201
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Lee B, Guo P, Li SQ, Buchholz DB, Chang RPH. Three dimensional indium-tin-oxide nanorod array for charge collection in dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:17713-17722. [PMID: 25147966 DOI: 10.1021/am504126g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the design, fabrication, characterization, and simulation of three-dimensional (3D) dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), using ordered indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanorod (NR) arrays as the photoanode, and compare them with conventional planar (2D) DSSCs. The ITO NR array used in the 3D cell greatly improves its performance by providing shorter electron pathways and reducing the recombination rate of the photogenerated electrons. We observed a 10-20% enhancement of the energy conversion efficiency, primarily due to an increased short circuit current. This finding supports the concept of using 3D photoanodes with optically transparent and conducting nanorods for the enhancement of the energy-harvesting devices that require short charge collection distance without sacrificing the optical thickness. Thus, unlike the conventional solar cell structure, the functions for photon collection and charge transport are decoupled to allow for improved cell designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Materials Research Institute, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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202
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Jaquay E, Martínez LJ, Huang N, Mejia CA, Sarkar D, Povinelli ML. Light-assisted, templated self-assembly of gold nanoparticle chains. Nano Lett 2014; 14:5184-5188. [PMID: 25153250 DOI: 10.1021/nl502083m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the technique of light-assisted, templated self-assembly (LATS) to trap and assemble 200 nm diameter gold nanoparticles. We excite a guided-resonance mode of a photonic-crystal slab with 1.55 μm laser light to create an array of optical traps. Unlike our previous demonstration of LATS with polystyrene particles, we find that the interparticle interactions play a significant role in the resulting particle patterns. Despite a two-dimensionally periodic intensity profile in the slab, the particles form one-dimensional chains whose orientations can be controlled by the incident polarization of the light. The formation of chains can be understood in terms of a competition between the gradient force due to the excitation of the mode in the slab and optical binding between particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jaquay
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering and §Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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203
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Han J, Tan M, Sudheendra L, Weiss RH, Kennedy IM. On-chip detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism without polymerase amplification. Nano Res 2014; 7:1302-1310. [PMID: 25580203 PMCID: PMC4286159 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A nanoparticle-assembled photonic crystal (PC) array was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The assay platform with PC nanostructure enhanced the fluorescent signal from nanoparticle-hybridized DNA complexes due to phase matching of excitation and emission. Nanoparticles coupled with probe DNA were trapped into nanowells in an array by using an electrophoretic particle entrapment system. The PC/DNA assay platform was able to identify a 1 base pair (bp) difference in synthesized nucleotide sequences that mimicked the mutation seen in a feline model of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) with a sensitivity of 0.9 fg/mL (50 aM)-sensitivity, which corresponds to 30 oligos/array. The reliability of the PC/DNA assay platform to detect SNP in a real sample was demonstrated by using genomic DNA (gDNA) extracted from the urine and blood of two PKD- wild type and three PKD positive cats. The standard curves for PKD positive (PKD+) and negative (PKD-) DNA were created using two feline-urine samples. An additional three urine samples were analyzed in a similar fashion and showed satisfactory agreement with the standard curve, confirming the presence of the mutation in affected urine. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.005 ng/mL which corresponds to 6 fg per array for gDNA in urine and blood. The PC system demonstrated the ability to detect a number of genome equivalents for the PKD SNP that was very similar to the results reported with real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The favorable comparison with quantitative PCR suggests that the PC technology may find application well beyond the detection of the PKD SNP, into areas where a simple, cheap and portable nucleic acid analysis is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matthew Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lakshmana Sudheendra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA ; Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California, 95655, USA
| | - Ian M Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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204
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Stephant N, Rondeau B, Gauthier JP, Cody JA, Fritsch E. Investigation of hidden periodic structures on SEM images of opal-like materials using FFT and IFFT. Scanning 2014; 36:487-499. [PMID: 24752811 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method to use fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT) to investigate hidden periodic structures on SEM images. We focused on samples of natural, play-of-color opals that diffract visible light and hence are periodically structured. Conventional sample preparation by hydrofluoric acid etch was not used; untreated, freshly broken surfaces were examined at low magnification relative to the expected period of the structural features, and, the SEM was adjusted to get a very high number of pixels in the images. These SEM images were treated by software to calculate autocorrelation, FFT, and IFFT. We present how we adjusted SEM acquisition parameters for best results. We first applied our procedure on an SEM image on which the structure was obvious. Then, we applied the same procedure on a sample that must contain a periodic structure because it diffracts visible light, but on which no structure was visible on the SEM image. In both cases, we obtained clearly periodic patterns that allowed measurements of structural parameters. We also investigated how the irregularly broken surface interfered with the periodic structure to produce additional periodicity. We tested the limits of our methodology with the help of simulated images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stephant
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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205
