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Carpinelli MR, de Vries ME, Auden A, Butt T, Deng Z, Partridge DD, Miles LB, Georgy SR, Haigh JJ, Darido C, Brabletz S, Brabletz T, Stemmler MP, Dworkin S, Jane SM. Inactivation of Zeb1 in GRHL2-deficient mouse embryos rescues mid-gestation viability and secondary palate closure. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm.042218. [PMID: 32005677 PMCID: PMC7104862 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate are common birth defects resulting from failure of the facial processes to fuse during development. The mammalian grainyhead-like (Grhl1-3) genes play key roles in a number of tissue fusion processes including neurulation, epidermal wound healing and eyelid fusion. One family member, Grhl2, is expressed in the epithelial lining of the first pharyngeal arch in mice at embryonic day (E)10.5, prompting analysis of the role of this factor in palatogenesis. Grhl2-null mice die at E11.5 with neural tube defects and a cleft face phenotype, precluding analysis of palatal fusion at a later stage of development. However, in the first pharyngeal arch of Grhl2-null embryos, dysregulation of transcription factors that drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs. The aberrant expression of these genes is associated with a shift in RNA-splicing patterns that favours the generation of mesenchymal isoforms of numerous regulators. Driving the EMT perturbation is loss of expression of the EMT-suppressing transcription factors Ovol1 and Ovol2, which are direct GRHL2 targets. The expression of the miR-200 family of microRNAs, also GRHL2 targets, is similarly reduced, resulting in a 56-fold upregulation of Zeb1 expression, a major driver of mesenchymal cellular identity. The critical role of GRHL2 in mediating cleft palate in Zeb1−/− mice is evident, with rescue of both palatal and facial fusion seen in Grhl2−/−;Zeb1−/− embryos. These findings highlight the delicate balance between GRHL2/ZEB1 and epithelial/mesenchymal cellular identity that is essential for normal closure of the palate and face. Perturbation of this pathway may underlie cleft palate in some patients. Summary: Epithelial transcription factor GRHL2 is required for face closure while mesenchymal transcription factor ZEB1 is required for palate closure. Surprisingly, animals lacking both factors close their face and secondary palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Carpinelli
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Michael E de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Alana Auden
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zihao Deng
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Darren D Partridge
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Lee B Miles
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Smitha R Georgy
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Charbel Darido
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Simone Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Phillips MA, Cánovas A, Rea MA, Islas-Trejo A, Medrano JF, Durbin-Johnson B, Rocke DM, Rice RH. Deducing signaling pathways from parallel actions of arsenite and antimonite in human epidermal keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2890. [PMID: 32076005 PMCID: PMC7031270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic oxides have been identified as carcinogens in several human tissues, including epidermis. Due to the chemical similarity between trivalent inorganic arsenic (arsenite) and antimony (antimonite), we hypothesized that common intracellular targets lead to similarities in cellular responses. Indeed, transcriptional and proteomic profiling revealed remarkable similarities in differentially expressed genes and proteins resulting from exposure of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes to arsenite and antimonite in contrast to comparisons of arsenite with other metal compounds. These data were analyzed to predict upstream regulators and affected signaling pathways following arsenite and antimonite treatments. A majority of the top findings in each category were identical after treatment with either compound. Inspection of the predicted upstream regulators led to previously unsuspected roles for oncostatin M, corticosteroids and ephrins in mediating cellular response. The influence of these predicted mediators was then experimentally verified. Together with predictions of transcription factor effects more generally, the analysis has led to model signaling networks largely accounting for arsenite and antimonite action. The striking parallels between responses to arsenite and antimonite indicate the skin carcinogenic risk of exposure to antimonite merits close scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Miguel A Rea
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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53
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Nikoloudaki G, Brooks S, Peidl AP, Tinney D, Hamilton DW. JNK Signaling as a Key Modulator of Soft Connective Tissue Physiology, Pathology, and Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1015. [PMID: 32033060 PMCID: PMC7037145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, the healing of soft tissues such as skin after pathological insult or post injury follows a relatively predictable and defined series of cell and molecular processes to restore tissue architecture and function(s). Healing progresses through the phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling, and concomitant with re-epithelialization restores barrier function. Soft tissue healing is achieved through the spatiotemporal interplay of multiple different cell types including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells/pericytes, and keratinocytes. Expressed in most cell types, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are signaling molecules associated with the regulation of several cellular processes involved in soft tissue wound healing and in response to cellular stress. A member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family (MAPK), JNKs have been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory cell phenotype, as well as fibroblast, stem/progenitor cell, and epithelial cell biology. In this review, we discuss our understanding of JNKs in the regulation of cell behaviors related to tissue injury, pathology, and wound healing of soft tissues. Using models as diverse as Drosophila, mice, rats, as well as human tissues, research is now defining important, but sometimes conflicting roles for JNKs in the regulation of multiple molecular processes in multiple different cell types central to wound healing processes. In this review, we focus specifically on the role of JNKs in the regulation of cell behavior in the healing of skin, cornea, tendon, gingiva, and dental pulp tissues. We conclude that while parallels can be drawn between some JNK activities and the control of cell behavior in healing, the roles of JNK can also be very specific modes of action depending on the tissue and the phase of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Sarah Brooks
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Alexander P. Peidl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Dylan Tinney
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Douglas W. Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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54
