Natural products for cancer chemotherapy

Unlocking the biological potential of methyl antcinate A: a new frontier in cancer and inflammation application

Antrodia camphorata is a valued and scarce parasitic mushroom that exclusively proliferates on the inner cavity wall of the endangered tree Cinnamomum kanehirai Hay (Lauraceae), endemic to Taiwan. Historically, this fungus has been utilized in traditional medicine to treat liver cancer, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypertension, and food and drug intoxication, among other ailments. Literature searches were performed in scientific databases. The results were compiled from peer-reviewed studies; the search was refreshed through January 2024 to incorporate the most recent research. In vitro studies have revealed that Antrodia camphorata possesses various pharmacological properties that prevent cancer, reduce inflammation, and improve liver function. This medicinal mushroom contains unique ergostane-type triterpenoids known as antcins, which exhibit numerous pharmacological properties. Seven naturally occurring methyl analogs of antcins have been identified so far. In this article, we reviewed and analyzed the properties of methyl antcinate A (MAA), a constituent of Antrodia camphorata and methyl derivative of antcin A. MAA has demonstrated important anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and gastro-protective properties, as well as significant anti-tumor, anti-cancer, and cytotoxic activities. The anti-cancer effect of MAA in various cancers is attributed to its ability to modulate signaling cascades in apoptotic pathways. A significant challenge is to initiate preclinical and clinical trials to assess its anti-tumor action in vivo, as this data is currently missing. Additionally, future research on the structure-activity relationship of antcins and their derivatives is expected to support their development as therapeutic agents for clinical use.

Quinine-chalcone hybrids as potent inhibitors of P-glycoprotein with apoptotic effects on EBC-1 cells

Chincona alkaloids extracted from the bark stem of Cinchona officinalis have been historically used to treat fever and malaria. More recently, cinchona alkaloid derivatives have been attributed to apoptotic effects in the context of cancer. Similarly, chalcones are plant-derived polyphenolic compounds with known anti-fungal, -microbial, -malarial, and -carcinogenic properties. Here, we reveal cytotoxic and antiproliferative characteristics of synthetic quinine-chalcone hybrids in human cancer cell lines. Two derivatives (AD-12 and AD-13) presented IC50 values below 2 µM in the lung squamous cell carcinoma cell line (EBC-1). Our study shows that AD-12 and AD-13 increased intracellular ROS levels and promoted caspase-3/7, and -8 activity in EBC-1 cells. These apoptotic effects were accompanied by short-term inhibition of P-gp efflux activity, while expression levels of P-gp transporters remained stable. Together, our study illustrates the potential of quinine-chalcone hybrids as novel anticancer drug candidates.

Acquired resistance to jadomycin B in human triple-negative breast cancer cells is associated with increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression

Jadomycin B, produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230, induces cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells in vitro and has antitumoral effects in animal models. In models of multidrug-resistant, triple-negative breast cancer, jadomycin B has shown promise as it is not a substrate of ABCB1 and ABCG2 drug efflux transporters. The generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of topoisomerases are potential mechanisms of jadomycin B-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms of jadomycin B's anticancer activity have not been fully elucidated. By gradually exposing MDA-MB-231 triple-negative human breast cancer cells to jadomycin B, we hypothesized that resistance could be selected to further understand jadomycin B's pharmacological mechanisms. A 3-fold increase in the jadomycin B IC50 was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to increasing jadomycin B concentrations (0-3 μM) over 7 months, herein 231-JB cells. The 231-JB cells were cross-resistant to jadomycin F and S but not to the comparator drugs mitoxantrone, doxorubicin, and SN-38. The 231-JB cells did not have increased mRNA expression of topoisomerase-2 nor ABCB1 and ABCG2. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) increased by 25-fold, but expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 did not significantly change. Cotreatment with celecoxib (15-45 μM), a COX-2 inhibitor, resensitized the 231-JB cells to jadomycin B (IC50 = 1.41 ± 0.24 to 0.75 ± 0.31 μM vs 2.28 ± 0.54 with 0 μM celecoxib). To our knowledge, this work represents the first report of the involvement of COX-2 in jadomycin B activity in vitro, proving to be an exciting new target for the exploration of jadomycin B anticancer activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin production, is associated with procancer signaling. COX-2, ABCB1, and ABCG2 overexpression are typically correlated in cancer, contributing to chemotherapy resistance. We observed increased COX-2, but not ABCG2 or ABCB1, expression in 231-JB cells. This indicates that jadomycin B triggers a distinct resistance mechanism. The COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib reversed jadomycin B resistance in 231-JB cells. As such, 231-JB cells represent an important model for COX-2 signaling in breast cancer and jadomycin B mechanism of action.

Exploring sulphated polysaccharides from marine bivalves: Unveiling potent anti-gastric cancer activity through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

This study investigates the extraction of partially purified sulphated polysaccharides from marine bivalves through enzymatic digestion followed by sequential deproteinization and evaluates their anti-gastric cancer activity. Chemical analysis confirmed high uronic acid and sulfate content, with FT-IR validating characteristic functional groups. Donax variabilis polysaccharide demonstrated significant, dose-dependent anti-proliferative effects against AGS cells. Mechanistic studies revealed morphological changes, ROS generation, LDH release, and mitochondrial membrane disruption, leading to apoptosis. Flow cytometry confirmed G0/G1 phase arrest. These findings suggest that D. variabilis sulphated polysaccharides exhibit potent anti-gastric cancer properties, likely through oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, warranting further investigation for therapeutic applications.

Marine natural products as a source of novel anticancer drugs: an updated review (2019-2023)

Marine natural products have long been recognized as a vast and diverse source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications, particularly in oncology. This review provides an updated overview of the significant advances made in the discovery and development of marine-derived anticancer drugs between 2019 and 2023. With a focus on recent research findings, the review explores the rich biodiversity of marine organisms, including sponges, corals, algae, and microorganisms, which have yielded numerous compounds exhibiting promising anticancer properties. Emphasizing the multifaceted mechanisms of action, the review discusses the molecular targets and pathways targeted by these compounds, such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and modulation of signaling pathways. Additionally, the review highlights the innovative strategies employed in the isolation, structural elucidation, and chemical modification of marine natural products to enhance their potency, selectivity, and pharmacological properties. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of marine-derived anticancer drugs, including issues related to supply, sustainability, synthesis, and clinical translation. Finally, the review underscores the immense potential of marine natural products as a valuable reservoir of novel anticancer agents and advocates for continued exploration and exploitation of the marine environment to address the unmet medical needs in cancer therapy.

Anticancer Properties Against Select Cancer Cell Lines and Metabolomics Analysis of Tender Coconut Water

BACKGROUND

Tender Coconut Water (TCW) is a nutrient-rich dietary supplement that contains bioactive secondary metabolites and phytohormones with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies on TCW's anti-cancer properties are limited and the mechanism of its anti-cancer effects have not been defined.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, we investigate TCW for its anti-cancer properties and, using untargeted metabolomics, we identify components form TCW with potential anti-cancer activity.