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Kohn VG, Snigireva I, Snigirev A. Propagation of an X-ray beam modified by a photonic crystal. J Synchrotron Radiat 2014; 21:729-735. [PMID: 24971967 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751401056x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A method of calculating the transmission of hard X-ray radiation through a perfect and well oriented photonic crystal and the propagation of the X-ray beam modified by a photonic crystal in free space is developed. The method is based on the approximate solution of the paraxial equation at short distances, from which the recurrent formula for X-ray propagation at longer distances is derived. A computer program for numerical simulation of images of photonic crystals at distances just beyond the crystal up to several millimetres was created. Calculations were performed for Ni inverted photonic crystals with the [111] axis of the face-centred-cubic structure for distances up to 0.4 mm with a step size of 4 µm. Since the transverse periods of the X-ray wave modulation are of several hundred nanometres, the intensity distribution of such a wave is changed significantly over the distance of several micrometres. This effect is investigated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kohn
- National Research Center `Kurchatov Institute', Kurchatov Square 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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206
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Edagawa K. Photonic crystals, amorphous materials, and quasicrystals. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2014; 15:034805. [PMID: 27877676 PMCID: PMC5090521 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/3/034805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals consist of artificial periodic structures of dielectrics, which have attracted much attention because of their wide range of potential applications in the field of optics. We may also fabricate artificial amorphous or quasicrystalline structures of dielectrics, i.e. photonic amorphous materials or photonic quasicrystals. So far, both theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted to reveal the characteristic features of their optical properties, as compared with those of conventional photonic crystals. In this article, we review these studies and discuss various aspects of photonic amorphous materials and photonic quasicrystals, including photonic band gap formation, light propagation properties, and characteristic photonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Edagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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207
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Ye B, Ding H, Cheng Y, Gu H, Zhao Y, Xie Z, Gu Z. Photonic crystal microcapsules for label-free multiplex detection. Adv Mater 2014; 26:3270-4. [PMID: 24550084 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel suspension array, which possesses the joint advantages of photonic crystal encoded technology, bioresponsive hydrogels, and photonic crystal sensors with capability of full multiplexing label-free detection is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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208
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Miki M, Ohira R, Tomita Y. Optical Properties of Electrically Tunable Two-Dimensional Photonic Lattice Structures Formed in a Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Film: Analysis and Experiment. Materials (Basel) 2014; 7:3677-3698. [PMID: 28788643 PMCID: PMC5453218 DOI: 10.3390/ma7053677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on theoretical and experimental investigations of optical wave propagations in two-dimensional photonic lattice structures formed in a holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) film. In the theoretical analysis we employed the 2×2 matrix formulation and the statistical thermodynamics model to analyze the formation of anisotropic photonic lattice structures by holographic polymerization. The influence of multiple reflections inside an HPDLC film on the formed refractive index distribution was taken into account in the analysis. In the experiment we fabricated two-dimensional photonic lattice structures in an HPDLC film under three-beam interference holographic polymerization and performed optical measurements of spectral transmittances and wavelength dispersion. We also demonstrated the electrical control capability of the fabricated photonic lattice structure and its dependence on incident wave polarization. These measured results were compared with the calculated ones by means of photonic band and beam propagation calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Miki
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Ryuichiro Ohira
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Tomita
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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209
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Pokhriyal A, Lu M, Ge C, Cunningham BT. Coupled external cavity photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence. J Biophotonics 2014; 7:332-40. [PMID: 23129575 PMCID: PMC4913889 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a fundamentally new approach to enhance fluorescence in which surface adsorbed fluorophore-tagged biomolecules are excited on a photonic crystal surface that functions as a narrow bandwidth and tunable mirror of an external cavity laser. This scheme leads to ∼10× increase in the electromagnetic enhancement factor compared to ordinary photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence. In our experiments, the cavity automatically tunes its lasing wavelength to the resonance wavelength of the photonic crystal, ensuring optimal on-resonance coupling even in the presence of variable device parameters and variations in the density of surface-adsorbed capture molecules. We achieve ∼10(5) × improvement in the limit of detection of a fluorophore-tagged protein compared to its detection on an unpatterned glass substrate. The enhanced fluorescence signal and easy optical alignment make cavity-coupled photonic crystals a viable approach for further reducing detection limits of optically-excited light emitters that are used in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
| | - Chun Ge
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
| | - Brian T. Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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210