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Kotarba G, Taracha-Wisniewska A, Wilanowski T. Grainyhead-like transcription factors in cancer - Focus on recent developments. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:402-410. [PMID: 32008358 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220903009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of grainyhead-like transcription factors in cancer has been widely investigated by the scientific community. However, some of its aspects do not seem to be adequately appreciated, and these are the topic of our article. In addition to their well-documented role as tumor suppressors, in many cases the grainyhead-like proteins perform tumor-promoting functions, which make them potential drug targets. However, it is difficult to directly target transcription factors, which is why we recommend an alternative approach. The transcriptional transactivation activity of grainyhead-like transcription factors is regulated by phosphorylation, and protein kinases are much more feasible drug targets. Studying the phosphorylation of grainyhead-like proteins may thus allow to identify protein kinases regulating the activity of these factors, and design inhibitors of these kinases to indirectly regulate the activity of grainyhead-like transcription factors. There are many somatic mutations in the GRHL genes that occur during cancer development. These mutations are widely distributed across the GRHL loci, and these mutations are very rare. For this reason, they are unlikely to become targets of future therapies, nevertheless some of them may be driver mutations and studying them may provide important novel information about the regulation of functioning of the GRHL genes and proteins. Analogous information may be obtained by studying single nucleotide polymorphisms in GRHL genes that are associated with disease risk. Such polymorphisms may also prove useful in identifying individuals with an increased risk of a particular disease. Impact statement In the present article, we focus on relatively little appreciated aspects of involvement of the grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors in cancer. These aspects are nevertheless very important for the functioning of GRHL proteins, as well as for cancer development. Some of the GRHL factors perform tumor-promoting functions in certain types of cancer, which makes them potential drug targets. Much information is available about somatic cancer mutations in the GRHL genes, yet there are very few analyses of these mutations in the scientific literature. The activity of GRHL transcription factors is controlled by phosphorylation, and we suggest that regulating their phosphorylation with specific protein kinases provides an alternative approach to modify the activity of GRHL proteins. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GRHL genes are associated with disease risk. Studying such SNPs may yield new information about the functioning of GRHL genes and proteins, and may also allow to identify people with an increased risk of a particular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
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55
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Boivin FJ, Schmidt-Ott KM. Functional roles of Grainyhead-like transcription factors in renal development and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:181-190. [PMID: 30554362 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper renal function relies on the tightly regulated development of nephrons and collecting ducts. This process, known as tubulogenesis, involves dynamic cellular and molecular changes that instruct cells to form highly organized tubes of epithelial cells which compartmentalize the renal interstitium and tubular lumen via assembly of a selective barrier. The integrity and diversity of the various renal epithelia is achieved via formation of intercellular protein complexes along the apical-basal axis of the epithelial cells. In recent years, the evolutionarily conserved family of Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors which encompasses three mammalian family members (Grainyhead-like 1, 2, 3) has emerged as a group of critical regulators for organ development, epithelial differentiation, and barrier formation. Evidence from transgenic animal models supports the presence of Grainyhead-like-dependent transcriptional mechanisms that promote formation and maintenance of epithelial barriers in the kidney. In this review, we highlight different Grhl-dependent mechanisms that modulate epithelial differentiation in the kidney. Additionally, we discuss how disruptions in these mechanisms result in impaired renal function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Boivin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany.
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56
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Meta-Analysis of Grainyhead-Like Dependent Transcriptional Networks: A Roadmap for Identifying Novel Conserved Genetic Pathways. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110876. [PMID: 31683705 PMCID: PMC6896185 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila grainyhead (grh) and vertebrate Grainyhead-like (Grhl) transcription factors are among the most critical genes for epithelial development, maintenance and homeostasis, and are remarkably well conserved from fungi to humans. Mutations affecting grh/Grhl function lead to a myriad of developmental and adult onset epithelial disease, such as aberrant skin barrier formation, facial/palatal clefting, impaired neural tube closure, age-related hearing loss, ectodermal dysplasia, and importantly, cancers of epithelial origin. Recently, mutations in the family member GRHL3 have been shown to lead to both syndromic and non-syndromic facial and palatal clefting in humans, particularly the genetic disorder Van Der Woude Syndrome (VWS), as well as spina bifida, whereas mutations in mammalian Grhl2 lead to exencephaly and facial clefting. As transcription factors, Grhl proteins bind to and activate (or repress) a substantial number of target genes that regulate and drive a cascade of transcriptional networks. A multitude of large-scale datasets have been generated to explore the grh/Grhl-dependent transcriptome, following ablation or mis-regulation of grh/Grhl-function. Here, we have performed a meta-analysis of all 41 currently published grh and Grhl RNA-SEQ, and microarray datasets, in order to identify and characterise the transcriptional networks controlled by grh/Grhl genes across disparate biological contexts. Moreover, we have also cross-referenced our results with published ChIP and ChIP-SEQ datasets, in order to determine which of the critical effector genes are likely to be direct grh/Grhl targets, based on genomic occupancy by grh/Grhl genes. Lastly, to interrogate the predictive strength of our approach, we experimentally validated the expression of the top 10 candidate grhl target genes in epithelial development, in a zebrafish model lacking grhl3, and found that orthologues of seven of these (cldn23, ppl, prom2, ocln, slc6a19, aldh1a3, and sod3) were significantly down-regulated at 48 hours post-fertilisation. Therefore, our study provides a strong predictive resource for the identification of putative grh/grhl effector target genes.
