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Parikh AR, Kaplan CP, Burke NJ, Livaudais-Toman J, Hwang ES, Karliner LS. Ductal carcinoma in situ: knowledge of associated risks and prognosis among Latina and non-Latina white women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 141:261-8. [PMID: 23996141 PMCID: PMC4520413 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While not itself life-threatening, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) can progress to invasive disease if untreated, and confers an increased risk of future breast cancer. We investigated knowledge of DCIS among a cohort of English- and Spanish-speaking Latina and English-speaking non-Latina white women previously treated for DCIS. We examined knowledge of DCIS with four true/false statements about risk of invasive disease, breast cancer recurrence, and prognosis. For each knowledge statement, we modeled the odds of a correct answer by language-ethnicity (English-speaking Latinas, Spanish-speaking Latinas, and English-speaking whites) adjusting for demographics, health history, and treatment factors. Of 710 participants, 52 % were English-speaking whites, 21 % English-speaking Latinas, and 27 % Spanish-speaking Latinas. Less than half (41 %) of participants were aware that DCIS is not life-threatening and only 32 % knew that surgical treatment choice does not impact mortality; whereas two-thirds (67 %) understood that DCIS confers increased risk of future breast cancer, and almost all (92 %) knew that DCIS, if untreated, could become invasive. Only three Spanish-speakers used professional interpreters during discussions with their physicians. In adjusted analyses, compared to English-speaking whites, both English- and Spanish-speaking Latinas had significantly lower odds of knowing that DCIS was not life-threatening (OR, 95 % CI 0.6, 0.4-0.9 and 0.5, 0.3-0.9, respectively). In contrast, Spanish-speaking Latinas had a twofold higher odds of knowing that DCIS increases risk of future breast cancer (OR, 95 % CI 2.6, 1.6-4.4), but English-speaking Latinas were no different from English-speaking whites. Our data suggest that physicians are more successful at conveying the risks conferred by DCIS than the nuances of DCIS as a non-life-threatening diagnosis. This uneven communication is most marked for Spanish-speaking Latinas. In addition to the use of professional interpreters, efforts to create culturally and linguistically standardized information could improve knowledge and engagement in informed decision making for all DCIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna R. Parikh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celia Patricia Kaplan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1545, Divisadero, San Francisco, CA 94143-0320, USA
| | - Nancy J. Burke
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Livaudais-Toman
- Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1545, Divisadero, San Francisco, CA 94143-0320, USA
| | - E. Shelley Hwang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leah S. Karliner
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1545, Divisadero, San Francisco, CA 94143-0320, USA
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Gilligan AM, Malone DC, Warholak TL, Armstrong EP. Health disparities in cost of care in patients with Alzheimer's disease: an analysis across 4 state Medicaid populations. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:84-92. [PMID: 23196405 PMCID: PMC10697230 DOI: 10.1177/1533317512467679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate health disparities with respect to cost of care across 4 state Medicaid populations. METHODS Data were obtained from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for this retrospective study. Patients were enrolled in a California, Florida, New Jersey, or New York Medicaid programs during 2004, with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision 331.0). Outcome of interest was cost of care. Decomposition of cost to calculate disparities was estimated using the Oaxaca-Blinder model. An a priori α level of .01 was used. RESULTS Approximately 158 974 individuals qualified for this study. Disparities were found to exist between blacks and whites (with blacks having higher costs; P < .0001), whites and others (with whites having higher costs; P < .0001), blacks and Hispanics (with blacks having higher costs; P < .0001), blacks and others (with blacks having higher costs; P < .0001), and Hispanics and others (with Hispanics having higher costs; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Disparities in cost among minority-to-minority populations were just as prevalent, if not higher, than minority-white disparities.
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Forster M, Dyal SR, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Chou CP, Soto DW, Unger JB. Bullying victimization as a mediator of associations between cultural/familial variables, substance use, and depressive symptoms among Hispanic youth. Ethn Health 2013; 18:415-32. [PMID: 23297708 PMCID: PMC3723765 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2012.754407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article examines the antecedents and consequences of bullying victimization among a sample of Hispanic high school students. Although cultural and familial variables have been examined as potential risk or protective factors for substance use and depression, previous studies have not examined the role of peer victimization in these processes. We evaluated a conceptual model in which cultural and familial factors influenced the risk of victimization, which in turn influenced the risk of substance use and depression. DESIGN Data were collected as part of a longitudinal survey study of 9th and 10th grade Hispanic/Latino students in Southern California (n = 1167). The student bodies were at least 70% Hispanic/Latino with a range of socioeconomic characteristics represented. We used linear and logistic regression models to test hypothesized relationships between cultural and familial factors and depression and substance use. We used a mediational model to assess whether bullying victimization mediated these associations. RESULTS Acculturative stress and family cohesion were significantly associated with bullying victimization. Family cohesion was associate d with depression and substance use. Social support was associated with alcohol use. Acculturative stress was associated with higher depression. The associations between acculturative stress and depression, family cohesion and depression, and family cohesion and cigarette use were mediated by bullying victimization. CONCLUSION These findings provide valuable information to the growing, but still limited, literature about the cultural barriers and strengths that are intrinsic to the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood among Hispanic youth. Our findings are consistent with a mediational model in which cultural/familial factors influence the risk of peer victimization, which in turn influences depressive symptoms and smoking, suggesting the potential positive benefits of school-based programs that facilitate the development of coping skills for students experiencing cultural and familial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Forster
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abstract
We test the hypothesis suggested in the literature that an acute income gain in the form of the earned income tax credit reduces the odds of a very low-weight birth among low-income non-Hispanic black mothers. We apply ecological time series and supplemental individual-level logistic regression methods to monthly birth data from California between 1989 and 1997. Contrary to our hypothesis, the odds of very low-weight birth increases above its expected value two months after mothers typically receive the credit. We discuss our findings in relation to the epidemiologic literature concerned with ambient events during pregnancy and recommend further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Bruckner
- a Program in Public Health and Department of Planning, Policy, and Design , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , California , USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acculturation to life in the United States is a known predictor of Hispanic drinking behavior. We compare the ability of 2 theoretical models of this effect-sociocultural theory and general stress theory-to account for associations between acculturation and drinking in a sample of Mexican Americans. Limitations of previous evaluations of these theoretical models are addressed using a broader range of hypothesized cognitive mediators and a more direct measure of acculturative stress. In addition, we explore nonlinearities as possible underpinnings of attenuated acculturation effects among men. METHODS Respondents (N = 2,595, current drinker N = 1,351) were interviewed as part of 2 recent multistage probability samples in a study of drinking behavior among Mexican Americans in the United States. The ability of norms, drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, and acculturation stress to account for relations between acculturation and drinking outcomes (volume and heavy drinking days) were assessed with a hierarchical linear regression strategy. Nonlinear trends were assessed by modeling quadratic effects of acculturation and acculturation stress on cognitive mediators and drinking outcomes. RESULTS Consistent with previous findings, acculturation effects on drinking outcomes were stronger for women than men. Among women, only drinking motives explained acculturation associations with volume or heavy drinking days. Among men, acculturation was linked to increases in norms, and norms were positive predictors of drinking outcomes. However, adjusted effects of acculturation were nonexistent or trending in a negative direction, which counteracted this indirect normative influence. Acculturation stress did not explain the positive associations between acculturation and drinking. CONCLUSIONS Stress and alcohol outcome expectancies play little role in the positive linear association between acculturation and drinking outcomes, but drinking motives appear to at least partially account for this effect. Consistent with recent reports, these results challenge stress models of linear acculturation effects on drinking outcomes and provide (partial) support for sociocultural models. Inconsistent mediation patterns-rather than nonlinearities-represented a more plausible statistical description of why acculturation-drinking associations are weakened among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britain A Mills
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75390-9128, USA.