METHODOLOGY

Cell viability assay, BrdU incorporation assay, soft-agar assay, flow-cytometery, and Western blotting were used to analyze TCW's anticancer properties and to identify mechanism of action. Liquid chromatography- Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify TCW components.

RESULTS

TCW decreased the viability and anchorage-independent growth of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and caused S-phase cell cycle arrest. TCW inhibited AKT and ERK phosphorylation leading to reduced ZEB1 protein, increased E-cadherin, and reduced N-cadherin protein expression in HepG2 cells, thus reversing the 'epithelial-to-mesenchymal' (EMT) transition. TCW also decreased the viability of Hep3B hepatoma, HCT-15 colon, MCF-7 and T47D luminal A breast cancer (BC) and MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 triplenegative BC cells. Importantly, TCW did not inhibit the viability of MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of TCW identified 271 metabolites, primarily lipids and lipid-like molecules, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and organic oxygen compounds. We demonstrate that three components from TCW: 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one, iondole-3-carbox aldehyde and caffeic acid inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

TCW and its components exhibit anti-cancer effects. TCW inhibits the viability of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells by reversing the EMT process through inhibition of AKT and ERK signalling.

Functional characterization of Camptotheca acuminata 7-deoxyloganetic acid synthases and 7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferases involved in camptothecin biosynthesis

Camptothecin (CAM), a well-known plant-derived antitumor compound, is a structurally complex pentacyclic pyrroloquinoline monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) found in various plant species. As a specific MIA, CAM had been thought to share a common upstream biosynthetic pathway with other MIAs such as the antitumor vinblastine and vincristine from Catharanthus roseus. Nevertheless the key enzymes responsible for the consecutive three-step oxidation of the -CH3 of nepetalactol to form the -COOH of 7-deoxyloganetic acid and the subsequent glycosylation of 7-deoxyloganetic acid to yield 7-deoxyloganic acid have yet to be functionally characterized. Here we established an in vivo tandem catalysis assay for the enzymatic catalytic activity characterization of 7-deoxyloganetic acid synthase (7DLS) and 7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase (7DLGT), two crucial catalytic enzymes in MIAs biosynthesis, thereby avoiding the difficulty in the detection of the unstable biosynthetic intermediates. The enzyme activity assay platform was conducted through the co-expression of functionally characterized Cr7DLS and Cr7DLGT in Saccharomyces cerevisiae WAT11, substrate feeding, and enzymatic product verification. Two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) from Camptotheca acuminata, the prestigious resource for CAM, CaCYP76A75 and CaCYP76A76, were identified and functionally characterized to be responsible for the consecutive three-step oxidation of nepetalactol to yield 7-deoxyloganetic acid through reciprocal replacement of Cr7DLS in the in vivo tandem enzyme activity assay platform. Two uridine 5'-diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs), CaUGT709C10 and CaUGT709C11, were functionally characterized to be capable of glycosylating 7-deoxyloganetic acid to yield 7-deoxyloganic acid. This study provides two CYPs as 7DLSs and two UGTs as 7DLGTs, offering potential applications in MIAs biosynthesis.

In Vivo and Clinical Studies of Natural Products Targeting the Hallmarks of Cancer

Despite more than 200 approved anticancer agents, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide due to disease complexity, tumour heterogeneity, drug toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance. Accordingly, the development of chemotherapeutic agents with higher efficacy, a better safety profile, and the capability of bypassing drug resistance would be a cornerstone in cancer therapy. Natural products have played a pivotal role in the field of drug discovery, especially for the pharmacotherapy of cancer, infectious, and chronic diseases. Owing to their distinctive structures and multiple mechanistic activities, natural products and their derivatives have been utilized for decades in cancer treatment protocols. In this review, we delve into the potential of natural products as anticancer agents by targeting cancer's hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signalling, evading growth suppression, resisting apoptosis and cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. We highlight the molecular mechanisms of some natural products, in vivo studies, and promising clinical trials. This review emphasizes the significance of natural products in fighting cancer and the need for further studies to uncover their fully therapeutic potential.

Bioactivity Evaluation and Phytochemical Characterization of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold Leaf Extract

BACKGROUND

Euonymus alatus (E. alatus) has traditionally been used for medicinal purposes, and its leaves are considered edible. While E. alatus is known for its diverse biological activities, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects of its leaves extracted using different solvents have not been thoroughly investigated.

METHODS

This study examined the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and life-prolonging effects of Euonymus alatus (E. alatus) leaf extract.

RESULTS

The phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest levels of polyphenols (347.2 mg/mL) and flavonoids (317.7 mg/mL) compared to the water and methanol extracts. In addition, specific phenolics, such as rutin, ellagic acid, and quercetin, were found in the ethanol extract. Antioxidant assays showed that the ethanol extract exhibited superior DPPH, ABTS radical, and H2O2-scavenging activities, as well as reducing power. In addition, the ethanol extract displayed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. In cancer cell studies, the ethanol extract selectively inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 (breast) and LNCaP (prostate) cancer cells without affecting normal cells. Apoptosis induction was confirmed by nuclear condensation and increased caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, treatment with 30 mg/kg/day of the extract extended the lifespan of the tumor-bearing mice to 50 days, with no fatalities, indicating a dose-dependent protective effect.

CONCLUSIONS

E. alatus leaf ethanol extract has potential as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and life-prolonging agent.

Evaluating the Anticancer Properties of Novel Piscidinol A Derivatives: Insights from DFT, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Studies

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spreading throughout the body. This study employed computational approaches to investigate 18 naturally derived anticancer piscidinol A derivatives (1-18) as potential therapeutics. By examining their interactions with 15 essential target proteins (HIF-1α, RanGAP, FOXM1, PARP2, HER2, ERα, NGF, FAS, GRP78, PRDX2, SCF complex, EGFR, Bcl-xL, ERG, and HSP70) and comparing them with established drugs such as camptothecin, docetaxel, etoposide, irinotecan, paclitaxel, and teniposide, compound 10 emerged as noteworthy. In molecular dynamics simulations, the protein with the strongest binding to the crucial 1A52 protein exceeded druglikeness criteria and displayed extraordinary stability within the enzyme's pocket over varied temperatures (300-320 K). Additionally, density functional theory was used to calculate dipole moments and molecular orbital characteristics, as well as analyze the thermodynamic stability of the putative anticancer derivatives. This finding reveals a well-defined, potentially therapeutic relationship supported by theoretical analysis, which is in good agreement with subsequent assessments of their potential in vitro cytotoxic effects of piscidinol A derivatives (6-18) against various cancer cell lines. Future in vivo and clinical studies are required to validate these findings further. Compound 10 thus emerges as an intriguing contender in the fight against cancer.