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57
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The RIPK4-IRF6 signalling axis safeguards epidermal differentiation and barrier function. Nature 2019; 574:249-253. [PMID: 31578523 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the mammalian epidermis depends on a balance of proliferation and differentiation in the resident population of stem cells1. The kinase RIPK4 and the transcription factor IRF6 are mutated in severe developmental syndromes in humans, and mice lacking these genes display epidermal hyperproliferation and soft-tissue fusions that result in neonatal lethality2-5. Our understanding of how these genes control epidermal differentiation is incomplete. Here we show that the role of RIPK4 in mouse development requires its kinase activity; that RIPK4 and IRF6 expressed in the epidermis regulate the same biological processes; and that the phosphorylation of IRF6 at Ser413 and Ser424 primes IRF6 for activation. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), histone chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) of skin in wild-type and IRF6-deficient mouse embryos, we define the transcriptional programs that are regulated by IRF6 during epidermal differentiation. IRF6 was enriched at bivalent promoters, and IRF6 deficiency caused defective expression of genes that are involved in the metabolism of lipids and the formation of tight junctions. Accordingly, the lipid composition of the stratum corneum of Irf6-/- skin was abnormal, culminating in a severe defect in the function of the epidermal barrier. Collectively, our results explain how RIPK4 and IRF6 function to ensure the integrity of the epidermis and provide mechanistic insights into why developmental syndromes that are characterized by orofacial, skin and genital abnormalities result when this axis goes awry.
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HNRNPK maintains epidermal progenitor function through transcription of proliferation genes and degrading differentiation promoting mRNAs. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4198. [PMID: 31519929 PMCID: PMC6744489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of high-turnover tissues such as the epidermis requires a balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular mechanisms governing this process are an area of investigation. Here we show that HNRNPK, a multifunctional protein, is necessary to prevent premature differentiation and sustains the proliferative capacity of epidermal stem and progenitor cells. To prevent premature differentiation of progenitor cells, HNRNPK is necessary for DDX6 to bind a subset of mRNAs that code for transcription factors that promote differentiation. Upon binding, these mRNAs such as GRHL3, KLF4, and ZNF750 are degraded through the mRNA degradation pathway, which prevents premature differentiation. To sustain the proliferative capacity of the epidermis, HNRNPK is necessary for RNA Polymerase II binding to proliferation/self-renewal genes such as MYC, CYR61, FGFBP1, EGFR, and cyclins to promote their expression. Our study establishes a prominent role for HNRNPK in maintaining adult tissue self-renewal through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Maintenance of high turnover in tissues such as epidermis requires balance between proliferation and differentiation. Here the authors show that HNRNPK promotes RNA Polymerase II binding to proliferation and self-renewal genes as well as degradation of differentiation promoting mRNAs together with DDX6 in epidermis.
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59
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Miao Q, Hill MC, Chen F, Mo Q, Ku AT, Ramos C, Sock E, Lefebvre V, Nguyen H. SOX11 and SOX4 drive the reactivation of an embryonic gene program during murine wound repair. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4042. [PMID: 31492871 PMCID: PMC6731344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury induces changes in cellular identity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we show that upon damage in a mouse model, epidermal cells at the wound edge convert to an embryonic-like state, altering particularly the cytoskeletal/extracellular matrix (ECM) components and differentiation program. We show that SOX11 and its closest relative SOX4 dictate embryonic epidermal state, regulating genes involved in epidermal development as well as cytoskeletal/ECM organization. Correspondingly, postnatal induction of SOX11 represses epidermal terminal differentiation while deficiency of Sox11 and Sox4 accelerates differentiation and dramatically impairs cell motility and re-epithelialization. Amongst the embryonic genes reactivated at the wound edge, we identify fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) as a critical direct target of SOX11 and SOX4 regulating cell migration. Our study identifies the reactivated embryonic gene program during wound repair and demonstrates that SOX11 and SOX4 play a central role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Miao
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Amy T Ku
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Surgery/Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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60
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Ming Q, Roske Y, Schuetz A, Walentin K, Ibraimi I, Schmidt-Ott KM, Heinemann U. Structural basis of gene regulation by the Grainyhead/CP2 transcription factor family. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2082-2095. [PMID: 29309642 PMCID: PMC5829564 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grainyhead (Grh)/CP2 transcription factors are highly conserved in multicellular organisms as key regulators of epithelial differentiation, organ development and skin barrier formation. In addition, they have been implicated as being tumor suppressors in a variety of human cancers. Despite their physiological importance, little is known about their structure and DNA binding mode. Here, we report the first structural study of mammalian Grh/CP2 factors. Crystal structures of the DNA-binding domains of grainyhead-like (Grhl) 1 and Grhl2 reveal a closely similar conformation with immunoglobulin-like core. Both share a common fold with the tumor suppressor p53, but differ in important structural features. The Grhl1 DNA-binding domain binds duplex DNA containing the consensus recognition element in a dimeric arrangement, supporting parsimonious target-sequence selection through two conserved arginine residues. We elucidate the molecular basis of a cancer-related mutation in Grhl1 involving one of these arginines, which completely abrogates DNA binding in biochemical assays and transcriptional activation of a reporter gene in a human cell line. Thus, our studies establish the structural basis of DNA target-site recognition by Grh transcription factors and reveal how tumor-associated mutations inactivate Grhl proteins. They may serve as points of departure for the structure-based development of Grh/CP2 inhibitors for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ming
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Roske
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Walentin
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibraim Ibraimi
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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61
