551
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Chen W, Xie M, Yang B, Bharadwaj S, Song L, Liu G, Yi S, Ye G, Atala A, Zhang Y. Skeletal myogenic differentiation of human urine-derived cells as a potential source for skeletal muscle regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:334-341. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Minkai Xie
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Oriental Institute for Urologic Reconstruction; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Shantaram Bharadwaj
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Lujie Song
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Oriental Institute for Urologic Reconstruction; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Shanhong Yi
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
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552
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Huang P, Schulz TJ, Beauvais A, Tseng YH, Gussoni E. Intramuscular adipogenesis is inhibited by myo-endothelial progenitors with functioning Bmpr1a signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4063. [PMID: 24898859 PMCID: PMC4084855 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing human muscle contains inter-myofiber progenitors expressing Bmp-receptor 1a (Bmpr1a) and Myf5 that respond to stimulation with Bmp4. Here we ablate Bmpr1a in Myf5- and MyoD-expressing cells in vivo. Mutant mice reveal increased intramuscular fat and reduced myofiber size in selected muscles, or following muscle injury. Myo-endothelial progenitors are the most affected cell type: clonal studies demonstrate that ablation of Bmpr1a in myo-endothelial cells results in decreased myogenic activity, while adipogenic differentiation is significantly increased. Downstream phospho-Smad 1, 5, 8 signaling is also severely decreased in mutant myo-endothelial cells. Lineage tracing of endothelial cells using VE-cadherinCre driver failed to reveal a significant contribution of these cells to developing or injured skeletal muscle. Thus, myo-endothelial progenitors with functioning Bmpr1a signaling demonstrate myogenic potential, but their main function in vivo is to inhibit intramuscular adipogenesis, both through a cell-autonomous and a cell-cell interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tim J Schulz
- 1] Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
| | - Ariane Beauvais
- 1] Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Emanuela Gussoni
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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553
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Sachdev U, Cui X, Xu J, Xu J, Tzeng E. MyD88 and TRIF mediate divergent inflammatory and regenerative responses to skeletal muscle ischemia. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/5/e12006. [PMID: 24844636 PMCID: PMC4098734 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that MyD88 KO mice appear protected from ischemic muscle injury while TRIF KO mice exhibit sustained necrosis after femoral artery ligation (FAL). However, our previous data did not differentiate whether the protective effect of absent MyD88 signaling was secondary to attenuated injury after FAL or quicker recovery from the insult. The purpose of this study was to delineate these different possibilities. On the basis of previous findings, we hypothesized that MyD88 signaling promotes enhanced inflammation while TRIF mediates regeneration after skeletal muscle ischemia. Our results show that after FAL, both MyD88 KO mice and TRIF KO mice have evidence of ischemia, as do their control counterparts. However, MyD88 KO mice had lower levels of serum IL‐6 24 h after FAL, while TRIF KO mice demonstrated sustained serum IL‐6 up to 1 week after injury. Additionally, MyD88 KO mice had higher nuclear content and larger myofibers than control animals 1 week after injury. IL‐6 is known to have differential effects in myoblast function, and can inhibit proliferation and differentiation. In tibialis anterior muscle harvested from injured animals, IL‐6 levels were higher and the proliferative marker MyoD was lower in TRIF KO mice by PCR. Furthermore, expression of MyD88 appeared to be higher in skeletal muscle of TRIF KO mice. In vitro, we showed that myoblast differentiation and proliferation were attenuated in response to IL‐6 treatment giving credence to the finding that low IL‐6 in MyD88 KO mice may be responsible for larger myocyte sizes 1 week after FAL. We conclude that MyD88 and TRIF work in concert to mediate a balanced response to ischemic injury. We describe opposing roles of MyD88 and TRIF, both downstream signaling molecules of TLR4, in the inflammatory and regenerative processes that follow limb ischemia. MyD88 appears to mediate inflammation, while TRIF appears to be required for modulation of MyD88 activity and promoting regeneration. Absence of MyD88 may ultimately have a protective effect in muscle recovery after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulka Sachdev
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiangdong Cui
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jia Xu
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jun Xu
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edith Tzeng
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Surgery, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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554
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Pichavant C, Pavlath GK. Incidence and severity of myofiber branching with regeneration and aging. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:9. [PMID: 24855558 PMCID: PMC4030050 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myofibers with an abnormal branching cytoarchitecture are commonly found in muscular dystrophy and in regenerated or aged nondystrophic muscles. Such branched myofibers from dystrophic mice are more susceptible to damage than unbranched myofibers in vitro, suggesting that muscles containing a high percentage of these myofibers are more prone to injury. Little is known about the regulation of myofiber branching. Methods To gain insights into the formation and fate of branched myofibers, we performed in-depth analyses of single myofibers isolated from dystrophic and nondystrophic (myotoxin-injured or aged) mouse muscles. The proportion of branched myofibers, the number of branches per myofiber and the morphology of the branches were assessed. Results Aged dystrophic mice exhibited the most severe myofiber branching as defined by the incidence of branched myofibers and the number of branches per myofiber, followed by myotoxin-injured, wild-type muscles and then aged wild-type muscles. In addition, the morphology of the branched myofibers differed among the various models. In response to either induced or ongoing muscle degeneration, branching was restricted to regenerated myofibers containing central nuclei. In myotoxin-injured muscles, the amount of branched myofibers remained stable over time. Conclusion We suggest that myofiber branching is a consequence of myofiber remodeling during muscle regeneration. Our present study lays valuable groundwork for identifying the molecular pathways leading to myofiber branching in dystrophy, trauma and aging. Decreasing myofiber branching in dystrophic patients may improve muscle resistance to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pichavant
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grace K Pavlath
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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555
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Razy-Krajka F, Lam K, Wang W, Stolfi A, Joly M, Bonneau R, Christiaen L. Collier/OLF/EBF-dependent transcriptional dynamics control pharyngeal muscle specification from primed cardiopharyngeal progenitors. Dev Cell 2014; 29:263-76. [PMID: 24794633 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, pluripotent pharyngeal mesoderm progenitors produce the cardiac precursors of the second heart field as well as the branchiomeric head muscles and associated stem cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the transition from multipotent progenitors to distinct muscle precursors remain obscured by the complexity of vertebrate embryos. Using Ciona intestinalis as a simple chordate model, we show that bipotent cardiopharyngeal progenitors are primed to activate both heart and pharyngeal muscle transcriptional programs, which progressively become restricted to corresponding precursors. The transcription factor COE (Collier/OLF/EBF) orchestrates the transition to pharyngeal muscle fate both by promoting an MRF-associated myogenic program in myoblasts and by maintaining an undifferentiated state in their sister cells through Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. The latter are stem cell-like muscle precursors that form most of the juvenile pharyngeal muscles. We discuss the implications of our findings for the development and evolution of the chordate cardiopharyngeal mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Karen Lam
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Marine Joly
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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556
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Macrophage plasticity in skeletal muscle repair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:560629. [PMID: 24860823 PMCID: PMC4016840 DOI: 10.1155/2014/560629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the first barriers of host defence against pathogens. Beyond their role in innate immunity, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various injured tissues. Perturbations of macrophage function and/or activation may result in impaired regeneration and fibrosis deposition as described in several chronic pathological diseases. Heterogeneity and plasticity have been demonstrated to be hallmarks of macrophages. In response to environmental cues they display a proinflammatory (M1) or an alternative anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. A lot of evidence demonstrated that after acute injury M1 macrophages infiltrate early to promote the clearance of necrotic debris, whereas M2 macrophages appear later to sustain tissue healing. Whether the sequential presence of two different macrophage populations results from a dynamic shift in macrophage polarization or from the recruitment of new circulating monocytes is a subject of ongoing debate. In this paper, we discuss the current available information about the role that different phenotypes of macrophages plays after injury and during the remodelling phase in different tissue types, with particular attention to the skeletal muscle.