Tissue-Adaptive BSA Hydrogel with Dual Release of PTX and bFGF Promotes Spinal Cord Injury Repair via Glial Scar Inhibition and Axon Regeneration

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe clinical disease usually accompanied by activated glial scar, neuronal axon rupture, and disabled motor function. To mimic the microenvironment of the SCI injury site, a hydrogel system with a comparable mechanical property to the spinal cord is desirable. Therefore, a novel elastic bovine serum albumin (BSA) hydrogel is fabricated with excellent adhesive, injectable, and biocompatible properties. The hydrogel is used to deliver paclitaxel (PTX) together with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to inhibit glial scar formation as well as promote axon regeneration and motor function for SCI repair. Due to the specific interaction of BSA with both drugs, bFGF, and PTX can be controllably released from the hydrogel system to achieve an effective concentration at the wound site during the SCI regeneration process. Moreover, benefiting from the combination of PTX and bFGF, this bFGF/PTX@BSA system significantly aided axon repair by promoting the elongation of axons across the glial scar with reduced reactive astrocyte secretion. In addition, remarkable anti-apoptosis of nerve cells is evident with the bFGF/PTX@BSA system. Subsequently, this multi-functionalized drug system significantly improved the motor function of the rats after SCI. These results reveal that bFGF/PTX@BSA is an ideal functionalized material for nerve repair in SCI.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of marine naphthoquinone-naphthol derivatives as potential anticancer agents

1'-Hydroxy-4',8,8'-trimethoxy-[2,2'-binaphthalene]-1,4-dione (compound 5), a secondary metabolite recently discovered in marine fungi, demonstrates promising cytotoxic and anticancer potential. However, knowledge regarding the anticancer activities and biological mechanisms of its derivatives remains limited. Herein, a series of novel naphthoquinone-naphthol derivatives were designed, synthesised, and evaluated for their anticancer activity against cancer cells of different origins. Among these, Compound 13, featuring an oxopropyl group at the ortho-position of quinone group, exhibited the most potent inhibitory effects on HCT116, PC9, and A549 cells, with IC50 values decreasing from 5.27 to 1.18 μM (4.5-fold increase), 6.98 to 0.57 μM (12-fold increase), and 5.88 to 2.25 μM (2.6-fold increase), respectively, compared to compound 5. Further mechanistic studies revealed that compound 13 significantly induced cell apoptosis by increasing the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and reducing Bcl-2 proteins through downregulating the EGFR/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, leading to the inhibition of proliferation in HCT116 and PC9 cells. The present findings suggest this novel naphthoquinone-naphthol derivative may hold potential as an anticancer therapeutic lead.

An in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of medicinal mushrooms against human breast cancer cell lines

Medicinal mushroom extracts, i.e. their dried biomass, have long been known as sources of bioactive compounds with positive effects on the human health. The antioxidant, antigenotoxic, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties of the commercially available extracts Agaricus blazei auct. non Murrill (AB), Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. (CS), and Immune Assist (IA) have already been documented. This study, studied the influence of these three mushrooms on the viability of cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HS-5. The cytotoxicity of AB, CS, and IA at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/mL) was evaluated using the MTT assay. The results showed that AB was the most effective and induced cytotoxicity in both cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 96.7 μg/mL for MCF-7 and 368.4 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231. After treatment with CS and IA, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was reached only in MDA- MB-231 cells (IC50=613 μg/mL for CS and 343.3 μg/mL for IA). We have shown here that AB, CS and IA can suppress the growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, while affecting the survival of healthy HS-5 cells to a much lesser extent. Our in vitro results suggested that AB, CS and IA are promising natural sources with potential anticancer activity.

Cytotoxic and proliferation-inhibitory activity of natural and synthetic fungal tropolone sesquiterpenoids in various cell lines

Fungal specialized metabolites are known for their potent biological activities, among which tropolone sesquiterpenoids (TS) stand out for their diverse bioactivities. Here, we report cytotoxic and proliferation inhibitory effects of the recently discovered TS compounds 4-hydroxyxenovulene B and 4-dihydroxy norpycnidione, and the structurally related 4-hydroxy norxenovulene B and xenovulene B. Inhibition of metabolic activity after TS treatment was observed in Jurkat, PC-3 and FAIK3-5 cells, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells were unresponsive to treatment. Structurally similar epolones were shown to induce erythropoietin (EPO). Therefore, FAIK3-5 cells, which can naturally produce EPO, were applied to test the compounds in this regard. While no effect on EPO production in FAIK3-5 cells could be demonstrated, effects on their proliferation, viability, and morphology were observed depending on the presence of tropolone moieties in the molecules. Our study underlines the importance of relevant cell models for bioactivity testing of compounds with unknown mechanisms of action.

Cytotoxic Effects of Plant Secondary Metabolites and Naturally Occurring Bioactive Peptides on Breast Cancer Model Systems: Molecular Mechanisms

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women, and the number of mortal cases in diagnosed patients is constantly increasing. The search for new plant compounds with antitumor effects is very important because of the side effects of conventional therapy and the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. The use of plant substances in medicine has been well known for centuries, but the exact mechanism of their action is far from being elucidated. The molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity exerted by secondary metabolites and bioactive peptides of plant origin on breast cancer cell lines are the subject of this review.

Chemopreventive potential of goniothalamin in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma through the suppression of P13K/AKT signalling pathway

Liver cancer is the most lethal form of cancer and carries a high risk of death around the world. Goniothalamin (GTN) is a styryl-lactone that possesses antiproliferative and apoptotic activity. The molecular action of GTN is not yet fully evaluated. Thus, our research has been intended to assess the chemopreventive and apoptotic activities of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. Rats were separated into 4 groups: control, DEN only, DEN + GTN (30 mg/kg bw), and GTN (30 mg/kg bw) alone. We evaluated body weight, liver weight, tumor incidence, hepatic toxic markers, antioxidants, inflammatory cytokines, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot studies. DEN lessened body weight, antioxidants, and apoptosis, whereas it elevated tumor incidence, toxic markers, cytokines, and Bcl-2 expression. GTN treatment maintains body weight, liver weight, and antioxidant levels, and it also prevents tumor incidence, oxidative stress, toxic markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histological changes. It triggers apoptosis by constraining Bcl-2 and elevating caspase-3 levels. GTN also attenuated the P13K/ AKT signaling which enhanced apoptosis. These findings revealed that GTN subdues the P13K/AKT pathway and has auspicious chemopreventive and apoptotic actions in DEN-induced HCC. Therefore, GTN would be suggested as a new medicine in natural remedies for liver cancer.

A one-dimensional bacterial cellulose nano-whiskers-based binary-drug delivery system for the cancer treatment

It's currently a challenge to design a drug delivery system for chemotherapy with high drug contents and minimal side effects. Herein, we constructed a novel one-dimensional binary-drug delivery system for cancer treatment. In this drug delivery system, drugs (doxorubicin (DOX) and resveratrol (RES)) self-assemble on bacterial cellulose nano-whiskers (BCW) and are subsequently encapsulated by polydopamine (PDA) with high encapsulation efficiencies (DOX: 81.53 %, RES: 70.32 %) and high drug loading efficiencies (DOX: 51.54 %, RES: 36.93 %). The cumulative release efficiencies can reach 89.27 % for DOX and 80.05 % for RES in acidic medium within 96 h. The BCW/(DOX + RES)/PDA can enter tumor cells easily through endocytosis and presents significant anti-cancer effects. Furthermore, the released-RES plays a protective role in normal cells through up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes activities and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, the one-dimensional BCW/(DOX + RES)/PDA binary-drug delivery system can be used for the anticancer treatment along with slight side effects.