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Reese RM, Harrison MM, Alarid ET. Grainyhead-like Protein 2: The Emerging Role in Hormone-Dependent Cancers and Epigenetics. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1275-1288. [PMID: 30958537 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the grainyhead-like transcription factor (GRHL) family is composed of three nuclear proteins that are responsible for driving epithelial cell fate: GRHL1, GRHL2, and GRHL3. GRHL2 is important in maintaining proper tubulogenesis during development and in suppressing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Within the last decade, evidence indicates both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic roles for GRHL2 in various types of cancers. Recent studies suggest that GRHL2 may be especially important in hormone-dependent cancers, as correlative relationships exist between GRHL2 and various steroid receptors, such as the androgen and estrogen receptors. Acting as a pioneer factor and coactivator, GRHL2 may directly affect steroid receptor transcriptional activity. This review will highlight recent discoveries of GRHL2 activity in cancer and in maintaining the epithelial state, while also exploring recent literature on the role of GRHL2 in hormone-dependent cancers and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa M Harrison
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Schield DR, Card DC, Hales NR, Perry BW, Pasquesi GM, Blackmon H, Adams RH, Corbin AB, Smith CF, Ramesh B, Demuth JP, Betrán E, Tollis M, Meik JM, Mackessy SP, Castoe TA. The origins and evolution of chromosomes, dosage compensation, and mechanisms underlying venom regulation in snakes. Genome Res 2019; 29:590-601. [PMID: 30898880 PMCID: PMC6442385 DOI: 10.1101/gr.240952.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Here we use a chromosome-level genome assembly of a prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), together with Hi-C, RNA-seq, and whole-genome resequencing data, to study key features of genome biology and evolution in reptiles. We identify the rattlesnake Z Chromosome, including the recombining pseudoautosomal region, and find evidence for partial dosage compensation driven by an evolutionary accumulation of a female-biased up-regulation mechanism. Comparative analyses with other amniotes provide new insight into the origins, structure, and function of reptile microchromosomes, which we demonstrate have markedly different structure and function compared to macrochromosomes. Snake microchromosomes are also enriched for venom genes, which we show have evolved through multiple tandem duplication events in multiple gene families. By overlaying chromatin structure information and gene expression data, we find evidence for venom gene-specific chromatin contact domains and identify how chromatin structure guides precise expression of multiple venom gene families. Further, we find evidence for venom gland-specific transcription factor activity and characterize a complement of mechanisms underlying venom production and regulation. Our findings reveal novel and fundamental features of reptile genome biology, provide insight into the regulation of snake venom, and broadly highlight the biological insight enabled by chromosome-level genome assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Schield
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Daren C Card
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Nicole R Hales
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Blair W Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Giulia M Pasquesi
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Heath Blackmon
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Richard H Adams
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Andrew B Corbin
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Cara F Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639, USA
| | - Balan Ramesh
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Jeffery P Demuth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Esther Betrán
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Marc Tollis
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Jesse M Meik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas 76402, USA
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
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63
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Traylor-Knowles N. Heat stress compromises epithelial integrity in the coral, Acropora hyacinthus. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6510. [PMID: 30828497 PMCID: PMC6396749 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that heat stress causes bleaching in corals. Much work has focused on the way heat stress disrupts corals’ symbiotic relationship with endosymbiotic algal dinoflagellate, Symbiodiniaceae, a process called bleaching. However, the damage to the coral tissue that occurs during the bleaching process and, importantly, the factors that contribute to subsequent recovery, are not well understood. I hypothesize that the host tissue damage created by heat stress initiates cascades of wound healing factors that maintain epithelial integrity. These factors may be found to contribute to the coral’s potential capacity to recover. In this study, I present evidence that heat stress causes damage to the coral host tissue and that collagen is present in the gastrodermis of heat-stressed corals. I found that, during the early stages of bleaching, an important transcription factor for wound healing, Grainyhead, is expressed throughout the gastrodermis, where the cellular and tissue rearrangements occur. Lastly, using phylogenetics, I found that cnidarian Grainyhead proteins evolved three distinct groups and that evolution of this protein family likely happened within each taxonomic group. These findings have important implications for our study of coral resiliency in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Traylor-Knowles
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL, United States of America
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Reynolds K, Kumari P, Sepulveda Rincon L, Gu R, Ji Y, Kumar S, Zhou CJ. Wnt signaling in orofacial clefts: crosstalk, pathogenesis and models. