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Punj V, Matta H, Chaudhary PM. A computational profiling of changes in gene expression and transcription factors induced by vFLIP K13 in primary effusion lymphoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37498. [PMID: 22624040 PMCID: PMC3356309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to the development of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that is characterized by loss of expression of most B cell markers and effusions in the body cavities. This unique clinical presentation of PEL has been attributed to their distinctive plasmablastic gene expression profile that shows overexpression of genes involved in inflammation, adhesion and invasion. KSHV-encoded latent protein vFLIP K13 has been previously shown to promote the survival and proliferation of PEL cells. In this study, we employed gene array analysis to characterize the effect of K13 on global gene expression in PEL-derived BCBL1 cells, which express negligible K13 endogenously. We demonstrate that K13 upregulates the expression of a number of NF-κB responsive genes involved in cytokine signaling, cell death, adhesion, inflammation and immune response, including two NF-κB subunits involved in the alternate NF-κB pathway, RELB and NFKB2. In contrast, CD19, a B cell marker, was one of the genes downregulated by K13. A comparison with K13-induced genes in human vascular endothelial cells revealed that although there was a considerable overlap among the genes induced by K13 in the two cell types, chemokines genes were preferentially induced in HUVEC with few exceptions, such as RANTES/CCL5, which was induced in both cell types. Functional studies confirmed that K13 activated the RANTES/CCL5 promoter through the NF-κB pathway. Taken collectively, our results suggest that K13 may contribute to the unique gene expression profile, immunophenotype and clinical presentation that are characteristics of KSHV-associated PEL.
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Engels EA, Preiksaitis J, Zingone A, Landgren O. Circulating antibody free light chains and risk of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1268-74. [PMID: 22300426 PMCID: PMC3338891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a major complication of solid-organ transplantation. With human immunodeficiency virus infection (an analogous immunosuppressive state), elevated kappa and lambda immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) in peripheral blood are associated with increased risk of lymphoma. To assess the role of B-cell dysfunction in PTLD, we measured circulating FLCs among Canadian transplant recipients, including 29 individuals with PTLD and 57 matched transplant recipients who were PTLD-free. Compared with controls, PTLD cases had higher kappa FLCs (median 1.53 vs. 1.07 times upper limit of normal) and lambda FLCs (1.03 vs. 0.68). Using samples obtained on average 3.5 months before PTLD diagnosis, cases were more likely to have polyclonal FLC elevations (i.e. elevated kappa and/or lambda with normal kappa/lambda ratio: odds ratio [OR] 4.2, 95%CI 1.1-15) or monoclonal elevations (elevated kappa and/or lambda with abnormal ratio: OR 3.0, 95%CI 0.5-18). Strong FLC-PTLD associations were also observed at diagnosis/selection. Among recipients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA measured in blood, EBV DNAemia was associated with FLC abnormalities (ORs 6.2 and 3.2 for monoclonal and polyclonal elevations). FLC elevations are common in transplant recipients and associated with heightened PTLD risk. FLCs likely reflect B-cell dysfunction, perhaps related to EBV-driven lymphoproliferation.
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Cousins SW, Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Miller DM, Pereira-Simon S, Hernandez EP, Chien H, Meier-Jewett C, Dix RD. Macrophage activation associated with chronic murine cytomegalovirus infection results in more severe experimental choroidal neovascularization. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002671. [PMID: 22570607 PMCID: PMC3343109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neovascular (wet) form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to vision loss due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Since macrophages are important in CNV development, and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific IgG serum titers in patients with wet AMD are elevated, we hypothesized that chronic CMV infection contributes to wet AMD, possibly by pro-angiogenic macrophage activation. This hypothesis was tested using an established mouse model of experimental CNV. At 6 days, 6 weeks, or 12 weeks after infection with murine CMV (MCMV), laser-induced CNV was performed, and CNV severity was determined 4 weeks later by analysis of choroidal flatmounts. Although all MCMV-infected mice exhibited more severe CNV when compared with control mice, the most severe CNV developed in mice with chronic infection, a time when MCMV-specific gene sequences could not be detected within choroidal tissues. Splenic macrophages collected from mice with chronic MCMV infection, however, expressed significantly greater levels of TNF-α, COX-2, MMP-9, and, most significantly, VEGF transcripts by quantitative RT-PCR assay when compared to splenic macrophages from control mice. Direct MCMV infection of monolayers of IC-21 mouse macrophages confirmed significant stimulation of VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein as determined by quantitative RT-PCR assay, ELISA, and immunostaining. Stimulation of VEGF production in vivo and in vitro was sensitive to the antiviral ganciclovir. These studies suggest that chronic CMV infection may serve as a heretofore unrecognized risk factor in the pathogenesis of wet AMD. One mechanism by which chronic CMV infection might promote increased CNV severity is via stimulation of macrophages to make pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF), an outcome that requires active virus replication.