An Investigation of the Effect of the Traditional Naxi Herbal Formula Against Liver Cancer Through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Experiments

Background/Objectives: The formula Chong-Lou-Yao-Fang (CLYF) is an herbal medicinal formulation developed by the indigenous Naxi people for treating liver cancer. This study was to reveal the biological activity, potential targets, and molecular mechanisms of CLYF for cancer treatment. Methods: Network pharmacology, microarray data analysis, survival analysis, and molecular docking were employed to predict potential compounds, targets, and pathways for the treatment of liver cancer. In vitro experiments and Western blot validation were conducted to confirm these predictions. Results: 35 key compounds and 20 core targets were screened from CLYF, involving signaling pathways for PI3K-Akt, MAPK, hepatitis B and C, which were effective for liver cancer treatment. Microarray data analysis and survival analysis indicated that EGFR and TP53 serve as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in liver cancer. Molecular docking revealed stable binding between EGFR, TP53, and AKT1 with active ingredients. Cell experiments confirmed that CLYF-A suppressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and caused cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells, which were associated with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Compared to the control group, the relative protein expression levels of EGFR and AKT1 significantly decreased following treatment with CLYF-A, while TP53 levels increased significantly. Conclusions: Verification of the anticancer activity of CLYF and its potential mechanisms may have important implications for anticancer therapies. Our results may provide a scientific basis for the clinical use of CLYF for cancer treatment and have important implications for developing pharmaceutical preparations, which also need more pharmacological experiments, clinical experiments, and in vivo experiments.

Veratridine, a plant-derived alkaloid, suppresses the hyperactive Rictor-mTORC2 pathway: a new targeted therapy for primary and metastatic colorectal cancer

Despite considerable advances to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) survival over the last decade, therapeutic challenges remain due to the rapid metastatic dissemination of primary tumors and screening limitations. Meanwhile, the rise of CRC in younger adults (Early-onset CRC), commonly diagnosed with a metastatic form of the disease, shows the pressing need to develop more effective targeted therapies to decrease the high mortality rates associated with metastatic disease. Hyperactivation of the Rictor-mTORC2-AKT signaling pathway drives key metastatic players in diverse malignant tumors, including early- and late-onset colorectal cancer. Selective mTORC2 inhibitors are becoming a potential treatment strategy for CRC due to the therapeutic limitations of mTORC1 inhibitors. Veratridine (VTD), a lipid-soluble alkaloid extracted from Liliaceae plants, can transcriptionally increase UBXN2A, which induces 26S proteasomal degradation of the Rictor protein, a key member in the mTORC2 complex. Destabilization of Rictor protein by VTD decreases Akt phosphorylation on Ser473, which is responsible for metastatic signaling downstream of the mTORC2 pathway in diverse malignant tumors. VTD decreases the population of metastatic colon cancer stem cells and functions as an angiogenesis inhibitor. VTD effectively reduces the spheroid growth rate and restricts cell migration. Live cell migration and invasion assays alongside biomechanical-force-based experiments revealed that VTD suppresses colon cancer cell invasiveness and the ensuing risk of tumor metastasis. A CRC mouse model that mimics the natural stages of human sporadic CRC revealed that VTD treatment significantly decreases tumor growth in a UBXN2A-dependent manner. This study showed a novel mechanistic connection between a ubiquitin-like protein and mTORC2-dependent migration and invasion in CRC tumors. This study revealed the therapeutic benefit of selective inhibition of Rictor in CRC, particularly in tumors with a hyperactive Rictor-mTORC2 signaling pathway. Finally, this study opened a new platform for repurposing VTD, a supplemental anti-hypertension molecule, into an effective targeted therapy in CRC tumors.

Cytotoxic activity of Fomitopsis betulina against normal and cancer cells - a comprehensive literature review

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in research on fungi, including Fomitopsis betulina, known for its potential therapeutic properties. The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature on the cytotoxic effects of Fomitopsis betulina on normal and cancer cell lines. The review was conducted by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases up to July 2024, using specific MeSH terms and keywords related to cytotoxicity, cancer cells, and normal cells. Articles were included if they investigated both cancer and normal cell cultures, reported IC50 values, and used validated cytotoxicity assays (e.g. MTT, LDH). Out of 450 articles screened, 5 met the inclusion criteria. The analysed studies demonstrated that Fomitopsis betulina extracts, particularly methanolic and ethanolic, exhibited selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells while having minimal impact on healthy cells. The strongest effects were observed in prostate cancer and melanoma cell lines. The cytotoxic effects were largely attributed to bioactive compounds such as triterpenes and glucans. Fomitopsis betulina extracts, particularly those derived from fruiting bodies and mycelial cultures, show promising cytotoxic properties against cancer cells, with limited impact on healthy cells. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and to optimise extraction methods.

C-4 analogues of podophyllotoxin as tubulin inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship

The diversity of lignan small molecules derived from podophyllotoxin, a non-covalent tubulin inhibitor isolated from the Podophyllum family, has led to the clinical development of FDA-approved anticancer agents etoposide and teniposide. While these two compounds share the same tetracyclic core as podophyllotoxin, two subtle structural changes-4' demethylation on the aromatic ring and stereospecific glycosylation at the C-4 hydroxyl-result in an alternate biological mechanism. Given the immense pharmacological importance of altering the C-4 position, we synthesised and evaluated a systematic library of diversified esters to establish a structure-activity relationship regarding modification at C-4 on the properties of podophyllotoxin. We determined the biological activity of these esters through cell viability assays, computer docking models, tubulin polymerisation assays, and cell cycle analysis. Altogether, we demonstrate that increasing steric hindrance at C-4 leads to a loss in potency against human cancer cells but has a significantly lesser impact on cell-free tubulin inhibition.

Potential suppression of multidrug-resistance-associated protein 1 by coumarin derivatives: an insight from molecular docking and MD simulation studies

Human MRP1 protein plays a vital role in cancer multidrug resistance. Coumarins show promising pharmacological properties. Virtual screening, ADMET, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were utilized as pharmacoinformatic tools to identify potential MRP1 inhibitors among coumarin derivatives. Using in silico ADMET, 50 hits were further investigated for their selectivity toward the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) of MRP1 using molecular docking. Accordingly, coumarin, its symmetrical ketone derivative Lig. No. 4, and Reversan were candidates for focused docking study with the NBDs domains compared with ATP. The result indicates that Lig. No. 4, with the best binding score, interacts with NBDs via hydrogen bonds with residues: GLN713, LYS684, GLY683, CYS682 in NBD1, and GLY1432, GLY771, SER769 and GLN1374 in NBD2, which mostly overlap with ATP binding residues. Moreover, doxorubicin (Doxo) was docked to the transmembrane domains (TMDs) active site of MRP1. Doxo interaction with TMDs was subjected to MD simulation in the NBDs free and occupied with Lig. No. 4 states. The results showed that Doxo interacts more strongly with TMD residues in inward facing feature of TMDs helices. However, when Lig. No. 4 exists in NBDs, Doxo interactions are different, and TMD helices show more outward-facing conformation. This result may suggest a partial competitive inhibition mechanism for the Lig. No. 4 on MRP1 compared with ATP. So, it may inhibit active complex formation by interfering with ATP entrance to NBDs and locking MRP1 conformation in outward-facing mode. This study suggests a valuable coumarin derivative that can be further investigated for potent MRP1 inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Enhancing amyloid beta inhibition and disintegration by natural compounds: A study utilizing spectroscopy, microscopy and cell biology

