51
|
Lenoir JJ, Parisien JP, Horvath CM. Immune regulator LGP2 targets Ubc13/UBE2N to mediate widespread interference with K63 polyubiquitination and NF-κB activation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110175. [PMID: 34965427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin (K63-Ub) chains activate a range of cellular immune and inflammatory signaling pathways, including the mammalian antiviral response. Interferon and antiviral genes are triggered by TRAF family ubiquitin ligases that form K63-Ub chains. LGP2 is a feedback inhibitor of TRAF-mediated K63-Ub that can interfere with diverse immune signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate that LGP2 inhibits K63-Ub by association with and sequestration of the K63-Ub-conjugating enzyme, Ubc13/UBE2N. The LGP2 helicase subdomain, Hel2i, mediates protein interaction that engages and inhibits Ubc13/UBE2N, affecting control over a range of K63-Ub ligase proteins, including TRAF6, TRIM25, and RNF125, all of which are inactivated by LGP2. These findings establish a unifying mechanism for LGP2-mediated negative regulation that can modulate a variety of K63-Ub signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Lenoir
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Curt M Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
DEAD/H-box helicases:Anti-viral and pro-viral roles during infections. Virus Res 2021; 309:198658. [PMID: 34929216 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DEAD/H-box RNA helicases make the prominent family of helicases super family-2 which take part in almost all RNA-related processes, from initiation of transcription to RNA decay pathways. In addition to these RNA-related activities, in recent years a certain number of these helicases are reported to play important roles in anti-viral immunity through various ways. Along with RLHs, endosomal TLRs, and cytosolic DNA receptors, many RNA helicases including DDX3, DHX9, DDX6, DDX41, DHX33, DDX60, DHX36 and DDX1-DDX21-DHX36 complex act as viral nucleic acid sensors or co-sensors. These helicases mostly follow RLHs-MAVS and STING mediated signaling cascades to trigger induction of type-I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Many of them also function as downstream adaptor molecules (DDX3), segments of stress and processing bodies (DDX3 and DDX6) or negative regulators (DDX19, DDX24, DDX25, DDX39A and DDX46). On the contrary, many studies indicated that several DEAD/H-box helicases such as DDX1, DDX3, DDX6, DDX24, and DHX9 could be exploited by viruses to evade innate immune responses, suggesting that these helicases seem to have a dual function as anti-viral innate immune mediators and viral replication cofactors. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on several representative DEAD/H-box helicases, with an emphasis on their functions in innate immunity responses, involved in their anti-viral and pro-viral roles.
Collapse
|
53
|
Cao X, Cordova AF, Li L. Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Innate Immune Receptors: A Balancing Act. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3414-3458. [PMID: 34870969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is an organism's first line of defense against an onslaught of internal and external threats. The downstream adaptive immune system has been a popular target for therapeutic intervention, while there is a relative paucity of therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. However, the innate immune system plays a critical role in many human diseases, such as microbial infection, cancer, and autoimmunity, highlighting the need for ongoing therapeutic research. In this review, we discuss the major innate immune pathways and detail the molecular strategies underpinning successful therapeutics targeting each pathway as well as previous and ongoing efforts. We will also discuss any recent discoveries that could inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies. As our understanding of the innate immune system continues to develop, we envision that therapies harnessing the power of the innate immune system will become the mainstay of treatment for a wide variety of human diseases.
Collapse
|
54
|
Sharma A, Kontodimas K, Bosmann M. The MAVS Immune Recognition Pathway in Viral Infection and Sepsis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1376-1392. [PMID: 34348482 PMCID: PMC8817698 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: It is estimated that close to 50 million cases of sepsis result in over 11 million annual fatalities worldwide. The pathognomonic feature of sepsis is a dysregulated inflammatory response arising from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Immune recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns is a hallmark of the host immune defense to combat microbes and to prevent the progression to sepsis. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is a ubiquitous adaptor protein located at the outer mitochondrial membrane, which is activated by the cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5), following binding of viral RNA agonists. Recent Advances: Substantial progress has been made in deciphering the activation of the MAVS pathway with its interacting proteins, downstream signaling events (interferon [IFN] regulatory factors, nuclear factor kappa B), and context-dependent type I/III IFN response. Critical Issues: In the evolutionary race between pathogens and the host, viruses have developed immune evasion strategies for cleavage, degradation, or blockade of proteins in the MAVS pathway. For example, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) M protein and ORF9b protein antagonize MAVS signaling and a protective type I IFN response. Future Directions: The role of MAVS as a sensor for nonviral pathogens, host cell injury, and metabolic perturbations awaits better characterization in the future. New technical advances in multidimensional single-cell analysis and single-molecule methods will accelerate the rate of new discoveries. The ultimate goal is to manipulate MAVS activities in the form of immune-modulatory therapies to combat infections and sepsis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1376-1392.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sharma
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Kontodimas
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Li T, Zhai X, Wang W, Lin Y, Xing B, Wang J, Wang X, Miao R, Zhang T, Wei L. Regulation of MDA5-dependent anti-Tembusu virus innate immune responses by LGP2 in ducks. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109281. [PMID: 34785476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated factor 5 (MDA5), which belongs to the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) family, has been proved to be a key pattern recognition receptor of innate antiviral signaling in duck, which plays an important role in anti-Tembusu virus (TMUV) infection. However, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), the third member of RLRs family, the regulatory function on antiviral innate immunity of MDA5 is currently unclear. In this study, we investigated the subcellular localization of duck LGP2 (duLGP2) and confirmed that it is an important regulator of the duMDA5-mediated host innate antiviral immune response. The present experimental data demonstrate that the overexpression of duLGP2 inhibits duMDA5 downstream transcriptional factor (IRF-7, IFN-β, and NF-κB) promoter activity, and duMDA5-mediated type I IFNs and ISGs expression were significantly suppressed by duLGP2 regardless of viral infection in vitro. The inhibition of duLGP2 on the antiviral activity of duMDA5 ultimately leads to an increase in viral replication. However, the overexpression of duLGP2 promotes expression of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and duMDA5-mediated proinflammatory cytokines. This study provides a new rationale support for the duLGP2 regulates duMDA5-mediated anti-viral immune signaling pathway theory in duck.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China; The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Center of Boxing County, 101 Bocheng Three Street, Binzhou City, 256500, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Lin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bin Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinchao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Runchun Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an City, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an City, 271000, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Yu Q, Herrero Del Valle A, Singh R, Modis Y. MDA5 disease variant M854K prevents ATP-dependent structural discrimination of viral and cellular RNA. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6668. [PMID: 34795277 PMCID: PMC8602431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our innate immune responses to viral RNA are vital defenses. Long cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is recognized by MDA5. The ATPase activity of MDA5 contributes to its dsRNA binding selectivity. Mutations that reduce RNA selectivity can cause autoinflammatory disease. Here, we show how the disease-associated MDA5 variant M854K perturbs MDA5-dsRNA recognition. M854K MDA5 constitutively activates interferon signaling in the absence of exogenous RNA. M854K MDA5 lacks ATPase activity and binds more stably to synthetic Alu:Alu dsRNA. CryoEM structures of MDA5-dsRNA filaments at different stages of ATP hydrolysis show that the K854 sidechain forms polar bonds that constrain the conformation of MDA5 subdomains, disrupting key steps in the ATPase cycle- RNA footprint expansion and helical twist modulation. The M854K mutation inhibits ATP-dependent RNA proofreading via an allosteric mechanism, allowing MDA5 to form signaling complexes on endogenous RNAs. This work provides insights on how MDA5 recognizes dsRNA in health and disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/ultrastructure
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/chemistry
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation, Missense
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alba Herrero Del Valle
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Rahul Singh