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Amezcua L, Chung RH, Conti DV, Langer-Gould AM. Vitamin D levels in Hispanics with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2012; 259:2565-70. [PMID: 22588255 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and several markers of disease state in whites. There are limited reports of vitamin D's influence in MS in ethnic groups, such as in Hispanics. In this study, we compared vitamin D levels in Hispanics and whites with MS and tried to determine whether season or increasing disability influence hypovitaminosis D in Hispanics with MS. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and clinical characteristics were compared in a cross-sectional sample of Hispanics (n = 80) and whites (n = 80) with MS recruited from the University of Southern California. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in Hispanics than whites with MS (mean and standard deviation 25.1 ± 9.4 and 37.3 ± 19.8 ng/ml, respectively; p < 0.001). Hispanics were significantly more likely than whites to be vitamin D insufficient (≤ 30 ng/ml; 70 vs. 41 %, respectively; p < 0.001) and deficient (≤ 20 ng/ml; 40 vs. 14 %, respectively, p < 0.001). In Hispanics, serum 25(OH)D levels were not influenced by season (p = 0.8) or higher physical disability (EDSS ≥ 6, p = 0.7). We found that the relationship between vitamin D and MS differs by Hispanic ethnicity. Hypovitaminosis D was significantly more common among Hispanics than among whites with MS, and the majority of Hispanics were vitamin D insufficient. Interestingly, there was no association between vitamin D levels and season or increasing disability in the Hispanics. Our findings imply that factors influencing vitamin D levels and possibly vitamin D requirements may vary by ethnicity in patients with MS. These results should be confirmed in larger, prospective multi-ethnic cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilyana Amezcua
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Masland MC, Kang SH, Ma Y. Association between limited English proficiency and understanding prescription labels among five ethnic groups in California. Ethn Health 2011; 16:125-144. [PMID: 21491287 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2010.543950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Misunderstanding of prescription labels results in adverse drug events and non-adherence. We assessed the effect of limited English and other factors on prescription understanding among five ethnic groups in a controlled analysis. DESIGN Subjects were respondents to California's 2007 Health Interview Survey who received a prescription in the past year. In separate logistic regressions, limited English's effect on self-reported prescription understanding - controlling for bilingual doctor, education level, medications for chronic conditions, disability, years in USA, citizenship and socio-demographics - was estimated for Mexicans, Central Americans, Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese. RESULTS Unweighted sample size was 48,968. Approximately 14% had limited English and 8% had difficulty in understanding prescriptions. In multivariate analysis, limited English increased odds of difficulty in understanding prescriptions by three times for Mexicans, Central Americans, and Koreans, and four times for Chinese; it was insignificant for Vietnamese. Generally, having a bilingual doctor reduced odds of difficulty while disability, low education, low income or recent immigration increased odds of difficulty. Effects varied according to the ethnic group. In controlled analysis, Chinese and Korean ethnicity increased odds of difficulty compared to Mexican or Central American ethnicity; Vietnamese ethnicity reduced odds of difficulty compared to others. CONCLUSIONS Limited English blocked prescription understanding for all groups except Vietnamese. Translated prescription labels and interpreted in-person pharmacy consultations are indicated. Education and ethnicity affected prescription understanding; prescription instructions must be compatible with patients' educational level and culture. Bilingual/bicultural providers and interpreters can help bridge linguistic/cultural gaps but efforts should be made to ensure that they are truly culturally and linguistically concordant. Linguistic, cultural or educational needs should be noted in the patient's record or on the prescription to alert pharmacy staff. Sub-populations needing extra support include chronically ill, disabled, recent immigrants, low-income or rural inhabitants. Community outreach workers may provide an effective strategy for assisting these sub-populations with prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Masland
- Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Salam MT, Bastain TM, Rappaport EB, Islam T, Berhane K, Gauderman WJ, Gilliland FD. Genetic variations in nitric oxide synthase and arginase influence exhaled nitric oxide levels in children. Allergy 2011; 66:412-9. [PMID: 21039601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker of airway inflammation. In the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway, nitric oxide synthases (encoded by NOS1, NOS2A, and NOS3) and arginases (encoded by ARG1 and ARG2) compete for L-arginine. Although FeNO levels are higher in children with asthma/allergy, influence of these conditions on the relationships between variations in these genes and FeNO remains unknown. The aims of the study were to evaluate the role of genetic variations in nitric oxide synthases and arginases on FeNO in children and to assess the influence of asthma and respiratory allergy on these genetic associations. METHODS Among children (6-11 years) who participated in the southern California Children's Health Study, variations in these five genetic loci were characterized by tagSNPs. FeNO was measured in two consecutive years (N = 2298 and 2515 in Years 1 and 2, respectively). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the associations between these genetic variants and FeNO. RESULTS Sequence variations in the NOS2A and ARG2 loci were globally associated with FeNO (P = 0.0002 and 0.01, respectively). The ARG2 association was tagged by intronic variant rs3742879 with stronger association with FeNO in asthmatic children (P-interaction = 0.01). The association of a NOS2A promoter haplotype with FeNO varied significantly by rs3742879 genotypes and by asthma. CONCLUSION Variants in the NO synthesis pathway genes jointly contribute to differences in FeNO concentrations. Some of these genetic influences were stronger in children with asthma. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
This article explores the racial/ethnic identities of multiracial Black-Mexicans or “Blaxicans.” In-depth interviews with 12 Blaxican individuals in California reveal how they negotiate distinct cultural systems to accomplish multiracial identities. I argue that choosing, accomplishing, and asserting a Blaxican identity challenges the dominant monoracial discourse in the United States, in particular among African American and Chicana/o communities. That is, Blaxican respondents are held accountable by African Americans and Chicanas/os/Mexicans to monoracial notions of “authenticity.” The process whereby Blaxicans move between these monoracial spaces to create multiracial identities illustrates crucial aspects of the social construction of race/ethnicity in the United States and the influence of social interactions in shaping how Blaxicans develop their multiracial identities.
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Castellanos LR, Li Z, Yeo KK, Young JN, Ayanian JZ, Amsterdam EA. Relation of race, ethnicity and cardiac surgeons to operative mortality rates in primary coronary artery bypass grafting in California. Am J Cardiol 2011; 107:1-5. [PMID: 21146677 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether African American, Hispanic, and Asian patients in California were more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) by cardiac surgeons with higher risk-adjusted mortality rates (RAMRs). Clinical data from the California CABG Outcomes Reporting Program were analyzed for all patients who underwent isolated CABG from 2003 to 2006 by surgeons who performed ≥ 10 operations. Surgeons were divided into quintiles on the basis of their RAMRs, with the top-performing surgeons in the first quintile and the lowest performing surgeons in the fifth quintile. There were 72,845 isolated CABG procedures performed by 303 surgeons, including 49,886 in white, 9,380 in Hispanic, 6,867 in Asian, and 2,750 in African American patients. African American and Asian patients underwent CABG by surgeons with higher mean RAMRs (2.90% and 2.99%, respectively) compared with the state average of 2.65% (p <0.001). Compared to white patients, Asian and Hispanic patients were more likely to be treated by surgeons in the lowest quintile (odds ratio [OR] 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11 to 1.3, and OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.48, respectively). African Americans and Hispanics were less likely to be operated on by surgeons in the top quintile compared to white patients (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.90, and OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.87, respectively). Hispanics were less likely to be treated by surgeons in the top quintile than by surgeons in the lowest quintile (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.75). In conclusion, racial and ethnic minority patients who undergo isolated CABG in California may be more likely to be operated on by cardiac surgeons with higher RAMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Castellanos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Abstract
This study addresses the social and cultural underpinnings that shape children’s risk of type 2 diabetes, as identified by a racially and economically diverse group of parents and their children living in Anaheim, California. Based on in-depth interviews with 28 adults and 17 children, we explored how they understood what constitutes “good health” in children and the aspects of their neighborhoods and communities that acted as resources or impediments to their children’s well-being. We found that parents and children employed a language of food that reflected a fear-based, medicalized orientation to food consumption. Although nearly all agreed that children should stay active, densely populated neighborhoods, apartment complexes with rigid outdoor rules, high crime rates, police surveillance, and diminished access to public parks and recreational facilities posed challenges. Similarly problematic were deficits in school lunch programs and the limited sometimes demeaning, conversations with healthcare professionals about diabetes risk and prevention. Together, these narratives identify key structural processes attendant to type 2 diabetes risk in children and call for a more politicized conversation regarding prevention strategies and public healthcare practices.