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Xie Z, Cao K, Zhao Y, Bai L, Gu H, Xu H, Gu ZZ. An optical nose chip based on mesoporous colloidal photonic crystal beads. Adv Mater 2014; 26:2413-8. [PMID: 24375812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An optical nose chip is developed using surface functionalized mesoporous colloidal photonic crystal beads as elements. The prepared optical nose chip displays excellent discrimination among a very wide range of compounds, not only the simplex organic vapors from the different or same chemical family, but also the complex expiratory air from different people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Environment and Biosafety, Research Institute of Southeast University in Suzhou, Suzhou, 215123, China
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211
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Han JH, Wang MS, Das J, Sudheendra L, Vonasek E, Nitin N, Kennedy IM. Capture and detection of T7 bacteriophages on a nanostructured interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:4758-65. [PMID: 24650205 PMCID: PMC3985741 DOI: 10.1021/am500655r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A highly ordered array of T7 bacteriophages was created by the electrophoretic capture of phages onto a nanostructured array with wells that accommodated the phages. Electrophoresis of bacteriophages was achieved by applying a positive potential on an indium tin oxide electrode at the bottom of the nanowells. Nanoscale arrays of phages with different surface densities were obtained by changing the electric field applied to the bottom of the nanowells. The applied voltage was shown to be the critical factor in generating a well-ordered phage array. The number of wells occupied by a phage, and hence the concentration of phages in a sample solution, could be quantified by using a DNA intercalating dye that rapidly stains the T7 phage. The fluorescence signal was enhanced by the intrinsic photonic effect made available by the geometry of the platform. It was shown that the quantification of phages on the array was 6 orders of magnitude better than could be obtained with a fluorescent plate reader. The device opens up the possibility that phages can be detected directly without enrichment or culturing, and by detecting phages that specifically infect bacteria of interest, rapid pathogen detection becomes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Food Science and Technology, and Biological and
Agricultural Engineering, University of
California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Min S. Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Food Science and Technology, and Biological and
Agricultural Engineering, University of
California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jayanti Das
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Food Science and Technology, and Biological and
Agricultural Engineering, University of
California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - L. Sudheendra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Food Science and Technology, and Biological and
Agricultural Engineering, University of
California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Erica Vonasek
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Food Science and Technology, and Biological and
Agricultural Engineering, University of
California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Food Science and Technology, and Biological and
Agricultural Engineering, University of
California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ian M. Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Food Science and Technology, and Biological and
Agricultural Engineering, University of
California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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212
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Tan Y, Sutanto E, Alleyne AG, Cunningham BT. Photonic crystal enhancement of a homogeneous fluorescent assay using submicron fluid channels fabricated by E-jet patterning. J Biophotonics 2014; 7:266-75. [PMID: 24376013 PMCID: PMC4980434 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the enhancement of a liquid-based homogenous fluorescence assay using the resonant electric fields from a photonic crystal (PC) surface. Because evanescent fields are confined to the liquid volume nearest to the photonic crystal, we developed a simple approach for integrating a PC fabricated on a silicon substrate within a fluid channel with submicron height, using electrohydrodynamic jet (e-jet) printing of a light-curable epoxy adhesive to define the fluid channel pattern. The PC is excited by a custom-designed compact instrument that illuminates the PC with collimated light that precisely matches the resonant coupling condition when the PC is covered with aqueous media. Using a molecular beacon nucleic acid fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) probe for a specific miRNA sequence, we demonstrate an 8× enhancement of the fluorescence emission signal, compared to performing the same assay without exciting resonance in the PC detecting a miRNA sequence at a concentration of 62 nM from a liquid volume of only ∼20 nL. The approach may be utilized for any liquid-based fluorescence assay for applications in point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, or pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1406 West Green Street
| | - Erick Sutanto
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, 1206 West Green Street
| | - Andrew G. Alleyne
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, 1206 West Green Street
| | - Brian T. Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1406 West Green Street
- Department of Bioengineering, 1304 West Springfield Avenue
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213
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Jeon TY, Jeon HC, Lee SY, Shim TS, Kwon JD, Park SG, Yang SM. 3D hierarchical architectures prepared by single exposure through a highly durable colloidal phase mask. Adv Mater 2014; 26:1422-6. [PMID: 24375664 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional hierarchical architectures are fabricated using a simple, cost-effective, durable colloidal phase mask containing a colloidal monolayer embedded in a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. These structures give rise to a photonic bandgap that can be tuned over a wide spectral range from the visible to the near-infrared regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Jeon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Integrated Optofluidic Systems, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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214