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Chathuranga K, Weerawardhana A, Dodantenna N, Lee JS. Regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and viral evasion following viral genome sensing. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1647-1668. [PMID: 34782737 PMCID: PMC8592830 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable outcome for the host. This balance is crucial because it must not only ensure activation of the first line of defense against viral infection but also prevent inappropriate immune activation, which results in autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown how signal transduction pathways initiated by PRRs are positively and negatively regulated by diverse modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the host antiviral response and establish infection. Viruses have evolved numerous genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the host immune system. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding key host factors that regulate innate immune signaling molecules upon viral infection and discusses evidence showing how specific viral proteins counteract antiviral responses via immunomodulatory strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Nakahama T, Kawahara Y. Deciphering the Biological Significance of ADAR1-Z-RNA Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111435. [PMID: 34768866 PMCID: PMC8584189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is an enzyme responsible for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, which is estimated to occur at over 100 million sites in humans. ADAR1 is composed of two isoforms transcribed from different promoters: p150 and N-terminal truncated p110. Deletion of ADAR1 p150 in mice activates melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5)-sensing pathway, which recognizes endogenous unedited RNA as non-self. In contrast, we have recently demonstrated that ADAR1 p110-mediated RNA editing does not contribute to this function, implying that a unique Z-DNA/RNA-binding domain α (Zα) in the N terminus of ADAR1 p150 provides specific RNA editing, which is critical for preventing MDA5 activation. In addition, a mutation in the Zα domain is identified in patients with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS), an inherited encephalopathy characterized by overproduction of type I interferon. Accordingly, we and other groups have recently demonstrated that Adar1 Zα-mutated mice show MDA5-dependent type I interferon responses. Furthermore, one such mutant mouse carrying a W197A point mutation in the Zα domain, which inhibits Z-RNA binding, manifests AGS-like encephalopathy. These findings collectively suggest that Z-RNA binding by ADAR1 p150 is essential for proper RNA editing at certain sites, preventing aberrant MDA5 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Nakahama
- Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Yukio Kawahara
- Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6879-3827
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Li S, Cao L, Zhang Z, Kuang M, Chen L, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Yin Z, You F. Cytosolic and nuclear recognition of virus and viral evasion. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:30. [PMID: 35006471 PMCID: PMC8607372 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense, which responds rapidly to viral infection. Innate recognition of viruses is mediated by a set of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense viral genomic nucleic acids and/or replication intermediates. PRRs are mainly localized either to the endosomes, the plasma membrane or the cytoplasm. Recent evidence suggested that several proteins located in the nucleus could also act as viral sensors. In turn, these important elements are becoming the target for most viruses to evade host immune surveillance. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the study of viral recognition and evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siji Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Luoying Chen
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchi Zhao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Luo
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuping You
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Thoresen D, Wang W, Galls D, Guo R, Xu L, Pyle AM. The molecular mechanism of RIG-I activation and signaling. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:154-168. [PMID: 34514601 PMCID: PMC9293153 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RIG‐I is our first line of defense against RNA viruses, serving as a pattern recognition receptor that identifies molecular features common among dsRNA and ssRNA viral pathogens. RIG‐I is maintained in an inactive conformation as it samples the cellular space for pathogenic RNAs. Upon encounter with the triphosphorylated terminus of blunt‐ended viral RNA duplexes, the receptor changes conformation and releases a pair of signaling domains (CARDs) that are selectively modified and interact with an adapter protein (MAVS), thereby triggering a signaling cascade that stimulates transcription of interferons. Here, we describe the structural determinants for specific RIG‐I activation by viral RNA, and we describe the strategies by which RIG‐I remains inactivated in the presence of host RNAs. From the initial RNA triggering event to the final stages of interferon expression, we describe the experimental evidence underpinning our working knowledge of RIG‐I signaling. We draw parallels with behavior of related proteins MDA5 and LGP2, describing evolutionary implications of their collective surveillance of the cell. We conclude by describing the cell biology and immunological investigations that will be needed to accurately describe the role of RIG‐I in innate immunity and to provide the necessary foundation for pharmacological manipulation of this important receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thoresen
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenshuai Wang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Drew Galls
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rong Guo
- Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Xia S, Chen Z, Shen C, Fu TM. Higher-order assemblies in immune signaling: supramolecular complexes and phase separation. Protein Cell 2021; 12:680-694. [PMID: 33835418 PMCID: PMC8403095 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immunity play vital roles in pathogen recognition and the functions of immune cells. Higher-order assemblies have recently emerged as a central principle that governs immune signaling and, by extension, cellular communication in general. There are mainly two types of higher-order assemblies: 1) ordered, solid-like large supramolecular complexes formed by stable and rigid protein-protein interactions, and 2) liquid-like phase-separated condensates formed by weaker and more dynamic intermolecular interactions. This review covers key examples of both types of higher-order assemblies in major immune pathways. By placing emphasis on the molecular structures of the examples provided, we discuss how their structural organization enables elegant mechanisms of signaling regulation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/immunology
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammasomes/genetics
- Inflammasomes/immunology
- Inflammasomes/ultrastructure
- Models, Molecular
- Multiprotein Complexes/genetics
- Multiprotein Complexes/immunology
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xia
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhenhang Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tian-Min Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Li D, Wu M. Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:291. [PMID: 34344870 PMCID: PMC8333067 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 210.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged senescent cells. PRRs bridge nonspecific immunity and specific immunity. Through the recognition and binding of ligands, PRRs can produce nonspecific anti-infection, antitumor, and other immunoprotective effects. Most PRRs in the innate immune system of vertebrates can be classified into the following five types based on protein domain homology: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and absent in melanoma-2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs). PRRs are basically composed of ligand recognition domains, intermediate domains, and effector domains. PRRs recognize and bind their respective ligands and recruit adaptor molecules with the same structure through their effector domains, initiating downstream signaling pathways to exert effects. In recent years, the increased researches on the recognition and binding of PRRs and their ligands have greatly promoted the understanding of different PRRs signaling pathways and provided ideas for the treatment of immune-related diseases and even tumors. This review describes in detail the history, the structural characteristics, ligand recognition mechanism, the signaling pathway, the related disease, new drugs in clinical trials and clinical therapy of different types of PRRs, and discusses the significance of the research on pattern recognition mechanism for the treatment of PRR-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhang Y, Xu Y, Dai Y, Li Z, Wang J, Ye Z, Ren Y, Wang H, Li WX, Lu J, Ding SW, Li Y. Efficient Dicer processing of virus-derived double-stranded RNAs and its modulation by RIG-I-like receptor LGP2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009790. [PMID: 34343211 PMCID: PMC8362961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-regulated antiviral responses are essential for the induction of both innate and adaptive immunity in mammals. Production of virus-derived small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) to restrict virus infection by RNA interference (RNAi) is a recently identified mammalian immune response to several RNA viruses, which cause important human diseases such as influenza and Zika virus. However, little is known about Dicer processing of viral double-stranded RNA replicative intermediates (dsRNA-vRIs) in mammalian somatic cells. Here we show that infected somatic cells produced more influenza vsiRNAs than cellular microRNAs when both were produced by human Dicer expressed de novo, indicating that dsRNA-vRIs are not poor Dicer substrates as previously proposed according to in vitro Dicer processing of synthetic long dsRNA. We report the first evidence both for canonical vsiRNA production during wild-type Nodamura virus infection and direct vsiRNA sequestration by its RNAi suppressor protein B2 in two strains of suckling mice. Moreover, Sindbis virus (SINV) accumulation in vivo was decreased by prior production of SINV-targeting vsiRNAs triggered by infection and increased by heterologous expression of B2 in cis from SINV genome, indicating an antiviral function for the induced RNAi response. These findings reveal that unlike artificial long dsRNA, dsRNA-vRIs made during authentic infection of mature somatic cells are efficiently processed by Dicer into vsiRNAs to direct antiviral RNAi. Interestingly, Dicer processing of dsRNA-vRIs into vsiRNAs