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557
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Kozakowska M, Szade K, Dulak J, Jozkowicz A. Role of heme oxygenase-1 in postnatal differentiation of stem cells: a possible cross-talk with microRNAs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1827-50. [PMID: 24053682 PMCID: PMC3961774 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) converts heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous ions, but its cellular functions are far beyond heme metabolism. HO-1 via heme removal and degradation products acts as a cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and proangiogenic protein, regulating also a cell cycle. Additionally, HO-1 can translocate to nucleus and regulate transcription factors, so it can also act independently of enzymatic function. RECENT ADVANCES Recently, a body of evidence has emerged indicating a role for HO-1 in postnatal differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. Maturation of satellite cells, skeletal myoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts is inhibited by HO-1, whereas neurogenic differentiation and formation of cardiomyocytes perhaps can be enhanced. Moreover, HO-1 influences a lineage commitment in pluripotent stem cells and maturation of hematopoietic cells. It may play a role in development of osteoblasts, but descriptions of its exact effects are inconsistent. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review we discuss a role of HO-1 in cell differentiation, and possible HO-1-dependent signal transduction pathways. Among the potential mediators, we focused on microRNA (miRNA). These small, noncoding RNAs are critical for cell differentiation. Recently we have found that HO-1 not only influences expression of specific miRNAs but also regulates miRNA processing enzymes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It seems that interplay between HO-1 and miRNAs may be important in regulating fates of stem and progenitor cells and needs further intensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kozakowska
- 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
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558
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Saito F, Kanagawa M, Ikeda M, Hagiwara H, Masaki T, Ohkuma H, Katanosaka Y, Shimizu T, Sonoo M, Toda T, Matsumura K. Overexpression of LARGE suppresses muscle regeneration via down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 and aggravates muscular dystrophy in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4543-58. [PMID: 24722207 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of muscular dystrophy are caused by defective linkage between α-dystroglycan (α-DG) and laminin. Among these, dystroglycanopathy, including Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), results from abnormal glycosylation of α-DG. Recent studies have shown that like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (LARGE) strongly enhances the laminin-binding activity of α-DG. Therefore, restoration of the α-DG-laminin linkage by LARGE is considered one of the most promising possible therapies for muscular dystrophy. In this study, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress LARGE (LARGE Tg) and crossed them with dy(2J) mice and fukutin conditional knockout mice, a model for laminin α2-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy (MDC1A) and FCMD, respectively. Remarkably, in both the strains, the transgenic overexpression of LARGE resulted in an aggravation of muscular dystrophy. Using morphometric analyses, we found that the deterioration of muscle pathology was caused by suppression of muscle regeneration. Overexpression of LARGE in C2C12 cells further demonstrated defects in myotube formation. Interestingly, a decreased expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was identified in both LARGE Tg mice and LARGE-overexpressing C2C12 myotubes. Supplementing the C2C12 cells with IGF-1 restored the defective myotube formation. Taken together, our findings indicate that the overexpression of LARGE aggravates muscular dystrophy by suppressing the muscle regeneration and this adverse effect is mediated via reduced expression of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Saito
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan,
| | - Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Miki Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hagiwara
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan, Department of Medical Science, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara Campus, Uenohara-shi 409-0193, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan, Department of Medical Science, Teikyo University of Science, Senju Campus, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Ohkuma
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuki Katanosaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan and
| | - Teruo Shimizu
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Teikyo University Faculty of Medical Technology, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sonoo
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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559
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Salvatore D, Simonides WS, Dentice M, Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle--new insights and potential implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:206-14. [PMID: 24322650 PMCID: PMC4037849 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone signalling regulates crucial biological functions, including energy expenditure, thermogenesis, development and growth. The skeletal muscle is a major target of thyroid hormone signalling. The type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3, respectively) have been identified in skeletal muscle. DIO2 expression is tightly regulated and catalyses outer-ring monodeiodination of the secreted prohormone tetraiodothyronine (T4) to generate the active hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3). T3 can remain in the myocyte to signal through nuclear receptors or exit the cell to mix with the extracellular pool. By contrast, DIO3 inactivates T3 through removal of an inner-ring iodine. Regulation of the expression and activity of deiodinases constitutes a cell-autonomous, pre-receptor mechanism for controlling the intracellular concentration of T3. This local control of T3 activity is crucial during the various phases of myogenesis. Here, we review the roles of T3 in skeletal muscle development and homeostasis, with a focus on the emerging local deiodinase-mediated control of T3 signalling. Moreover, we discuss these novel findings in the context of both muscle homeostasis and pathology, and examine how skeletal muscle deiodinase activity might be therapeutically harnessed to improve satellite-cell-mediated muscle repair in patients with skeletal muscle disorders, muscle atrophy or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Warner S Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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560
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Benedini-Elias PCO, Morgan MC, Cornachione AS, Martinez EZ, Mattiello-Sverzut AC. Post-immobilization eccentric training promotes greater hypertrophic and angiogenic responses than passive stretching in muscles of weanling rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:503-13. [PMID: 24304683 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how different types of remobilization after hind limb immobilization, eccentric exercise and passive static stretching, influenced the adaptive responses of muscles with similar function and fascicle size, but differing in their contractile characteristics. Female Wistar weanling rats (21 days old) were divided into 8 groups: immobilized for 10 days, maintaining the ankle in maximum plantar flexion; immobilized and submitted to eccentric training for 10 or 21 days on a declining treadmill for 40min; immobilized and submitted to passive stretching for 10 or 21 days for 40min by maintaining the ankle in maximum dorsiflexion; control of immobilized; and control of 10 or 21 days. The soleus and plantaris muscles were analyzed using fiber distribution, lesser diameter, capillary/fiber ratio, and morphology. Results showed that the immobilization reduced the diameter of all fiber types, caused changes in fiber distribution and decreased the number of transverse capillaries in both muscles. The recovery period of the soleus muscle is longer than that of the plantaris after detraining. Moreover, eccentric training induced greater hypertrophic and angiogenic responses than passive stretching, especially after 21 days of rehabilitation. Both techniques demonstrated positive effects for muscle rehabilitation with the eccentric exercise being more effective.