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Macconnell S. Jean-Louis Vignes: California's forgotten winemaker. Gastronomica (Berkeley Calif) 2011; 11:89-92. [PMID: 21591314 DOI: 10.1525/gfc.2011.11.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article represents a first step in the process of restoring the legacy of pioneer California winemaker Jean-Louis Vignes (1780–1862). Vignes was a native of France who established and operated a commercial winery (El Aliso) in Los Angeles for 22 years (1833–1855). The article includes the first known photograph of Vignes discovered by the author. While prominent twentieth-century American wine historians have acknowledged Vignes, the author emphasizes a key distinction made by French historian Leonce Jore. Vignes left France to go to the Sandwich Islands as part of a commercial enterprise that traveled with Catholic missionaries (Picpus Fathers). Only after five years of frustration did Vignes move to Los Angeles and establish a winery. The author uses the remembrances of well-known nineteenth-century commentator William Heath Davis [Seventy-Five Years in California (San Francisco, 1929)] to give some personal insights into Vignes as a winemaker. Davis visited him at El Aliso three times as a young man and lived long enough (1909) to validate Vignes’s vision for the potential of winemaking in California. The article also includes the first known full citation for Vignes’s gravesite at Evergreen Cemetery in Los Angeles.
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Abstract
This research measures the influence of transit-oriented development (TOD) on the San Diego, CA, condominium market. Many view TOD as a key element in creating a less auto dependent and more sustainable transport system. Price premiums indicate a potential for a market-driven expansion of TOD inventory. A hedonic price model is estimated to isolate statistically the effect of TOD. This includes interaction terms between station distance and various measures of pedestrian orientation. The resulting model shows that station proximity has a significantly stronger impact when coupled with a pedestrian-oriented environment. Conversely, station area condominiums in more auto-oriented environments may sell at a discount. This indicates that TOD has a synergistic value greater than the sum of its parts. It also implies a healthy demand for more TOD housing in San Diego.
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Marks AR, Harley K, Bradman A, Kogut K, Barr DB, Johnson C, Calderon N, Eskenazi B. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and attention in young Mexican-American children: the CHAMACOS study. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1768-74. [PMID: 21126939 PMCID: PMC3002198 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, well-known neurotoxicants, has been associated with neurobehavioral deficits in children. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether OP exposure, as measured by urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites in pregnant women and their children, was associated with attention-related outcomes among Mexican-American children living in an agricultural region of California. METHODS Children were assessed at ages 3.5 years (n = 331) and 5 years (n = 323). Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We administered the NEPSY-II visual attention subtest to children at 3.5 years and Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) at 5 years. The K-CPT yielded a standardized attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Confidence Index score. Psychometricians scored behavior of the 5-year-olds during testing using the Hillside Behavior Rating Scale. RESULTS Prenatal DAPs (nanomoles per liter) were nonsignificantly associated with maternal report of attention problems and ADHD at age 3.5 years but were significantly related at age 5 years [CBCL attention problems: β = 0.7 points; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-1.2; ADHD: β = 1.3; 95% CI, 0.4-2.1]. Prenatal DAPs were associated with scores on the K-CPT ADHD Confidence Index > 70th percentile [odds ratio (OR) = 5.1; 95% CI, 1.7-15.7] and with a composite ADHD indicator of the various measures (OR = 3.5; 95% CI, 1.1-10.7). Some outcomes exhibited evidence of effect modification by sex, with associations found only among boys. There was also limited evidence of associations between child DAPs and attention. CONCLUSIONS In utero DAPs and, to a lesser extent, postnatal DAPs were associated adversely with attention as assessed by maternal report, psychometrician observation, and direct assessment. These associations were somewhat stronger at 5 years than at 3.5 years and were stronger in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Marks
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Caroline Johnson
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Norma Calderon
- Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas, Clinica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Address correspondence to B. Eskenazi, Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, UC Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Telephone: (510) 643-1337. Fax: (510) 642-9083. E-mail:
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Eskenazi B, Huen K, Marks A, Harley KG, Bradman A, Barr DB, Holland N. PON1 and neurodevelopment in children from the CHAMACOS study exposed to organophosphate pesticides in utero. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1775-81. [PMID: 21126941 PMCID: PMC3002199 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) detoxifies oxon derivatives of some organophosphate (OP) pesticides, and its genetic polymorphisms influence enzyme activity and quantity. We previously reported that maternal urinary concentrations of dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, a marker of OP pesticide exposure, were related to poorer mental development and maternally reported symptoms consistent with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) in 2-year-olds participating in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study. OBJECTIVE We determined whether PON1 genotypes and enzyme measurements were associated with child neurobehavioral development and whether PON1 modified the association of in utero exposure to OPs (as assessed by maternal DAPs) and neurobehavior. METHODS We measured DAP concentrations in maternal urine during pregnancy, PON1₁₉₂ and PON1₋₁₀₈ genotypes in mothers and children, and arylesterase (ARYase) and paraoxonase (POase) in maternal, cord, and 2-year-olds' blood. We assessed 353 2-year-olds on the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and queried their mothers on the Child Behavior Checklist to obtain a score for PDD. RESULTS Children with the PON1(-108T) allele had poorer MDI scores and somewhat poorer PDI scores. Children were less likely to display PDD when they or their mothers had higher ARYase activity and when their mothers had higher POase activity. The association between DAPs and MDI scores was strongest in children with PON1(-108T) allele, but this and other interactions between DAPs and PON1 polymorphisms or enzymes were not significant. CONCLUSION PON1 was associated with child neurobehavioral development, but additional research is needed to confirm whether it modifies the relation with in utero OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94602, USA.
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66
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Lee S, Satter DE, Ponce NA. Effect of race and ethnicity classification on survey estimates: Anomaly of the weighted totals of American Indians and Alaska Natives. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res 2010; 16:1-15. [PMID: 20052630 DOI: 10.5820/aian.1603.2009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Racial classification is a paramount concern in data collection and analysis for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and has far-reaching implications in health research. We examine how different racial classifications affect survey weights and consequently change health-related indicators for the AI/AN population in California. Using a very large random population-based sample of AI/ANs, we compared the impact of three weighting strategies on counts and rates of selected health indicators. We found that different weights examined in this study did not change the percentage estimates of health-related variables for AI/ANs, but did influence the population total estimates dramatically. In survey data, different racial classifications and tabulations of AI/ANs could yield discrepancies in weighted estimates for the AI/AN population. Policy makers need to be aware that the choice of racial classification schemes for this racial-political group can generally influence the data they use for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Lee
- UCLA Department of Biostatistics, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
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67
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Kwong SL, Stewart SL, Aoki CA, Chen MS. Disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma survival among Californians of Asian ancestry, 1988 to 2007. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2747-57. [PMID: 20823106 PMCID: PMC3016919 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a significant health disparity affecting Asian Americans, a population comprised of distinct ethnic groups. The purpose of this article is to analyze Californians of Asian ancestry with HCC with respect to socioeconomic status, demographic factors, stage of disease, treatment received, and survival. METHODS To investigate ethnic differences in survival, we analyzed ethnically disaggregated data from 6,068 Californians of Asian ancestry with HCC diagnosed in 1988 to 2007 and reported to the California Cancer Registry. RESULTS Compared with the average of all ethnic groups, cause-specific mortality was significantly higher among Laotian/Hmong [hazard ratio, 2.08; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.78-2.44] and Cambodian patients (hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.51), groups with higher proportions of their populations at low levels of socioeconomic status; in addition, Laotian/Hmong patients disproportionately presented at later stages of disease, with only 3% receiving local surgical treatment, resection, or liver transplantation. After adjustment for time of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, gender, geographic region, stage at diagnosis, type of surgery, and socioeconomic status, survival disparities remained for both groups (Laotian/Hmong hazard ratio, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.28-1.79; Cambodian hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03-1.48). CONCLUSIONS Our hypothesis that survival outcomes would differ by ethnicity was verified. IMPACT Research is needed not only to develop more effective treatments for HCC but also to develop community-based interventions to recruit Asian Americans, particularly Laotian/Hmong and Cambodians, for hepatitis B screening and into medical management to prevent or detect this tumor at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy L Kwong
- Cancer Surveillance Research Unit, Cancer Surveillance and Research Branch, California Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
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68
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Dean AW. Natural glory in the midst of war: the establishment of Yosemite State Park. Civ War Hist 2010; 56:386-419. [PMID: 21898935 DOI: 10.1353/cwh.2010.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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69
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Ayers JW, Hofstetter CR, Irvin VL, Song Y, Park HR, Paik HY, Hovell MF. Can religion help prevent obesity? Religious messages and the prevalence of being overweight or obese among Korean women in California. J Sci Study Relig 2010; 49:536-49. [PMID: 20886700 PMCID: PMC2951288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This research examines the influence of messages from religious leaders and congregants on whether Korean women are overweight or obese. Data were drawn from telephone interviews with a probability sample (N = 591) of women of Korean descent living in California. Overweight or obese prevalence was measured using World Health Organization standards for Asians (BMI > 23). Respondents reported the frequency of messages discouraging “excessive eating” or encouraging “exercise” from religious leaders and congregants during a typical month. When conditioned on leaders’ messages, the frequency of congregants’ messages was associated with a significantly lower probability of being overweight or obese, although messages from either in the absence of the other were unassociated with being overweight or obese. At least for Korean women, religion may help prevent obesity via religious-based social mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Ayers
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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70
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Garrido S. Oranges or "lemons"? Family farming and product quality in the Spanish orange industry, 1870-1960. Agric Hist 2010; 84:224-243. [PMID: 20509234 DOI: 10.3098/ah.2010.84.2.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the early twentieth century California became a big exporter of some agricultural products that, until then, had only been grown on a large scale in the mediterranean basin. As a result, exports of those products diminished or stagnated in Mediterranean countries, with important repercussions on their economies. The Spanish orange industry, however, continued to expand, despite the fact that a substantial percentage of Spanish oranges came from farms owned by (often illiterate) small peasants who, in comparison to the California growers, used a great deal of labor, small amounts of capital, and little science. This paper shows that Spanish farmers were in fact capable of growing high-quality oranges at prices that were more competitive than those in California, although interested they often preferred to satisfy the strong demand for middling fruit from Great Britain because it was a more profitable business. This, combined with a deficient use of brand names, gave the Spanish citrus industry serious reputation problems by the 1930s, from which, however, it recovered quickly.