was inhibited by LGP2 (laboratory of genetics and physiology 2), which was encoded by an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) shown recently to inhibit Dicer processing of artificial long dsRNA in cell culture. Our work thus further suggests negative modulation of antiviral RNAi by a known ISG from the interferon response. The function and mechanism of the interferon-regulated antiviral responses have been extensively characterized. Recent studies have demonstrated induction of antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) in somatic cells against several mammalian RNA viruses rendered incapable of RNAi suppression. However, little is known about Dicer-mediated production of virus-derived small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) in these cells active in the type I interferon response. Here we show that the dsRNA precursors of influenza vsiRNAs were processed more efficiently than cellular precursor microRNA hairpins by wild-type human Dicer expressed de novo in Dicer-knockout somatic cells. We found that infection of two strains of suckling mice with wild-type Nodamura virus (NoV) was associated with production of silencing-active vsiRNAs and direct sequestration of duplex vsiRNAs by its RNAi suppressor protein B2. Our findings from in vivo infection with Sindbis virus recombinants expressing NoV B2 or carrying a vsiRNA-targeted insert provide evidence for an antiviral function of the induced RNAi response. Interestingly, NoV infection induces expression of RIG-I-like receptor LGP2 to inhibit vsiRNA biogenesis and promote virulent infection in suckling mice. Our findings together reveal efficient Dicer processing of vsiRNA precursors in interferon-competent somatic cells and suckling mice in contrast to synthetic long dsRNA examined previously by in vitro dicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-xiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jinfeng Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJ); (S-WD); (YL)
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJ); (S-WD); (YL)
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (S-WD); (YL)
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Maurano M, Snyder JM, Connelly C, Henao-Mejia J, Sidrauski C, Stetson DB. Protein kinase R and the integrated stress response drive immunopathology caused by mutations in the RNA deaminase ADAR1. Immunity 2021; 54:1948-1960.e5. [PMID: 34343497 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The RNA deaminase ADAR1 is an essential negative regulator of the RNA sensor MDA5, and loss of ADAR1 function triggers inappropriate activation of MDA5 by self-RNAs. Mutations in ADAR, the gene that encodes ADAR1, cause human immune diseases, including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). However, the mechanisms of MDA5-dependent disease pathogenesis in vivo remain unknown. Here we generated mice with a single amino acid change in ADAR1 that models the most common human ADAR AGS mutation. These Adar mutant mice developed lethal disease that required MDA5, the RIG-I-like receptor LGP2, type I interferons, and the eIF2α kinase PKR. A small-molecule inhibitor of the integrated stress response (ISR) that acts downstream of eIF2α phosphorylation prevented immunopathology and rescued the mice from mortality. These findings place PKR and the ISR as central components of immunopathology in vivo and identify therapeutic targets for treatment of human diseases associated with the ADAR1-MDA5 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Maurano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Batool M, Kim MS, Choi S. Structural insights into the distinctive RNA recognition and therapeutic potentials of RIG-I-like receptors. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:399-425. [PMID: 34287999 DOI: 10.1002/med.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses, including the coronavirus, develop a unique strategy to evade the host immune response by interrupting the normal function of cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). RLRs rapidly detect atypical nucleic acids, thereby triggering the antiviral innate immune signaling cascade and subsequently activates the interferons transcription and induction of other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Nonetheless, these receptors are manipulated by viral proteins to subvert the host immune system and sustain the infectivity and replication potential of the virus. RIG-I senses the single-stranded, double-stranded, and short double-stranded RNAs and recognizes the key signature, a 5'-triphosphate moiety, at the blunt end of the viral RNA. Meanwhile, the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is triggered by longer double stranded RNAs, messenger RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation in their 5'-cap, and RNA aggregates. Therefore, structural insights into the nucleic-acid-sensing and downstream signaling mechanisms of these receptors hold great promise for developing effective antiviral therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the critical roles played by RLRs in viral infections as well as their ligand recognition mechanisms. In addition, we highlight the crosstalk between the toll-like receptors and RLRs and provide a comprehensive overview of RLR-associated diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of RLRs for the development of antiviral-drugs. Moreover, we believe that these RLR-based antivirals will serve as a step toward countering the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batool
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Serpen JY, Armenti ST, Prasov L. Immunogenetics of the Ocular Anterior Segment: Lessons from Inherited Disorders. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:6691291. [PMID: 34258050 PMCID: PMC8257379 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6691291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases cause morbidity in multiple organ systems including the ocular anterior segment. Genetic disorders of the innate and adaptive immune system present an avenue to study more common inflammatory disorders and host-pathogen interactions. Many of these Mendelian disorders have ophthalmic manifestations. In this review, we highlight the ophthalmic and molecular features of disorders of the innate immune system. A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases spanning 1973-2020 with a focus on three specific categories of genetic disorders: RIG-I-like receptors and downstream signaling, inflammasomes, and RNA processing disorders. Tissue expression, clinical associations, and animal and functional studies were reviewed for each of these genes. These genes have broad roles in cellular physiology and may be implicated in more common conditions with interferon upregulation including systemic lupus erythematosus and type 1 diabetes. This review contributes to our understanding of rare inherited conditions with ocular involvement and has implications for further characterizing the effect of perturbations in integral molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Y. Serpen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen T. Armenti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Lev Prasov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Geng H, Subramanian S, Wu L, Bu HF, Wang X, Du C, De Plaen IG, Tan XD. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 Forms Intracellular Aggregates and Inhibits IFNγ-Induced Antiviral Gene Expression in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679482. [PMID: 34177923 PMCID: PMC8221109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a disease that involves significant lung tissue damage. How SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to lung injury remains elusive. The open reading frame 8 (ORF8) protein of SARS-CoV-2 (ORF8SARS-CoV-2) is a unique accessory protein, yet little is known about its cellular function. We examined the cellular distribution of ORF8SARS-CoV-2 and its role in the regulation of human lung epithelial cell proliferation and antiviral immunity. Using live imaging and immunofluorescent staining analyses, we found that ectopically expressed ORF8SARS-CoV-2 forms aggregates in the cytosol and nuclear compartments of lung epithelial cells. Using in silico bioinformatic analysis, we found that ORF8SARS-CoV-2 possesses an intrinsic aggregation characteristic at its N-terminal residues 1-18. Cell culture did not reveal any effects of ORF8SARS-CoV-2 expression on lung epithelial cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, suggesting that ORF8SARS-CoV-2 aggregates do not affect these cellular processes. Interestingly, ectopic expression of ORF8SARS-CoV-2 in lung epithelial cells suppressed basal expression of several antiviral molecules, including DHX58, ZBP1, MX1, and MX2. In addition, expression of ORF8SARS-CoV-2 attenuated the induction of antiviral molecules by IFNγ but not by IFNβ in lung epithelial cells. Taken together, ORF8SARS-CoV-2 is a unique viral accessory protein that forms aggregates when expressing in lung epithelial cells. It potently inhibits the expression of lung cellular anti-viral proteins at baseline and in response to IFNγ in lung epithelial cells, which may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 escape from the host antiviral innate immune response during early viral infection. In addition, it seems that formation of ORF8SARS-CoV-2 aggregate is independent from the viral infection. Thus, it would be interesting to examine whether any COVID-19 patients exhibit persistent ORF8 SARS-CoV-2 expression after recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection. If so, the pathogenic effect of prolonged ORF8SARS-CoV-2 expression and its association with post-COVID symptoms warrant investigation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Geng
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Saravanan Subramanian
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Longtao Wu
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Heng-Fu Bu
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chao Du
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Isabelle G. De Plaen
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiao-Di Tan