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Zhang C, Li X, Shang A, Zhan Y, Yang Z, Wu S. Performance-improved thin-film a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem solar cells by two-dimensionally nanopatterning photoactive layer. Nanoscale Res Lett 2014; 9:73. [PMID: 24521244 PMCID: PMC3925124 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tandem solar cells consisting of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon junctions with the top junction nanopatterned as a two-dimensional photonic crystal are studied. Broadband light trapping, detailed electron/hole transport, and photocurrent matching modulation are considered. It is found that the absorptances of both junctions can be significantly increased by properly engineering the duty cycles and pitches of the photonic crystal; however, the photocurrent enhancement is always unevenly distributed in the junctions, leading to a relatively high photocurrent mismatch. Further considering an optimized intermediate layer and device resistances, the optimally matched photocurrent approximately 12.74 mA/cm2 is achieved with a light-conversion efficiency predicted to be 12.67%, exhibiting an enhancement of over 27.72% compared to conventional planar configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optical Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Institute of Modern Optical Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Aixue Shang
- Institute of Modern Optical Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yaohui Zhan
- Institute of Modern Optical Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhenhai Yang
- Institute of Modern Optical Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shaolong Wu
- Institute of Modern Optical Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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215
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Liu W, Shang L, Zheng F, Lu J, Qian J, Zhao Y, Gu Z. Photonic crystal encoded microcarriers for biomaterial evaluation. Small 2014; 10:88-93. [PMID: 23861358 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal encoded biomaterials microcarriers made from silica-hybrid photonic crystal beads are reported. The characteristic reflection peak originating from the physical periodic structure is used as the code of the microcarriers. They are stable during cell adhesion and culture on their surface. Based on this method, Different biomaterials are incorporated into different PCBs and used as encoded microcarriers for the multiplex evaluation of the interaction of cells and materials in a single culture experiment. These encoded microcarriers are ideal for multiplex bioevaluation of biomaterials or drug applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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216
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Lee JH, Koh CY, Singer JP, Jeon SJ, Maldovan M, Stein O, Thomas EL. 25th anniversary article: ordered polymer structures for the engineering of photons and phonons. Adv Mater 2014; 26:532-69. [PMID: 24338738 PMCID: PMC4227607 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of optical and acoustic material functionalities via construction of ordered local and global architectures on various length scales commensurate with and well below the characteristic length scales of photons and phonons in the material is an indispensable and powerful means to develop novel materials. In the current mature status of photonics, polymers hold a pivotal role in various application areas such as light-emission, sensing, energy, and displays, with exclusive advantages despite their relatively low dielectric constants. Moreover, in the nascent field of phononics, polymers are expected to be a superior material platform due to the ability for readily fabricated complex polymer structures possessing a wide range of mechanical behaviors, complete phononic bandgaps, and resonant architectures. In this review, polymer-centric photonic and phononic crystals and metamaterials are highlighted, and basic concepts, fabrication techniques, selected functional polymers, applications, and emerging ideas are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
| | | | - Jonathan P Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MITCambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seog-Jin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
| | - Martin Maldovan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MITCambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ori Stein
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHouston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: ;
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217
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Yoshioka S, Fujita H, Kinoshita S, Matsuhana B. Alignment of crystal orientations of the multi-domain photonic crystals in Parides sesostris wing scales. J R Soc Interface 2013; 11:20131029. [PMID: 24352678 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the wing scales of the emerald-patched cattleheart butterfly, Parides sesostris, contain gyroid-type photonic crystals, which produce a green structural colour. However, the photonic crystal is not a single crystal that spreads over the entire scale, but it is separated into many small domains with different crystal orientations. As a photonic crystal generally has band gaps at different frequencies depending on the direction of light propagation, it seems mysterious that the scale is observed to be uniformly green under an optical microscope despite the multi-domain structure. In this study, we have carefully investigated the structure of the wing scale and discovered that the crystal orientations of different domains are not perfectly random, but there is a preferred crystal orientation that is aligned along the surface normal of the scale. This finding suggests that there is an additional factor during the developmental process of the microstructure that regulates the crystal orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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218
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Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate for the first time photonic nanocavities operating inside single biological cells. Here we develop a nanobeam photonic crystal (PC) cavity as an advanced cellular nanoprobe, active in nature, and configurable to provide a multitude of actions for both intracellular sensing and control. Our semiconductor nanocavity probes emit photoluminescence (PL) from embedded quantum dots (QD) and sustain high quality resonant photonic modes inside cells. The probes are shown to be minimally cytotoxic to cells from viability studies, and the beams can be loaded in cells and tracked for days at a time, with cells undergoing regular division with the beams. We present in vitro label-free protein sensing with our probes to detect streptavidin as a path towards real-time biomarker and biomolecule detection inside single cells. The results of this work will enable new areas of research merging the strengths of photonic nanocavities with fundamental cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Shambat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - J Provine
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tomas Sarmiento
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - James Harris