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561
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Silwal Gautam S, Imamura T, Ishizuka O, Lei Z, Yamagishi T, Yokoyama H, Minagawa T, Ogawa T, Kurizaki Y, Kato H, Nishizawa O. Implantation of autologous adipose-derived cells reconstructs functional urethral sphincters in rabbit cryoinjured urethra. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1971-9. [PMID: 24568564 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of autologous adipose-derived cells injected into cryoinjured rabbit urethras to improve urinary continence and explored the possible mechanisms by which it occurred. Adipose tissue was harvested from the perivesical region of nine 10-week-old female New Zealand White rabbits and cultured for 7 days. Immediately after harvesting the tissue, we injured the internal urethral orifice by spraying liquid nitrogen for 20 s. The cultured cells expressed the mesenchymal cell marker STRO1, but not muscle cell markers myoglobin or smooth muscle actin (SMA). Just before implantation, the adipose-derived cells were labeled with the PKH26 fluorescent cell linker. Autologous 2.0×10(6) adipose-derived cells (five rabbits) or a cell-free control solution (four rabbits) was injected around the cryoinjured urethras at 7 days after injury. Fourteen days later, the leak point pressure (LPP) was measured, and the urethras were harvested for immunohistochemical analyses. At 14 days after implantation, LPP of the cell-implanted group was significantly higher compared with the cell-free control group (p<0.05). In immunohistochemical examination, the reconstructed skeletal and smooth muscle areas in the cell-implanted regions were significantly more developed than those in controls (p<0.01). Implanted PKH26-labeled adipose-derived cells were immunohistochemically positive for myoglobin, SMA, and Pax7 antibodies, which are markers for skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and myoblast progenitor cells, respectively. In addition, these implanted cells were positive for the nerve cell markers, tubulin β3, S100, and the vascular endothelial cell marker, von Willebrand factor. Furthermore, some of the implanted cells were positive for the transforming growth factor β1, nerve growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In conclusion, implantation of autologous adipose-derived cells into the cryoinjured rabbit urethras promoted the recovery of urethral function by myogenic differentiation, neuroregeneration, and neoangiogenesis of the implanted cells and/or the surrounding tissues as well as by bulking effects. Thus, treatment of human radical prostatectomy-related stress urinary incontinence by adipose-derived cell implantation could have significant therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Silwal Gautam
- 1 Department of Lower Urinary Tract Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto, Japan
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562
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Cellular players in skeletal muscle regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:957014. [PMID: 24779022 PMCID: PMC3980925 DOI: 10.1155/2014/957014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, a tissue endowed with remarkable endogenous regeneration potential, is still under focused experimental investigation mainly due to treatment potential for muscle trauma and muscular dystrophies. Resident satellite cells with stem cell features were enthusiastically described quite a long time ago, but activation of these cells is not yet controlled by any medical interventions. However, after thorough reports of their existence, survival, activation, and differentiation there are still many questions to be answered regarding the intimate mechanism of tissue regeneration. This review delivers an up-to-date inventory of the main known key players in skeletal muscle repair, revealed by various models of tissue injuries in mechanical trauma, toxic lesions, and muscular dystrophy. A better understanding of the spatial and temporal relationships between various cell populations, with different physical or paracrine interactions and phenotype changes induced by local or systemic signalling, might lead to a more efficient approach for future therapies.
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563
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited, progressive muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. An increasing variety of approaches are moving towards clinical testing that all aim to restore dystrophin production and to enhance or preserve muscle mass. Gene therapy methods are being developed to replace the defective dystrophin gene or induce dystrophin production from mutant genes. Stem cell approaches are being developed to replace lost muscle cells while also bringing in new dystrophin genes. This review summarizes recent progress in the field with an emphasis on clinical applications.
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564
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Meng J, Chun S, Asfahani R, Lochmüller H, Muntoni F, Morgan J. Human skeletal muscle-derived CD133(+) cells form functional satellite cells after intramuscular transplantation in immunodeficient host mice. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1008-17. [PMID: 24569833 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for treatment of muscular dystrophies. In addition to muscle fiber formation, reconstitution of functional stem cell pool by donor cells is vital for long-term treatment. We show here that some CD133(+) cells within human muscle are located underneath the basal lamina of muscle fibers, in the position of the muscle satellite cell. Cultured hCD133(+) cells are heterogeneous and multipotent, capable of forming myotubes and reserve satellite cells in vitro. They contribute to extensive muscle regeneration and satellite cell formation following intramuscular transplantation into irradiated and cryodamaged tibialis anterior muscles of immunodeficient Rag2-/γ chain-/C5-mice. Some donor-derived satellite cells expressed the myogenic regulatory factor MyoD, indicating that they were activated. In addition, when transplanted host muscles were reinjured, there was significantly more newly-regenerated muscle fibers of donor origin in treated than in control, nonreinjured muscles, indicating that hCD133(+) cells had given rise to functional muscle stem cells, which were able to activate in response to injury and contribute to a further round of muscle regeneration. Our findings provide new evidence for the location and characterization of hCD133(+) cells, and highlight that these cells are highly suitable for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Meng
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Soyon Chun
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rowan Asfahani
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Morgan
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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565
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The role of satellite cells in muscle hypertrophy. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2014; 35:3-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-014-9376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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566
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Koopman R, Ly CH, Ryall JG. A metabolic link to skeletal muscle wasting and regeneration. Front Physiol 2014; 5:32. [PMID: 24567722 PMCID: PMC3909830 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its essential role in movement, insulating the internal organs, generating heat to maintain core body temperature, and acting as a major energy storage depot, any impairment to skeletal muscle structure and function may lead to an increase in both morbidity and mortality. In the context of skeletal muscle, altered metabolism is directly associated with numerous pathologies and disorders, including diabetes, and obesity, while many skeletal muscle pathologies have secondary changes in metabolism, including cancer cachexia, sarcopenia and the muscular dystrophies. Furthermore, the importance of cellular metabolism in the regulation of skeletal muscle stem cells is beginning to receive significant attention. Thus, it is clear that skeletal muscle metabolism is intricately linked to the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and regeneration. The aim of this review is to discuss some of the recent findings linking a change in metabolism to changes in skeletal muscle mass, as well as describing some of the recent studies in developmental, cancer and stem-cell biology that have identified a role for cellular metabolism in the regulation of stem cell function, a process termed “metabolic reprogramming.”
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Affiliation(s)
- René Koopman
- Clinical Nutrition and Muscle and Exercise Metabolism Group, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C Hai Ly
- Stem Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine Group, Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James G Ryall
- Stem Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine Group, Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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567
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Zordan P, Rigamonti E, Freudenberg K, Conti V, Azzoni E, Rovere-Querini P, Brunelli S. Macrophages commit postnatal endothelium-derived progenitors to angiogenesis and restrict endothelial to mesenchymal transition during muscle regeneration. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1031. [PMID: 24481445 PMCID: PMC4040684 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The damage of the skeletal muscle prompts a complex and coordinated response that involves the interactions of many different cell populations and promotes inflammation, vascular remodeling and finally muscle regeneration. Muscle disorders exist in which the irreversible loss of tissue integrity and function is linked to defective neo-angiogenesis with persistence of tissue necrosis and inflammation. Here we show that macrophages (MPs) are necessary for efficient vascular remodeling in the injured muscle. In particular, MPs sustain the differentiation of endothelial-derived progenitors to contribute to neo-capillary formation, by secreting pro-angiogenic growth factors. When phagocyte infiltration is compromised endothelial-derived progenitors undergo a significant endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), possibly triggered by the activation of transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenetic protein signaling, collagen accumulates and the muscle is replaced by fibrotic tissue. Our findings provide new insights in EndoMT in the adult skeletal muscle, and suggest that endothelial cells in the skeletal muscle may represent a new target for therapeutic intervention in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zordan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - E Rigamonti
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - K Freudenberg
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - V Conti
- 1] Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy [2] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - E Azzoni
- 1] Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy [2] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - P Rovere-Querini
- 1] Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy [2] San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - S Brunelli
- 1] Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy [2] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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568
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Ono Y. Satellite cell heterogeneity and hierarchy in skeletal muscle. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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569
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Moyle LA, Zammit PS. Isolation, culture and immunostaining of skeletal muscle fibres to study myogenic progression in satellite cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1210:63-78. [PMID: 25173161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1435-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are the resident stem cells of skeletal muscle, located on the surface of a myofibre, beneath the surrounding basal lamina. Satellite cells are responsible for the homeostasis, hypertrophy and repair of skeletal muscle fibres, being activated to enter proliferation and generate myoblasts that either fuse to existing myofibres, or fuse together for de novo myofibre formation. Isolating muscle fibres allows the associated satellite cells to be obtained while remaining in their anatomical niche beneath the basal lamina, free of interstitial and vascular tissue. Myofibres can then be immunostained to examine gene expression in quiescent satellite cells, or cultured to activate satellite cells before immunostaining to investigate gene expression dynamics during myogenic progression and self-renewal. Here, we describe methods for the isolation, culture and immunostaining of muscle fibres for examining satellite cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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570
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Abstract
Many aspects of skeletal muscle biology are remarkably similar between mammals and tiny insects, and experimental models of mice and flies (Drosophila) provide powerful tools to understand factors controlling the growth, maintenance, degeneration (atrophy and necrosis), and regeneration of normal and diseased muscles, with potential applications to the human condition. This review compares the limb muscles of mice and the indirect flight muscles of flies, with respect to the mechanisms of adult myofiber formation, homeostasis, atrophy, hypertrophy, and the response to muscle degeneration, with some comment on myogenic precursor cells and common gene regulatory pathways. There is a striking similarity between the species for events related to muscle atrophy and hypertrophy, without contribution of any myoblast fusion. Since the flight muscles of adult flies lack a population of reserve myogenic cells (equivalent to satellite cells), this indicates that such cells are not required for maintenance of normal muscle function. However, since satellite cells are essential in postnatal mammals for myogenesis and regeneration in response to myofiber necrosis, the extent to which such regeneration might be possible in flight muscles of adult flies remains unclear. Common cellular and molecular pathways for both species are outlined related to neuromuscular disorders and to age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). The commonality of events related to skeletal muscles in these disparate species (with vast differences in size, growth duration, longevity, and muscle activities) emphasizes the combined value and power of these experimental animal models.