Amyloid proteins and peptides play a pivotal role in the etiology of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Synthetically designed small molecules/ peptides/ peptidomimetics show promise towards inhibition of various kinds of amyloidosis. However, exploration of compounds isolated from natural extracts having such potential is lacking. Herein, we have investigated the repurposing of a traditional Indian medicine Lasunadya Ghrita (LG) in AD. LG is traditionally used to treat gut dysregulation and mental illnesses. Various extracts of LG were obtained, characterized, and analyzed for inhibition of Aβ aggregation. Biophysical studies show that the water extract of LG (LGWE) is more potent in inhibiting Aβ peptide aggregation and defibrillation of Aβ40/Aβ42 aggregates. NMR studies showed that LGWE binds to the central hydrophobic area and C-terminal residues of Aβ40/Aβ42, thereby modulating the aggregation, and reducing cell membrane damage. Additionally, LGWE rescues Aβ toxicity in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells evident from decreases in ROS generation, membrane leakage, cellular apoptosis, and calcium dyshomeostasis. Notably, LGWE is non-toxic to neuronal cells and mouse models. Our study thus delves into the mechanistic insights of a repurposed drug LGWE with the potential to ameliorate Aβ induced neuroinflammation.

Phytochemical Profile of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Lemongrass Essential Oil from Northeastern Thailand and Its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Attributes and Cytotoxic Effects on HT-29 Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells

Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in Thailand, prompting the search for alternative or preventive treatments using natural constituents. In this study, the authors employed hydrodistillation to extract Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (lemongrass) essential oil (LEO) from plants in northeastern Thailand and assessed its chemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. The LEO displayed potent antioxidant activities in DPPH and hydroxyl scavenging assays with IC50 values of 2.58 ± 0.08 and 4.05 ± 0.12 mg/mL, respectively, and demonstrated antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Cutibacterium acnes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus at 8-10 µg/mL. At 48 h, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed the LEO exhibiting low cell viability (3%) at concentrations of 200-400 µg/mL, with an IC50 value of 82.46 ± 1.73 µg/mL, while in the clonogenic assay it exhibited a lower IC50 value of 23.11 ± 1.80 µg/mL. The GC-MS analysis identified citral (79.24%) consisting of 44.52% geranial and 34.72% neral, and β-myrcene (5.56%). The addition of LEO significantly influenced apoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Bax, p21, and Caspase-3) and proteins, as indicated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot studies. Results suggested that LEO initiated apoptosis through intrinsic pathways and demonstrated potential as a chemopreventive, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agent with substantial health advantages.

An overview: total synthesis of arborisidine, and arbornamine

Arborisidine and Arbornamine are two monoterpenoid indole alkaloids that were isolated from the Malayan Kopsia arborea plant. This review provides valuable information about the total and formal syntheses of these alkaloids. The synthesis strategies discussed in this review, such as Pictet-Spengler cyclization, chemo- and stereoselective oxidative cyclization, Michael/Mannich cascade process, and intramolecular N-alkylation, can be useful for developing new methods to synthesize these and other similar compounds.

Natural Compounds and Cancer: Current Evidences

Natural compounds are constantly gaining ground in the treatment of various chronic diseases and in cancer research. Recent efforts have been focusing on them due to their special features consisting of low toxicity and high bioavailability. These compounds have already demonstrated important antitumor activity against several cancers in vitro through several mechanisms, including cell viability reduction, suppression of cell proliferation, cell death induction and cell cycle arrest. Herewith, we reviewed natural compounds that can be potentially used for head and neck cancer, glioblastoma and gastrointestinal cancers.

Unraveling the pathogenesis of myelosuppression and therapeutic potential of natural products

BACKGROUND

Myelosuppression is a serious and common complication of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer patients and is characterized by a reduction of peripheral blood cells. This condition not only compromises the efficacy of treatment but also increases the risk of patient death. Natural products are emerging as promising adjuvant therapies due to their antioxidant properties, ability to modulate immune responses, and capacity to stimulate haematopoietic stem cell proliferation. These therapies demonstrate significant potential in ameliorating myelosuppression.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was performed utilizing the search terms "natural products," "traditional Chinese medicine," and "myelosuppression" across prominent databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. All pertinent literature was meticulously analysed and summarized. The objective of this study was to perform a pertinent analysis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying myelosuppression and to categorize and synthesize information on natural products and traditional Chinese medicines employed for the therapeutic management of myelosuppression.

RESULTS

Myelosuppression resulting from drug and radiation exposure, viral infections, and exosomes is characterized by multiple underlying mechanisms involving immune factors, target genes, and the activation of diverse signalling pathways, including the (TGF-β)/Smad pathway. Recently, traditional Chinese medicine monomers and compounds, including more than twenty natural products, such as Astragalus and Angelica, have shown promising potential as therapeutics for ameliorating myelosuppression. These natural products exert their effects by modulating haematopoietic stem cells, immune factors, and critical signalling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding the various mechanisms of myelosuppression facilitates the exploration of natural product therapies and biological target identification for evaluating herbal medicine efficacy. This study aimed to establish a foundation for the clinical application of natural products and provide methodologies and technical support for exploring additional treatments for myelosuppression.

Assessment of redox homeostasis via genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and NRF-2 in colorectal cancer cell lines after treatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Inonotus hispidus fungal extracts on HT-29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines and to search the DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by these extracts. Accordingly, mushroom extracts were applied to colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro, and the IC50 result was obtained with the MTT test. According to the IC50 result, Ganoderma lucidum extract had the most effective cytotoxicity value among all used mushroom extracts. TAS, TOS, and NRF-2 tests were used to investigate the molecular effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on oxidative stress; the DNA ladder test was performed to assess DNA damage, the Scratch assay method was applied for cell migration analysis, and the colony assay was used to determine the colony formation potential of the cells. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation, colony formation, and NRF-2, induces DNA damage, slows cell migration, and increases oxidative stress. This study shows that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation through damaging cellular DNA and has a cytotoxic effect in colorectal cancer cell lines.

Endophytic Fungi: Cellular factories of novel medicinal chemistries

Inflammation and associated disorders have been a major contributing factor to mortality worldwide. The augmented mortality rate and emerging resistance against the approved therapeutics necessitate the discovery of novel chemistries destined for multiple clinical settings. Cellular factories including endophytic fungi have been tapped for chemical diversity with therapeutic potential. The emerging evidence has suggested the potential of bioactive compounds isolated from the endophytic fungi as putative agents to combat inflammation-associated disorders. The review summarizesand assists the readers in comprehending the structural and functional aspects of the medicinal chemistries identified from endophytic fungi as anticancer, antiobesity, antigout, and immunomodulatory agents.