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Research Service, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Li S, Yang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Ji X, Luo J, Shao Q, Xu Y, Liu X, Zheng W, Meurens F, Chen N, Zhu J. Analysis of Porcine RIG-I Like Receptors Revealed the Positive Regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 by LGP2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:609543. [PMID: 34093517 PMCID: PMC8169967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.609543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RLRs play critical roles in sensing and fighting viral infections especially RNA virus infections. Despite the extensive studies on RLRs in humans and mice, there is a lack of systemic investigation of livestock animal RLRs. In this study, we characterized the porcine RLR members RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2. Compared with their human counterparts, porcine RIG-I and MDA5 exhibited similar signaling activity to distinct dsRNA and viruses, via similar and cooperative recognitions. Porcine LGP2, without signaling activity, was found to positively regulate porcine RIG-I and MDA5 in transfected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), gene knockout PAMs and PK-15 cells. Mechanistically, LGP2 interacts with RIG-I and MDA5 upon cell activation, and promotes the binding of dsRNA ligand by MDA5 as well as RIG-I. Accordingly, porcine LGP2 exerted broad antiviral functions. Intriguingly, we found that porcine LGP2 mutants with defects in ATPase and/or dsRNA binding present constitutive activity which are likely through RIG-I and MDA5. Our work provided significant insights into porcine innate immunity, species specificity and immune biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xueliang Liu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - François Meurens
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
ISG15-dependent activation of the sensor MDA5 is antagonized by the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease to evade host innate immunity. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:467-478. [PMID: 33727702 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the RIG-I-like receptors, retinoic-acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), establishes an antiviral state by upregulating interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Among these is ISG15, the mechanistic roles of which in innate immunity still remain enigmatic. In the present study, we report that ISG15 conjugation is essential for antiviral IFN responses mediated by the viral RNA sensor MDA5. ISGylation of the caspase activation and recruitment domains of MDA5 promotes its oligomerization and thereby triggers activation of innate immunity against a range of viruses, including coronaviruses, flaviviruses and picornaviruses. The ISG15-dependent activation of MDA5 is antagonized through direct de-ISGylation mediated by the papain-like protease of SARS-CoV-2, a recently emerged coronavirus that has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work demonstrates a crucial role for ISG15 in the MDA5-mediated antiviral response, and also identifies a key immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, which may be targeted for the development of new antivirals and vaccines to combat COVID-19.
Collapse
|
70
|
Shen Z, Wei L, Yu ZB, Yao ZY, Cheng J, Wang YT, Song XT, Li M. The Roles of TRIMs in Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:628275. [PMID: 33791238 PMCID: PMC8005608 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.628275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family, which contains over 80 members in human sapiens, is the largest subfamily of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase family. It is implicated in regulating various cellular functions, including cell cycle process, autophagy, and immune response. The dysfunction of TRIMs may lead to numerous diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lots of studies in recent years have demonstrated that many TRIM proteins exert antiviral roles. TRIM proteins could affect viral replication by regulating the signaling pathways of antiviral innate immune responses. Besides, TRIM proteins can directly target viral components, which can lead to the degradation or functional inhibition of viral protein through degradative or non-degradative mechanisms and consequently interrupt the viral lifecycle. However, new evidence suggests that some viruses may manipulate TRIM proteins for their replication. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries on the interactions between TRIM protein and virus, especially TRIM proteins’ role in the signaling pathway of antiviral innate immune response and the direct “game” between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Shen
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Song
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Onomoto K, Onoguchi K, Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:539-555. [PMID: 33462384 PMCID: PMC7812568 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the human genome, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, which contain N-terminal caspase recruitment domains, are activated upon the detection of viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Activated RLRs induce downstream signaling via their interactions with mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins and activate the production of type I and III interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shown that RLR-mediated signaling is regulated by interactions with endogenous RNAs and host proteins, such as those involved in stress responses and posttranslational modifications. Since RLR-mediated cytokine production is also involved in the regulation of acquired immunity, the deregulation of RLR-mediated signaling is associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Moreover, RLR-mediated signaling might be involved in the aberrant cytokine production observed in coronavirus disease 2019. Since the discovery of RLRs in 2004, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the activation and regulation of RLR-mediated signaling pathways. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of regulated RNA recognition and signal activation by RLRs, focusing on the interactions between various host and viral factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Onoguchi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Donsbach P, Klostermeier D. Regulation of RNA helicase activity: principles and examples. Biol Chem 2021; 402:529-559. [PMID: 33583161 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicases are a ubiquitous class of enzymes involved in virtually all processes of RNA metabolism, from transcription, mRNA splicing and export, mRNA translation and RNA transport to RNA degradation. Although ATP-dependent unwinding of RNA duplexes is their hallmark reaction, not all helicases catalyze unwinding in vitro, and some in vivo functions do not depend on duplex unwinding. RNA helicases are divided into different families that share a common helicase core with a set of helicase signature motives. The core provides the active site for ATP hydrolysis, a binding site for non-sequence-specific interaction with RNA, and in many cases a basal unwinding activity. Its activity is often regulated by flanking domains, by interaction partners, or by self-association. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the activities of the helicase core. Case studies on selected helicases with functions in translation, splicing, and RNA sensing illustrate the various modes and layers of regulation in time and space that harness the helicase core for a wide spectrum of cellular tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Donsbach
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Klostermeier
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Vaughn LS, Chukwurah E, Patel RC. Opposite actions of two dsRNA-binding proteins PACT and TRBP on RIG-I mediated signaling. Biochem J 2021; 478:493-510. [PMID: 33459340 PMCID: PMC7919947 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An integral aspect of innate immunity is the ability to detect foreign molecules of viral origin to initiate antiviral signaling via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). One such receptor is the RNA helicase retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-I), which detects and is activated by 5'triphosphate uncapped double stranded RNA (dsRNA) as well as the cytoplasmic viral mimic dsRNA polyI:C. Once activated, RIG-I's CARD domains oligomerize and initiate downstream signaling via mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), ultimately inducing interferon (IFN) production. Another dsRNA binding protein PACT, originally identified as the cellular protein activator of dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), is known to enhance RIG-I signaling in response to polyI:C treatment, in part by stimulating RIG-I's ATPase and helicase activities. TAR-RNA-binding protein (TRBP), which is ∼45% homologous to PACT, inhibits PKR signaling by binding to PKR as well as by sequestration of its' activators, dsRNA and PACT. Despite the extensive homology and similar structure of PACT and TRBP, the role of TRBP has not been explored much in RIG-I signaling. This work focuses on the effect of TRBP on RIG-I signaling and IFN production. Our results indicate that TRBP acts as an inhibitor of RIG-I signaling in a PACT- and PKR-independent manner. Surprisingly, this inhibition is independent of TRBP's post-translational modifications that are important for other signaling functions of TRBP, but TRBP's dsRNA-binding ability is essential. Our work has major implications on viral susceptibility, disease progression, and antiviral immunity as it demonstrates the regulatory interplay between PACT and TRBP IFN production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Vaughn
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210
| | | | - Rekha C Patel
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Duic I, Tadakuma H, Harada Y, Yamaue R, Deguchi K, Suzuki Y, Yoshimura SH, Kato H, Takeyasu K, Fujita T. Viral RNA recognition by LGP2 and MDA5, and activation of signaling through step-by-step conformational changes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 48:11664-11674. [PMID: 33137199 PMCID: PMC7672446 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) proteins in mammalian cells recognize viral RNA and initiate an antiviral response that results in IFN-β induction. Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) forms fibers along viral dsRNA and propagates an antiviral response via a signaling domain, the tandem CARD. The most enigmatic RLR, laboratory of genetics and physiology (LGP2), lacks the signaling domain but functions in viral sensing through cooperation with MDA5. However, it remains unclear how LGP2 coordinates fiber formation and subsequent MDA5 activation. We utilized biochemical and biophysical approaches to observe fiber formation and the conformation of MDA5. LGP2 facilitated MDA5 fiber assembly. LGP2 was incorporated into the fibers with an average inter-molecular distance of 32 nm, suggesting the formation of hetero-oligomers with MDA5. Furthermore, limited protease digestion revealed that LGP2 induces significant conformational changes on MDA5, promoting exposure of its CARDs. Although the fibers were efficiently dissociated by ATP hydrolysis, MDA5 maintained its active conformation to participate in downstream signaling. Our study demonstrated the coordinated actions of LGP2 and MDA5, where LGP2 acts as an MDA5 nucleator and requisite partner in the conversion of MDA5 to an active conformation. We revealed a mechanistic basis for LGP2-mediated regulation of MDA5 antiviral innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Duic