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104
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Watanabe T. [Increased risks for hematological neoplasms induced by virus infection]. NIHON RINSHO. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE 2012; 70 Suppl 2:43-49. [PMID: 23133926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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105
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Peker D, Martinez AE, Schwartz MA, Cusnir M. Complete remission in 4 patients with human herpesvirus 8-associated multicentric Castleman disease using rituximab and liposomal doxorubicin, a novel chemotherapy combination. CLINICAL ADVANCES IN HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY : H&O 2012; 10:204-206. [PMID: 22402431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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106
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Hemminki K, Liu X, Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Kaposi sarcoma and Merkel cell carcinoma after autoimmune disease. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E326-8. [PMID: 22120659 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lu J, Verma SC, Cai Q, Saha A, Dzeng RK, Robertson ES. The RBP-Jκ binding sites within the RTA promoter regulate KSHV latent infection and cell proliferation. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002479. [PMID: 22253595 PMCID: PMC3257303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is tightly linked to at least two lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). However, the development of KSHV-mediated lymphoproliferative disease is not fully understood. Here, we generated two recombinant KSHV viruses deleted for the first RBP-Jκ binding site (RTA1st) and all three RBP-Jκ binding sites (RTAall) within the RTA promoter. Our results showed that RTA1st and RTAall recombinant viruses possess increased viral latency and a decreased capability for lytic replication in HEK 293 cells, enhancing colony formation and proliferation of infected cells. Furthermore, recombinant RTA1st and RTAall viruses showed greater infectivity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) relative to wt KSHV. Interestingly, KSHV BAC36 wt, RTA1st and RTAall recombinant viruses infected both T and B cells and all three viruses efficiently infected T and B cells in a time-dependent manner early after infection. Also, the capability of both RTA1st and RTAall recombinant viruses to infect CD19+ B cells was significantly enhanced. Surprisingly, RTA1st and RTAall recombinant viruses showed greater infectivity for CD3+ T cells up to 7 days. Furthermore, studies in Telomerase-immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial (TIVE) cells infected with KSHV corroborated our data that RTA1st and RTAall recombinant viruses have enhanced ability to persist in latently infected cells with increased proliferation. These recombinant viruses now provide a model to explore early stages of primary infection in human PBMCs and development of KSHV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is tightly linked to at least two lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). The life cycle of KSHV consists of latent and lytic phase. RTA is the master switch for viral lytic replication. In this study, we first show that recombinant viruses deleted for the RBP-Jκ sites within the RTA promoter have a decreased capability for lytic replication, and thus enhanced colony formation and proliferation of infected cells. Interestingly, the recombinant viruses show greater infectivity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The recombinant viruses also infected CD19+ B cells and CD3+ T cells with increased efficiency in a time-dependent manner and now provide a model which can be used to explore the early stages of primary infection in human PBMCs, as well as the development of KSHV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Dupuy S, Lambert M, Zucman D, Choukem SP, Tognarelli S, Pages C, Lebbé C, Caillat-Zucman S. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) sequentially shapes the NK cell repertoire during the course of asymptomatic infection and Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002486. [PMID: 22253598 PMCID: PMC3257307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of innate immunity to immunosurveillance of the oncogenic Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) has not been studied in depth. We investigated NK cell phenotype and function in 70 HHV8-infected subjects, either asymptomatic carriers or having developed Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Our results revealed substantial alterations of the NK cell receptor repertoire in healthy HHV8 carriers, with reduced expression of NKp30, NKp46 and CD161 receptors. In addition, down-modulation of the activating NKG2D receptor, associated with impaired NK-cell lytic capacity, was observed in patients with active KS. Resolution of KS after treatment was accompanied with restoration of NKG2D levels and NK cell activity. HHV8-latently infected endothelial cells overexpressed ligands of several NK cell