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94306
| | - Jelena Vučković
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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219
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Pal S, Yadav AR, Lifson MA, Baker JE, Fauchet PM, Miller BL. Selective virus detection in complex sample matrices with photonic crystal optical cavities. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 44:229-34. [PMID: 23434758 PMCID: PMC3596473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of viruses is critical for applications in medical diagnostics, biosecurity, and environmental safety. In this article, we report the application of a point-defect-coupled W1 photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide biosensor to label-free optical detection of viruses. Fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate using electron-beam (e-beam) lithography and reactive-ion-etching, the PhC sensing platform allows optical detection based on resonant mode shifts in response to ambient refractive index changes produced by infiltration of target biomaterial within the holes of the PhC structure. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculations were performed to assist with design of the sensor, and to serve as a theoretical benchmark against which experimental results could be compared. Using Human Papillomavirus virus-like particles (VLPs) spiked in 10% fetal bovine serum as a model system, we observed a limit of detection of 1.5 nM in simple (buffer only) or complex (10% serum) sample matrices. The use of anti-VLP antibodies specific for intact VLPs with the PhC sensors provided highly selective VLP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Pal
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Amrita R. Yadav
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. Lifson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - James E. Baker
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Philippe M. Fauchet
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, U.S.A
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220
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Fenzl C, Hirsch T, Wolfbeis OS. Photonic crystal based sensor for organic solvents and for solvent-water mixtures. Sensors (Basel) 2012; 12:16954-63. [PMID: 23235441 PMCID: PMC3571820 DOI: 10.3390/s121216954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monodisperse polystyrene nanoparticles with a diameter of 173 nm were incorporated into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix where they display an iridescent color that can be attributed to the photonic crystal effect. The film is of violet color if placed in plain water, but turns to red in the presence of the non-polar solvent n-hexane. Several solvents were studied in some detail. We show that such films are capable of monitoring the water content of ethanol/water mixtures, where only 1% (v/v) of water leads to a shift of the peak wavelength of reflected light by 5 nm. The method also can be applied to determine, both visually and instrumentally, the fraction of methanol in ethanol/methanol mixtures. Here, a fraction of 1% of methanol (v/v) results in a wavelength shift of 2 nm. The reflected wavelength is not influenced by temperature changes nor impeded by photobleaching. The signal changes are fully reversible and response times are <1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fenzl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; E-Mails: (C.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; E-Mails: (C.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; E-Mails: (C.F.); (T.H.)
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221
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Liu BT, Lin YL, Huang SX. Photonic bandgap of inverse opals prepared from core-shell spheres. Nanoscale Res Lett 2012; 7:457. [PMID: 22894600 PMCID: PMC3503612 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized monodispersed polystyrene (PS)-silica core-shell spheres with various shell thicknesses for the fabrication of photonic crystals. The shell thickness of the spheres was controlled by various additions of tetraethyl orthosilicate during the shell growth process. The shrinkage ratio of the inverse opal photonic crystals prepared from the core-shell spheres was significantly reduced from 14.7% to within 3%. We suspected that the improvement resulted from the confinement of silica shell to the contraction of PS space during calcination. Due to the shell effect, the inverse opals prepared from the core-shell spheres have higher filling fraction and larger wavelength of stop band maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Tau Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 Univ. Rd., Sec. 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, ,Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 Univ. Rd., Sec. 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, ,Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shao-Xian Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 Univ. Rd., Sec. 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, ,Taiwan, Republic of China
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222
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Threm D, Nazirizadeh Y, Gerken M. Photonic crystal biosensors towards on-chip integration. J Biophotonics 2012; 5:601-616. [PMID: 22678992 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal technology has attracted large interest in the last years. The possibility to generate highly sensitive sensor elements with photonic crystal structures is very promising for medical or environmental applications. The low-cost fabrication on the mass scale is as advantageous as the compactness and reliability of photonic crystal biosensors. The possibility to integrate microfluidic channels together with photonic crystal structures allows for highly compact devices. This article reviews different types of photonic crystal sensors including 1D photonic crystal biosensors, biosensors with photonic crystal slabs, photonic crystal waveguide biosensors and biosensors with photonic crystal microcavities. Their applications in biomolecular and pathogen detection are highlighted. The sensitivities and the detection limits of the different biosensors are compared. The focus is on the possibilities to integrate photonic crystal biosensors on-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Threm
- Institute of Electrical and Information Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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223