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71
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Sandul PJP. The agriburb: recalling the suburban side of Ontario, California's agricultural colonization. Agric Hist 2010; 84:195-223. [PMID: 20509233 DOI: 10.3098/ah.2010.84.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This essay spotlights the development of Ontario, California, in the last decades of the nineteenth century. It demonstrates that many agricultural communities in California, particularly so-called agricultural colonies, represent a unique rural suburban type labeled here as "agriburbs." Agriburbs, such as Ontario, were communities consciously planned, developed, and promoted based on the drive for profit in emerging agricultural markets. Advertised as the perfect mix of rural and urban, they promised a superior middle-class lifestyle. On the one hand, agriburbs evoked the myths of agrarian security and virtue, a life on a farm in an environment that was good for both soil and soul. On the other hand, agriburbs were ideally urbane but not urban because of their many amenities that represented cultural symbols of modernity, refinement, and progress. An understanding of California's agriburbs deepens an appreciation for both the growth and development of California at the turn of the twentieth century and the diversity of suburban types across the American landscape.
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Abstract
Racial/ethnic residential segregation has been shown to contribute to violence and have harmful consequences for minority groups. However, research examining the segregation–crime relationship has focused almost exclusively on blacks and whites while largely ignoring Latinos and other race/ethnic groups and has rarely considered potential mediators (e.g., concentrated disadvantage) in segregation–violence relationships. This study uses year 2000 arrest data for California and New York census places to extend segregation–crime research by comparing the effects of racial/ethnic residential segregation from whites on black and Latino homicide. Results indicate that (1) racial/ethnic segregation contributes to both Latino and black homicide, and (2) the effects for both groups are mediated by concentrated disadvantage. Implications for segregation–violence relationships, the racial-invariance position, and the Latino paradox are discussed.
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Kim SY, Chen Q, Li J, Huang X, Moon UJ. Parent-child acculturation, parenting, and adolescent depressive symptoms in Chinese immigrant families. J Fam Psychol 2009; 23:426-37. [PMID: 19586205 PMCID: PMC2746862 DOI: 10.1037/a0016019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a sample of 388 father-adolescent and 399 mother-adolescent dyads in Chinese immigrant families, the current investigation tested Portes and Rumbaut's (1996) assertion that generational dissonance may indicate a family context that places children at increased risk for adverse outcomes. Study findings suggest that a high discrepancy in father-adolescent acculturation levels relates significantly to more adolescent depressive symptoms. The study further demonstrates that the quality of the parenting relationship between fathers and adolescents operates as a mediator between father-adolescent acculturation discrepancy and adolescent depressive symptoms. Specifically, a high level of discrepancy in American orientation between fathers and adolescents is associated with unsupportive parenting practices, which, in turn, are linked to more adolescent depressive symptoms. These relationships are significant even after controlling for the influence of family socioeconomic status and parents' and adolescents' sense of discrimination within the larger society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Abstract
This essay examines the origins of the relationship between Choh Hao Li and the University of California, Berkeley. Li came to the United States from China in 1935 for graduate study at the University of Michigan, but ended up enrolling at Berkeley. Over the course of the next two decades, Li went from being a foreign graduate student in chemistry on a temporary visa to an internationally recognized leader in the biochemistry of endocrinology at the head of his own laboratory and a naturalized citizen of the United States. At what was otherwise a dark time for Americans of Chinese descent, Li was garnering adulation in the popular press. He was called the "master of the master gland" for his successes both in isolating and in synthesizing pituitary hormones. Specifically, the essay explores the making of the "master of the master gland" from the perspectives of the history of science and the history of race and migration in the United States, tracing the interplay among Li's scientific work, his migrations, his career aspirations, and his legal status in the United States. A Chinese intellectual cast adrift by the shifting geopolitics of World War II and the early Cold War, Li danced delicately along the margins of membership in American society during the 1940s, only arriving at what turned out to be his final destination after careful and protracted negotiations with officials of the U.S. government, with influential members of the international scientific community, and with representatives of the University of California, Berkeley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Zulueta
- Dept. of Asian American Studies and Dept. of History, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara
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75
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Smocovitis VB. The "Plant Drosophila": E.B. Babcock, the genus "Crepis," and the evolution of a genetics research program at Berkeley, 1915-1947. Hist Stud Nat Sci 2009; 39:300-355. [PMID: 20077617 DOI: 10.1525/hsns.2009.39.3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the research and administrative efforts of Ernest Brown Babcock, head of the Division of Genetics in the College of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley, the first academic unit so named in the United States. It explores the rationale for his choice of "model organism," the development--and transformation--of his ambitious genetics research program centering on the weedy plant genus named "Crepis" (commonly known as the hawkbeard), along with examining in detail the historical development of the understanding of genetic mechanisms of evolutionary change in plants leading to the period of the evolutionary synthesis. Chosen initially as the plant counterpart of Thomas Hunt Morgan's "Drosophila melanogaster," the genus "Crepis" instead came to serve as the counterpart of Theodosius Dobzhansky's "Drosophila pseudoobscura," leading the way in plant evolutionary genetics, and eventually providing the first comprehensive systematic treatise of any genus that was part of the movement known as biosystematics, or the "new" systematics. The paper also suggests a historical rethinking of the application of the terms model organism, research program, and experimental system in the history of biology.