receptors, including NKG2D ligands. The strong expression of NKG2D ligands by tumor cells was confirmed in situ by immunohistochemical staining of KS biopsies. However, no tumor-infiltrating NK cells were detected, suggesting a defect in NK cell homing or survival in the KS microenvironment. Among the known KS-derived immunoregulatory factors, we identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a critical element responsible for the down-modulation of NKG2D expression on resting NK cells. Moreover, PGE2 prevented up-regulation of the NKG2D and NKp30 receptors on IL-15-activated NK cells, and inhibited the IL-15-induced proliferation and survival of NK cells. Altogether, our observations are consistent with distinct immunoevasion mechanisms that allow HHV8 to escape NK cell responses stepwise, first at early stages of infection to facilitate the maintenance of viral latency, and later to promote tumor cell growth through suppression of NKG2D-mediated functions. Importantly, our results provide additional support to the use of PGE2 inhibitors as an attractive approach to treat aggressive KS, as they could restore activation and survival of tumoricidal NK cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune response against virus infections and tumors. Their activation is the net result of signals emanating from a panel of inhibitory and activating receptors recognizing specific ligands on target cells. Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) is an oncogenic virus responsible of Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), a multifocal angiogenic tumor. How NK cells contribute to the control of infection by HHV8 infection and development of KS, is unclear. In this paper, we show different strategies used by HHV8 to escape NK cell response. Patients with asymptomatic infection or KS have down-modulated expression of NKp30, NKp46 and CD161 receptors. In addition, patients with active KS show additional down-modulation of the NKG2D activating receptor, associated with impaired NK-cell cytotoxicity against target cells. Resolution of KS correlates with regained NKG2D expression and cytotoxic function. We present evidence that down-modulation of NKG2D is mediated by inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), known to be released by KS cells, and show that PGE2 acts by preventing IL-15-mediated activation of NK cells. These results strongly support the use of PGE2 inhibitors as an attractive approach to treat active KS.
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109
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Samsonov RB, Klochkova TG, Evtushenko VI. [Infection of the prostate by herpesviruses and HPV in patients with prostate cancer]. VOPROSY ONKOLOGII 2012; 58:795-799. [PMID: 23600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of the presence of the HCMV, EBV, HHV8 and HPV-infection in the prostatic tissue of the prostate cancer patients was conducted. The methods of PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) were used and the results were compared. Authors revealed high degree of virus infection in prostate. Using of PCR and ISH resulted in following frequencies of the viruses in prostate tissue: HCMV-87 and 77%, EBV-53 and 54%, HHV8--0 and 50%, HPV--0 and 23%. The question of the nature of discrepancies is discussed.
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Lisco A, Munawwar A, Introini A, Vanpouille C, Saba E, Feng X, Grivel JC, Singh S, Margolis L. Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokine network. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:97-105. [PMID: 22107749 PMCID: PMC3242745 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semen is the main carrier of sexually transmitted viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, semen is not just a mere passive transporter of virions but also plays an active role in HIV-1 transmission through cytokines and other biological factors. METHODS To study the relationship between viruses and the chemokine-cytokine network in the male genital tract, we measured the concentrations of 21 cytokines/chemokines and the loads of HIV-1 and of 6 herpesviruses in seminal and blood plasma from HIV-1-infected and HIV-uninfected men. RESULTS We found that (1) semen is enriched in cytokines and chemokines that play key roles in HIV-1 infection or transmission; (2) HIV-1 infection changes the chemokine-cytokine network in semen, further enriching it in cytokines that modulate its replication; (3) HIV-1 infection is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) compartmentalized seminal reactivation; (4) CMV and EBV concomitant seminal shedding is associated with higher HIV-1 loads in blood and seminal plasma; and (5) CMV seminal reactivation increases the seminal levels of the CCR5 ligands RANTES and eotaxin, and of the CXCR3 ligand monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG). CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 infection results in an aberrant production of cytokines and reactivation of EBV and CMV that further changes the seminal cytokine network. The altered seminal milieu in HIV-1 infection may be a determinant of HIV-1 sexual transmission.