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/2/dmm037051. [PMID: 30760477 PMCID: PMC6398499 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse signaling cues and attendant proteins work together during organogenesis, including craniofacial development. Lip and palate formation starts as early as the fourth week of gestation in humans or embryonic day 9.5 in mice. Disruptions in these early events may cause serious consequences, such as orofacial clefts, mainly cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Morphogenetic Wnt signaling, along with other signaling pathways and transcription regulation mechanisms, plays crucial roles during embryonic development, yet the signaling mechanisms and interactions in lip and palate formation and fusion remain poorly understood. Various Wnt signaling and related genes have been associated with orofacial clefts. This Review discusses the role of Wnt signaling and its crosstalk with cell adhesion molecules, transcription factors, epigenetic regulators and other morphogenetic signaling pathways, including the Bmp, Fgf, Tgfβ, Shh and retinoic acid pathways, in orofacial clefts in humans and animal models, which may provide a better understanding of these disorders and could be applied towards prevention and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lessly Sepulveda Rincon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA .,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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De Castro SCP, Gustavsson P, Marshall AR, Gordon WM, Galea G, Nikolopoulou E, Savery D, Rolo A, Stanier P, Andersen B, Copp AJ, Greene NDE. Overexpression of Grainyhead-like 3 causes spina bifida and interacts genetically with mutant alleles of Grhl2 and Vangl2 in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:4218-4230. [PMID: 30189017 PMCID: PMC6276835 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of human neural tube defects (NTDs), such as anencephaly and spina bifida (SB), is complex and heterogeneous. Grainyhead-like genes represent candidates for involvement in NTDs based on the presence of SB and exencephaly in mice carrying loss-of-function alleles of Grhl2 or Grhl3. We found that reinstatement of Grhl3 expression, by bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated transgenesis, prevents SB in Grhl3-null embryos, as in the Grhl3 hypomorphic curly tail strain. Notably, however, further increase in expression of Grhl3 causes highly penetrant SB. Grhl3 overexpression recapitulates the spinal NTD phenotype of loss-of-function embryos, although the underlying mechanism differs. However, it does not phenocopy other defects of Grhl3-null embryos such as abnormal axial curvature, cranial NTDs (exencephaly) or skin barrier defects, the latter being rescued by the Grhl3-transgene. Grhl2 and Grhl3 can form homodimers and heterodimers, suggesting a possible model in which defects arising from overexpression of Grhl3 result from sequestration of Grhl2 in heterodimers, mimicking Grhl2 loss of function. This hypothesis predicts that increased abundance of Grhl2 would have an ameliorating effect in Grhl3 overexpressing embryo. Instead, we observed a striking additive genetic interaction between Grhl2 and Grhl3 gain-of-function alleles. Severe SB arose in embryos in which both genes were expressed at moderately elevated levels that individually do not cause NTDs. Furthermore, moderate Grhl3 overexpression also interacted with the Vangl2Lp allele to cause SB, demonstrating genetic interaction with the planar cell polarity signalling pathway that is implicated in mouse and human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C P De Castro
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Gustavsson
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abigail R Marshall
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - William M Gordon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Galea
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Evanthia Nikolopoulou
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dawn Savery
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Rolo
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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66
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Kersbergen A, Best SA, Dworkin S, Ah-Cann C, de Vries ME, Asselin-Labat ML, Ritchie ME, Jane SM, Sutherland KD. Lung morphogenesis is orchestrated through Grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2) transcriptional programs. Dev Biol 2018; 443:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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67
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Loss of GRHL3 leads to TARC/CCL17-mediated keratinocyte proliferation in the epidermis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1072. [PMID: 30341279 PMCID: PMC6195598 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying soluble factors that influence epidermal integrity is critical for the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies for disorders such as ichthyosis, psoriasis, dermatitis and epidermal cancers. The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) is essential for maintaining barrier integrity and preventing development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); however, how loss of this factor, which in the skin is expressed exclusively within suprabasal epidermal layers triggers proliferation of basal keratinocytes, had thus far remained elusive. Our present study identifies thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) as a novel soluble chemokine mediator of keratinocyte proliferation following loss of GRHL3. Knockdown of GRHL3 in human keratinocytes showed that of 42 cytokines examined, TARC was the only significantly upregulated chemokine. Mouse skin lacking Grhl3 presented an inflammatory response with hallmarks of TARC activation, including heightened induction of blood clotting, increased infiltration of mast cells and pro-inflammatory T cells, increased expression of the pro-proliferative/pro-inflammatory markers CD3 and pSTAT3, and significantly elevated basal keratinocyte proliferation. Treatment of skin cultures lacking Grhl3 with the broad spectrum anti-inflammatory 5-aminosalicylic acid (5ASA) partially restored epidermal differentiation, indicating that abnormal keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation balance is a key driver of barrier dysfunction following loss of Grhl3, and providing a promising therapeutic avenue in the treatment of GRHL3-mediated epidermal disorders.
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68
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Neglected Functions of TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 Transcription Factors May Offer Valuable Insights into Their Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102852. [PMID: 30241344 PMCID: PMC6213935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the TFCP2 (transcription factor cellular promoter 2)/TFCP2L1 (TFCP2-like 1)/UBP1 (upstream binding protein 1) subfamily of transcription factors has been attracting increasing attention in the scientific community. These factors are very important in cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and other human conditions, and they can be attractive targets for drug development. However, the interpretation of experimental results is complicated, as in principle, any of these factors could substitute for the lack of another. Thus, studying their hitherto little known functions should enhance our understanding of mechanisms of their functioning, and analogous mechanisms might govern their functioning in medically relevant contexts. For example, there are numerous parallels between placental development and cancer growth; therefore, investigating the roles of TFCP2, TFCP2L1, and UBP1 in the placenta may help us better understand their functioning in cancer, as is evidenced by the studies of various other proteins and pathways. Our review article aims to call the attention of the scientific community to these neglected functions, and encourage further research in this field. Here, we present a systematic review of current knowledge of the TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 subfamily in reproduction, embryonic development, renal function, blood-pressure regulation, brain function, and other processes, where their involvement has not been studied much until now.