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Cunningham BT, Zangar RC. Photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence for early breast cancer biomarker detection. J Biophotonics 2012; 5:617-28. [PMID: 22736539 PMCID: PMC3844005 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal surfaces offer a compelling platform for improving the sensitivity of surface-based fluorescent assays used in disease diagnostics. Through the complementary processes of photonic crystal enhanced excitation and enhanced extraction, a periodic dielectric-based nanostructured surface can simultaneously increase the electric field intensity experienced by surface-bound fluorophores and increase the collection efficiency of emitted fluorescent photons. Through the ability to inexpensively fabricate photonic crystal surfaces over substantial surface areas, they are amenable to single-use applications in biological sensing, such as disease biomarker detection in serum. In this review, we will describe the motivation for implementing high-sensitivity, multiplexed biomarker detection in the context of breast cancer diagnosis. We will summarize recent efforts to improve the detection limits of such assays though the use of photonic crystal surfaces. Reduction of detection limits is driven by low autofluorescent substrates for photonic crystal fabrication, and detection instruments that take advantage of their unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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224
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Abstract
The ability to controllably handle the smallest materials is a fundamental enabling technology for nanoscience. Conventional optical tweezers have proven useful for manipulating microscale objects but cannot exert enough force to manipulate dielectric materials smaller than about 100 nm. Recently, several near-field optical trapping techniques have been developed that can provide higher trapping stiffness, but they tend to be limited in their ability to reversibly trap and release smaller materials due to a combination of the extremely high electromagnetic fields and the resulting local temperature rise. Here, we have developed a new form of photonic crystal "nanotweezer" that can trap and release on-command Wilson disease proteins, quantum dots, and 22 nm polymer particles with a temperature rise less than ~0.3 K, which is below the point where unwanted fluid mechanical effects will prevent trapping or damage biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Fan Chen
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Medical Device Innovation Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xavier Serey
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Rupa Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - David Erickson
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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225
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Pouya C, Vukusic P. Electromagnetic characterization of millimetre-scale replicas of the gyroid photonic crystal found in the butterfly Parides sesostris. Interface Focus 2012; 2:645-50. [PMID: 24098849 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used three-dimensional stereolithography to synthetically replicate the gyroid photonic crystal (PC) structure that occurs naturally in the butterfly Parides sesostris. We have experimentally characterized the transmission response of this structure in the microwave regime at two azimuthal angles (ϕ) over a comprehensive range of polar angles (θ). We have modelled its electromagnetic response using the finite-element method (FEM) and found excellent agreement with experimental data. Both theory and experiment show a single relatively broad transmission minimum at normal incidence (θ = 0°) that comprises several narrow band resonances which separate into clearly identifiable stop-bands at higher polar angles. We have identified the specific effective geometric planes within the crystal, and their associated periodicities that give rise to each of these stop-bands. Through extensive theoretical FEM modelling of the gyroid PC structure, using varying filling fractions of material and air, we have shown that a gyroid PC with material volume fraction of 40 per cent is appropriate for optimizing the reflected bandwidth at normal incidence (for a refractive index contrast of 1.56). This is the same gyroid PC material volume fraction used by the butterfly P. sesostris itself to produce its green structurally coloured appearance. This infers further optimization of this biological PC beyond that of its lattice constant alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pouya
- School of Physics , University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QL , UK
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226
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Wilts BD, Michielsen K, De Raedt H, Stavenga DG. Iridescence and spectral filtering of the gyroid-type photonic crystals in Parides sesostris wing scales. Interface Focus 2011; 2:681-7. [PMID: 24098853 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cover scales on the wing of the Emerald-patched Cattleheart butterfly, Parides sesostris, contain gyroid-type biological photonic crystals that brightly reflect green light. A pigment, which absorbs maximally at approximately 395 nm, is immersed predominantly throughout the elaborate upper lamina. This pigment acts as a long-pass filter shaping the reflectance spectrum of the underlying photonic crystals. The additional effect of the filtering is that the spatial distribution of the scale reflectance is approximately angle-independent, leading to a stable wing pattern contrast. The spectral tuning of the original reflectance is verified by photonic band structure modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D Wilts
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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227
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Choi BY, Pak Y, Kim KS, Lee KH, Jung GY. Simultaneous fabrication of line defects-embedded periodic lattice by topographically assisted holographic lithography. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011; 6:449. [PMID: 21749704 PMCID: PMC3211868 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated simultaneous fabrication of designed defects within a periodic structure. For rapid fabrication of periodic structures incorporating nanoscale line-defects at large area, topographically assisted holographic lithography (TAHL) technique, combining the strength of hologram lithography and phase-shift interference, was proposed. Hot-embossing method generated the photoresist patterns with vertical side walls which enabled phase-shift mask effect at the edge of patterns. Embossing temperature and relief height were crucial parameters for the successful TAHL process. Periodic holes with a diameter of 600 nm at a 1 μm-pitch incorporating 250 nm wide line-defects were obtained simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Yeon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusin Pak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kwang-Ho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Young Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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228