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Le H, Ziogas A, Lipkin SM, Zell JA. Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Treatment Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1950-62. [PMID: 18708384 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Le
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Liu L, Kumar SKS, Sedghizadeh PP, Jayakar AN, Shuler CF. Oral squamous cell carcinoma incidence by subsite among diverse racial and ethnic populations in California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:470-80. [PMID: 18206397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this report was to examine the oral cancer incidence by sex, race/ethnicity, and anatomical subsite. STUDY DESIGN Data from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) were used to calculate the age-adjusted incidence rates of invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by sex, race/ethnicity, and anatomical subsite among residents in California during 1988 to 2001. RESULTS Although non-Hispanic (NH) black men have the highest overall incidence rate for OSCC, NH whites and NH blacks have similar incidence patterns by subsite, but the male-to-female (M:F) rate ratio is higher among NH blacks. The OSCC incidence rates for Hispanics are much lower than those for NH whites and NH blacks and similar to those of Asians. The Asian ethnic groups display dramatic variations in terms of the subsite-specific incidence rates and M:F rate ratios. CONCLUSION The findings illustrate the heterogeneity and complexity of oral cancer by anatomical location and the importance of cultural habits and behavioral factors in the development of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Gunn RA, Lee M, Oh C, Brodine S. Syphilis serologic prevalence monitoring among STD clinic clients: correlation with reported syphilis incidence, San Diego, CA, 1985-2004. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 34:749-53. [PMID: 17457238 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000260916.69544.fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the serologic test for syphilis (STS) prevalence among STD clinic clients, determine the correlation between STS prevalence trends and reported community-diagnosed primary and secondary (P&S) case incidence, and evaluate the usefulness of STS prevalence monitoring as a component of syphilis surveillance. STUDY During the period 1985-2004, 21,4336 STS were done among STD clinic clients and a variety of STS prevalence measures were evaluated. RESULTS From 1985-1991, 10.2% of STS were positive, which declined to 5.6% during 1992-2004. Overall, STS positivity (>or=1:8) and male positivity (>or=1:8) trends were correlated with reported community-diagnosed P&S case incidence and case incidence in men (r = 0.58 and r = 0.81, respectively). Male STS positivity (>or=1:8) began increasing in 2001, 1 year before the increase in syphilis incidence in men, which began in the latter half of 2002 and occurred mostly among men who have sex with men. CONCLUSION In a syphilis outbreak in men who have sex with men, STS prevalence (>or=1:8) among male STD clinic clients was a useful measure of syphilis case incidence trends and may provide an early warning for a subsequent increase in community-diagnosed case incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Gunn
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Leslie SW. "A different kind of beauty": scientific and architectural style in I.M. Pei's Mesa Laboratory and Louis Kahn's Salk Institute. Hist Stud Nat Sci 2008; 38:173-221. [PMID: 20069758 DOI: 10.1525/hsns.2008.38.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
I.M. Pei's Mesa Laboratory for the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and Louis Kahn's Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, are rare examples of laboratories as celebrated for their architecture as for their scientific contributions. Completed in the mid-1960s, these signature buildings still express the scientific style of their founding directors, Walter Roberts and Jonas Salk. yet in commissioning their laboratories, Roberts and Salk had to work with architects as strong-willed as themselves. A close reading of the two laboratories reveals the ongoing negotiations and tensions in collaborations between visionary scientist and visionary architect. Moreover, Roberts and Salk also had to become architects of atmospheric and biomedical sciences. For laboratory architecture, however flexible in theory, necessarily stabilizes scientific practice, since a philosophy of research is embedded in the very structure of the building and persists far longer than the initial vision and mission that gave it life. Roberts and Salk's experiences suggest that even the most carefully designed laboratories must successfully adapt to new disciplinary configurations, funding opportunities, and research priorities, or risk becoming mere architectural icons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Leslie
- Dept. of the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, Johns Hopkins Univ
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Ayalon L, Areán PA, Linkins K, Lynch M, Estes CL. Integration of mental health services into primary care overcomes ethnic disparities in access to mental health services between black and white elderly. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:906-12. [PMID: 17911367 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e318135113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated whether the integration of mental health into primary care overcomes ethnic disparities in access to and participation in mental health (MH) and substance abuse (SA) treatment. METHODS The authors conducted site-specific analysis of a multisite clinical trial to compare participation of black and white elderly in an integrated model of care (all MH/SA services are provided at primary care clinics) versus an enhanced referral model of care (all MH/SA services are provided at specialized MH clinics). In all, 183 elderly (56% black) diagnosed with depression (82%), anxiety (32%), and/or problem drinking (22%) were randomized. RESULTS Blacks in the integrated arm were significantly more likely to have at least one MH/SA visit (77.5%) relative to blacks in the enhanced referral arm (22%; adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 14.13; confidence interval [CI]: 4.76-41.95, Wald chi(2): 22.75, df = 1, p <0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between whites in the integrated treatment arm (66.6%) and whites in the enhanced referral arm (46.9%, adjusted OR: 2.98; CI: 0.98-9.06, Wald chi(2): 3.72, df = 1, p = 0.05). In the enhanced referral arm, blacks had a significantly smaller number of overall MH/SA visits (mean [SD]: 2.08 [5.28]) relative to whites (mean [SD]: 5.31 [7.76], adjusted incident rate ratio [IRR]: 2.87; CI: 1.06-7.73, Wald chi(2): 4.37, df = 1, p = 0.03). In the integrated arm, there was no statistically significant difference between blacks (mean [SD]: 3.22 [3.71]) and whites (mean [SD]: 2.75 [4.29], adjusted IRR: 0.58; CI: 0.25-1.33, Wald chi(2): 1.64, df = 1, p = 0.20). For both groups, time between baseline evaluation to first MH/SA visit was significantly shorter in the integrated treatment arm (for blacks: mean days [SD]: 31.06 [28.66]; for whites: mean days [SD]: 22.18 [33.88]) than in the enhanced referral arm (mean [SD]: 62.45 [43.53], adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 7.82; CI: 3.65-16.75, Wald chi(2): 28.02, df = 1, p <0.0001; mean [SD]: 63.46 [32.41], adjusted HR: 2.48; CI: 1.20-5.13, Wald chi(2): 6.02, df = 1, p = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION An integrated model of care is particularly effective in improving access to and participation in MH/SA treatment among black primary care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Ayalon
- School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior studies have reported ethnic differences in adiponectin and ghrelin, but few have assessed the role of body size in normoglycemic women. We compared fasting adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations in normoglycemic 40- to 80-year-old Filipino, African-American, and white women. METHODS Participants included women from the Rancho Bernardo Study (n = 143), the University of California-San Diego Filipino Women's Health Study (n = 136), and the Health Assessment Study of African-American Women (n = 212). A 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was administered; glucose, insulin, lipid, and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Fasting adiponectin and ghrelin were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Whites and Filipinas had similar BMI (23.7 and 24.3 kg/m(2), respectively), waist girth (75.6 and 77.2 cm, respectively), and total body fat (27.4 and 28.5%, respectively); African-Americans had significantly larger BMI (28.8 kg/m(2)), waist girth (86.3 cm), and body fat (39.6%, p < 0.0001). Adiponectin was lower in Filipinas (8.90 mug/mL) and African-Americans (9.67 mug/mL) compared with whites (15.6 mug/mL, p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and waist-to-hip ratio. Compared with whites, Filipinas (beta = -5.06, p < 0.0001) and African-Americans (beta = -6.85, p < 0.0001) had significantly lower adiponectin levels after adjusting for age, waist-to-hip ratio, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, exercise, and alcohol use. Ghrelin was significantly lower in Filipinas compared with African-Americans (1146.9 vs. 1412.2 pg/mL, p < 0.001), and this observation persisted in multivariable analysis (beta = -245.4, p < 0.0001). Ghrelin levels did not differ between whites (1356.9 pg/mL) and either ethnic group. DISCUSSION Normoglycemic Filipino and African-American women had significantly lower adiponectin concentrations than white women, and Filipinas had lower ghrelin levels than African-Americans, independently of body size or indices of insulin resistance or lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosario G Araneta
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 0607, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Yuan JM, Lu SC, Van Den Berg D, Govindarajan S, Zhang ZQ, Mato JM, Yu MC. Genetic polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase genes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2007; 46:749-58. [PMID: 17659576 PMCID: PMC2391240 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) are known to play a role in DNA methylation, synthesis, and repair. The genetic mutations in MTHFR and TYMS genes may have influences on their respective enzyme activities. Data on the association studies of the MTHFR and TYMS genetic polymorphisms and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are sparse. MTHFR and TYMS genotypes were determined on 365 HCC cases and 457 healthy control subjects among Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites and African-Americans in Los Angeles County, California, and among Chinese in the city of Nanning, Guangxi, China. Relative to the high-activity genotype, each low-activity genotype of MTHFR was associated with a statistically nonsignificant 30% to 50% reduction in risk of HCC. Relative to the TYMS3'UTR +6/+6 genotype, individuals with 1 or 2 copies of the deletion allele had a statistically significant 50% reduction in risk of HCC. When we examined HCC risk by the total number of mutant alleles in the 3 polymorphic loci of MTHFR/TYMS (range, 0-4), there was a monotonic decrease in risk with increasing number of mutant alleles (P for trend = 0.003). Individuals possessing the maximum number of mutant alleles (i.e., 4) had an odds ratio of 0.46 (95% confidence interval = 0.23-0.93) for HCC compared with those with no or only 1 mutant allele. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that reduced MTHFR activity and enhanced TYMS activity, both of which are essential elements in minimizing uracil misincorporation into DNA, may protect against the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