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69
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Cristo I, Carvalho L, Ponte S, Jacinto A. Novel role for Grainy head in the regulation of cytoskeletal and junctional dynamics during epithelial repair. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213595. [PMID: 30131442 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair is critical for the maintenance of epithelial integrity and permeability. Simple epithelial repair relies on a combination of collective cell movements and the action of a contractile actomyosin cable at the wound edge that together promote the fast and efficient closure of tissue discontinuities. The Grainy head family of transcription factors (Grh in flies; GRHL1-GRHL3 in mammals) are essential proteins that have been implicated both in the development and repair of epithelia. However, the genes and the molecular mechanisms that it controls remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Grh knockdown disrupts actomyosin dynamics upon injury of the Drosophila pupa epithelial tissue. This leads to the formation of an ectopic actomyosin cable away from the wound edge and impaired wound closure. We also uncovered that E-Cadherin is downregulated in the Grh-depleted tissue around the wound, likely as a consequence of Dorsal (an NF-κB protein) misregulation, which also affects actomyosin cable formation. Our work highlights the importance of Grh as a stress response factor and its central role in the maintenance of epithelial characteristics necessary for tissue repair through regulating cytoskeleton and E-Cadherin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cristo
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lara Carvalho
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Ponte
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Jacinto
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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70
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Park SH, Lee CW, Lee JH, Park JY, Roshandell M, Brennan CA, Choe KM. Requirement for and polarized localization of integrin proteins during Drosophila wound closure. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2137-2147. [PMID: 29995573 PMCID: PMC6249799 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound reepithelialization is an evolutionarily conserved process in which skin cells migrate as sheets to heal the breach and is critical to prevent infection but impaired in chronic wounds. Integrin heterodimers mediate attachment between epithelia and underlying extracellular matrix and also act in large signaling complexes. The complexity of the mammalian wound environment and evident redundancy among integrins has impeded determination of their specific contributions to reepithelialization. Taking advantage of the genetic tools and smaller number of integrins in Drosophila, we undertook a systematic in vivo analysis of integrin requirements in the reepithelialization of skin wounds in the larva. We identify αPS2-βPS and αPS3-βPS as the crucial integrin dimers and talin as the only integrin adhesion component required for reepithelialization. The integrins rapidly accumulate in a JNK-dependent manner in a few rows of cells surrounding a wound. Intriguingly, the integrins localize to the distal margin in these cells, instead of the frontal or lamellipodial distribution expected for proteins providing traction and recruit nonmuscle myosin II to the same location. These findings indicate that signaling roles of integrins may be important for epithelial polarization around wounds and lay the groundwork for using Drosophila to better understand integrin contributions to reepithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyoung Park
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Chan-wool Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Mobina Roshandell
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831
| | - Catherine A. Brennan
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831
| | - Kwang-Min Choe
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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71
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Paupe V, Prudent J. New insights into the role of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:75-86. [PMID: 28495532 PMCID: PMC5930976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles involved in numerous physiological functions. Beyond their function in ATP production, mitochondria regulate cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, immunity and metabolism. Mitochondria also play a key role in the buffering of cytosolic calcium, and calcium transported into the matrix regulates mitochondrial metabolism. Recently, the identification of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and associated regulators has allowed the characterization of new physiological roles for calcium in both mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. Indeed, recent work has highlighted the importance of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in regulating cell migration. Cell migration is a property common to all metazoans and is critical to embryogenesis, cancer progression, wound-healing and immune surveillance. Previous work has established that cytoplasmic calcium is a key regulator of cell migration, as oscillations in cytosolic calcium activate cytoskeletal remodelling, actin contraction and focal adhesion (FA) turnover necessary for cell movement. Recent work using animal models and in cellulo experiments to genetically modulate MCU and partners have shed new light on the role of mitochondrial calcium dynamics in cytoskeletal remodelling through the modulation of ATP and ROS production, as well as intracellular calcium signalling. This review focuses on MCU and its regulators in cell migration during physiological and pathophysiological processes including development and cancer. We also present hypotheses to explain the molecular mechanisms by which MCU may regulate mitochondrial dynamics and motility to drive cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Paupe
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
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72
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Krzywinska E, Zorawski MD, Taracha A, Kotarba G, Kikulska A, Mlacki M, Kwiatkowska K, Wilanowski T. Threonine 454 phosphorylation in Grainyhead-like 3 is important for its function and regulation by the p38 MAPK pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1002-1011. [PMID: 29702134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) transcription factor is essential for epithelial development and plays a protective role against squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and of the oral cavity. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in GRHL3, rs141193530 (p.P455A), is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer in human patients. Moreover, it is known that this SNP, as well as another variant, rs41268753 (p.T454M), are associated with nonsyndromic cleft palate and that rs41268753 negatively affects GRHL3 transcriptional activity. These SNPs are located in adjacent codons of the GRHL3 gene, and the occurrence of either SNP abolishes a putative threonine-proline phosphorylation motif at T454 in the encoded protein. The role of phosphorylation in regulating mammalian GRHL function is currently unknown. In this work we show that GRHL3 is phosphorylated at several residues in a human keratinocyte cell line, among them at T454. This site is essential for the full transcriptional activity of GRHL3. The T454 residue is phosphorylated by p38 MAPK in vitro and activation of p38 signaling in cells causes an increase in GRHL3 activity. The regulation of GRHL3 function by this pathway is dependent on T454, as the substitution of T454 with methionine inhibits the activation of GRHL3. Taken together, our results show that T454 is one of the phosphorylated residues in GRHL3 in keratinocytes and this residue is important for the upregulation of GRHL3 transcriptional activity by the p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Krzywinska
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Dominick Zorawski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Taracha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kotarba