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Jeong MY, Wu JW. Continuous spatial tuning of laser emissions in a full visible spectral range. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2007-18. [PMID: 21673936 PMCID: PMC3111647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12032007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve a continuous tuning of laser emission, the authors designed and fabricated three types of cholesteric liquid crystal cells with pitch gradient, a wedge cell with positive slope, a wedge cell with negative slope, and a parallel cell. The length of the cholesteric liquid crystal pitch could be elongated up to 10 nm, allowing the lasing behavior of continuous or discontinuous spatial tuning determined by the boundary conditions of the cholesteric liquid crystal cell. In the wedge cell with positive slope, the authors demonstrated a continuous spatial laser tuning in the near full visible spectral range, with a tuning resolution less than 1 nm by pumping with only a single 355 nm laser beam. This continuous tuning behavior is due to the fact that the concentration of pitch gradient matches the fixed helical pitch determined by the cell thickness. This characteristic continuous spatial laser tuning could be confirmed again by pumping with a 532 nm laser beam, over 90 nm in the visible spectral range. The scheme of the spatial laser tuning in the wedge cell bearing a pitch gradient enabled a route to designing small-sized optical devices that allow for a wide tunability of single-mode laser emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yun Jeong
- Department of Physics and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.Y.J.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Jeong Weon Wu
- Department of Physics and Quantum Metamaterials Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.Y.J.); (J.W.W.)
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229
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Yoshie T, Tang L, Su SY. Optical microcavity: sensing down to single molecules and atoms. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:1972-91. [PMID: 22319393 PMCID: PMC3273999 DOI: 10.3390/s110201972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review article discusses fundamentals of dielectric, low-loss, optical micro-resonator sensing, including figures of merit and a variety of microcavity designs, and future perspectives in microcavity-based optical sensing. Resonance frequency and quality (Q) factor are altered as a means of detecting a small system perturbation, resulting in realization of optical sensing of a small amount of sample materials, down to even single molecules. Sensitivity, Q factor, minimum detectable index change, noises (in sensor system components and microcavity system including environments), microcavity size, and mode volume are essential parameters to be considered for optical sensing applications. Whispering gallery mode, photonic crystal, and slot-type microcavities typically provide compact, high-quality optical resonance modes for optical sensing applications. Surface Bloch modes induced on photonic crystals are shown to be a promising candidate thanks to large field overlap with a sample and ultra-high-Q resonances. Quantum optics effects based on microcavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) would provide novel single-photo-level detection of even single atoms and molecules via detection of doublet vacuum Rabi splitting peaks in strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yoshie
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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230
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Numata M, Koide Y. Aerosol assisted fabrication of two dimensional ZnO island arrays and honeycomb patterns with identical lattice structures. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2010; 1:71-74. [PMID: 21977396 PMCID: PMC3045920 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two dimensional island arrays and honeycomb patterns consisting of ZnO nanocrystal clusters were fabricated on predefined TiO(2) seed patterns prepared by vacuum free, aerosol assisted wet-chemical synthesis. The TiO(2) seed patterns were prepared by applying an aerosol of a water soluble titanium complex on hexagonally close-packed polystyrene bead arrays for different lengths of time. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a dot array grows into a honeycomb shape as increasing amounts of the precursor were deposited. ZnO nucleation on substrates with a dot array and honeycomb patterns resulted in the formation of two discrete patterns with contrasting fill fractions of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Numata
- Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ku, Kanagawa 221-8686 Japan; Fax +81-45-413-9770, Tel +81-45-481-5661
| | - Yoshihiro Koide
- Department of Material and Life Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ku, Kanagawa 221-8686 Japan; Fax +81-45-413-9770, Tel +81-45-481-5661
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231
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Park SJ, Lee SW, Jeong S, Lee JH, Park HH, Choi DG, Jeong JH, Choi JH. Nanosilver Colloids-Filled Photonic Crystal Arrays for Photoluminescence Enhancement. Nanoscale Res Lett 2010; 5:1590-5. [PMID: 21076698 PMCID: PMC2956026 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For the improved surface plasmon-coupled photoluminescence emission, a more accessible fabrication method of a controlled nanosilver pattern array was developed by effectively filling the predefined hole array with nanosilver colloid in a UV-curable resin via direct nanoimprinting. When applied to a glass substrate for light emittance with an oxide spacer layer on top of the nanosilver pattern, hybrid emission enhancements were produced from both the localized surface plasmon resonance-coupled emission enhancement and the guided light extraction from the photonic crystal array. When CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal quantum dots were deposited as an active emitter, a total photoluminescence intensity improvement of 84% was observed. This was attributed to contributions from both the silver nanoparticle filling and the nanoimprinted photonic crystal array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Je Park
- Division of Nanomechanical System Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Won Lee
- Division of Nanomechanical System Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Division of Nanomechanical System Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Division of Nanomechanical System Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dae-Geun Choi