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111
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Chen JJ, Gershon AA, Li Z, Cowles RA, Gershon MD. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and establishes latency in enteric neurons. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:578-89. [PMID: 22190254 PMCID: PMC3324263 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Case reports have linked varicella-zoster virus (VZV) to gastrointestinal disorders, including severe abdominal pain preceding fatal varicella and acute colonic pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome). Because we had previously detected DNA and transcripts encoding latency-associated VZV gene products in the human gut, we sought to determine whether latent VZV is present in the human enteric nervous system (ENS) and, if so, to identify the cells in which it is located and its route to the bowel. Neither DNA, nor transcripts encoding VZV gene products, could be detected in resected gut from any of seven control children (<1 year old) who had not received the varicella vaccine or experienced varicella; however, VZV DNA and transcripts were each found to be present in resected bowel from 6/6 of children with a past history of varicella and in that of 6/7 of children who received the varicella vaccine. Both wild-type (WT) and vaccine-type (vOka) VZV thus establish latent infection in human gut. To determine routes by which VZV might gain access to the bowel, we injected guinea pigs with human or guinea pig lymphocytes expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the VZV ORF66 gene (VZV(OKA66.GFP)). GFP-expressing enteric neurons were found throughout the bowel within 2 days and continued to be present for greater than 6 weeks. DNA encoding VZV gene products also appeared in enteric and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following intradermal administration of WT-VZV and in enteric neurons after intradermal injection of VZV(OKA66.GFP); moreover, a small number of guinea pig DRG neurons were found to project both to the skin and the intraperitoneal viscera. Viremia, in which lymphocytes carry VZV, or axonal transport from DRG neurons infected through their epidermal projections are thus each potential routes that enable VZV to gain access to the ENS.
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112
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Kinchington PR, Goins WF. Varicella zoster virus-induced pain and post-herpetic neuralgia in the human host and in rodent animal models. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:590-9. [PMID: 22205584 PMCID: PMC3946975 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pain and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) are common and highly distressing complications of herpes zoster that remain a significant public health concern and in need of improved therapies. Zoster results from reactivation of the herpesvirus varicella zoster virus (VZV) from a neuronal latent state established at the primary infection (varicella). PHN occurs in some one fifth to one third of zoster cases with severity, incidence, and duration of pain increasing with rising patient age. While VZV reactivation and the ensuing ganglionic damage trigger the pain response, the mechanisms underlying protracted PHN are not understood, and the lack of an animal model of herpes zoster (reactivation) makes this issue more challenging. A recent preclinical rodent model has developed that opens up the potential to allow the exploration of the underlying mechanisms and treatments for VZV-induced pain. Rats inoculated with live cell-associated human VZV into the hind paw reliably demonstrate thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia for extended periods and then spontaneously recover. Dorsal root ganglia express a limited VZV gene subset, including the IE62 regulatory protein, and upregulate expression of markers suggesting a neuropathic pain state. The model has been used to investigate treatment modalities and aspects of pain signaling and is under investigation by the authors to delineate VZV genetics involved in the induction of pain. This article compares human zoster-associated pain and PHN to the pain indicators in the rat and poses important questions that, if answered, could be the basis for new treatments.