Evaluation of Gemcitabine and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on Benzopyrene Induced Lung Cancer Model Via Intranasal Route: Improved Pharmacokinetics and Safety Profile

The objective of this study was to create a new treatment for lung cancer using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with gemcitabine (GEM) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) that can be administered through the nose. We analyzed the formulation for its effectiveness in terms of micromeritics, drug release, and anti-cancer activity in the benzopyrene-induced Swiss albino mice lung cancer model. We also assessed the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility of GEM-EGCG SLNs. The GEM-EGCG SLNs had an average particle size of 93.54 ± 11.02 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.146 ± 0.05, and a zeta potential of -34.7 ± 0.4 mV. The entrapment efficiency of GEM and EGCG was 93.39 ± 4.2% and 89.49 ± 5.1%, respectively, with a sustained release profile for both drugs. GEM-EGCG SLNs had better pharmacokinetics than other treatments, and a high drug targeting index value of 17.605 for GEM and 2.118 for EGCG, indicating their effectiveness in targeting the lungs. Blank SLNs showed no pathological lesions in the liver, kidney, and nasal region validating the safety of SLNs. GEM-EGCG SLNs also showed fewer pathological lesions than other treatments and a lower hemolysis rate of 1.62 ± 0.10%. These results suggest that GEM-EGCG SLNs could effectively treat lung cancer.

Bioprocessing of camptothecin from Alternaria brassicicola, an endophyte of Catharanthus roseus, with a strong antiproliferative activity and inhibition to Topoisomerases

Suppression of fungal camptothecin (CPT) biosynthesis with the preservation and successive subculturing is the challenge that impedes fungi from the industrial application, so, screening for a novel fungal isolate with a conceivable stable producing potency of CPT was the main objective of this work. Catharanthus roseus with diverse contents of bioactive metabolites could have a plethora of novel endophytes with unique metabolic properties. Among the endophytes of C. roseus, Alternaria brassicicola EFBL-NV OR131587.1 was the highest CPT producer (96.5 μg/L). The structural identity of the putative CPT was verified by HPLC, FTIR, HNMR and LC-MS/MS, with a molecular mass 349 m/z, and molecular fragmentation patterns that typically identical to the authentic one. The purified A. brassicicola CPT has a strong antiproliferative activity towards UO-31 (0.75 μM) and MCF7 (3.2 μM), with selectivity index 30.8, and 7.1, respectively, in addition to resilient activity to inhibit Topo II (IC50 value 0.26 nM) than Topo 1 (IC50 value 3.2 nM). The purified CPT combat the wound healing of UO-31 cells by ~ 52%, stops their matrix formation, cell migration and metastasis. The purified CPT arrest the cellular division of the UO-31 at the S-phase, and inducing their cellular apoptosis by ~ 20.4 folds, compared to the control cells. Upon bioprocessing with the surface response methodology, the CPT yield by A. brassicicola was improved by ~ 3.3 folds, compared to control. The metabolic potency of synthesis of CPT by A. brassicicola was attenuated with the fungal storage and subculturing, losing ~ 50% of their CPT productivity by the 6th month of storage and 6th generation. Practically, the CPT productivity of the attenuated A. brassicicola was restored by addition of 1% surface sterilized leaves of C. roseus, ensuring the eliciting of cryptic gene cluster of A. brassicicola CPT via the plant microbiome-A. brassicicola interactions. So, for the first time, a novel endophytic isolate A. brassicicola, from C. roseus, was explored to have a relatively stable CPT biosynthetic machinery, with an affordable feasibility to restore their CPT productivity using C. roseus microbiome, in addition to the unique affinity of the extracted CPT to inhibit Topoisomerase I and II.

Functional, Chemical, and Phytotoxic Characteristics of Cestrum parqui L'Herit: An Overview

Cestrum parqui L'Herit. (Solanaceae family) is a species of forest shrub, self-incompatible and specialized in pollination, widespread in the subtropical area of the planet, and now widely distributed also in the Mediterranean area. The constituents of its leaves have antimicrobial, anticancer, insecticidal, antifeedant, molluscicidal, and herbicidal properties. The spread of this species represents a valuable source of compounds with high biological value. Various research groups are engaged in defining the chemical composition of the different parts of the plant and in defining its properties in view of important and promising commercial applications. To date, there are only a few incomplete reports on the potential applications of C. parqui extracts as selective natural pesticides and on their potential phytotoxic role. Scientific knowledge and the use of extraction techniques for these components are essential for commercial applications. This article summarizes the research and recent studies available on the botany, phytochemistry, functional properties, and commercial applications of C. parqui.

Parthenolide enhances the metronomic chemotherapy effect of cyclophosphamide in lung cancer by inhibiting the NF-kB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Parthenolide (PTL), a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the medicinal herb Chrysanthemum parthenium, exhibits various biological effects by targeting NF-kB, STAT3, and other pathways. It has emerged as a promising adjunct therapy for multiple malignancies.

AIM

To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of PTL on cyclophosphamide (CTX) metronomic chemotherapy.

METHODS

The cytotoxicity of PTL and CTX on Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC cells) was assessed by measuring cell activity and apoptosis. The anti-tumor efficiency was evaluated using a tumor xenograft mice model, and the survival of mice and tumor volume were monitored. Additionally, the collected tumor tissues were analyzed for tumor microenvironment indicators and inflammatory factors.

RESULTS

In vitro, PTL demonstrated a synergistic effect with CTX in inhibiting the growth of LLC cells and promoting apoptosis. In vivo, metronomic chemotherapy combined with PTL and CTX improved the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice and reduced tumor growth rate. Furthermore, metronomic chemotherapy combined with PTL and CTX reduced NF-κB activation and improved the tumor immune microenvironment by decreasing tumor angiogenesis, reducing Transforming growth factor β, and α-SMA positive cells.

CONCLUSION

PTL is an efficient compound that enhances the metronomic chemotherapy effects of CTX both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential as a supplementary therapeutic strategy in metronomic chemotherapy to improve the chemotherapy effects.

The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs

The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.

Insights into docking in megasynthases from the investigation of the toblerol trans-AT polyketide synthase: many α-helical means to an end

The fidelity of biosynthesis by modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) depends on specific moderate affinity interactions between successive polypeptide subunits mediated by docking domains (DDs). These sequence elements are notably portable, allowing their transplantation into alternative biosynthetic and metabolic contexts. Herein, we use integrative structural biology to characterize a pair of DDs from the toblerol trans-AT PKS. Both are intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that fold into a 3 α-helix docking complex of unprecedented topology. The C-terminal docking domain (CDD) resembles the 4 α-helix type (4HB) CDDs, which shows that the same type of DD can be redeployed to form complexes of distinct geometry. By carefully re-examining known DD structures, we further extend this observation to type 2 docking domains, establishing previously unsuspected structural relations between DD types. Taken together, these data illustrate the plasticity of α-helical DDs, which allow the formation of a diverse topological spectrum of docked complexes. The newly identified DDs should also find utility in modular PKS genetic engineering.