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571
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Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of the cell-fate regulator Myod, studies in skeletal myogenesis have inspired the search for cell-fate regulators of similar potential in other tissues and organs. It was perplexing that a similar transcription factor for other tissues was not found; however, it was later discovered that combinations of molecular regulators can divert somatic cell fates to other cell types. With the new era of reprogramming to induce pluripotent cells, the myogenesis paradigm can now be viewed under a different light. Here, we provide a short historical perspective and focus on how the regulation of skeletal myogenesis occurs distinctly in different scenarios and anatomical locations. In addition, some interesting features of this tissue underscore the importance of reconsidering the simple-minded view that a single stem cell population emerges after gastrulation to assure tissuegenesis. Notably, a self-renewing long-term Pax7+ myogenic stem cell population emerges during development only after a first wave of terminal differentiation occurs to establish a tissue anlagen in the mouse. How the future stem cell population is selected in this unusual scenario will be discussed. Recently, a wealth of information has emerged from epigenetic and genome-wide studies in myogenic cells. Although key transcription factors such as Pax3, Pax7, and Myod regulate only a small subset of genes, in some cases their genomic distribution and binding are considerably more promiscuous. This apparent nonspecificity can be reconciled in part by the permissivity of the cell for myogenic commitment, and also by new roles for some of these regulators as pioneer transcription factors acting on chromatin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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572
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Yang J. Enhanced skeletal muscle for effective glucose homeostasis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:133-63. [PMID: 24373237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the single largest organ in the body, the skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the postprandial state. Skeletal muscles provide the physiological foundation for physical activities and fitness. Reduced muscle mass and strength is commonly associated with many chronic diseases, including obesity and insulin resistance. The complications of diabetes on skeletal muscle mass and physiology, resulting from either insulin deprivation or insulin resistance, may not be life-threatening, but accelerate the lost physiological functions of glucose homeostasis. The formation of skeletal muscle commences in the embryonic developmental stages at the time of mesoderm generation, where somites are the developmental milestone in musculoskeletal formation. Dramatic skeletal muscle growth occurs during adolescence as a result of muscle fiber hypertrophy since muscle fiber formation is mostly completed before birth. The rate of growth rapidly decelerates in the late stages of adulthood as adipose tissue gradually accumulates more fat when energy intake exceeds expenditure. Physiologically, the key to effective glucose homeostasis is the hormone insulin and insulin sensitivity of target tissues. Enhanced skeletal muscle, by either intrinsic mechanism or physical activity, offers great advantages and benefits in facilitating glucose regulation. One key protein factor named myostatin is a dominant inhibitor of muscle mass. Depression of myostatin by its propeptide or mutated receptor enhances muscle mass effectively. The muscle tissue utilizes a large portion of metabolic energy for its growth and maintenance. We demonstrated that transgenic overexpression of myostatin propeptide in mice fed with a high-fat diet enhanced muscle mass and circulating adiponectin, while the wild-type mice developed obesity and insulin resistance. Enhanced muscle growth has positive effects on fat metabolism through increasing adiponectin expression and its regulations. Molecular studies of the exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle also provide insights on auxiliary substances that mimic the plastic adaptations of muscle to exercise so that the body may amplify the effects of exercise in contending physical activity limitations or inactivity. The recent results from the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α provide a promising therapeutic approach for future metabolic drug development. In summary, enhanced skeletal muscle and fundamental understanding of the biological process are critical for effective glucose homeostasis in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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573
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D'Souza DM, Al-Sajee D, Hawke TJ. Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Front Physiol 2013; 4:379. [PMID: 24391596 PMCID: PMC3868943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is defined as a group of metabolic diseases that are associated with the presence of a hyperglycemic state due to impairments in insulin release and/or function. While the development of each form of diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) drastically differs, resultant pathologies often overlap. In each diabetic condition, a failure to maintain healthy muscle is often observed, and is termed diabetic myopathy. This significant, but often overlooked, complication is believed to contribute to the progression of additional diabetic complications due to the vital importance of skeletal muscle for our physical and metabolic well-being. While studies have investigated the link between changes to skeletal muscle metabolic health following diabetes mellitus onset (particularly Type 2 diabetes mellitus), few have examined the negative impact of diabetes mellitus on the growth and reparative capacities of skeletal muscle that often coincides with disease development. Importantly, evidence is accumulating that the muscle progenitor cell population (particularly the muscle satellite cell population) is also negatively affected by the diabetic environment, and as such, likely contributes to the declining skeletal muscle health observed in diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge surrounding the influence of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle growth and repair, with a particular emphasis on the impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M D'Souza
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dhuha Al-Sajee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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574
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Ogura Y, Mishra V, Hindi SM, Kuang S, Kumar A. Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) suppresses satellite cell self-renewal through inversely modulating Notch and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35159-69. [PMID: 24151074 PMCID: PMC3853267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cell self-renewal is an essential process to maintaining the robustness of skeletal muscle regenerative capacity. However, extrinsic factors that regulate self-renewal of satellite cells are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that TWEAK cytokine reduces the proportion of Pax7(+)/MyoD(-) cells (an index of self-renewal) on myofiber explants and represses multiple components of Notch signaling in satellite cell cultures. The number of Pax7(+) cells is significantly increased in skeletal muscle of TWEAK knock-out (KO) mice compared with wild-type in response to injury. Furthermore, Notch signaling is significantly elevated in cultured satellite cells and in regenerating myofibers of TWEAK-KO mice. Forced activation of Notch signaling through overexpression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) rescued the TWEAK-mediated inhibition of satellite cell self-renewal. TWEAK also activates the NF-κB transcription factor in satellite cells and inhibition of NF-κB significantly improved the number of Pax7(+) cells in TWEAK-treated cultures. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that a reciprocal interaction between NF-κB and Notch signaling governs the inhibitory effect of TWEAK on satellite cell self-renewal. Collectively, our study demonstrates that TWEAK suppresses satellite cell self-renewal through activating NF-κB and repressing Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogura
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
| | - Vivek Mishra
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
| | - Sajedah M. Hindi
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- the Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Ashok Kumar
- From the Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 and
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575
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Figeac N, Serralbo O, Marcelle C, Zammit PS. ErbB3 binding protein-1 (Ebp1) controls proliferation and myogenic differentiation of muscle stem cells. Dev Biol 2013; 386:135-51. [PMID: 24275324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are resident stem cells of skeletal muscle, supplying myoblasts for post-natal muscle growth, hypertrophy and repair. Many regulatory networks control satellite cell function, which includes EGF signalling via the ErbB family of receptors. Here we investigated the role of ErbB3 binding protein-1 (Ebp1) in regulation of myogenic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Ebp1 is a well-conserved DNA/RNA binding protein that is implicated in cell growth, apoptosis and differentiation in many cell types. Of the two main Ebp1 isoforms, only p48 was expressed in satellite cells and C2C12 myoblasts. Although not present in quiescent satellite cells, p48 was strongly induced during activation, remaining at high levels during proliferation and differentiation. While retroviral-mediated over-expression of Ebp1 had only minor effects, siRNA-mediated Ebp1 knockdown inhibited both proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells and C2C12 myoblasts, with a clear failure of myotube formation. Ebp1-knockdown significantly reduced ErbB3 receptor levels, yet over-expression of ErbB3 in Ebp1 knockdown cells did not rescue differentiation. Ebp1 was also expressed by muscle cells during developmental myogenesis in mouse. Since Ebp1 is well-conserved between mouse and chick, we switched to chick to examine its role in muscle formation. In chick embryo, Ebp1 was expressed in the dermomyotome, and myogenic differentiation of muscle progenitors was inhibited by specific Ebp1 down-regulation using shRNA electroporation. These observations demonstrate a conserved function of Ebp1 in the regulation of embryonic muscle progenitors and adult muscle stem cells, which likely operates independently of ErbB3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Figeac
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Olivier Serralbo
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christophe Marcelle
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Building 75, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter S Zammit
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, England, UK.