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kikulska
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mlacki
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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73
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Gillen AE, Yang R, Cotton CU, Perez A, Randell SH, Leir SH, Harris A. Molecular characterization of gene regulatory networks in primary human tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17:444-453. [PMID: 29459038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust methods to culture primary airway epithelial cells were developed several decades ago and these cells provide the model of choice to investigate many diseases of the human lung. However, the molecular signature of cells from different regions of the airway epithelium has not been well characterized. METHODS We utilize DNase-seq and RNA-seq to examine the molecular signatures of primary cells derived from human tracheal and bronchial tissues, as well as healthy and diseased (cystic fibrosis (CF)) donor lung tissue. RESULTS Our data reveal an airway cell signature that is divergent from other epithelial cell types and from common airway epithelial cell lines. The differences between tracheal and bronchial cells are clearly evident as are common regulatory features. Only minor variation is seen between bronchial cells from healthy or CF donors. CONCLUSIONS These data are a valuable resource for functional genomics analysis of airway epithelial tissues in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin E Gillen
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, IL, 60614, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Rui Yang
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, IL, 60614, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Calvin U Cotton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Aura Perez
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Shih-Hsing Leir
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, IL, 60614, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Ann Harris
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, IL, 60614, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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74
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Neural tube closure depends on expression of Grainyhead-like 3 in multiple tissues. Dev Biol 2018; 435:130-137. [PMID: 29397878 PMCID: PMC5854268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Failure of neural tube closure leads to neural tube defects (NTDs), common congenital abnormalities in humans. Among the genes whose loss of function causes NTDs in mice, Grainyhead-like3 (Grhl3) is essential for spinal neural tube closure, with null mutants exhibiting fully penetrant spina bifida. During spinal neurulation Grhl3 is initially expressed in the surface (non-neural) ectoderm, subsequently in the neuroepithelial component of the neural folds and at the node-streak border, and finally in the hindgut endoderm. Here, we show that endoderm-specific knockout of Grhl3 causes late-arising spinal NTDs, preceded by increased ventral curvature of the caudal region which was shown previously to suppress closure of the spinal neural folds. This finding supports the hypothesis that diminished Grhl3 expression in the hindgut is the cause of spinal NTDs in the curly tail, carrying a hypomorphic Grhl3 allele. Complete loss of Grhl3 function produces a more severe phenotype in which closure fails earlier in neurulation, before the stage of onset of expression in the hindgut of wild-type embryos. This implicates additional tissues and NTD mechanisms in Grhl3 null embryos. Conditional knockout of Grhl3 in the neural plate and node-streak border has minimal effect on closure, suggesting that abnormal function of surface ectoderm, where Grhl3 transcripts are first detected, is primarily responsible for early failure of spinal neurulation in Grhl3 null embryos. Conditional knockout of Grhl3 in the hindgut causes spinal NTDs owing to incomplete closure of the posterior neuropore late in spinal neurulation. On the other hand, closure fails early in spinal neurulation in Grhl3 null embryos, prior to the normal stage of hindgut expression. Stage-dependent analysis of Grhl3 expression implicates the non-neural ectoderm in the early failure of closure. Grhl3 is also expressed in neural plate and neuromesodermal precursors, but knock-out in these tissues does not cause NTDs.
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75
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Miles LB, Darido C, Kaslin J, Heath JK, Jane SM, Dworkin S. Mis-expression of grainyhead-like transcription factors in zebrafish leads to defects in enveloping layer (EVL) integrity, cellular morphogenesis and axial extension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17607. [PMID: 29242584 PMCID: PMC5730563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The grainyhead-like (grhl) transcription factors play crucial roles in craniofacial development, epithelial morphogenesis, neural tube closure, and dorso-ventral patterning. By utilising the zebrafish to differentially regulate expression of family members grhl2b and grhl3, we show that both genes regulate epithelial migration, particularly convergence-extension (CE) type movements, during embryogenesis. Genetic deletion of grhl3 via CRISPR/Cas9 results in failure to complete epiboly and pre-gastrulation embryonic rupture, whereas morpholino (MO)-mediated knockdown of grhl3 signalling leads to aberrant neural tube morphogenesis at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB), a phenotype likely due to a compromised overlying enveloping layer (EVL). Further disruptions of grhl3-dependent pathways (through co-knockdown of grhl3 with target genes spec1 and arhgef19) confirm significant MHB morphogenesis and neural tube closure defects. Concomitant MO-mediated disruption of both grhl2b and grhl3 results in further extensive CE-like defects in body patterning, notochord and somite morphogenesis. Interestingly, over-expression of either grhl2b or grhl3 also leads to numerous phenotypes consistent with disrupted cellular migration during gastrulation, including embryo dorsalisation, axial duplication and impaired neural tube migration leading to cyclopia. Taken together, our study ascribes novel roles to the Grhl family in the context of embryonic development and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee B Miles
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Charbel Darido
- The Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Jan Kaslin
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Joan K Heath
- Department of Chemical Biology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia.,Department of Hematology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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76
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Noutsou M, Li J, Ling J, Jones J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Sen GL. The Cohesin Complex Is Necessary for Epidermal Progenitor Cell Function through Maintenance of Self-Renewal Genes. Cell Rep 2017; 20:3005-3013. [PMID: 28954219 PMCID: PMC5683098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem and progenitor cells are critical for replenishing lost tissue due to injury or normal turnover. How these cells maintain self-renewal and sustain the tissue they populate are areas of active investigation. Here, we show that the cohesin complex, which has previously been implicated in regulating chromosome segregation and gene expression, is necessary to promote epidermal stem and progenitor cell self-renewal through cell-autonomous mechanisms. Cohesin binds to genomic sites associated with open chromatin, including DNase-I-hypersensitive sites, RNA polymerase II, and histone marks such as H3K27ac and H3K4me3. Reduced cohesin expression results in spontaneous epidermal differentiation due to loss of open chromatin structure and expression of key self-renewal genes. Our results demonstrate a prominent role for cohesin in modulating chromatin structure to allow for enforcement of a stem and progenitor cell gene expression program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Noutsou
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jackson Jones
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA.