Cannabidiol Inhibits Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Role of Gut Microbiome

Epithelial ovarian cancer is among the deadliest gynecological tumors worldwide. Clinical treatment usually consists of surgery and adjuvant chemo- and radiotherapies. Due to the high rate of recurrence and rapid development of drug resistance, the current focus of research is on finding effective natural products with minimal toxic side effects for treating epithelial ovarian tumors. Cannabidiol is among the most abundant cannabinoids and has a non-psychoactive effect compared to tetrahydrocannabinol, which is a key advantage for clinical application. Studies have shown that cannabidiol has antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. However, its therapeutic value for epithelial ovarian tumors remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of cannabidiol on epithelial ovarian tumors and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that cannabidiol has a significant inhibitory effect on epithelial ovarian tumors. In vivo experiments demonstrated that cannabidiol could inhibit tumor growth by modulating the intestinal microbiome and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Western blot assays showed that cannabidiol bound to EGFR/AKT/MMPs proteins and suppressed EGFR/AKT/MMPs expression in a dose-dependent manner. Network pharmacology and molecular docking results suggested that cannabidiol could affect the EGFR/AKT/MMPs signaling pathway.

Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements

Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.

Anticancer potential of homeopathic medicines: an updated review

Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Conventional and advanced treatments currently used for cancer are known for adverse effects and are expensive. Therefore, the search for alternative medicines is necessary. Homeopathy is one of the common complementary and alternative medicine used worldwide for treating and managing various cancers, as it has negligible side effects. However, only a few homeopathic drugs have been validated using various cancer cell lines and animal models. Over the last two decades, an increasing number of validated and reported homeopathic remedies have been developed. Despite the diluted remedies of homeopathic medicine making it controversial clinically, it was found to be more significant as an adjunct therapy for cancer treatment. Hence we aimed to review and summarize the research studies carried out on homeopathic remedies to explore the possible molecular mechanism behind its mode of action against cancer and its effectiveness.

PLGA-based nanocarriers for combined delivery of colchicine and purpurin 18 in cancer therapy: Multimodal approach employing cancer cell spheroids

Improving the anticancer efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs and photosensitizers requires innovative multifunctional nanoplatforms. This study introduces a chemo- and phototherapeutic drug delivery system (DDS) based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), both PEGylated and non-PEGylated, with a mean size of 200 ± 75 nm. Colchicine (Colch) and purpurin18 (P18) were co-encapsulated into these NPs, and their in vitro drug release profiles were investigated. The anticancer potential of these systems was evaluated across various cell lines (i.e., CaCo-2, PC-3, MCF-7, and MRC-5 cells), demonstrating enhanced NP uptake by cancer cells compared to free drugs. Co-administration of Colch and P18 in 2D and 3D cell line models exhibited a synergistic effect, harnessing both chemotherapeutic and photodynamic effects, leading to higher cancer cell elimination efficacy. This newly developed multifunctional DDS presents a promising platform for combined chemo- and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment.

Evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of the essential oil from Pistacia atlantica Desf. oleoresin on human gastric cancer cell lines

Numerous herbal products have been the subject of research regarding their potential role in cancer prevention or adjuvant therapy. Pistacia atlantica and its main phytochemicals have garnered significant attention for their potential anti-cancer effects. The study aimed to assess the growth inhibitory effects of P. atlantica essential oil (PAEO) on MKN-45 and AGS cells. This study quantified the volatile compounds in PAEO using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, MKN-45 and AGS cells were treated with varying concentrations of PAEO (5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.625%, 0.3125%, 0.156%, 0.0781%, 0.0391%, 0.0195%) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated through the MTT assay. The impact of PAEO on gene expression was investigated by quantifying the mRNA levels of Bax and Bcl2 in the various experimental groups using quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Additionally, flow cytometry was utilized to evaluate apoptosis in the treated cells. The analysis of PAEO revealed that α-pinene was the predominant monoterpene, constituting 87.9% of the oil composition. The cytotoxic effects of PAEO were evaluated, and it was found that the oil significantly reduced the viability of MKN-45 and AGS cells. The IC50 for MKN-45 cells was determined to be 1.94 × 10-3% after 24 h of treatment, while for AGS cells the IC50 was 2.8 × 10-3% after 24 h. Additionally, the research revealed that PAEO triggered a notable rise in apoptotic cells in both AGS and MKN-45 cell lines. Moreover, at the molecular level, the findings indicated an increase in Bax expression and a decrease in Bcl2 mRNA expression, providing further evidence of the induction of apoptosis in both MKN-45 and AGS cell lines following PAEO treatment. The findings of this study offer evidence supporting the cytotoxic effects of PAEO on gastric cancer cell lines by promoting apoptosis. The findings suggest that PAEO may offer potential as a therapeutic candidate in managing and treating gastric cancer.

Multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms of the antitumour effect of dihydromyricetin (Review)

Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a natural flavonoid compound with multiple antitumour effects, including inhibition of proliferation, promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of invasion and migration, clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of autophagy. For example, DHM can effectively block the progression of the tumour cell cycle and inhibit cell proliferation. In different types of cancer cells, DHM can regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway, mTOR, and NF-κB pathway components, such as p53, and endoplasmic reticulum stress can alter the accumulation of ROS or induce autophagy to promote the apoptosis of tumour cells. In addition, when DHM is used in combination with various known chemotherapy drugs, such as paclitaxel, nedaplatin, doxorubicin, oxaliplatin and vinblastine, it can increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to DHM and increase the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy drugs. In the present review, the multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the antitumour effect of DHM, as well as its ability to increase the effects of various traditional antitumour drugs were summarized. Through the present review, it is expected by the authors to draw attention to the potential of DHM as an antitumour drug and provide valuable references for the clinical translation of DHM research and the development of related treatment strategies.

Synthesis, characterization, and inhibition effects of a novel eugenol derivative bearing pyrrole functionalities on the corrosion of mild steel in a HCl acid solution

Semi-synthetic modifications of natural products have yielded numerous anti-cancer drugs, antimicrobials, and corrosion inhibitors. In this study, eugenol, a natural product, was synthetically modified to generate a novel heterocyclic compound: pyrrole, which forms crystals. The latter is the outcome of the condensation reaction between eugenol hydrazide and 2,5-hexanedione, conducted under reflux ethanol conditions, without a catalyst, achieving a 96% yield. This compound structure was characterized through spectroscopic methods, such as NMR and FTIR, and validated par the crystal's X-ray diffraction analysis. According to the findings of the electrochemical study, pyrrole demonstrated effective inhibition against the carbon steel's corrosion in a 1 M HCl acid solution.

Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid inhibits cell proliferation and growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma via RAB7B-mediated autophagy

Natural products can overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) as a natural product extracted from frankincense, exhibited chemotherapeutic activities in different cancers. However, whether AKBA exerts inhibiting effect of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells growth and the mechanism need to be explored. We attempted to investigate the therapeutic effects of AKBA against OSCC and explore the mechanism involved. Here we attempt to disclose the cell-killing effect of AKBA on OSCC cell lines and try to figure out the specifical pathway. The presence of increase autophagosome and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were confirmed after the application of AKBA on OSCC cells, and RAB7B inhibition enhanced autophagosome accumulation. Though the increase autophagosome was detected induced by AKBA, autophagic flux was inhibited as the failure fusion of autophagosome and lysosome. Cal27 xenografts were established to verify the role of anti-OSCC cells of AKBA in vivo. Based above findings, we speculate that natural product AKBA suppresses OSCC cells growth via RAB7B-mediated autophagy and may serve as a promising strategy for the therapy of OSCC.