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576
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Rovere-Querini P, Clementi E, Brunelli S. Nitric oxide and muscle repair: multiple actions converging on therapeutic efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 730:181-5. [PMID: 24269596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies comprise an heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by primary wasting of skeletal muscle, in the most severe forms leading to progressive paralysis and death. Current therapies for these conditions are extremely limited and based on corticosteroids that bear significant side effects. Several studies have proposed possible alternative strategies, ranging from cell and gene therapy to more classical pharmacological approaches. Nitric oxide is a gaseous messenger involved in many mechanisms responsible for preserving muscle function and stimulating muscle repair. We herein review the most recent pre-clinical and clinical findings that open new prospective for the development of nitric oxide as a therapeutic tool for muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele University and Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele University and Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, Milano-Bicocca University, 20900 Monza, Italy.
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577
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Reversal of myoblast aging by tocotrienol rich fraction posttreatment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:978101. [PMID: 24349615 PMCID: PMC3856141 DOI: 10.1155/2013/978101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are heavily involved in the regeneration of skeletal muscle in response to the aging-related deterioration of the skeletal muscle mass, strength, and regenerative capacity, termed as sarcopenia. This study focused on the effect of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) on regenerative capacity of myoblasts in stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS). The myoblasts was grouped as young control, SIPS-induced, TRF control, TRF pretreatment, and TRF posttreatment. Optimum dose of TRF, morphological observation, activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-galactosidase), and cell proliferation were determined. 50 μg/mL TRF treatment exhibited the highest cell proliferation capacity. SIPS-induced myoblasts exhibit large flattened cells and prominent intermediate filaments (senescent-like morphology). The activity of SA-β-galactosidase was significantly increased, but the proliferation capacity was significantly reduced as compared to young control. The activity of SA-β-galactosidase was significantly reduced and cell proliferation was significantly increased in the posttreatment group whereas there was no significant difference in SA-β-galactosidase activity and proliferation capacity of pretreatment group as compared to SIPS-induced myoblasts. Based on the data, we hypothesized that TRF may reverse the myoblasts aging through replenishing the regenerative capacity of the cells. However, further investigation on the mechanism of TRF in reversing the myoblast aging is needed.
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578
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Boppart MD, De Lisio M, Zou K, Huntsman HD. Defining a role for non-satellite stem cells in the regulation of muscle repair following exercise. Front Physiol 2013; 4:310. [PMID: 24204344 PMCID: PMC3817631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle repair is essential for effective remodeling, tissue maintenance, and initiation of beneficial adaptations post-eccentric exercise. A series of well characterized events, such as recruitment of immune cells and activation of satellite cells, constitute the basis for muscle regeneration. However, details regarding the fine-tuned regulation of this process in response to different types of injury are open for investigation. Muscle-resident non-myogenic, non-satellite stem cells expressing conventional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, have the potential to significantly contribute to regeneration given the role for bone marrow-derived MSCs in whole body tissue repair in response to injury and disease. The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight a regulatory role for Pnon-satellite stem cells in the process of skeletal muscle healing post-eccentric exercise. The non-myogenic, non-satellite stem cell fraction will be defined, its role in tissue repair will be briefly reviewed, and recent studies demonstrating a contribution to eccentric exercise-induced regeneration will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
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579
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In vitro myoblast motility models: investigating migration dynamics for the study of skeletal muscle repair. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2013; 34:333-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-013-9364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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580
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Rai M, Nongthomba U. Effect of myonuclear number and mitochondrial fusion on Drosophila indirect flight muscle organization and size. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2566-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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581
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Rhoads RP, Flann KL, Cardinal TR, Rathbone CR, Liu X, Allen RE. Satellite cells isolated from aged or dystrophic muscle exhibit a reduced capacity to promote angiogenesis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:399-404. [PMID: 24070607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in skeletal muscle function exist during aging and muscular dystrophy, and suboptimal function has been related to factors such as atrophy, excessive inflammation and fibrosis. Ineffective muscle regeneration underlies each condition and has been attributed to a deficit in myogenic potential of resident stem cells or satellite cells. In addition to reduced myogenic activity, satellite cells may also lose the ability to communicate with vascular cells for coordination of myogenesis and angiogenesis and restoration of proper muscle function. Objectives of the current study were to determine the angiogenic-promoting capacity of satellite cells from two states characterized by dysfunctional skeletal muscle repair, aging and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. An in vitro culture model composed of satellite cells or their conditioned media and rat adipose tissue microvascular fragments (MVF) was used to examine this relationship. Microvascular fragments cultured in the presence of rat satellite cells from adult muscle donors (9-12 month of age) exhibited greater indices of angiogenesis (endothelial cell sprouting, tubule formation and extensive branching) than MVF co-cultured with satellite cells from aged muscle donors (24 month of age). We sought to determine if the differential degree of angiogenesis we observed in the co-culture setting was due to soluble factors produced by each satellite cell age group. Similar to the co-culture experiment, conditioned media produced by adult satellite cells promoted greater angiogenesis than that of aged satellite cells. Next, we examined differences in angiogenesis-stimulating ability of satellite cells from 12 mo old MDX mice or age-matched wild-type mice. A reduction in angiogenesis activity of media conditioned by satellite cells from dystrophic muscle was observed as compared to healthy muscle. Finally, we found reduced gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in both aged and dystrophic satellite cells compared to their adult and normal counterparts, respectively. These results indicate that functional deficits in satellite cell activities during aging and diseased muscle may extend to their ability to communicate with other cells in their environment, in this case cells involved in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Rhoads
- Muscle Biology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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582
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Washington TA, Brown L, Smith DA, Davis G, Baum J, Bottje W. Monocarboxylate transporter expression at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00075. [PMID: 24303150 PMCID: PMC3831894 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of skeletal muscle regeneration is characterized by proliferating myoblasts. Proliferating myoblasts have an increased energy demand and lactate exchange across the sarcolemma can be used to address this increased demand. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are involved in lactate transport across the sarcolemma and are known to be affected by various physiological stimuli. However, MCT expression at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine if skeletal muscle regeneration altered MCT expression in regenerating tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Male C57/BL6 mice were randomly assigned to either a control (uninjured) or bupivacaine (injured) group. Three days post injection, the TA was extracted for determination of protein and gene expression. A 21% decrease in muscle mass to tibia length (2.4 ± 0.1 mg/mm vs. 1.9 ± 0.2 mg/mm, P < 0.02) was observed. IGF-1 and MyoD gene expression increased 5.0-fold (P < 0.05) and 3.5-fold (P < 0.05), respectively, 3 days post bupivacaine injection. MCT-1 protein was decreased 32% (P < 0.03); however, MCT-1 gene expression was not altered. There was no difference in MCT4 protein or gene expression. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-A protein expression increased 71% (P < 0.0004). Protein levels of LDH-B and mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome C oxidase subunit decreased 3 days post bupivacaine injection. CD147 and PKC-θ protein increased 64% (P < 0.03) and 79% (P < 0.02), respectively. MCT1 but not MCT4 expression is altered at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration possibly in an attempt to regulate lactate uptake and use by skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701 ; Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