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tadakuma
- Division of Protein Chemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yoshie Harada
- Division of Protein Chemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamaue
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Katashi Deguchi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shige H Yoshimura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan.,Institute for Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Kunio Takeyasu
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan.,Institute for Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Linjie L, Xiaoling S, Xiaoxia M, Xin C, Ali A, Jialin B. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural C protein inhibits the induction of interferon-β by potentially interacting with MAVS and RIG-I. Virus Genes 2021; 57:60-71. [PMID: 33389635 PMCID: PMC7870622 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an acute and highly contagious disease in domestic and wild small ruminants throughout the world, mainly by invoking immunosuppression in its natural hosts. It has been suggested that the non-structural C protein of PPRV helps in evading host responses but the molecular mechanisms by which it antagonizes the host responses have not been fully characterized. Here, we report the antagonistic effect of PPRV C protein on the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) through both MAVS and RIG-I mediated pathways in vitro. Dual luciferase reporter assay and direct expression of IFN-β mRNA analysis indicated that PPRV C significantly down regulates IFN-β via its potential interaction with MAVS and RIG-I signaling molecules. Results further indicated that PPRV C protein significantly suppresses endogenous and exogenous IFN-β-induced anti-viral effects in PPRV, EMCV and SVS infections in vitro. Moreover, PPRV C protein not only down regulates IFN-β but also the downstream cytokines of interferon stimulated genes 56 (ISG56), ISG15, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL10) and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN promoter elements of ISRE and NF-κB. Further, this study deciphers that PPRV C protein could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of STAT1 and interferes with the signal transmission in JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Collectively, this study indicates that PPRV C protein is important for innate immune evasion and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Linjie
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Shi Xiaoling
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ma Xiaoxia
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Cao Xin
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bai Jialin
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Zong Z, Zhang Z, Wu L, Zhang L, Zhou F. The Functional Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Control of Innate Antiviral Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002484. [PMID: 33511009 PMCID: PMC7816709 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Innate antiviral immunity is the first line of host defense against invading viral pathogens. Immunity activation primarily relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Viral proteins or nucleic acids mainly engage three classes of PRRs: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors initiate a series of signaling cascades that lead to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN-I) in response to viral infection. This system requires precise regulation to avoid aberrant activation. Emerging evidence has unveiled the crucial roles that the ubiquitin system, especially deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), play in controlling immune responses. In this review, an overview of the most current findings on the function of DUBs in the innate antiviral immune pathways is provided. Insights into the role of viral DUBs in counteracting host immune responses are also provided. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of utilizing DUBs as therapeutic targets for infectious diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Liming Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Zheng W, Ranoa DRE, Huang X, Hou Y, Yang K, Poli EC, Beckett MA, Fu YX, Weichselbaum RR. RIG-I-Like Receptor LGP2 Is Required for Tumor Control by Radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5633-5641. [PMID: 33087322 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play an essential role in innate immunity and radiation-elicited immune responses. LGP2 is a RIG-I-like receptor involved in cytoplasmic RNA recognition and antiviral responses. Although LGP2 has also been linked to cell survival of both tumor cells and T cells, the role of LGP2 in mediating DC function and antitumor immunity elicited by radiotherapy remains unclear. Here, we report that tumor DCs are linked to the clinical outcome of patients with breast cancer who received radiotherapy, and the presence of DC correlates with gene expression of LGP2 in the tumor microenvironment. In preclinical models, host LGP2 was essential for optimal antitumor control by ionizing radiation (IR). The absence of LGP2 in DC dampened type I IFN production and the priming capacity of DC. In the absence of LGP2, MDA5-mediated activation of type I IFN signaling was abrogated. The MDA5/LGP2 agonist high molecular weight poly I:C improved the antitumor effect of IR. This study reveals a previously undefined role of LGP2 in host immunity and provides a new strategy to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal an essential role of LGP2 in promoting antitumor immunity after radiotherapy and provide a new strategy to enhance radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Diana Rose E Ranoa
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kaiting Yang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Michael A Beckett
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Wang H, Tang X, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. Transcriptome analysis reveals temperature-dependent early immune response in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) after Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:367-378. [PMID: 33091595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV), as a highly pathogenic fish virus, is frequently prevalent in a variety of aquaculture fish in recent years, which seriously threatens the healthy development of aquaculture industry. Epidemiological studies show that the outbreak of HIRRV is obviously temperature dependent. Virus proliferation experiments in vitro and in vivo at different temperatures indicate the antiviral response of flounder is a main reason affect the replication of HIRRV. The RNA-Seq was used to analyze the different antiviral response in flounder which infected with HIRRV at different temperatures, the experiment set two temperatures of 10 °C and 20 °C. The flounder infected with HIRRV by artificial injection, and the spleens were collected at 24 h after infection. Meanwhile, the fish injected with EPC supernatant at different temperatures were set as control groups. It can obtain four pairwise comparison groups if determine a single variable, and the differentially expressed genes were further selected. The results showed that after infection with HIRRV at 10 °C and 20 °C, the differentially expressed genes in spleen were significantly enriched in inflammatory and immune-related pathways like Arachidonic acid metabolism, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor (RLRs) signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway and Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway etc. In addition, the expression of phagocytes, lysosomes, endocytosis related genes were significantly upregulated at high temperature whether HIRRV positive or not. But compared to the infected flounder at 10 °C, some genes of RLRs signaling pathway were significantly upregulated at 20 °C, it can be speculated that RLRs pathway may be related to the anti-HIRRV response of flounder. Therefore, key genes of RLRs signaling pathway including mda5, lgp2, mita, mavs, irf3, irf7, ifn I-3 and ifn-γ were selected, and the temporal expression patterns of these genes in infected flounder at different temperatures were further detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that HIRRV infection can significantly stimulate and activate the RLRs pathway of flounder, and the response level of this pathway was significantly higher at 20 °C than 10 °C. In general, this study provides important data for the further study about the pathogenesis of HIRRV infection in flounder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Zhang Z, Urban S. Interplay between Hepatitis D Virus and the Interferon Response. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111334. [PMID: 33233762 PMCID: PMC7699955 DOI: 10.3390/v12111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis D (CHD) is the most severe form of viral hepatitis, with rapid progression of liver-related diseases and high rates of development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The causative agent, hepatitis D virus (HDV), contains a small (approximately 1.7 kb) highly self-pairing single-strand circular RNA genome that assembles with the HDV antigen to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. HDV depends on hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope proteins for envelopment and de novo hepatocyte entry; however, its intracellular RNA replication is autonomous. In addition, HDV can amplify HBV independently through cell division. Cellular innate immune responses, mainly interferon (IFN) response, are crucial for controlling invading viruses, while viruses counteract these responses to favor their propagation. In contrast to HBV, HDV activates profound IFN response through the melanoma differentiation antigen 5 (MDA5) pathway. This cellular response efficiently suppresses cell-division-mediated HDV spread and, to some extent, early stages of HDV de novo infection, but only marginally impairs RNA replication in resting hepatocytes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on HDV structure, replication, and persistence and subsequently focus on the interplay between HDV and IFN response, including IFN activation, sensing, antiviral effects, and viral countermeasures. Finally, we discuss crosstalk with HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-564-902
