6 of total 6 varied from 7% to 69% in mutant lines. The measured 6 had the same enantiomeric composition as 2, rather than 1, even when the level of 2 was reduced to 0.6% of 1 in a triple mutant line. The pattern of the enantiomeric composition of 1, 2, and 6 demonstrated that the direct formation of 6 from 1, if it occurs, is negligible in air-cured tobacco. Since (S)-6 is more highly carcinogenic than its R form, the reduction of (S)-2 should be a priority for the reduction of 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science , Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
| | - Huihua Ji
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
| | - Franklin F Fannin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
| | - Lowell P Bush
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
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77
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Sun B, Xue SL, Zhang F, Luo ZP, Wu MZ, Chen Q, Tang HR, Lin FC, Yang J. A Quantitative Real-Time PCR-Based Strategy for Molecular Evaluation of Nicotine Conversion in Burley Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27422-32. [PMID: 26593897 PMCID: PMC4661896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nornicotine production in Nicotiana tabacum is undesirable because it is the precursor of the carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine. In some individual burley tobacco plants, a large proportion of the nicotine can be converted to nornicotine, and this process of nicotine conversion is mediated primarily by enzymatic N-demethylation of nicotine which is controlled mainly by CYP82E4. Here we report a novel strategy based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method, which analyzed the ratio of nicotine conversion through examining the transcript level of CYP82E4 in burley leaves and do not need ethylene induction before detected. The assay was linear in a range from 1 × 10¹ to 1 × 10⁵ copies/mL of serially diluted standards, and also showed high specificity and reproducibility (93%-99%). To assess its applicability, 55 plants of burley cultivar Ky8959 at leaf maturing stage were analyzed, and the results were in accordance with those from gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Moreover, a linear correlation existed between conversion level and CYP82E4 transcript abundance. Taken together, the quantitative real-time PCR assay is standardized, rapid and reproducible for estimation of nicotine conversion level in vivo, which is expected to shed new light on monitoring of burley tobacco converter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Sheng-Ling Xue
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhao-Peng Luo
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ming-Zhu Wu
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Hao-Ru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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78
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Wang W, Xu P, Tang H. Sustainable production of valuable compound 3-succinoyl-pyridine by genetically engineering Pseudomonas putida using the tobacco waste. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16411. [PMID: 26574178 PMCID: PMC4647180 DOI: 10.1038/srep16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of solid and liquid tobacco wastes with high nicotine content remains a longstanding challenge. Here, we explored an environmentally friendly approach to replace tobacco waste disposal with resource recovery by genetically engineering Pseudomonas putida. The biosynthesis of 3-succinoyl-pyridine (SP), a precursor in the production of hypotensive agents, from the tobacco waste was developed using whole cells of the engineered Pseudomonas strain, S16dspm. Under optimal conditions in fed-batch biotransformation, the final concentrations of product SP reached 9.8 g/L and 8.9 g/L from aqueous nicotine solution and crude suspension of the tobacco waste, respectively. In addition, the crystal compound SP produced from aqueous nicotine of the tobacco waste in batch biotransformation was of high purity and its isolation yield on nicotine was 54.2%. This study shows a promising route for processing environmental wastes as raw materials in order to produce valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
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79
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Smith D, Aherrera A, Lopez A, Neptune E, Winickoff JP, Klein JD, Chen G, Lazarus P, Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Adult Behavior in Male Mice Exposed to E-Cigarette Nicotine Vapors during Late Prenatal and Early Postnatal Life. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137953. [PMID: 26372012 PMCID: PMC4570802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine exposure has been associated with an increased likelihood of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. The goal of this study was to determine if exposure to E-cigarette nicotine vapors during late prenatal and early postnatal life altered behavior in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Smith