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583
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Briggs D, Morgan JE. Recent progress in satellite cell/myoblast engraftment -- relevance for therapy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4281-93. [PMID: 23560812 PMCID: PMC3795440 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no cure for muscular dystrophies, although several promising strategies are in basic and clinical research. One such strategy is cell transplantation with satellite cells (or their myoblast progeny) to repair damaged muscle and provide dystrophin protein with the aim of preventing subsequent myofibre degeneration and repopulating the stem cell niche for future use. The present review aims to cover recent advances in satellite cell/myoblast therapy and to discuss the challenges that remain for it to become a realistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Briggs
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - Jennifer E Morgan
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
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584
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Nishizawa S, Koya T, Ohno Y, Goto A, Ikuita A, Suzuki M, Ohira T, Egawa T, Nakai A, Sugiura T, Ohira Y, Yoshioka T, Beppu M, Goto K. Regeneration of injured skeletal muscle in heat shock transcription factor 1-null mice. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00071. [PMID: 24303143 PMCID: PMC3835021 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate a role of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1)-mediated stress response during regeneration of injured soleus muscle by using HSF1-null mice. Cardiotoxin (CTX) was injected into the left muscle of male HSF1-null and wild-type mice under anesthesia with intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium. Injection of physiological saline was also performed into the right muscle. Soleus muscles were dissected bilaterally 2 and 4 weeks after the injection. The relative weight and fiber cross-sectional area in CTX-injected muscles of HSF1-null, not of wild-type, mice were less than controls with injection of physiological saline 4 weeks after the injury, indicating a slower regeneration. Injury-related increase of Pax7-positive muscle satellite cells in HSF1-null mice was inhibited versus wild-type mice. HSF1-deficiency generally caused decreases in the basal expression levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs). But the mRNA expression levels of HSP25 and HSP90α in HSF1-null mice were enhanced in response to CTX-injection, compared with wild-type mice. Significant up-regulations of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor mRNAs, with greater magnitude than in wild-type mice were observed in HSF1-deficient mouse muscle. HSF1 and/or HSF1-mediated stress response may play a key role in the regenerating process of injured skeletal muscle. HSF1 deficiency may depress the regenerating process of injured skeletal muscle via the partial depression of increase in Pax7-positive satellite cells. HSF1-deficiency-associated partial depression of skeletal muscle regeneration might also be attributed to up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sono Nishizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
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585
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De Ceuninck F, Fradin A, Pastoureau P. Bearing arms against osteoarthritis and sarcopenia: when cartilage and skeletal muscle find common interest in talking together. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:305-11. [PMID: 23973339 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis, a disease characterized by cartilage degradation, abnormal subchondral bone remodelling and some grade of inflammation, and sarcopenia, a condition of pathological muscle weakness associated with altered muscle mass, strength, and function, are prevalent disorders in elderly people. There is increasing evidence that decline in lower limb muscle strength is associated with knee or hip osteoarthritis in a context of pain, altered joint stability, maladapted postures and defective neuromuscular communication. At the cellular and molecular levels, chondrocytes and myoblasts share common pathological targets and pathways, and the close anatomical location of both cell types suggest a possibility of paracrine communication. In this review, we examine the relationship between osteoarthritis and sarcopenia in the musculoskeletal field, and discuss the potential advantage of concomitant therapies, or how each disorder may benefit from treatment of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric De Ceuninck
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Department of Rheumatology, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes 92150, France.
| | - Armel Fradin
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Department of Rheumatology, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes 92150, France
| | - Philippe Pastoureau
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Department of Rheumatology, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes 92150, France
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586
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Fortier M, Figeac N, White RB, Knopp P, Zammit PS. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 influences cell cycle progression in muscle satellite cells. Dev Biol 2013; 382:504-16. [PMID: 23911934 PMCID: PMC3898928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle retains a resident stem cell population called satellite cells, which are mitotically quiescent in mature muscle, but can be activated to produce myoblast progeny for muscle homeostasis, hypertrophy and repair. We have previously shown that satellite cell activation is partially controlled by the bioactive phospholipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and that S1P biosynthesis is required for muscle regeneration. Here we investigate the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) in regulating murine satellite cell function. S1PR3 levels were high in quiescent myogenic cells before falling during entry into cell cycle. Retrovirally-mediated constitutive expression of S1PR3 led to suppressed cell cycle progression in satellite cells, but did not overtly affect the myogenic program. Conversely, satellite cells isolated from S1PR3-null mice exhibited enhanced proliferation ex-vivo. In vivo, acute cardiotoxin-induced muscle regeneration was enhanced in S1PR3-null mice, with bigger muscle fibres compared to control mice. Importantly, genetically deleting S1PR3 in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy produced a less severe muscle dystrophic phenotype, than when signalling though S1PR3 was operational. In conclusion, signalling though S1PR3 suppresses cell cycle progression to regulate function in muscle satellite cells. Expression of S1PR3 is associated with non-cycling myoblasts. Constitutive expression of S1PR3 leads to reduced cell proliferation. Satellite cells lacking S1PR3 have enhanced proliferation. Muscle regeneration is improved in the absence of S1PR3. The dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice is improved by the absence of S1PR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Fortier
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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587
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Murton AJ, Greenhaff PL. Resistance exercise and the mechanisms of muscle mass regulation in humans: acute effects on muscle protein turnover and the gaps in our understanding of chronic resistance exercise training adaptation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2209-14. [PMID: 23872221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing muscle mass is important when attempting to maximize sports performance and achieve physique augmentation. However, the preservation of muscle mass is essential to maintaining mobility and quality of life with aging, and also impacts on our capacity to recover from illness. Nevertheless, our understanding of the processes that regulate muscle mass in humans during resistance exercise training, chronic disuse and rehabilitation training following atrophy remains very unclear. Here, we report on some of the recent developments in the study of those processes thought to be responsible for governing human muscle protein turnover in response to intense physical activity. Specifically, the effects of acute and chronic resistance exercise in healthy volunteers and also in response to rehabilitation resistance exercise training following muscle atrophy will be discussed, with discrepancies and gaps in our understanding highlighted. In particular, ubiquitin-proteasome mediated muscle proteolysis (Muscle Atrophy F-box/Atrogin-1 and Muscle RING Finger 1), translation initiation of muscle protein synthesis (mammalian target of rapamycin signaling), and satellite cell mediated myogenesis are highlighted as pathways of special relevance to muscle protein metabolism in response to acute resistance exercise. Furthermore, research focused on quantifying signaling and molecular events that modulate muscle protein synthesis and protein degradation under conditions of chronic resistance training is highlighted as being urgently needed to improve knowledge gaps. These studies need to include multiple time-point measurements over the course of any training intervention and must include dynamic measurements of muscle protein synthesis and degradation and sensitive measures of muscle mass. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Murton