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Lefkopoulos S, Polyzou A, Derecka M, Bergo V, Clapes T, Cauchy P, Jerez-Longres C, Onishi-Seebacher M, Yin N, Martagon-Calderón NA, Potts KS, Klaeylé L, Liu F, Bowman TV, Jenuwein T, Mione MC, Trompouki E. Repetitive Elements Trigger RIG-I-like Receptor Signaling that Regulates the Emergence of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Immunity 2020; 53:934-951.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
81
|
Liu G, Lee JH, Parker ZM, Acharya D, Chiang JJ, van Gent M, Riedl W, Davis-Gardner ME, Wies E, Chiang C, Gack MU. ISG15-dependent Activation of the RNA Sensor MDA5 and its Antagonism by the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33140045 PMCID: PMC7605552 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.26.356048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the RIG-I-like receptors, RIG-I and MDA5, establishes an antiviral state by upregulating interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Among these is ISG15 whose mechanistic roles in innate immunity still remain enigmatic. Here we report that ISGylation is essential for antiviral IFN responses mediated by the viral RNA sensor MDA5. ISG15 conjugation to the caspase activation and recruitment domains of MDA5 promotes the formation of higher-order assemblies of MDA5 and thereby triggers activation of innate immunity against a range of viruses including coronaviruses, flaviviruses and picornaviruses. The ISG15-dependent activation of MDA5 is antagonized through direct de-ISGylation mediated by the papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2, a recently emerged coronavirus that causes the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work demonstrates a crucial role for ISG15 in the MDA5-mediated antiviral response, and also identifies a novel immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, which may be targeted for the development of new antivirals and vaccines to combat COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GuanQun Liu
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zachary M Parker
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michiel van Gent
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Riedl
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Effi Wies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, FL 34987, USA.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Krey K, Babnis AW, Pichlmair A. System-Based Approaches to Delineate the Antiviral Innate Immune Landscape. Viruses 2020; 12:E1196. [PMID: 33096788 PMCID: PMC7589202 DOI: 10.3390/v12101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose substantial challenges for society, economy, healthcare systems, and research. Their distinctive pathologies are based on specific interactions with cellular factors. In order to develop new antiviral treatments, it is of central importance to understand how viruses interact with their host and how infected cells react to the virus on a molecular level. Invading viruses are commonly sensed by components of the innate immune system, which is composed of a highly effective yet complex network of proteins that, in most cases, mediate efficient virus inhibition. Central to this process is the activity of interferons and other cytokines that coordinate the antiviral response. So far, numerous methods have been used to identify how viruses interact with cellular processes and revealed that the innate immune response is highly complex and involves interferon-stimulated genes and their binding partners as functional factors. Novel approaches and careful experimental design, combined with large-scale, high-throughput methods and cutting-edge analysis pipelines, have to be utilized to delineate the antiviral innate immune landscape at a global level. In this review, we describe different currently used screening approaches, how they contributed to our knowledge on virus-host interactions, and essential considerations that have to be taken into account when planning such experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Krey
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.K.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Aleksandra W. Babnis
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.K.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.K.); (A.W.B.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 80538 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Pulido MR, Martínez-Salas E, Sobrino F, Sáiz M. MDA5 cleavage by the Leader protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus reveals its pleiotropic effect against the host antiviral response. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:718. [PMID: 32879301 PMCID: PMC7468288 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) plays a key role in triggering innate antiviral response during infection by RNA viruses. MDA5 activation leads to transcription induction of type-I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines. MDA5 has also been associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases by dysfunctional activation of innate immune response in the absence of infection. Here, we show how foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) counteracts the specific antiviral effect exerted by MDA5 targeting the protein for cleavage by the viral Leader protease (Lpro). MDA5 overexpression had an inhibitory effect on FMDV infection in IFN-competent cells. Remarkably, immunostimulatory viral RNA co-immunoprecipitated with MDA5 in infected cells. Moreover, specific cleavage of MDA5 by Lpro was detected in co-transfected cells, as well as during the course of FMDV infection. A significant reduction in IFN induction associated with MDA5 cleavage was detected by comparison with a non-cleavable MDA5 mutant protein with preserved antiviral activity. The Lpro cleavage site in MDA5 was identified as the RGRAR sequence in the conserved helicase motif VI, coinciding with that recently reported for Lpro in LGP2, another member of the RLRs family involved in antiviral defenses. Interestingly, specific mutations within the MDA5 Lpro target sequence have been associated with immune disease in mice and humans. Our results reveal a pleiotropic strategy for immune evasion based on a viral protease targeting phylogenetically conserved domains of immune sensors. Identification of viral strategies aimed to disrupt MDA5 functionality may also contribute to develop new treatment tools for MDA5-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of virus infection, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons and other genes that collectively establish an antiviral host response. Recent studies have revealed that both viral and host-derived RNAs can trigger RLR activation; this can lead to an effective antiviral response but also immunopathology if RLR activities are uncontrolled. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the types of RNA sensed by RLRs in the contexts of viral infection, malignancies and autoimmune diseases. We further describe how the activity of RLRs is controlled by host regulatory mechanisms, including RLR-interacting proteins, post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss key outstanding questions in the RLR field, including how our knowledge of RLR biology could be translated into new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Stok JE, Vega Quiroz ME, van der Veen AG. Self RNA Sensing by RIG-I–like Receptors in Viral Infection and Sterile Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:883-891. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
86
|
Wu Q, Ning X, Jiang S, Sun L. Transcriptome analysis reveals seven key immune pathways of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) involved in megalocytivirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:150-158. [PMID: 32413472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is a serious viral pathogen to many farmed fish including Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, in order to systematically identify host immune genes induced by megalocytivirus infection, we examined the transcription profiles of flounder infected by megalocytivirus for 2, 6, and 8 days. Compared with uninfected fish, virus-infected fish exhibited 1242 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 225, 275, and 877 DEGs occurring at 2, 6, and 8 days post infection, respectively. Of these DEGs, 728 were upregulated and 659 were downregulated. The majority of DEGs were time-specific and formed four distinct expression profiles well correlated with the time of infection. The DEGs were classified into diverse Gene Ontology (GO) functional terms and enriched in 27 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, approximately one third of which were related to immunity. Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify 16 key immune DEGs belonging to seven immune pathways (RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis, and p53 signaling pathway). These pathways interacted extensively and formed complicated networks. This study provided a global picture of megalocytivirus-induced gene expression profiles of flounder at the transcriptome level and uncovered a set of key immune genes and pathways closely linked to megalocytivirus infection. These results provided a set of targets for future delineation of the key factors implicated in the anti-megalocytivirus immunity of flounder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xianhui Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Liu G, Gack MU. Distinct and Orchestrated Functions of RNA Sensors in Innate Immunity. Immunity 2020; 53:26-42. [PMID: 32668226 PMCID: PMC7367493 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Faithful maintenance of immune homeostasis relies on the capacity of the cellular immune surveillance machinery to recognize "nonself", such as the presence of pathogenic RNA. Several families of pattern-recognition receptors exist that detect immunostimulatory RNA and then induce cytokine-mediated antiviral and proinflammatory responses. Here, we review the distinct features of bona fide RNA sensors, Toll-like receptors and retinoic-acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors in particular, with a focus on their functional specificity imposed by cell-type-dependent expression, subcellular localization, and ligand preference. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances on the roles of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors and DEAD-box or DEAH-box RNA helicases in an orchestrated RNA-sensing network and also discuss the relevance of RNA sensor polymorphisms in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GuanQun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Bartok E, Hartmann G. Immune Sensing Mechanisms that Discriminate Self from Altered Self and Foreign Nucleic Acids. Immunity 2020; 53:54-77. [PMID: 32668228 PMCID: PMC7359798 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity of the organism by detecting pathogens, dyshomeostasis and damage, and inducing appropriate responses to eliminate pathogens and reconstitute homeostasis. Effector mechanisms include i) immune signaling, ii) restriction of NA functions such as inhibition of mRNA translation, and iii) cell death pathways. An appropriate effector response is necessary for host defense, but dysregulated NA-sensing can lead to devastating autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Their inherent biochemical similarity renders the reliable distinction between self NA under homeostatic conditions and altered or exogenous NA particularly challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in our understanding of the closely coordinated and regulated network of innate immune receptors, restriction factors, and nucleases to effectively respond to pathogens and maintain host integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Liwinski T, Zheng D, Elinav E. The microbiome and cytosolic innate immune receptors. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:207-224. [PMID: 32658330 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of innate immune sensors (pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) has profoundly transformed the notion of innate immunity, in providing a mechanistic basis for host immune interactions with a wealth of environmental signals, leading to a variety of immune-mediated outcomes including instruction and activation of the adaptive immune arm. As part of this growing understanding of host-environmental cross talk, an intimate connection has been unveiled between innate immune sensors and signals perceived from the commensal microbiota, which may be regarded as a hub integrating a variety of environmental cues. Among cytosolic PRRs impacting on host homeostasis by interacting with the commensal microbiota are nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein receptors (NLRs), together with a number of cytosolic DNA sensors and the family of absent in melanoma (AIM)-like receptors (ALRs). NLR sensors have been a particular focus of research, and some NLRs have emerged as key orchestrators of inflammatory responses and host homeostasis. Some NLRs achieve this through the formation of cytoplasmic multiprotein complexes termed inflammasomes. More recently discovered PRRs include retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and STING. In the present review, they summarize recent advancements in knowledge on structure and function of cytosolic PRRs and their roles in host-microbiota cross talk and immune surveillance. In addition, we discuss their relevance for human health and disease and future therapeutic applications involving modulation of their activation and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur Liwinski
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Danping Zheng
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Cancer-Microbiome Division Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Spatiotemporal dynamics of innate immune signaling via RIG-I-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15778-15788. [PMID: 32571931 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921861117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 comprise the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). RIG-I and MDA5 are essential pathogen recognition receptors sensing viral infections while LGP2 has been described as both RLR cofactor and negative regulator. After sensing and binding to viral RNA, including double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), RIG-I and MDA5 undergo cytosol-to-membrane relocalization to bind and signal through the MAVS adaptor protein on intracellular membranes, thus directing downstream activation of IRF3 and innate immunity. Here, we report examination of the dynamic subcellular localization of all three RLRs within the intracellular response to dsRNA and RNA virus infection. Observations from high resolution biochemical fractionation and electron microscopy, coupled with analysis of protein interactions and IRF3 activation, show that, in resting cells, microsome but not mitochondrial fractions harbor the central components to initiate innate immune signaling. LGP2 interacts with MAVS in microsomes, blocking the RIG-I/MAVS interaction. Remarkably, in response to dsRNA treatment or RNA virus infection, LGP2 is rapidly released from MAVS and redistributed to mitochondria, temporally correlating with IRF3 activation. We reveal that IRF3 activation does not take place on mitochondria but instead occurs at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived membranes. Our observations suggest ER-derived membranes as key RLR signaling platforms controlled through inhibitory actions of LGP2 binding to MAVS wherein LGP2 translocation to mitochondria releases MAVS inhibition to facilitate RLR-mediated signaling of innate immunity.
Collapse
|
91
|
Ren Z, Ding T, Zuo Z, Xu Z, Deng J, Wei Z. Regulation of MAVS Expression and Signaling Function in the Antiviral Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1030. [PMID: 32536927 PMCID: PMC7267026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is controlled by host innate immune cells that express specialized receptors for viral components. Engagement of these pattern recognition receptors triggers a series of signaling pathways that culminate in the production of antiviral mediators such as type I interferons. Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) acts as a central hub for signal transduction initiated by RIG-I-like receptors, which predominantly recognize viral RNA. MAVS expression and function are regulated by both post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms, of which ubiquitination and phosphorylation play the most important roles in modulating MAVS function. Increasing evidence indicates that viruses can escape the host antiviral response by interfering at multiple points in the MAVS signaling pathways, thereby maintaining viral survival and replication. This review summarizes recent studies on the mechanisms by which MAVS expression and signaling are normally regulated and on the various strategies employed by viruses to antagonize MAVS activity, which may provide new insights into the design of novel antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Jang HJ, Song KD. Expression patterns of innate immunity-related genes in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) stimulation in DF-1 chicken fibroblast cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:385-395. [PMID: 32568266 PMCID: PMC7288226 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) can stimulate Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathways. In this study, DF-1 cells were treated with poly(I:C) at various concentrations and time points to examine the comparative expression patterns of innate immune response genes. The viability of DF-1 cells decreased from 77.41% to 38.68% when cells were treated different dose of poly(I:C) from 0.1 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL for 24 h respectively. The expressions of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR15, TLR21, IL1B, and IL10 were increased in dose- and time-dependent manners by poly(I:C) treatment. On the contrary, the expression patterns of interferon regulatory factors 7 (IRF7), Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (JUN), Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 1 (NF-κB1), and IL8L2 were varied; IRF7 and IL8L2 were increasingly expressed whereas the expressions of JUN and NF-κB1 were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after they were early induced. In time-dependent analysis, IRF7 expression was significantly upregulated from 3 h to 24 h, whereas JUN and NF-κB1 expressions settled down from 6 h to 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although they were induced at early time from 1 h to 3 h. Poly(I:C) treatment rapidly increased the expression of IL8L2 from 3 h to 6 h with a plateau at 6 h and then the expression of IL8L2 was dramatically decreased until 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although the expression level was still higher than the non-treated control. These results may provide the basis for understanding host response to viral infection and its mimicry system in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding
Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding
Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Zhang J, Huang Y, Li L, Dong J, Liao M, Sun M. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Neuro-Immune Interactions in Duck Tembusu Virus-Infected Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072402. [PMID: 32244328 PMCID: PMC7177238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. It causes severe symptoms of egg-drop, as well as neurological symptoms and brain damage in ducks. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of DTMUV-induced neurovirulence and host responses in the brain remain obscure. To better understand the host-pathogen and neuro-immune interactions of DTMUV infection, we conducted high-throughput RNA-sequencing to reveal the transcriptome profiles of DTMUV-infected duck brain. Totals of 117, 212, and 150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 12, 24, and 48 h post infection (hpi). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses uncovered genes and pathways related to the nervous system and immune responses in duck brain. Neuro-related genes, including WNT3A, GATA3, and CHRNA6, were found to be significantly downregulated. RIG-I-like receptors (DHX58, IFIH1) and Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR3) were activated, inducing the expression of 22 interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and antigen-processing and -presenting genes (TAP1 and TAP2) in the brain. Our research provides comprehensive information for the molecular mechanisms of neuro-immune and host-pathogen interactions of DTMUV.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3/genetics
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Ducks/genetics
- Ducks/immunology
- Flavivirus/immunology
- Flavivirus/pathogenicity
- Flavivirus Infections/immunology
- Flavivirus Infections/metabolism