- Neurogenetics and Behavior Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angela Aherrera
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Armando Lopez
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Enid Neptune
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Winickoff
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of General Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Collaco
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Stanfill SB, Oliveira da Silva AL, Lisko JG, Lawler TS, Kuklenyik P, Tyx RE, Peuchen EH, Richter P, Watson CH. Comprehensive chemical characterization of Rapé tobacco products: Nicotine, un-ionized nicotine, tobacco-specific N'-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavor constituents. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82:50-8. [PMID: 25934468 PMCID: PMC5704902 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapé, a diverse group of smokeless tobacco products indigenous to South America, is generally used as a nasal snuff and contains substantial amount of plant material with or without tobacco. Previously uncharacterized, rapé contains addictive and harmful chemicals that may have public health implications for users. Here we report % moisture, pH, and the levels of total nicotine, un-ionized nicotine, flavor-related compounds, tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for manufactured and hand-made rapé. Most rapé products were mildly acidic (pH 5.17-6.23) with total nicotine ranging from 6.32 to 47.6 milligram per gram of sample (mg/g). Calculated un-ionized nicotine ranged from 0.03 to 18.5 mg/g with the highest values associated with hand-made rapés (pH 9.75-10.2), which contain alkaline ashes. In tobacco-containing rapés, minor alkaloid levels and Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to confirm the presence of Nicotiana rustica, a high nicotine tobacco species. There was a wide concentration range of TSNAs and PAHs among the rapés analyzed. Several TSNAs and PAHs identified in the products are known or probable carcinogens according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Milligram quantities of some non-tobacco constituents, such as camphor, coumarin, and eugenol, warrant additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Stanfill
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - André Luiz Oliveira da Silva
- National Health Surveillance Agency Brazil (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), [ANVISA], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseph G Lisko
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tameka S Lawler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Robert E Tyx
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Peuchen
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Patricia Richter
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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81
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Wang K, Pang S, Mu X, Qi S, Li D, Cui F, Wang C. Biological response of earthworm, Eisenia fetida, to five neonicotinoid insecticides. Chemosphere 2015; 132:120-6. [PMID: 25828917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) are one of the most abundant terrestrial species, and play an important role in maintaining the ecological function of soil. Neonicotinoids are some of the most widely used insecticides applied to crops. Studies on the effect of neonicotinoids on E. fetida are limited. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of five neonicotinoid insecticides on reproduction, cellulase activity and the tissues of E. fetida. The results showed that, the LC50 of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, clothianidin and thiacloprid was 3.05, 2.69, 4.34, 0.93 and 2.68mgkg(-1), respectively. They also could seriously affect the reproduction of E. fetida, reducing the fecundity by 84.0%, 39.5%, 54.3%, 45.7% and 39.5% at the sub-lethal concentrations of 2.0, 1.5, 0.80, 2.0 and 1.5mgkg(-1), respectively. The cellulase activity of E. fetida was most sensitive to clothianidin. Significant disruption of the epidermal and midgut tissue was observed after 14d exposure. In summary, we demonstrate that imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, clothianidin and thiacloprid have high toxic to earthworm, and can significantly inhibited fecundity and cellulase activity of E. fetida, and they also damage the epidermal and midgut cells of earthworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Sen Pang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiyan Mu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Dongzhi Li
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Feng Cui
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China.