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Budoff MJ, Katz R, Wong ND, Nasir K, Mao SS, Takasu J, Kronmal R, Detrano RC, Shavelle DM, Blumenthal RS, O'brien KD, Carr JJ. Effect of scanner type on the reproducibility of extracoronary measures of calcification: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Acad Radiol 2007; 14:1043-9. [PMID: 17707311 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has been used extensively to measure coronary artery calcification. However, extracoronary calcifications, such as aortic valve calcification (AVC), may have independent clinical significance as well. The ability to track calcification is dependent on the reproducibility of the original measurement, and the variability of extracoronary calcification measurements still is unknown. Accurate quantification of calcification of the aortic valve, mitral annulus (MAC), and thoracic aortic (TAC) may be possible by using cardiac CT. METHODS A total of 1,729 randomly chosen participants (ages 45-84, 53% female, 28% African-American, 36% Caucasian, 11% Chinese, 25% Hispanic) of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis underwent dual scanning by electron beam CT (EBT) or multidetector CT (MDCT) to assess coronary and extra-coronary calcifications. Two calcium measurement methods--Agatston score (AS) and volume score (VS)--were measured for each scan. Concordance for calcium positivity was assessed among all scans. Mean absolute and relative differences between calcium measures on scans 1 and 2, excluding cases for which both scans had a measure of zero, was modeled by using linear regression to compare variability between scanner types. A repeated measures analysis of variance test was used to compare variability across calcium measures, with mean percentage absolute difference as the outcome measure. RESULTS Concordances for the presence of calcium between duplicate scans were high and similar for both EBT and MDCT. Concordance was high for all three extracoronary measures, with a kappa statistic of kappa = 0.94-0.96. For all three extracoronary sites, Bland-Altman plots demonstrated excellent agreement, with almost all measures falling within the boundaries of the 95% confidence limits of reproducibility. AVC interscan variability was approximately 8% for both AS and VS, with improved variability for EBT as compared with MDCT. Mitral annular calcification demonstrated slightly lower variability than AVC for both scanner types (approximately 6%), with no significant differences between MDCT and EBT. Of the three extracoronary sites, TAC had the highest variability (10%), with MDCT variability slightly lower than EBT variability (9.3 vs. 10.2%, respectively, P = NS). Agatson and volume scores for each of the three extracoronary sites were similar. CONCLUSIONS Overall rescan measurement variabilities for extracoronary calcification are low and should not be an impediment to the use of this test for studying progression of extracoronary calcification over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, 1124 W. Carson Street, RB2, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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84
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Folsom DP, Gilmer T, Barrio C, Moore DJ, Bucardo J, Lindamer LA, Garcia P, Hawthorne W, Hough R, Patterson T, Jeste DV. A longitudinal study of the use of mental health services by persons with serious mental illness: do Spanish-speaking Latinos differ from English-speaking Latinos and Caucasians? Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1173-80. [PMID: 17671279 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06071239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reports of mental health care use by Latinos compared to Caucasians have been mixed. To the authors' knowledge, no large-scale studies have examined the effects of language on mental health service use for Latinos who prefer Spanish compared to Latinos who prefer English and to Caucasians. Language is the most frequently used proxy measure of acculturation. The authors used the administrative database of a mental health system to conduct a longitudinal examination of mental health service use among Spanish-speaking versus English-speaking Latinos and Caucasians with serious mental illness. METHOD There were 539 Spanish-speaking Latinos, 1,144 English-speaking Latinos, and 4,638 Caucasians initiating treatment for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression during 2001-2004. Using multivariate regressions, the authors examined the differences among the groups in the type of service first used. The authors also examined the probability of use of each of four types of mental health services and the intensity of outpatient treatment. RESULTS Spanish-speaking Latinos differed from both English-speaking Latinos and Caucasians on most measures. Compared to patients in the other groups, the Spanish-speaking Latinos were less likely to enter care through emergency or jail services and more likely to enter care through outpatient services. There were no group differences in the proportion that stayed in treatment or used inpatient hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that for Latinos, preferred language may be more important than ethnicity in mental health service use. Future studies comparing mental health use may need to differentiate between Spanish- and English-speaking Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Folsom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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85
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Setiawan VW, Haiman CA, Stanczyk FZ, Le Marchand L, Henderson BE. Racial/ethnic differences in postmenopausal endogenous hormones: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 15:1849-55. [PMID: 17035391 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women with increased estrogens and lowered sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations are at increased risk of breast cancer. In the Multiethnic Cohort Study, the highest incidence rates of postmenopausal breast cancer were observed among Native Hawaiians followed by Japanese Americans, Whites, African Americans, and Latinas. Ethnic differences in endogenous sex hormone profiles may contribute to some of the variation in breast cancer incidence. Plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, estrone (E(1)), estradiol (E(2)), and SHBG were measured in 739 postmenopausal women from the Multiethnic Cohort Study (240 African Americans, 81 Native Hawaiians, 96 Japanese Americans, 231 Latinas, and 91 Whites). After adjusting for age, known breast cancer risk factors and lifestyle factors, the mean levels of testosterone, estrogen, and SHBG varied across populations (Ps < or = 0.004). Across racial/ethnic groups, Native Hawaiians had the highest mean levels of androstenedione, testosterone, and estrogens and the lowest mean levels of SHBG. Compared with Whites, Native Hawaiians had higher androstenedione (+22%, P = 0.017), total testosterone (+26%, P = 0.013), bioavailable testosterone (+33%, P = 0.002), E(1) (> or =21%; P = 0.009), total E(2) (+26%, P = 0.001), bioavailable E(2) (+31%, P < 0.001), and lower SHBG (-12% P = 0.07) levels. Compared with Whites, Japanese Americans had higher E(2) (+15%, P = 0.036) and bioavailable E(2) (+18%, P = 0.024) levels. African Americans also had higher E(1) (+21%, P = 0.004), E(2) (+20%, P = 0.007), and bioavailable E(2) (+20%, P = 0.015) levels compared with Whites, whereas mean levels in Latinas were similar to those of Whites. Many of the differences in endogenous postmenopausal hormonal milieu across these five racial/ethnic groups are consistent with the known differences in breast cancer incidence across these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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86
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Sussman S, Dent CW. Five-year prospective prediction of self-initiated quitting of cigarette smoking of high-risk youth. Addict Behav 2007; 32:1094-8. [PMID: 16876332 PMCID: PMC3134412 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a 5-year replication-extension of a previous 1-year follow-up study of the same sample of southern California alternative high school youth. Demographic, behavioral, psychosocial, and emerging adult function predictors of adolescent self-initiated smoking cessation were investigated. Based on the first (1-year) prospective study and this follow-up, one may speculate that smoking cessation programs for adolescents should include counteraction of problem-prone attitudes, assistance with job aspirations and information about drug-free workplaces, motivation to quit strategies, and assistance with overcoming withdrawal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Alhambra, California 91803, USA.
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87
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Keegan THM, Gomez SL, Clarke CA, Chan JK, Glaser SL. Recent trends in breast cancer incidence among 6 Asian groups in the Greater Bay Area of Northern California. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1324-9. [PMID: 17163416 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asians and Pacific Islanders are typically aggregated in United States (US) cancer statistics even though the few studies that have considered subgroups separately have found marked differences in cancer incidence. The objective of this study was to evaluate trends in breast cancer incidence rates separately for US Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, South Asian and Vietnamese women overall and by age at diagnosis, histologic subtype and stage at diagnosis. Age-adjusted incidence rates and annual percent changes (APC) of new, primary breast cancer diagnosed in the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry of Northern California (1990-2002) were calculated using SEER*Stat. In women under 50 years of age, annual incidence rates decreased for Japanese (APC = -4.1, p = 0.02) and Filipinas (APC = -1.9, p = 0.11), and increased or fluctuated in other subgroups over the study period. In women 50 years or older, rates of invasive breast cancer increased for most subgroups, except Filipinas (APC = -1.3, p = 0.32), and in Japanese until 1998-2000. Rates of breast cancer in situ increased in most subgroups from 1990 to 2002, as did rates of lobular breast cancer for Chinese (APC = +7.46, p < 0.01) women. In Japanese women, rates of lobular breast cancer were highest in 1995-1997 and decreased thereafter. Our data support the notion that the prevalence of established risk factors influence breast cancer incidence, as breast cancer rates increased for more recently immigrated groups and decreased among more established groups, and may suggest leads into other avenues of research, such as genetic differences, that may explain differences in incidence rates among Asian subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa H M Keegan
- Northern California Cancer Center, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Fremont, CA 94538, USA.