- Division of Nanomechanical System Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Division of Nanomechanical System Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuk Choi
- Division of Nanomechanical System Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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232
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Zheng W, Fei G, Wang B, De Zhang L. Modulation of Transmission Spectra of Anodized Alumina Membrane Distributed Bragg Reflector by Controlling Anodization Temperature. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009; 4:665-7. [PMID: 20596519 PMCID: PMC2893791 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully prepared anodized alumina membrane distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) using electrochemical anodization method. The transmission peak of this distributed Bragg reflector could be easily and effectively modulated to cover almost any wavelength range of the whole visible spectrum by adjusting anodization temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenJun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1129, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - GuangTao Fei
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1129, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1129, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li De Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1129, Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
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233
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Abstract
Templating processes for creating polymerized hydrogels are reviewed. The use of contact photonic crystals and of non-contact colloidal crystalline arrays as templates are described and applications to chemical sensing and device fabrication are illustrated. Emulsion templating is illustrated in the formation of microporous membranes, and templating on reverse emulsions and double emulsions is described. Templating in solutions of macromolecules and micelles is discussed and then various applications of hydrogel templating on surfactant liquid crystalline mesophases are illustrated, including a nanoscale analogue of colloidal crystalline array templating, except that the bead array in this case is a cubic array of nonionic micelles. The use of particles as templates in making core-shell and hollow microgel beads is described, as is the use of membrane pores as another illustration of confinement templating.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Texter
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Golm-Potsdam, Germany
- School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA
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234
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Baba T, Adachi J, Ishikura N, Hamachi Y, Sasaki H, Kawasaki T, Mori D. Dispersion-controlled slow light in photonic crystal waveguides. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2009; 85:443-53. [PMID: 20009377 PMCID: PMC3621549 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.85.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Slow light with a markedly low group velocity is a promising solution for optical buffering and advanced time-domain optical signal processing. It is also anticipated to enhance linear and nonlinear effects and so miniaturize functional photonic devices because slow light compresses optical energy in space. Photonic crystal waveguide devices generate on-chip slow light at room temperature with a wide bandwidth and low dispersion suitable for short pulse transmission. This paper first explains the delay-bandwidth product, fractional delay, and tunability as crucial criteria for buffering capacity of slow light devices. Then the paper describes experimental observations of slow light pulse, exhibiting their record high values. It also demonstrates the nonlinear enhancement based on slow light pulse transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Baba
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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235
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Abstract
Porous Si exhibits a number of properties that make it an attractive material for controlled drug delivery applications: The electrochemical synthesis allows construction of tailored pore sizes and volumes that are controllable from the scale of microns to nanometers; a number of convenient chemistries exist for the modification of porous Si surfaces that can be used to control the amount, identity, and in vivo release rate of drug payloads and the resorption rate of the porous host matrix; the material can be used as a template for organic and biopolymers, to prepare composites with a designed nanostructure; and finally, the optical properties of photonic structures prepared from this material provide a self-reporting feature that can be monitored in vivo. This paper reviews the preparation, chemistry, and properties of electrochemically prepared porous Si or SiO2 hosts relevant to drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Anglin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Jacobs Retina Center at the Shiley Eye Center, Dept of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William R. Freeman
- Jacobs Retina Center at the Shiley Eye Center, Dept of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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236
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Schwartz MP, Derfus AM, Alvarez SD, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ. The smart Petri dish: a nanostructured photonic crystal for real-time monitoring of living cells. Langmuir 2006; 22:7084-90. [PMID: 16863264 PMCID: PMC3530423 DOI: 10.1021/la060420n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The intensity of light scattered from a porous Si photonic crystal is used to monitor physiological changes in primary rat hepatocytes. The cells are seeded on the surface of a porous Si photonic crystal that has been filled with polystyrene and treated with an O2 plasma. Light resonant with the photonic crystal is scattered by the cell layer and detected as an optical peak with a charge-coupled-device spectrometer. It is demonstrated that exposure of hepatocytes to the toxins cadmium chloride or acetaminophen leads to morphology changes that cause a measurable increase in scattered intensity. The increase in signal occurs before traditional assays are able to detect a decrease in viability, demonstrating the potential of the technique as a complementary tool for cell viability studies. The scattering method presented here is noninvasive and can be performed in real time, representing a significant advantage compared to other techniques for in vitro monitoring of cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Department 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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