- Flavivirus Infections/pathology
- Flavivirus Infections/veterinary
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/veterinary
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/physiology
- Interferons/metabolism
- Neuroimmunomodulation/genetics
- Neuroimmunomodulation/immunology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Wnt3A Protein/genetics
- Wnt3A Protein/metabolism
Collapse
|
94
|
Szymura SJ, Bernal GM, Wu L, Zhang Z, Crawley CD, Voce DJ, Campbell PA, Ranoa DE, Weichselbaum RR, Yamini B. DDX39B interacts with the pattern recognition receptor pathway to inhibit NF-κB and sensitize to alkylating chemotherapy. BMC Biol 2020; 18:32. [PMID: 32209106 PMCID: PMC7093963 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a prominent role in promoting inflammation and resistance to DNA damaging therapy. We searched for proteins that modulate the NF-κB response as a prerequisite to identifying novel factors that affect sensitivity to DNA damaging chemotherapy. Results Using streptavidin-agarose pull-down, we identified the DExD/H-box RNA helicase, DDX39B, as a factor that differentially interacts with κB DNA probes. Subsequently, using both RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we demonstrated that DDX39B inhibits NF-κB activity by a general mechanism involving inhibition of p65 phosphorylation. Mechanistically, DDX39B mediates this effect by interacting with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR), LGP2, a pathway that required the cellular response to cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). From a functional standpoint, loss of DDX39B promoted resistance to alkylating chemotherapy in glioblastoma cells. Further examination of DDX39B demonstrated that its protein abundance was regulated by site-specific sumoylation that promoted its poly-ubiquitination and degradation. These post-translational modifications required the presence of the SUMO E3 ligase, PIASx-β. Finally, genome-wide analysis demonstrated that despite the link to the PRR system, DDX39B did not generally inhibit interferon-stimulated gene expression, but rather acted to attenuate expression of factors associated with the extracellular matrix, cellular migration, and angiogenesis. Conclusions These results identify DDX39B, a factor with known functions in mRNA splicing and nuclear export, as an RNA-binding protein that blocks a subset of the inflammatory response. While these findings identify a pathway by which DDX39B promotes sensitization to DNA damaging therapy, the data also reveal a mechanism by which this helicase may act to mitigate autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon J Szymura
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Giovanna M Bernal
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Longtao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Zhongqin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Clayton D Crawley
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David J Voce
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Paige-Ashley Campbell
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Diana E Ranoa
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Takahashi T, Nakano Y, Onomoto K, Yoneyama M, Ui-Tei K. LGP2 virus sensor enhances apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis regulatory genes through TRBP-bound miRNAs during viral infection. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1494-1507. [PMID: 31799626 PMCID: PMC7026649 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, viral nucleic acids are detected by virus sensor proteins including toll-like receptor 3 or retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) in mammalian cells. Activation of these virus sensor proteins induces type-I interferon production and represses viral replication. Recently, we reported that an RLR family member, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), modulates RNA silencing by interacting with an RNA silencing enhancer, TAR-RNA binding protein (TRBP). However, the biological implications remained unclear. Here, we show that LGP2 enhances apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis regulatory genes during viral infection. Sendai virus (SeV) infection increased LGP2 expression approximately 900 times compared to that in non-virus-infected cells. Then, the induced LGP2 interacted with TRBP, resulting in the inhibition of maturation of the TRBP-bound microRNA (miRNA) and its subsequent RNA silencing activity. Gene expression profiling revealed that apoptosis regulatory genes were upregulated during SeV infection: caspases-2, -8, -3 and -7, four cysteine proteases with key roles in apoptosis, were upregulated directly or indirectly through the repression of a typical TRBP-bound miRNA, miR-106b. Our findings may shed light on the mechanism of apoptosis, induced by the TRBP-bound miRNAs through the interaction of TRBP with LGP2, as an antiviral defense system in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ui-Tei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Mutual Regulation of RNA Silencing and the IFN Response as an Antiviral Defense System in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041348. [PMID: 32079277 PMCID: PMC7072894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism directed by endogenous small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs). By contrast, the type-I interferon (IFN) response is an innate immune response induced by exogenous RNAs, such as viral RNAs. Endogenous and exogenous RNAs have typical structural features and are recognized accurately by specific RNA-binding proteins in each pathway. In mammalian cells, both RNA silencing and the IFN response are induced by double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in the cytoplasm, but have long been considered two independent pathways. However, recent reports have shed light on crosstalk between the two pathways, which are mutually regulated by protein–protein interactions triggered by viral infection. This review provides brief overviews of RNA silencing and the IFN response and an outline of the molecular mechanism of their crosstalk and its biological implications. Crosstalk between RNA silencing and the IFN response may reveal a novel antiviral defense system that is regulated by miRNAs in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
97
|
Ablasser A, Hur S. Regulation of cGAS- and RLR-mediated immunity to nucleic acids. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:17-29. [PMID: 31819255 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-derived nucleic acids are crucial signals for innate immunity. Despite the structural similarity between those and host nucleic acids, mammalian cells have been able to evolve powerful innate immune signaling pathways that originate from the detection of cytosolic nucleic acid species, one of the most prominent being the cGAS-STING pathway for DNA and the RLR-MAVS pathway for RNA, respectively. Recent advances have revealed a plethora of regulatory mechanisms that are crucial for balancing the activity of nucleic acid sensors for the maintenance of overall cellular homeostasis. Elucidation of the various mechanisms that enable cells to maintain control over the activity of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors has provided new insight into the pathology of human diseases and, at the same time, offers a rich and largely unexplored source for new therapeutic targets. This Review addresses the emerging literature on regulation of the sensing of cytosolic DNA and RNA via cGAS and RLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Abstract
The innate immune system represents the first defense line of the host following viral infection. The infection triggers the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from the viruses by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the host cell. The interaction between viral PAMPs and PRRs evokes a sophisticated signal transduction system and eventually promotes the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Ubiquitination plays an indispensable role in fine-tuning almost every single step of this signaling cascade given on its versatile functions. Ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), which cooperatively and accurately regulate the dynamic and reversible ubiquitination process, are the master regulators of antiviral signaling. In this review, we concentrate on summarizing the ubiquitin ligases and DUBs that modulate the central signaling molecules in antiviral innate immunity. Especially, we emphasize the ones that were identified by the immunologists from China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Zhao Y, Karijolich J. Know Thyself: RIG-I-Like Receptor Sensing of DNA Virus Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:e01085-19. [PMID: 31511389 PMCID: PMC6854496 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01085-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are double-stranded RNA-binding proteins that play a role in initiating and modulating cell intrinsic immunity through the recognition of RNA features typically absent from the host transcriptome. While they are initially characterized in the context of RNA virus infection, evidence has now accumulated establishing the role of RLRs in DNA virus infection. Here, we review recent advances in the RLR-mediated restriction of DNA virus infection with an emphasis on the RLR ligands sensed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Streicher F, Jouvenet N. Stimulation of Innate Immunity by Host and Viral RNAs. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1134-1148. [PMID: 31735513 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) response, a major vertebrate defense mechanism against viral infections, is initiated by RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated recognition of viral replicative intermediates in the cytosol. RLR purification methods coupled to RNA sequencing have recently led to the characterization of viral nucleic acid features recognized by RLRs in infected cells. This work revealed that some cellular RNAs can bind to RLRs and stimulate the IFN response. We provide an overview of self and non-self RNAs that activate innate immunity, and discuss the cellular dysregulation that allows recognition of cellular RNAs by RLRs, including RNA mislocalization and downregulation of RNA-shielding proteins. These discussions are relevant because manipulating RLR activation presents opportunities for treating viral infections and autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Streicher
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3569, Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3569, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|