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82
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Sun Y, Xiao S, Chen J, Wang M, Zheng Z, Song S, Zhang L. Heat shock protein 90 mediates the apoptosis and autophage in nicotinic-mycoepoxydiene-treated HeLa cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:451-8. [PMID: 25948110 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a fascinating target for cancer therapy due to its significant role in the crossroad of multiple signaling pathways associated with cell proliferation and regulation. Hsp90 inhibitors have the potential to be developed into anti-cancer drugs. Here, we identified nicotinic-mycoepoxydiene (NMD), a structurally novel compound as Hsp90 inhibitor to perform the anti-tumor activity. The compound selectively bound to the Hsp90 N-terminal domain, and degraded the Hsp90 client protein Akt. The degradation of Akt detained Bad in non-phosphorylation form. NMD-associated apoptosis was characterized by the formation of fragmented nuclei, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and the increased proportion of sub-G1 phase cells. Interestingly, the apoptosis was accompanied with autophagy, by exhibiting the increased expression of LC-3 and the decrease of lysosome pH value. Our findings provide a novel cellular mechanism by which Hsp90 inhibitor adjusts cell apoptosis and autophagy in vitro, suggesting that NMD not only has a potential to be developed into a novel anti-tumor pharmaceutical, but also exhibits a new mechanism in regulating cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy via Hsp90 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Cell Stress, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Cell Stress, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Key Laboratory for Cell Stress, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Cell Stress, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhonghui Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Cell Stress, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Siyang Song
- Key Laboratory for Cell Stress, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Cell Stress, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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83
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Chanson P. [The effect of nicotine on adipose tissue through AMPK α2]. Rev Prat 2015; 65:623. [PMID: 26165094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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84
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Famele M, Ferranti C, Abenavoli C, Palleschi L, Mancinelli R, Draisci R. The chemical components of electronic cigarette cartridges and refill fluids: review of analytical methods. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:271-9. [PMID: 25257980 PMCID: PMC5479507 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, several concerns have been raised on the purity of ingredients employed in the manufacturing processes of refill fluids and cartridges, the device functionality, and the quality control of electronic cigarettes. This article reviews analytical methods so far described for the analysis of liquids to detect their chemical components and to investigate the presence of toxicants and carcinogens that can potentially occur as impurities of ingredients or as a consequence of their degradation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on the scientific literature, high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC/DAD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are most appropriate for determining nicotine and related compounds in fluids and cartridges, whereas LC-MS/MS has been successfully used to determine nitrosamines. Content analyses of glycols have been performed using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), whereas carbonyl and other volatile organic compounds determinations have been performed by HPLC/DAD and GC/MS, respectively. Content analyses of heavy metals have been performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Since new potentially toxic substances may be created during heating, it is also necessary to investigate the chemical composition of generated aerosol. In this case, similar methods applied for tobacco smoke can be adopted. CONCLUSIONS A broad range of analytical techniques are available for the detection of constituents and toxicants in e-liquids and cartridges. Analyses of liquids have been performed with pharmacopeia procedures and methods (International Organization for Standardization, Environmental Protection Agency, and American Public Health Association) developed for other matrices but applicable to e-liquids. Because new potentially harmful substances may be produced during heating process, analyses of aerosol are needed to correlate its composition to the chemical components of liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Famele
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Ferranti
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelo Abenavoli
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Palleschi
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mancinelli
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Draisci
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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85