- School of Biosciences, MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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588
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Nilsson MI, Dobson JP, Greene NP, Wiggs MP, Shimkus KL, Wudeck EV, Davis AR, Laureano ML, Fluckey JD. Abnormal protein turnover and anabolic resistance to exercise in sarcopenic obesity. FASEB J 2013; 27:3905-16. [PMID: 23804240 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity may impair protein synthesis rates and cause anabolic resistance to growth factors, hormones, and exercise, ultimately affecting skeletal muscle mass and function. To better understand muscle wasting and anabolic resistance with obesity, we assessed protein 24-h fractional synthesis rates (24-h FSRs) in selected hind-limb muscles of sedentary and resistance-exercised lean and obese Zucker rats. Despite atrophied hind-limb muscles (-28% vs. lean rats), 24-h FSRs of mixed proteins were significantly higher in quadriceps (+18%) and red or white gastrocnemius (+22 or +38%, respectively) of obese animals when compared to lean littermates. Basal synthesis rates of myofibrillar (+8%) and mitochondrial proteins (-1%) in quadriceps were not different between phenotypes, while manufacture of cytosolic proteins (+12%) was moderately elevated in obese cohorts. Western blot analyses revealed a robust activation of p70S6k (+178%) and a lower expression of the endogenous mTOR inhibitor DEPTOR (-28%) in obese rats, collectively suggesting that there is an obesity-induced increase in net protein turnover favoring degradation. Lastly, the protein synthetic response to exercise of mixed (-7%), myofibrillar (+6%), and cytosolic (+7%) quadriceps subfractions was blunted compared to the lean phenotype (+34, +40, and +17%, respectively), indicating a muscle- and subfraction-specific desensitization to the anabolic stimulus of exercise in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats I Nilsson
- 1Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243.
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589
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Sirabella D, De Angelis L, Berghella L. Sources for skeletal muscle repair: from satellite cells to reprogramming. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:125-36. [PMID: 23314905 PMCID: PMC3684700 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is the process that ensures tissue repair after damage by injury or in degenerative diseases such as muscular dystrophy. Satellite cells, the adult skeletal muscle progenitor cells, are commonly considered to be the main cell type involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Their mechanism of action in this process is extensively characterized. However, evidence accumulated in the last decade suggests that other cell types may participate in skeletal muscle regeneration. Although their actual contribution to muscle formation and regeneration is still not clear; if properly manipulated, these cells may become new suitable and powerful sources for cell therapy of skeletal muscle degenerative diseases. Mesoangioblasts, vessel associated stem/progenitor cells with high proliferative, migratory and myogenic potential, are very good candidates for clinical applications and are already in clinical experimentation. In addition, pluripotent stem cells are very promising sources for regeneration of most tissues, including skeletal muscle. Conditions such as muscle cachexia or aging that severely alter homeostasis may be counteracted by transplantation of donor and/or recruitment and activation of resident muscle stem/progenitor cells. Advantages and limitations of different cell therapy approaches will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Sirabella
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 2920 Broadway, New York, NY 10027-7164 USA
| | - Luciana De Angelis
- />DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, University of Roma “La Sapienza”, Via Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Libera Berghella
- />IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- />HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
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590
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Embryonic founders of adult muscle stem cells are primed by the determination gene Mrf4. Dev Biol 2013; 381:241-55. [PMID: 23623977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells play a critical role during muscle growth, homoeostasis and regeneration. Selective induction of the muscle determination genes Myf5, Myod and Mrf4 during prenatal development can potentially impact on the reported functional heterogeneity of adult satellite cells. Accordingly, expression of Myf5 was reported to diminish the self-renewal potential of the majority of satellite cells. In contrast, virtually all adult satellite cells showed antecedence of Myod activity. Here we examine the priming of myogenic cells by Mrf4 throughout development. Using a Cre-lox based genetic strategy and novel highly sensitive Pax7 reporter alleles compared to the ubiquitous Rosa26-based reporters, we show that all adult satellite cells, independently of their anatomical location or embryonic origin, have been primed for Mrf4 expression. Given that Mrf4Cre and Mrf4nlacZ are active exclusively in progenitors during embryogenesis, whereas later expression is restricted to differentiated myogenic cells, our findings suggest that adult satellite cells emerge from embryonic founder cells in which the Mrf4 locus was activated. Therefore, this level of myogenic priming by induction of Mrf4, does not compromise the potential of the founder cells to assume an upstream muscle stem cell state. We propose that embryonic myogenic cells and the majority of adult muscle stem cells form a lineage continuum.
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591
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Shefer G, Rauner G, Stuelsatz P, Benayahu D, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Moderate-intensity treadmill running promotes expansion of the satellite cell pool in young and old mice. FEBS J 2013; 280:4063-73. [PMID: 23464362 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells, the myogenic progenitors located at the myofibre surface, are essential for the repair of adult skeletal muscle. There is ample evidence for an age-linked decline in the number of satellite cells and performance in limb muscles. Hence, an effective means of activating and expanding the satellite cell pool may enhance muscle maintenance and reduce the impact of age-associated muscle deterioration (sarcopaenia). Accordingly, in the present study, we explored the beneficial effects of endurance exercise on satellite cells in young and old mice. Animals were subjected to an 8-week moderate-intensity treadmill-running approach that does not inflict apparent muscle damage (0° inclination, 11.5 m·min(-1) for 30 min·day(-1) , 6 days·week(-1) ). Myofibres of extensor digitorum longus muscles were then isolated from exercised and sedentary mice and used for monitoring the number of satellite cells, as well as for harvesting individual satellite cells for clonal growth assays. We specifically focused on satellite cell pools of single myofibres, with the view that daily wear of muscles probably affects individual myofibres rather than causing overall muscle damage. We found an expansion of the satellite cell pool in the exercised groups compared to the sedentary groups, with the same increase (~ 1.6-fold) in both ages. The results of the present study are in agreement with our findings obtained using rat gastrocnemius, indicating the consistent effect of exercise on satellite cell expansion in limb muscles. The experimental paradigm established in the present study is useful for investigating satellite cell dynamics at the myofibre niche, as well as for broader investigations of the impact of physiologically and pathologically relevant factors on adult myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Shefer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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592
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Constitutive expression of Yes-associated protein (Yap) in adult skeletal muscle fibres induces muscle atrophy and myopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59622. [PMID: 23544078 PMCID: PMC3609830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the function of the Hippo pathway member Yes-associated protein (Yap, gene name Yap1) in skeletal muscle fibres in vivo. Specifically we bred an inducible, skeletal muscle fibre-specific knock-in mouse model (MCK-tTA-hYAP1 S127A) to test whether the over expression of constitutively active Yap (hYAP1 S127A) is sufficient to drive muscle hypertrophy or stimulate changes in fibre type composition. Unexpectedly, after 5–7 weeks of constitutive hYAP1 S127A over expression, mice suddenly and rapidly lost 20–25% body weight and suffered from gait impairments and kyphosis. Skeletal muscles atrophied by 34–40% and the muscle fibre cross sectional area decreased by ≈40% when compared to control mice. Histological analysis revealed evidence of skeletal muscle degeneration and regeneration, necrotic fibres and a NADH-TR staining resembling centronuclear myopathy. In agreement with the histology, mRNA expression of markers of regenerative myogenesis (embryonic myosin heavy chain, Myf5, myogenin, Pax7) and muscle protein degradation (atrogin-1, MuRF1) were significantly elevated in muscles from transgenic mice versus control. No significant changes in fibre type composition were detected using ATPase staining. The phenotype was largely reversible, as a cessation of hYAP1 S127A expression rescued body and muscle weight, restored muscle morphology and prevented further pathological progression. To conclude, high Yap activity in muscle fibres does not induce fibre hypertrophy nor fibre type changes but instead results in a reversible atrophy and deterioration.