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113
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Maes S, Van Goethem B, Saunders J, Binst D, Chiers K, Ducatelle R. Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in a cat associated with necrotizing bronchopneumonia caused by feline herpesvirus-1. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2011; 52:1119-1122. [PMID: 22467969 PMCID: PMC3174511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a 1-year-old cat with acute dyspnea. Thoracic radiography revealed a pneumomediastinum and severe subcutaneous emphysema. Lower airway surgical exploration was unable to determine the cause. At postmortem examination, acute necrotizing bronchopneumonia and fibrinonecrotic tracheitis due to feline herpesvirus-1 were diagnosed.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease (HIV MCD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder, the incidence of which appears to be increasing in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Current knowledge of the disease is limited and this review will discuss what is known about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HIV MCD. RECENT FINDINGS HIV MCD has been shown to be associated with infection with human herpesvirus-8. Vascular endothelial growth factor and the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are also thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of MCD. Currently, rituximab is often used alone or in combination with chemotherapy for treatment of MCD. Novel monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor are also being studied for the management of this disease. SUMMARY Because HIV MCD is an uncommon diagnosis, comprehensive clinical studies have not been done, and understanding of the disease is incomplete. Further studies are needed to make definitive conclusions regarding optimal treatment of HIV MCD.
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115
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Cesarman E. Gammaherpesvirus and lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised patients. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:163-74. [PMID: 21493001 PMCID: PMC3742547 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two lymphotropic human gamma herpesviruses can cause lymphoproliferative disorders: Epstein Barr virus (EBV, formally designated as human herpesvirus 4) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, also called human herpesvirus 8). Individuals with inherited or acquired immunodeficiency have a greatly increased risk of developing a malignancy caused by one of these two viruses. Specific types of lymphoproliferations, including malignant lymphomas, occur in individuals with HIV infection, transplant recipients and children with primary immunodeficiency. Some of these diseases, such as Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin lymphoma resemble those occurring in immunocompetent patients, but the proportion of tumors in which EBV is present is increased. Others, like primary effusion lymphoma and polymorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder are rarely seen outside the context of a specific immunodeficient state. Understanding the specific viral associations in selected lymphoproliferative disorders, and the insights into the molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis, will lead to better treatments for these frequently devastating diseases.
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116
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Slots J. Herpesvirus periodontitis: infection beyond biofilm. JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA DENTAL ASSOCIATION 2011; 39:393-399. [PMID: 21823497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, occur at high copy counts in aggressive periodontitis, and may interact synergistically with periodontopathic bacteria in the etiology of the disease. Herpesvirus active periodontal infections may impair local host defenses and thus increase the aggressiveness of resident periodontopathic bacteria. The bacteria, in turn, may augment the virulence of the herpesviruses. The abundance of herpesviruses in periodontitis redefines the pathogenic paradigm of the disease and may have significant clinical implications.
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117
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Soto S, González B, Willoughby K, Maley M, Olvera A, Kennedy S, Marco A, Domingo M. Systemic herpesvirus and morbillivirus co-infection in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). J Comp Pathol 2011; 146:269-73. [PMID: 21601871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During 2007 a dolphin morbillivirus epizootic affected the western Mediterranean and several striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded on the Catalonian coasts. One of those animals had severe lymphoid depletion, necrosis and syncytial formation in lymph nodes and spleen, with large basophilic nuclear inclusions compatible with herpesvirus detected by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination. Non-suppurative encephalitis with associated morbillivirus antigen and morbillivirus antigen within alveolar macrophages were also observed. A pan-herpesvirus nested polymerase chain reaction amplified a sequence virtually identical to two cetacean herpesvirus sequences previously identified in systemic infections in an Atlantic Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) and in a Mediterranean striped dolphin. The herpesviral infection was probably secondary to the immunosuppression caused by the morbillivirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a cetacean co-infected by dolphin morbillivirus and herpesvirus with evidence of lesions attributable to both viruses.