A review on marine source as anticancer agents

This review investigates the potential of natural compounds obtained from marine sources for the treatment of cancer. The oceans are believed to contain physiologically active compounds, such as alkaloids, nucleosides, macrolides, and polyketides, which have shown promising effects in slowing human tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro. Various marine species, including algae, mollusks, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges, and soft corals, have been studied for their bioactive metabolites with diverse chemical structures. The review explores the therapeutic potential of various marine-derived substances and discusses their possible applications in cancer treatment.

The effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in the preservation of periodontium after radiation therapy: An experimental animal study

Background

Radiation therapy produces reactive oxygen species, which have been linked to various degenerative conditions in periodontal attachment. This study aimed to assess the beneficial effects of aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract on the periodontium of albino rats exposed to fractionated gamma radiation.

Materials and methods

This experimental study involved 24 adult male albino rats divided into three groups: Group M received M. oleifera leaf extract (300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 14 days; Group R received 20 Gy fractionated gamma irradiation; and Group MR received the same M. oleifera regimen as Group M and then fractionated gamma irradiation dose as Group R. On the first and seventh days post-radiation, bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament samples were histologically and histomorphometrically examined.

Results

The periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum showed structural damage in Group R. A relative persistence of normal periodontal tissue structures was seen in Group MR, showing less disruption of the periodontal ligament and greater trabecular bone thickness than Group R. The histomorphometric analysis showed that the mean periodontal ligament width was highest in Group R7 (245.20 μm) and lowest in Group M7 (54.55 μm). In addition, the mean cementum width was highest in Group R1 (88.99 μm) and lowest in Group M1R1 (17.87 μm) and differed significantly between groups.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract showed the potential to reduce the adverse effects of radiation, control inflammation, and support tissue healing in a rat model.

Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathways in cancer angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis by natural compounds: a comprehensive and critical review

Tumor cells employ multiple signaling mediators to escape the hypoxic condition and trigger angiogenesis and metastasis. As a critical orchestrate of tumorigenic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is responsible for stimulating several target genes and dysregulated pathways in tumor invasion and migration. Therefore, targeting HIF-1 pathway and cross-talked mediators seems to be a novel strategy in cancer prevention and treatment. In recent decades, tremendous efforts have been made to develop multi-targeted therapies to modulate several dysregulated pathways in cancer angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. In this line, natural compounds have shown a bright future in combating angiogenic and metastatic conditions. Among the natural secondary metabolites, we have evaluated the critical potential of phenolic compounds, terpenes/terpenoids, alkaloids, sulfur compounds, marine- and microbe-derived agents in the attenuation of HIF-1, and interconnected pathways in fighting tumor-associated angiogenesis and invasion. This is the first comprehensive review on natural constituents as potential regulators of HIF-1 and interconnected pathways against cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. This review aims to reshape the previous strategies in cancer prevention and treatment.

Demethoxymurrapanine, an indole-naphthoquinone alkaloid, inhibits the proliferation of oral cancer cells without major side effects on normal cells

Antioral cancer drugs need a greater antiproliferative impact on cancer than on normal cells. Demethoxymurrapanine (DEMU) inhibits proliferation in several cancer cells, but an in-depth investigation was necessary. This study evaluated the proliferation-modulating effects of DEMU, focusing on oral cancer and normal cells. DEMU (0, 2, 3, and 4 μg/mL) at 48 h treatments inhibited the proliferation of oral cancer cells (the cell viability (%) for Ca9-22 cells was 100.0 ± 2.2, 75.4 ± 5.6, 26.0 ± 3.8, and 15.4 ± 1.4, and for CAL 27 cells was 100.0 ± 9.4, 77.2 ± 5.9, 57.4 ± 10.7, and 27.1 ± 1.1) more strongly than that of normal cells (the cell viability (%) for S-G cells was 100.0 ± 6.6, 91.0 ± 4.6, 95.0 ± 2.6, and 95.8 ± 5.5), although this was blocked by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The presence of oxidative stress was evidenced by the increase of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide and the downregulation of the cellular antioxidant glutathione in oral cancer cells, but these changes were minor in normal cells. DEMU also caused greater induction of the subG1 phase, extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis (annexin V and caspases 3, 8, and 9), and DNA damage (γH2AX and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine) in oral cancer than in normal cells. N-acetylcysteine attenuated all these DEMU-induced changes. Together, these data demonstrate the preferential antiproliferative function of DEMU in oral cancer cells, with the preferential induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage in these cancer cells, and low cytotoxicity toward normal cells.

Targeting the key players of phenotypic plasticity in cancer cells by phytochemicals

Plasticity of phenotypic traits refers to an organism's ability to change in response to environmental stimuli. As a result, the response may alter an organism's physiological state, morphology, behavior, and phenotype. Phenotypic plasticity in cancer cells describes the considerable ability of cancer cells to transform phenotypes through non-genetic molecular signaling activities that promote therapy evasion and tumor metastasis via amplifying cancer heterogeneity. As a result of metastable phenotypic state transitions, cancer cells can tolerate chemotherapy or develop transient adaptive resistance. Therefore, new findings have paved the road in identifying factors and agents that inhibit or suppress phenotypic plasticity. It has also investigated novel multitargeted agents that may promise new effective strategies in cancer treatment. Despite the efficiency of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, drug toxicity, development of resistance, and high-cost limit their use in cancer therapy. Recent research has shown that small molecules derived from natural sources are capable of suppressing cancer by focusing on the plasticity of phenotypic responses. This systematic, comprehensive, and critical review analyzes the current state of knowledge regarding the ability of phytocompounds to target phenotypic plasticity at both preclinical and clinical levels. Current challenges/pitfalls, limitations, and future perspectives are also discussed.

Endophytic fungi as a potential source of anti-cancer drug

Endophytes are considered one of the major sources of bioactive compounds used in different aspects of health care including cancer treatment. When colonized, they either synthesize these bioactive compounds as a part of their secondary metabolite production or augment the host plant machinery in synthesising such bioactive compounds. Hence, the study of endophytes has drawn the attention of the scientific community in the last few decades. Among the endophytes, endophytic fungi constitute a major portion of endophytic microbiota. This review deals with a plethora of anti-cancer compounds derived from endophytic fungi, highlighting alkaloids, lignans, terpenes, polyketides, polyphenols, quinones, xanthenes, tetralones, peptides, and spirobisnaphthalenes. Further, this review emphasizes modern methodologies, particularly omics-based techniques, asymmetric dihydroxylation, and biotic elicitors, showcasing the dynamic and evolving landscape of research in this field and describing the potential of endophytic fungi as a source of anticancer drugs in the future.