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Sussan TE, Gajghate S, Thimmulappa RK, Ma J, Kim JH, Sudini K, Consolini N, Cormier SA, Lomnicki S, Hasan F, Pekosz A, Biswal S. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116861. [PMID: 25651083 PMCID: PMC4317176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have experienced sharp increases in popularity over the past five years due to many factors, including aggressive marketing, increased restrictions on conventional cigarettes, and a perception that E-cigs are healthy alternatives to cigarettes. Despite this perception, studies on health effects in humans are extremely limited and in vivo animal models have not been generated. Presently, we determined that E-cig vapor contains 7x1011 free radicals per puff. To determine whether E-cig exposure impacts pulmonary responses in mice, we developed an inhalation chamber for E-cig exposure. Mice that were exposed to E-cig vapor contained serum cotinine concentrations that are comparable to human E-cig users. E-cig exposure for 2 weeks produced a significant increase in oxidative stress and moderate macrophage-mediated inflammation. Since, COPD patients are susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, we tested effects of E-cigs on immune response. Mice that were exposed to E-cig vapor showed significantly impaired pulmonary bacterial clearance, compared to air-exposed mice, following an intranasal infection with Streptococcus pneumonia. This defective bacterial clearance was partially due to reduced phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages from E-cig exposed mice. In response to Influenza A virus infection, E-cig exposed mice displayed increased lung viral titers and enhanced virus-induced illness and mortality. In summary, this study reports a murine model of E-cig exposure and demonstrates that E-cig exposure elicits impaired pulmonary anti-microbial defenses. Hence, E-cig exposure as an alternative to cigarette smoking must be rigorously tested in users for their effects on immune response and susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Sussan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TES); (SB)
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rajesh K. Thimmulappa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jinfang Ma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kuladeep Sudini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicola Consolini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Children′s Research Foundation Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Slawo Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Farhana Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TES); (SB)
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86
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Lang G, Vuarnoz A. Matrix-bound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in tobacco: quantification and evidence for an origin from lignin-incorporated alkaloids. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:85-92. [PMID: 25537002 DOI: 10.1021/np500725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Substantial quantities of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (1; NNK) are still found in the mainstream smoke of tobacco exhaustively extracted with water, indicating the presence of an insoluble, matrix-bound form. Soluble and matrix-bound concentrations of 1 in tobacco were determined by applying a new method using sequential aqueous extraction at room temperature and at 130 °C. On average, 77% and 53% of the total content of 1 were matrix-bound in air-cured (Burley type) and flue-cured tobaccos, respectively. Thermal release of 1 from its matrix-bound form above ca. 200 °C can account for a large fraction of its concentration in cigarette mainstream smoke. An already matrix-bound alkaloid precursor of matrix-bound 1 was identified in vascular tissue of green leaf midribs. The incubation of vascular cell-wall preparations with the lignin precursor coniferyl alcohol and isotopically labeled nicotine or pseudooxynicotine (2) led to the formation of labeled matrix-bound 1 after nitrosation, suggesting that incorporation of nicotine or its oxidized product 2 during lignin polymerization is the origin of the formation of matrix-bound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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87
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Chen B, Qian Y, Wu M, Zhu L, Hu B, Li XF. Identification of precursors and mechanisms of tobacco-specific nitrosamine formation in water during chloramination. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:459-66. [PMID: 25471701 DOI: 10.1021/es505057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report here that tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are produced from specific tobacco alkaloids during water chloramination. To identify the specific precursors for the formation of specific TSNAs in drinking water, we have developed a solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of five TSNAs and three tobacco alkaloids. Using this method, we detected nicotine (NIC) at 15.1 ng/L in a source water. Chloramination of this source water resulted in the formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (0.05 ng/L) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) (0.2 ng/L) along with the reduction of NIC to 1.1 ng/L, suggesting that NNK and NNAL were formed from NIC. To confirm that tobacco alkaloids are the precursors of TSNAs, we chloraminated water-leaching samples of tobacco from three brands of cigarettes and found that the formation of TSNAs coincides with the reduction of the alkaloids. Chloramination of individual alkaloids confirms that NNK and NNAL are produced from NIC, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) from nornicotine (NOR), and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) from anabasine (ANA). Furthermore, we have identified specific intermediates of these reactions and proposed potential pathways of formation of TSNAs from specific alkaloids. These results confirm that NNK and NNAL are the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) resulting from NIC in raw water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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88