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Olivadoti MD, Weinberg JB, Toth LA, Opp MR. Sleep and fatigue in mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:696-705. [PMID: 21272632 PMCID: PMC4831721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue, a common symptom of many acute and chronic medical conditions, reduces both quality of life and workplace productivity and can be disabling. However, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie fatigue can be difficult to study in human populations due to the patient heterogeneity, the variety of underlying causes and potential triggering events, and an inability to collect samples that may be essential to elucidation of mechanisms (e.g., brain). Although the etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains elusive, some studies have implicated viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human gammaherpesvirus, as a potential factor in the pathogenesis of CFS. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) is a mouse pathogen that shares many similarities with human γHVs, including EBV. In this study, we use γHV68-infected C57BL/6J mice as a model system for studying the impact of chronic viral infection on sleep-wake behavior, activity patterns, and body temperature profiles. Our data show that γHV68 alters sleep, activity, and temperature in a manner suggestive of fatigue. In mice infected with the highest dose used in this study (40,000plaque forming units), food intake, body weight, wheel running, body temperature, and sleep were normal until approximately 7days after infection. These parameters were significantly altered during days 7 through 11, returned to baseline levels at day 12 after infection, and remained within the normal range for the remainder of the 30-day period after inoculation. At that time, both infected and uninfected mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their responses monitored. Uninfected mice given LPS developed a modest and transient febrile response during the initial light phase (hours 12 through 24) after injection. In contrast, infected mice developed changes in core body temperatures that persisted for at least 5days. Infected mice showed an initial hypothermia that lasted for approximately 12h, followed by a modest fever that persisted for several hours. For the remainder of the 5-day recording period, they showed mild hypothermia during the dark phase. Running wheel activity of infected mice was reduced for at least 5days after injection of LPS, but for only 12h in uninfected mice. Collectively, these observations indicate that (1) physiologic and behavioral processes in mice are altered and recover during an early phase of infection, and (2) mice with latent γHV68 infection have an exacerbated response to challenge with LPS. These findings indicate that laboratory mice with γHV68 infections may provide a useful model for the study of fatigue and other physiologic and behavioral perturbations that may occur during acute and chronic infection with gammaherpesviruses.
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Al-Maghrabi JA. Castleman's disease. Update on pathogenesis. Saudi Med J 2011; 32:451-458. [PMID: 21556463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Castleman's disease (CD) is an unusual lymphoproliferative disorder that may mimic lymphoma clinically and pathologically. It is classified clinically as localized and multicentric types, and pathologically as hyaline vascular and plasma cell types. It is associated with increased risk of lymphoma and follicular dendritic cell tumors. The pathogenesis of CD is still controversial and complex. Active research is ongoing to highlight more on the etiopathogenesis of this entity. The aim of this article is to review the literature on pathogenesis of CD and to focus on the possible role of viruses in the development of this disease.
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Nakayama-Ichiyama S, Yokote T, Iwaki K, Miyoshi T, Takubo T, Tsuji M, Hanafusa T. Co-infection of human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-8 in primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type. Br J Haematol 2011; 155:514-6. [PMID: 21517824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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121
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Schneider L, Weinberg A, Boguniewicz M, Taylor P, Oettgen H, Heughan L, Zaccaro D, Armstrong B, Holliday A, Leung DYM. Immune response to varicella vaccine in children with atopic dermatitis compared with nonatopic controls. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 126:1306-7.e2. [PMID: 20889193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bieganowska K, Miszczak-Knecht M, Witulska K. [Giant ST segment elevation in electrocardiogram of a three year-old boy with brain oedema]. Kardiol Pol 2011; 69:844-848. [PMID: 21850635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present dramatic case of a 3 year-old boy who lost consciousness three weeks post Varicella Zoster virus infection. Cerebral edema was diagnosed with severe respiratory problems. Electrocardiogram showed transient but giant ST segment elevation, possibly secondary to brain damage.
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Halliday LC, Fortman JD. Severe thrombocytopenia in aged rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) infected with simian varicella virus. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2011; 50:109-113. [PMID: 21333173 PMCID: PMC3035414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Simian varicella virus was diagnosed in 2 geriatric rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The macaques presented with typical skin lesions as well as severe thrombocytopenia as a result of infection. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is a known complication of varicella zoster virus infection in humans; however, this condition has not been reported previously as a complication of SVV infection. This case report discusses the clinical presentation, pathology, and thrombocytopenia of the affected macaques.
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Onak Kandemır N, Doğan Gün B, İrkörücü O, Tokgöz H, Barut F, Cömert M, Özdamar ŞO. Multiorgan involvement in HHV-8-positive multifocal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2011; 22:235-236. [PMID: 21796573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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