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88
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Stram DO, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Park S, Henderson BE, Nomura AMY, Pike MC, Kolonel LN. Prostate cancer incidence and intake of fruits, vegetables and related micronutrients: the multiethnic cohort study* (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2007; 17:1193-207. [PMID: 17006725 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-006-0064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the relationship between the intake of fruits, vegetables, and related vitamins and antioxidants, and the risk of prostate cancer in male participants in a large multiethnic cohort study. METHODS Food and nutrient intakes in 1993-1996 were calculated from a detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to account for the food and nutrient intake of the ethnic groups represented in the study (82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males included here). Follow-up for incident cancers utilized local SEER registries. Vital status was ascertained using state death files. Data on PSA utilization from a later questionnaire was also examined. RESULTS A total of 3,922 incident cancer cases were ascertained during follow-up. Modestly increased risks of prostate cancer were observed in relation to higher intakes of several food items including light green lettuce and dark leafy green vegetables. Notably, no significant protective associations of any foods were seen, including tomato intake; and intakes of two complex foods containing tomato sauce (pizza and Spanish rice) were associated with modest increases in risk. PSA test use was significantly and positively related to intake of some of these same items, implying a degree of disease detection-bias. Analysis of non-localized and high grade disease (1,345 cases) showed no significant protective associations with overall fruits and vegetables intake, related micronutrients, or with intake of selected complex food items. CONCLUSIONS We found no statistically significant evidence of a protective effect against prostate cancer of higher levels of intake of any of these foods, associated micronutrients or supplements. A possible explanation for the positive associations with risk of several of the foods normally considered to be healthy is detection bias, since "healthy" dietary intake was related to greater use of the PSA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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89
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Afghani A, Goran MI. Lower bone mineral content in hypertensive compared with normotensive overweight Latino children and adolescents. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20:190-6. [PMID: 17261466 PMCID: PMC1852456 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, hypertension has been shown to be inversely correlated with bone mineral content (BMC); however, the association between blood pressure (BP) and BMC has not been studied in pediatrics. METHODS Total body BMC of 187 overweight (mean BMI = 28.7 kg/m(2)) Latino children and adolescents (mean age = 11.2 years) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Seated systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was defined by SBP or DBP above the 90(th) percentile for height, age, and sex. RESULTS Partial correlations revealed an inverse association between SBP and BMC (r = -0.24, P = 0.02) in boys (n = 105); results were nonsignificant (P = 0.27) in girls (n = 82). There were no significant correlations between DBP and BMC. When BMI and insulin sensitivity were adjusted for, hypertensive boys (n = 21) had lower BMC (1435 v 1636 g; P = 0.03) than normotensive boys (n = 84); similarly, hypertensive girls (n = 25) had lower BMC (1438 v 1618 g; P = 0.02) than normotensive girls (n = 57). In postpubertal adolescents (Tanner stage 4-5; n = 48), inverse correlations were stronger (r = -0.40, P = 0.007); results were nonsignificant in prepubertal and pubertal children (Tanner stage 1-3; n = 139, P = 0.57). In postpubertal girls (n = 37), there were no significant correlations (P = 0.14); inverse correlations in postpubertal boys (n = 11) became markedly stronger (r = -0.80, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Based on the study findings, SBP is inversely correlated with BMC in overweight adolescents; additionally, hypertensive subjects have lower adjusted means of BMC than normotensive subjects. These promising new findings suggest that hypertension may be a risk factor for osteopenia in overweight children and adolescents; this risk may be exacerbated in postpubertal boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Afghani
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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90
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Abstract
Whereas self-expression is valued in the United States, it is not privileged with such a cultural emphasis in East Asia. Four studies demonstrate the psychological implications of this cultural difference. Studies 1 and 2 found that European Americans value self-expression more than East Asians/East Asian Americans. Studies 3 and 4 examined the roles of expression in preference judgments. In Study 3, the expression of choice led European Americans but not East Asian Americans to be more invested in what they chose. Study 4 examined the connection between the value of expression and the effect of choice expression and showed that European Americans place greater emphasis on self-expression than East Asian Americans, and this difference explained the cultural difference in Study 3. This research highlights the importance of the cultural meanings of self-expression and the moderating role of cultural beliefs on the psychological effect of self-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung S Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA.
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Ehlers CL, Phillips E, Finnerman G, Gilder D, Lau P, Criado J. P3 components and adolescent binge drinking in Southwest California Indians. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007; 29:153-63. [PMID: 17196788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In adolescence, consuming a large number of drinks over a short interval of time (e.g. binging) is not an uncommon occurrence. Since adolescence is an important neurodevelopmental period, the effect of binge drinking on brain and behavior has become a significant health concern. The present study evaluated event-related potentials (ERPs) in young adult Southwest California Indians who had a history of binge drinking during their adolescence. One hundred twenty five participants who were currently 18-25 yrs of age who were free of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses were categorized as: 1) reporting no binge drinking during adolescence (>5 drinks per occasion before age 18) or drug dependence diagnoses 2) reporting binge drinking during adolescence with no drug dependence diagnoses 3) reporting binge drinking during adolescence and drug dependence diagnoses. ERPs were collected using a facial discrimination task. Adolescent alcohol and drug exposure was found to be associated with decreases in the latency of an early P3 component (P350). Decreases in a later component amplitude (P450) were also found in young adults exposed to alcohol, and those exposed to alcohol and drugs. However, that finding appears to be a combined result of predisposing factors such as family history of alcoholism and presence of other externalizing diagnoses. Taken together these preliminary studies suggests that adolescent binge drinking may result in a decreases in P3 component latencies and amplitudes perhaps reflecting a loss or delay in the development of inhibitory brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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92
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McCormack BT. Conjugal violence, sex, sin, and murder in the Mission communities of Alta California. J Hist Sex 2007; 16:391-415. [PMID: 19256092 DOI: 10.1353/sex.2007.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
MESH Headings
- California/ethnology
- Domestic Violence/economics
- Domestic Violence/ethnology
- Domestic Violence/history
- Domestic Violence/legislation & jurisprudence
- Domestic Violence/psychology
- Ethnicity/education
- Ethnicity/ethnology
- Ethnicity/history
- Ethnicity/legislation & jurisprudence
- Ethnicity/psychology
- Gender Identity
- History, 19th Century
- Homicide/economics
- Homicide/ethnology
- Homicide/history
- Homicide/legislation & jurisprudence
- Homicide/psychology
- Humans
- Indians, Central American/education
- Indians, Central American/ethnology
- Indians, Central American/history
- Indians, Central American/legislation & jurisprudence
- Indians, Central American/psychology
- Indians, North American/education
- Indians, North American/ethnology
- Indians, North American/history
- Indians, North American/legislation & jurisprudence
- Indians, North American/psychology
- Interpersonal Relations
- Judicial Role/history
- Life Style/ethnology
- Race Relations/history
- Race Relations/legislation & jurisprudence
- Race Relations/psychology
- Religion/history
- Religion and Sex
- Religious Missions/economics
- Religious Missions/history
- Religious Missions/legislation & jurisprudence
- Religious Missions/psychology
- Sex Offenses/economics
- Sex Offenses/ethnology
- Sex Offenses/history
- Sex Offenses/legislation & jurisprudence
- Sex Offenses/psychology
- Sexual Behavior/ethnology
- Sexual Behavior/history
- Sexual Behavior/physiology
- Sexual Behavior/psychology
- Social Conditions/economics
- Social Conditions/history
- Social Conditions/legislation & jurisprudence
- Social Dominance
- Social Problems/economics
- Social Problems/ethnology
- Social Problems/history
- Social Problems/legislation & jurisprudence
- Social Problems/psychology
- White People/education
- White People/ethnology
- White People/history
- White People/legislation & jurisprudence
- White People/psychology
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93
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the predictors of age-specific breast cancer screening participation among immigrant Iranian women aged 30 years and older. METHODS Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of women's breast cancer screening. The logistic regression results appear as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS In general, screening rates for clinical breast examinations (CBE) and mammography among the participants in the current study were higher than levels set in the year 2010 Health Objectives and those reported for women nationally. These findings are inconsistent with previous studies on immigrant women living in the United States. However, the low rate of breast self-examinations (BSE) is consistent with previous findings of other immigrant women breast cancer screening studies. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first of its kind to explore predictors of Iranian immigrant women's breast cancer screening behaviors. This study provides valuable information to healthcare providers as well as researchers and public health educators. The findings can make a significant difference in designing guidelines for culturally sensitive interventions and educational material to improve breast cancer screening behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehra Shirazi
- Department of Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Abstract