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Hatsukami DK, Stepanov I, Severson H, Jensen JA, Lindgren BR, Horn K, Khariwala SS, Martin J, Carmella SG, Murphy SE, Hecht SS. Evidence supporting product standards for carcinogens in smokeless tobacco products. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:20-6. [PMID: 25524878 PMCID: PMC4299753 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products sold in the United States vary significantly in yields of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA). With the passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the Food and Drug Administration now has the authority to establish product standards. However, limited data exist determining the relative roles of pattern of smokeless tobacco use versus constituent levels in the smokeless tobacco product in exposure of users to carcinogens. In this study, smokeless tobacco users of brands varying in nicotine and TSNA content were recruited from three different regions in the U.S. Participants underwent two assessment sessions. During these sessions, demographic and smokeless tobacco use history information along with urine samples to assess biomarkers of exposure and effect were collected. During the time between data collection, smokeless tobacco users recorded the amount and duration of smokeless tobacco use on a daily basis using their diary cards. Results showed that independent of pattern of smokeless tobacco use and nicotine yields, levels of TSNA in smokeless tobacco products played a significant role in carcinogen exposure levels. Product standards for reducing levels of TSNA in smokeless tobacco products are necessary to decrease exposure to these toxicants and potentially to reduce risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Hatsukami
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Irina Stepanov
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Joni A Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bruce R Lindgren
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly Horn
- George Washington University, School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Samir S Khariwala
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Steven G Carmella
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M van Dam
- Ecogenomics, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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90
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Samson-Robert O, Labrie G, Chagnon M, Fournier V. Neonicotinoid-contaminated puddles of water represent a risk of intoxication for honey bees. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108443. [PMID: 25438051 PMCID: PMC4249843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, populations of honey bees and other pollinators have been reported to be in decline worldwide. A number of stressors have been identified as potential contributing factors, including the extensive prophylactic use of neonicotinoid insecticides, which are highly toxic to bees, in agriculture. While multiple routes of exposure to these systemic insecticides have been documented for honey bees, contamination from puddle water has not been investigated. In this study, we used a multi-residue method based on LC-MS/MS to analyze samples of puddle water taken in the field during the planting of treated corn and one month later. If honey bees were to collect and drink water from these puddles, our results showed that they would be exposed to various agricultural pesticides. All water samples collected from corn fields were contaminated with at least one neonicotinoid compound, although most contained more than one systemic insecticide. Concentrations of neonicotinoids were higher in early spring, indicating that emission and drifting of contaminated dust during sowing raises contamination levels of puddles. Although the overall average acute risk of drinking water from puddles was relatively low, concentrations of neonicotinoids ranged from 0.01 to 63 µg/L and were sufficient to potentially elicit a wide array of sublethal effects in individuals and colony alike. Our results also suggest that risk assessment of honey bee water resources underestimates the foragers' exposure and consequently miscalculates the risk. In fact, our data shows that honey bees and native pollinators are facing unprecedented cumulative exposure to these insecticides from combined residues in pollen, nectar and water. These findings not only document the impact of this route of exposure for honey bees, they also have implications for the cultivation of a wide variety of crops for which the extensive use of neonicotinoids is currently promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geneviève Labrie
- CÉROM, Centre de recherche sur les grains Inc., Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, Canada
| | - Madeleine Chagnon
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Valérie Fournier
- Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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91
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Braillon A. Reducing nicotine content of cigarettes: in search of a regulator. Prev Med 2014; 69:306. [PMID: 25150383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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92
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Smith TT, Sved AF, Hatsukami DK, Donny EC. Nicotine reduction as an increase in the unit price of cigarettes: a behavioral economics approach. Prev Med 2014; 68:23-8. [PMID: 25025523 PMCID: PMC4446706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urgent action is needed to reduce the harm caused by smoking. Product standards that reduce the addictiveness of cigarettes are now possible both in the U.S. and in countries party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Specifically, standards that required substantially reduced nicotine content in cigarettes could enable cessation in smokers and prevent future smoking among current non-smokers. Behavioral economics uses principles from the field of microeconomics to characterize how consumption of a reinforcer changes as a function of the unit price of that reinforcer (unit price=cost/reinforcer magnitude). A nicotine reduction policy might be considered an increase in the unit price of nicotine because smokers are paying more per unit of nicotine. This perspective allows principles from behavioral economics to be applied to nicotine reduction research questions, including how nicotine consumption, smoking behavior, use of other tobacco products, and use of other drugs of abuse are likely to be affected. This paper reviews the utility of this approach and evaluates the notion that a reduction in nicotine content is equivalent to a reduction in the reinforcement value of smoking-an assumption made by the unit price approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Alan F Sved