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593
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Cohen TV, Gnocchi VF, Cohen JE, Phadke A, Liu H, Ellis JA, Foisner R, Stewart CL, Zammit PS, Partridge TA. Defective skeletal muscle growth in lamin A/C-deficient mice is rescued by loss of Lap2α. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2852-69. [PMID: 23535822 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in lamin A/C result in a range of tissue-specific disorders collectively called laminopathies. Of these, Emery-Dreifuss and Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy 1B mainly affect striated muscle. A useful model for understanding both laminopathies and lamin A/C function is the Lmna(-/-) mouse. We found that skeletal muscle growth and muscle satellite (stem) cell proliferation were both reduced in Lmna(-/-) mice. Lamins A and C associate with lamina-associated polypeptide 2 alpha (Lap2α) and the retinoblastoma gene product, pRb, to regulate cell cycle exit. We found Lap2α to be upregulated in Lmna(-/-) myoblasts (MBs). To specifically test the contribution of elevated Lap2α to the phenotype of Lmna(-/-) mice, we generated Lmna(-/-)Lap2α(-/-) mice. Lifespan and body mass were increased in Lmna(-/-)Lap2α(-/-) mice compared with Lmna(-/-). Importantly, the satellite cell proliferation defect was rescued, resulting in improved myogenesis. Lmna(-/-) MBs also exhibited increased levels of Smad2/3, which were abnormally distributed in the cell and failed to respond to TGFβ1 stimulation as in control cells. However, using SIS3 to inhibit signaling via Smad3 reduced cell death and augmented MB fusion. Together, our results show that perturbed Lap2α/pRb and Smad2/3 signaling are important regulatory pathways mediating defective muscle growth in Lmna(-/-) mice, and that inhibition of either pathway alone or in combination can ameliorate this deleterious phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Cohen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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594
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Ryall JG. Metabolic reprogramming as a novel regulator of skeletal muscle development and regeneration. FEBS J 2013; 280:4004-13. [PMID: 23402377 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle contains a resident population of stem cells, termed satellite cells, that exist in a quiescent state. In response to an activating signal (such as physical trauma), satellite cells enter the cell cycle and undergo multiple rounds of proliferation, followed by differentiation, fusion, and maturation. Over the last 10-15 years, our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this stem cell population has greatly expanded, but there remains a dearth of knowledge with regard to the initiating signal leading to these changes in transcription. The recent renewed interest in the metabolic regulation of both cancer and stem cells, combined with previous findings indicating that satellite cells preferentially colocalize with blood vessels, suggests that satellite cell function may be regulated by changes in cellular metabolism. This review aims to describe what is currently known about satellite cell metabolism during changes in cell fate, as well as to describe some of the exciting findings in other cell types and how these might relate to satellite cells.
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595
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Benedetti S, Hoshiya H, Tedesco FS. Repair or replace? Exploiting novel gene and cell therapy strategies for muscular dystrophies. FEBS J 2013; 280:4263-80. [PMID: 23387802 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are genetic disorders characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Although there is no effective therapy, a number of experimental strategies have been developed over recent years and some of them are undergoing clinical investigation. In this review, we highlight recent developments and key challenges for strategies based upon gene replacement and gene/expression repair, including exon-skipping, vector-mediated gene therapy and cell therapy. Therapeutic strategies for different forms of muscular dystrophy are discussed, with an emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy, given the severity and the relatively advanced status of clinical studies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedetti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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596
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Knopp P, Figeac N, Fortier M, Moyle L, Zammit PS. Pitx genes are redeployed in adult myogenesis where they can act to promote myogenic differentiation in muscle satellite cells. Dev Biol 2013; 377:293-304. [PMID: 23438814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle retains a resident stem cell population called satellite cells. Although mitotically quiescent in mature muscle, satellite cells can be activated to produce myoblast progeny to generate myonuclei for skeletal muscle homoeostasis, hypertrophy and repair. Regulation of satellite cell function in adult requires redeployment of many of the regulatory networks fundamental to developmental myogenesis. Involved in such control of muscle stem cell fate in embryos are members of the Pitx gene family of bicoid-class homeodomain proteins. Here, we investigated the expression and function of all three Pitx genes in muscle satellite cells of adult mice. Endogenous Pitx1 was undetectable, whilst Pitx2a, Pitx2b and Pitx2c were at low levels in proliferating satellite cells, but increased during the early stages of myogenic differentiation. By contrast, proliferating satellite cells expressed robust amounts of Pitx3, with levels then decreasing as cells differentiated, although Pitx3 remained expressed in unfused myoblasts. To examine the role of Pitx genes in satellite cell function, retroviral-mediated expression of Pitx1, all Pitx2 isoforms or Pitx3, was used. Constitutive expression of any Pitx isoform suppressed satellite cell proliferation, with the cells undergoing enhanced myogenic differentiation. Conversely, myogenic differentiation into multinucleated myotubes was decreased when Pitx2 or Pitx3 levels were reduced using siRNA. Together, our results show that Pitx genes play a role in regulating satellite cell function during myogenesis in adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knopp
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, England, UK
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597
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Comparison of muscle hypertrophy following 6-month of continuous and periodic strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:975-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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598
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Judson RN, Tremblay AM, Knopp P, White RB, Urcia R, De Bari C, Zammit PS, Camargo FD, Wackerhage H. The Hippo pathway member Yap plays a key role in influencing fate decisions in muscle satellite cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:6009-19. [PMID: 23038772 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are the resident stem cells of skeletal muscle. Mitotically quiescent in mature muscle, they can be activated to proliferate and generate myoblasts to supply further myonuclei to hypertrophying or regenerating muscle fibres, or self-renew to maintain the resident stem cell pool. Here, we identify the transcriptional co-factor Yap as a novel regulator of satellite cell fate decisions. Yap expression increases during satellite cell activation and Yap remains highly expressed until after the differentiation versus self-renewal decision is made. Constitutive expression of Yap maintains Pax7(+) and MyoD(+) satellite cells and satellite cell-derived myoblasts, promotes proliferation but prevents differentiation. In contrast, Yap knockdown reduces the proliferation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts by ≈40%. Consistent with the cellular phenotype, microarrays show that Yap increases expression of genes associated with Yap inhibition, the cell cycle, ribosome biogenesis and that it represses several genes associated with angiotensin signalling. We also identify known regulators of satellite cell function such as BMP4, CD34 and Myf6 (Mrf4) as genes whose expression is dependent on Yap activity. Finally, we confirm in myoblasts that Yap binds to Tead transcription factors and co-activates MCAT elements which are enriched in the proximal promoters of Yap-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Judson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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