Advances in molecular diagnostics have led to an increased interest in expanding population-based screening to include genetic diseases that occur outside the newborn period. Hereditary hemochromatosis may be a candidate for large-scale screening in populations with a high prevalence of the common HFE mutations. To determine race-specific frequencies of the HFE mutations, C282Y and H63D, the authors applied an automated, high-throughput genotyping method to dried blood spot samples from a representative population of California newborns. In this sample of 3989 newborns, C282Y and H63D allele frequencies were highest in white (C282Y: 5.5 +/- 0.5%; H63D: 13.4 +/- 0.76%) and Hispanic (C282Y: 1.8 +/- 0.29%; H63D: 11.9 +/- 0.72%) newborns, and lowest in black (C282Y: 1.3 +/- 0.25%; H63D: 3.0 +/- 0.38%) and Asian (C282Y 0.5 +/- 0.16%; H63D 2.9 +/- 0.37%) newborns. The estimated prevalence of C282Y homozygotes in this multiracial population is 1.4/1000. As additional genetic and environmental risk factors for HHC are identified, neonatal screening may become an acceptable strategy to follow susceptible individuals and prevent clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Hoppe
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Research Center at Oakland, Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the phenomenon of non-smokers spontaneously taking action to seek help for smokers; to provide profiles of non-smoking helpers by language and ethnic groups. SETTING A large, statewide tobacco quitline (California Smokers' Helpline) in operation since 1992 in California, providing free cessation services in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese. SUBJECTS Callers between August 1992 and September 2005 who identified themselves as either white, black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Asian (n = 349,110). A subset of these were "proxies": callers seeking help for someone else. For more detailed analysis, n = 2143 non-smoking proxies calling from October 2004 through September 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportions of proxies among all callers in each of seven language/ethnic groups; demographics of proxies; and proxies' relationships to smokers on whose behalf they called. RESULTS Over 22 000 non-smoking proxies called. Proportions differed dramatically across language/ethnic groups, from mean (+/-95% confidence interval) 2.7 (0.3)% among English-speaking American Indians through 9.3 (0.3)% among English-speaking Hispanics to 35.3 (0.7)% among Asian-speaking Asians. Beyond the differences in proportion, however, remarkable similarities emerged across all groups. Proxies were primarily women (79.2 (1.7)%), living in the same household as the smokers (65.0 (2.1)%), and having either explicit or implicit understandings with the smokers that calling on their behalf was acceptable (90.0 (1.3)%). CONCLUSIONS The willingness of non-smokers to seek help for smokers holds promise for tobacco cessation and may help address ethnic and language disparities. Non-smoking women in smokers' households may be the first group to target.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Zhu
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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Iribarren C, Tolstykh I, Somkin CP, Ackerson LM, Brown TT, Scheffler R, Syme L, Kawachi I. Sex and racial/ethnic disparities in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction: a cohort study among members of a large integrated health care delivery system in northern California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 165:2105-13. [PMID: 16217000 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.165.18.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have documented sex and racial/ethnic disparities in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the explanation of these disparities remains limited. In a setting that controls for access to medical care, we evaluated whether sex and racial/ethnic disparities in prognosis after AMI persist after consideration of socioeconomic background, personal medical history, and medical management. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of the members (20,263 men and 10,061 women) of an integrated health care delivery system in northern California who had experienced an AMI between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2002, and were followed up for a median of 3.5 years (maximum, 8 years). Main outcome measures included AMI recurrence and all-cause mortality. RESULTS In age-adjusted analyses relative to white men, black men (hazard ratio [HR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.65), black women (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26-1.72), and Asian women (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.13-1.65) were at increased risk of AMI recurrence. However, multivariate adjustment for sociodemographic background, comorbidities, medication use, angiography, and revascularization procedures effectively removed the excess risk of AMI recurrence in these 3 groups. Similarly, the increased age-adjusted risk of all-cause mortality seen in black men (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.37-1.75) and black women (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.27-1.66) was greatly attenuated in black men and reversed in black women after full multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSION In a population with equal access to medical care, comprehensive consideration of social, personal, and medical factors could explain sex and racial/ethnic disparities in prognosis after AMI.
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97
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Hastert TA, Babey SH, Diamant AL, Brown ER. More California teens consume soda and fast food each day than five servings of fruits and vegetables. Policy Brief UCLA Cent Health Policy Res 2005:1-7. [PMID: 16211792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Hastert
- UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, Calif. USA
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98
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and characterize the racial/ethnic differences in obstetric outcomes of early and late teenagers in California. METHODS A data-set linking birth and death certificates with maternal and neonatal hospital discharge records in California was utilized to identify nulliparous women (11 to 29 years of age) who delivered between January 1,1992 and December 31,1997. Pregnancy outcomes of early (11-15 year) and late (16-19 year) teenagers were compared to those of a control group of women aged 20-29. RESULTS Early (n = 31 232) and late teens (n = 271 470) demonstrated greater neonatal and infant mortality and major neonatal morbidities (delivery < 37 weeks of gestation and birthweight < 2500 g) when compared to pregnancies in the older control women (n = 662 752). Ethnicity adversely affected outcome with African-Americans of all ages having worse outcomes than whites. The higher rate of adverse obstetric outcomes among the teenage pregnancies occurred despite a lower cesarean section rate and was consistent across all ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS When compared to women aged 20-29, all teen pregnancies were associated with higher rates of poor obstetric outcomes. Other factors besides teen pregnancy appear to be responsible for poor outcomes in certain ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gilbert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Center for Health Services Research in Primary Car, University of CA, Davis, USA
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99
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Hubbell FA, Luce PH, McMullin JM. Exploring beliefs about cancer among American Samoans: focus group findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 29:109-15. [PMID: 15829370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate answers to the following questions among American Samoans: What is cancer? What causes cancer? And what can you do to prevent cancer? DESIGN Focus groups (four with women and four with men). SETTINGS Pago Pago and the Manu'a islands, American Samoa; Honolulu, Hawaii; Los Angeles, California. PARTICIPANTS 80 self-reported Samoan men and women over the age of 18 years, selected through non-probability purposive sampling with help from Samoan community-based organizations. MEASUREMENT Qualitative content analysis of focus findings to identify themes. RESULTS The concepts that cancer was not a Samoan illness, that failure to follow fa'aSamoa (the traditional Samoan way of life) could lead to cancer, and that a return to fa'aSamoa could prevent cancer were the prevalent themes in the focus groups. CONCLUSION The value that Samoans place on fa'aSamoa, a traditional healthy lifestyle, provides insights into the design of future intervention programs aimed at improving cancer control in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Allan Hubbell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Health Policy and Research, University of California, Irvine, UCI Medical Center, 101 City Drive, Orange, CA 92868-4076, USA.
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100
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White RH, Zhou H, Murin S, Harvey D. Effect of ethnicity and gender on the incidence of venous thromboembolism in a diverse population in California in 1996. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93:298-305. [PMID: 15711746 DOI: 10.1160/th04-08-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There have been very few studies that have describe the epidemiology of first-time venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a large, ethnically diverse population. The California Discharge Data Set was used to identify a cohort of cases with incidentVTE in 1996. Cases associated with traditional provoking risk factors were identified and the remaining cases were labeled as idiopathicVTE. Direct standardization using census information was performed to compare incidence rates across races, gender, and gender within race. There were 21,002 cases with incident VTE in 1996, a crude incidence of 90 events per 100,000 adults. Thirty percent of all VTE events were pulmonary embolism. The directly standardized incidence per 100,000 California adults was 93+/-1.7 (+/-95% CI) in women, 85+/-1.7 in men, 103+/-2.1 in Caucasians, 138+/-6.5 in African- Americans, 61+/-2.8 in Hispanics and 29 +/- 2.4 in Asian-Pacific Islanders (p<0.001 for all inter-group comparisons). After adjusting for misclassification of race, the incidence of VTE per 100,000 was 104 in Caucasians, 141 in African-Americans, 55 in Hispanics, and 21 in Asian/Pacific-Islanders. The incidence of idiopathic VTE was significantly lower among both Hispanics and Asian/Pacific-Islanders (p<0.001) than Caucasians or African-Americans. African-Americans were more likely, and Hispanics less likely, to be diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary embolism compared to Caucasians. The 28 day case-fatality rate among cases with idiopathic VTE was 2%, and it was significantly higher among African-Americans (4.1%) compared to Caucasians (1.8%, p<0.001). There are important differences in the incidence of total and idiopathicVTE and in the proportion of events diagnosed as pulmonary embolism among each of the major racial/ethnic groups in California. Further research is needed to explain these observed differences among the different racial/ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H White
- Division of General Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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