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
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93
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Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Sved AF, Tidey JW, Cassidy RN. Reduced nicotine product standards for combustible tobacco: building an empirical basis for effective regulation. Prev Med 2014; 68:17-22. [PMID: 24967958 PMCID: PMC4253911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both the Tobacco Control Act in the U.S. and Article 9 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control enable governments to directly address the addictiveness of combustible tobacco by reducing nicotine through product standards. Although nicotine may have some harmful effects, the detrimental health effects of smoked tobacco are primarily due to non-nicotine constituents. Hence, the health effects of nicotine reduction would likely be determined by changes in behavior that result in changes in smoke exposure. METHODS Herein, we review the current evidence on nicotine reduction and discuss some of the challenges in establishing the empirical basis for regulatory decisions. RESULTS To date, research suggests that very low nicotine content cigarettes produce a desirable set of outcomes, including reduced exposure to nicotine, reduced smoking, and reduced dependence, without significant safety concerns. However, much is still unknown, including the effects of gradual versus abrupt changes in nicotine content, effects in vulnerable populations, and impact on youth. DISCUSSION A coordinated effort must be made to provide the best possible scientific basis for regulatory decisions. The outcome of this effort may provide the foundation for a novel approach to tobacco control that dramatically reduces the devastating health consequences of smoked tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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94
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Nagaie M, Nishiura A, Honda Y, Fujiwara SI, Matsumoto N. A comprehensive mixture of tobacco smoke components retards orthodontic tooth movement via the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in a rat model. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18610-22. [PMID: 25322153 PMCID: PMC4227235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of numerous components. Nevertheless, most experiments have examined the effects of individual chemicals in tobacco smoke. The comprehensive effects of components on tooth movement and bone resorption remain unexplored. Here, we have shown that a comprehensive mixture of tobacco smoke components (TSCs) attenuated bone resorption through osteoclastogenesis inhibition, thereby retarding experimental tooth movement in a rat model. An elastic power chain (PC) inserted between the first and second maxillary molars robustly yielded experimental tooth movement within 10 days. TSC administration effectively retarded tooth movement since day 4. Histological evaluation disclosed that tooth movement induced bone resorption at two sites: in the bone marrow and the peripheral bone near the root. TSC administration significantly reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclastic cells in the bone marrow cavity of the PC-treated dentition. An in vitro study indicated that the inhibitory effects of TSCs on osteoclastogenesis seemed directed more toward preosteoclasts than osteoblasts. These results indicate that the comprehensive mixture of TSCs might be a useful tool for detailed verification of the adverse effects of tobacco smoke, possibly contributing to the development of reliable treatments in various fields associated with bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Nagaie
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha Hanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Aki Nishiura
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha Hanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Yoshitomo Honda
- Institute of Dental Research, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha Hanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha Hanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha Hanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
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95
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Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to components of secondhand smoke that stick to indoor surfaces and persist in the environment. Little is known about exposure levels and possible remediation measures to reduce potential exposure in contaminated areas. This study deals with the effect of aging on THS components and evaluates possible exposure levels and remediation measures. We investigated the concentration of nicotine, five nicotine related alkaloids, and three tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in smoke exposed fabrics. Two different extraction methods were used. Cotton terry cloth and polyester fleece were exposed to smoke in controlled laboratory conditions and aged before extraction. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for chemical analysis. Fabrics aged for 19 months after smoke exposure retained significant amounts of THS chemicals. During aqueous extraction, cotton cloth released about 41 times as much nicotine and about 78 times the amount of tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) as polyester after one hour of aqueous extraction. Concentrations of nicotine and TSNAs in extracts of terry cloth exposed to smoke were used to estimate infant/toddler oral exposure and adult dermal exposure to THS. Nicotine exposure from THS residue can be 6.8 times higher in toddlers and 24 times higher in adults and TSNA exposure can be 16 times higher in toddlers and 56 times higher in adults than what would be inhaled by a passive smoker. In addition to providing exposure estimates, our data could be useful in developing remediation strategies and in framing public health policies for indoor environments with THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhra Bahl
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Havel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Suzaynn F. Schick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Hammond D, O'Connor RJ. Reduced nicotine cigarettes: smoking behavior and biomarkers of exposure among smokers not intending to quit. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2032-40. [PMID: 25150282 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. FDA has the authority to limit the nicotine content of cigarettes; however, there are concerns that reduced nicotine cigarettes will be smoked more intensely and, therefore, will increase exposure to toxic chemicals in smoke. This study examined changes in consumer behavior and exposure in response to cigarettes with substantially reduced nicotine content. METHODS Seventy-two adult smokers completed an unblinded trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes. Participants completed a 7-day baseline period during which they smoked their usual cigarette brand, followed by consecutive 7-day periods smoking cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine levels (0.6, 0.3, and 0.05 mg emission Quest cigarettes). Nicotine dependence and withdrawal, smoking behavior, and biomarkers of exposure were assessed for each 7-day period. RESULTS Significant reductions in nicotine intake were observed between usual brand smoking (∼1.2 mg nicotine) and the 0.3 and 0.05 mg nicotine emission cigarettes, but not the 0.6 mg cigarette. The findings provide little evidence of compensatory smoking of Quest cigarettes, with no increases in exhaled breath carbon monoxide levels, smoking intensity, or levels of 1-hydroxypyrene across study periods. No significant differences were observed for smoking urges or measures of nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS The study adds to the evidence that cigarettes with markedly reduced nicotine content are not associated with increased smoking intensity or exposure to smoke toxicants. IMPACT The findings add to the evidence base on reduced nicotine content cigarettes and have the potential to inform FDA policy on nicotine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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97
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de Franco MAE, da Silva WL, Bagnara M, Lansarin MA, Dos Santos JHZ. Photocatalytic degradation of nicotine in an aqueous solution using unconventional supported catalysts and commercial ZnO/TiO₂ under ultraviolet radiation. Sci Total Environ 2014; 494-495:97-103. [PMID: 25038428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, a highly toxic alkaloid, has been detected in effluents, surface and groundwater and even bottled mineral water. The present work studied the photocatalytic degradation of nicotine in aqueous solution, under ultraviolet irradiation. The experiments were carried out using commercial (ZnO, TiO2) and non-conventional catalysts, which were prepared from industrial and laboratory waste. Two experimental designs (CCD) were performed for both commercial catalysts, and initial nicotine concentration, catalyst concentration and initial solution pH effects were studied. Then, the synthesized catalysts were tested under the optimal conditions which were found through CCDs. Using commercial catalysts, about 98% of the alkaloid was degraded by ZnO, and 88% by TiO2, in 1h. Among the non-conventional catalysts, the highest photocatalytic degradation (44%) was achieved using the catalyst prepared from a petrochemical industry residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Andrea Espina de Franco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, CEP 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - William Leonardo da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, CEP 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mônica Bagnara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, CEP 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marla Azário Lansarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, CEP 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Zimnoch Dos Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Luiz Englert s/n, CEP 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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98
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Himes SK, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, Smith LM, Arria AM, Grotta SAD, Dansereau LM, Abar B, Neal CR, Lester BM, Huestis MA. Risk of neurobehavioral disinhibition in prenatal methamphetamine-exposed young children with positive hair toxicology results. Ther Drug Monit 2014; 36:535-43. [PMID: 24518561 PMCID: PMC4101149 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to evaluate the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) and postnatal drug exposures identified by child hair analysis on neurobehavioral disinhibition at 6.5 years of age. METHODS Mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study in Los Angeles, Honolulu, Tulsa, and Des Moines. PME was determined by maternal self-report and/or positive meconium results. At the 6.5-year follow-up visit, hair was collected and analyzed for methamphetamine, tobacco, cocaine, and cannabinoid markers. Child behavioral and executive function test scores were aggregated to evaluate child neurobehavioral disinhibition. Hierarchical linear regression models assessed the impact of PME, postnatal substances, and combined PME with postnatal drug exposures on the child's neurobehavioral disinhibition aggregate score. Past year caregiver substance use was compared with child hair results. RESULTS A total of 264 children were evaluated. Significantly more PME children (n = 133) had hair positive for methamphetamine/amphetamine (27.1% versus 8.4%) and nicotine/cotinine (38.3% versus 25.2%) than children without PME (n = 131). Overall, no significant differences in analyte hair concentrations were noted between groups. Significant differences in behavioral and executive function were observed between children with and without PME. No independent effects of postnatal methamphetamine or tobacco exposure, identified by positive hair test, were noted and no additional neurobehavioral disinhibition was observed in PME children with postnatal drug exposures, as compared with PME children without postnatal exposure. CONCLUSIONS Child hair testing offered a noninvasive means to evaluate postnatal environmental drug exposure, although no effects from postnatal drug exposure alone were seen. PME, alone and in combination with postnatal drug exposures, was associated with behavioral and executive function deficits at 6.5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Himes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Linda L. LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Chris Derauf
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Elana Newman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Lynne M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, CA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Family Science Department, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Sheri A. Della Grotta
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Lynne M. Dansereau
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Beau Abar
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Charles R. Neal
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Barry M. Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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99
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Jasiewicz B, Malczewska-Jaskóła K, Kowalczyk I, Warżajtis B, Rychlewska U. Chalcogen analogues of nicotine lactam studied by NMR, FTIR, DFT and X-ray methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 128:773-780. [PMID: 24699296 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The selenoanalogue of nicotine has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals of selenonicotine are isomorphic with the thionicotine homologue and consist of molecules engaged in columnar π⋯π stacking interactions between antiparallely arranged pyridine moieties. These interactions, absent in other crystals containing nicotine fragments, seem to be induced by the presence of a lactam group. The molecular structures in the vacuum of the oxo-, thio- and selenonicotine homologues have been calculated by the DFT method and compared with the available X-ray data. The delocalized structure of thionicotine is stabilized by intramolecular C-H⋯S hydrogen bond, which becomes weaker in the partial zwitterionic resonance structure of selenonicotine in favor of multiple C-H⋯Se intermolecular hydrogen-bonds. The calculated data allow a complete assignment of vibration modes in the solid state FTIR spectra. The (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts were calculated by the GIAO method with B3LYP/6-311G(3df) level. A comparison between experimental and calculated theoretical results indicates that the density functional B3LYP method provided satisfactory results for predicting FTIR, (1)H, (13)C NMR spectra properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jasiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Iwona Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Beata Warżajtis
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Urszula Rychlewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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100
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Marlin D, Nicolson SW, Yusuf AA, Stevenson PC, Heyman HM, Krüger K. The only African wild tobacco, Nicotiana africana: alkaloid content and the effect of herbivory. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102661. [PMID: 25025217 PMCID: PMC4099186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory in some Nicotiana species is known to induce alkaloid production. This study examined herbivore-induced defenses in the nornicotine-rich African tobacco N. africana, the only Nicotiana species indigenous to Africa. We tested the predictions that: 1) N. africana will have high constitutive levels of leaf, flower and nectar alkaloids; 2) leaf herbivory by the African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera will induce increased alkaloid levels in leaves, flowers and nectar; and 3) increased alkaloid concentrations in herbivore-damaged plants will negatively affect larval growth. We grew N. africana in large pots in a greenhouse and exposed flowering plants to densities of one, three and six fourth-instar larvae of H. armigera, for four days. Leaves, flowers and nectar were analyzed for nicotine, nornicotine and anabasine. The principal leaf alkaloid was nornicotine (mean: 28 µg/g dry mass) followed by anabasine (4.9 µg/g) and nicotine (0.6 µg/g). Nornicotine was found in low quantities in the flowers, but no nicotine or anabasine were recorded. The nectar contained none of the alkaloids measured. Larval growth was reduced when leaves of flowering plants were exposed to six larvae. As predicted by the optimal defense theory, herbivory had a localized effect and caused an increase in nornicotine concentrations in both undamaged top leaves of herbivore damaged plants and herbivore damaged leaves exposed to one and three larvae. The nicotine concentration increased in damaged compared to undamaged middle leaves. The nornicotine concentration was lower in damaged leaves of plants exposed to six compared to three larvae, suggesting that N. africana rather invests in new growth as opposed to protecting older leaves under severe attack. The results indicate that the nornicotine-rich N. africana will be unattractive to herbivores and more so when damaged, but that potential pollinators will be unaffected because the nectar remains alkaloid-free even after herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Marlin
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Susan W. Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Philip C. Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Heino M. Heyman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kerstin Krüger
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
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