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77
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Nikolopoulou E, Galea GL, Rolo A, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Neural tube closure: cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms. Development 2017; 144:552-566. [PMID: 28196803 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube closure has been studied for many decades, across a range of vertebrates, as a paradigm of embryonic morphogenesis. Neurulation is of particular interest in view of the severe congenital malformations - 'neural tube defects' - that result when closure fails. The process of neural tube closure is complex and involves cellular events such as convergent extension, apical constriction and interkinetic nuclear migration, as well as precise molecular control via the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway, Shh/BMP signalling, and the transcription factors Grhl2/3, Pax3, Cdx2 and Zic2. More recently, biomechanical inputs into neural tube morphogenesis have also been identified. Here, we review these cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms involved in neural tube closure, based on studies of various vertebrate species, focusing on the most recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Nikolopoulou
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ana Rolo
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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78
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Boivin FJ, Schmidt-Ott KM. Transcriptional mechanisms coordinating tight junction assembly during epithelial differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017. [PMID: 28636799 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues form a selective barrier via direct cell-cell interactions to separate and establish concentration gradients between the different compartments of the body. Proper function and formation of this barrier rely on the establishment of distinct intercellular junction complexes. These complexes include tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. The tight junction is by far the most diverse junctional complex in the epithelial barrier. Its composition varies greatly across different epithelial tissues to confer various barrier properties. Thus, epithelial cells rely on tightly regulated transcriptional mechanisms to ensure proper formation of the epithelial barrier and to achieve tight junction diversity. Here, we review different transcriptional mechanisms utilized during embryogenesis and disease development to promote tight junction assembly and maintenance of intercellular barrier integrity. We focus particularly on the Grainyhead-like transcription factors and ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptors, two central families of proteins in epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Boivin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
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79
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Nagarajan S, Bedi U, Budida A, Hamdan FH, Mishra VK, Najafova Z, Xie W, Alawi M, Indenbirken D, Knapp S, Chiang CM, Grundhoff A, Kari V, Scheel CH, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA. BRD4 promotes p63 and GRHL3 expression downstream of FOXO in mammary epithelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3130-3145. [PMID: 27980063 PMCID: PMC5389510 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is a member of the bromo- and extraterminal (BET) domain-containing family of epigenetic readers which is under intensive investigation as a target for anti-tumor therapy. BRD4 plays a central role in promoting the expression of select subsets of genes including many driven by oncogenic transcription factors and signaling pathways. However, the role of BRD4 and the effects of BET inhibitors in non-transformed cells remain mostly unclear. We demonstrate that BRD4 is required for the maintenance of a basal epithelial phenotype by regulating the expression of epithelial-specific genes including TP63 and Grainy Head-like transcription factor-3 (GRHL3) in non-transformed basal-like mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, BRD4 occupancy correlates with enhancer activity and enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcription. Motif analyses of cell context-specific BRD4-enriched regions predicted the involvement of FOXO transcription factors. Consistently, activation of FOXO1 function via inhibition of EGFR-AKT signaling promoted the expression of TP63 and GRHL3. Moreover, activation of Src kinase signaling and FOXO1 inhibition decreased the expression of FOXO/BRD4 target genes. Together, our findings support a function for BRD4 in promoting basal mammary cell epithelial differentiation, at least in part, by regulating FOXO factor function on enhancers to activate TP63 and GRHL3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankari Nagarajan
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Upasana Bedi
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anusha Budida
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Feda H Hamdan
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vivek Kumar Mishra
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zeynab Najafova
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wanhua Xie
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt 60323, Germany
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vijayalakshmi Kari
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina H Scheel
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center for Health and Environmental Research Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steven A Johnsen
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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80
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Wingen A, Carrera P, Ekaterini Psathaki O, Voelzmann A, Paululat A, Hoch M. Debris buster is a Drosophila scavenger receptor essential for airway physiology. Dev Biol 2017; 430:52-68. [PMID: 28821389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors class B (SR-B) are multifunctional transmembrane proteins, which in vertebrates participate in lipid transport, pathogen clearance, lysosomal delivery and intracellular sorting. Drosophila has 14 SR-B members whose functions are still largely unknown. Here, we reveal a novel role for the SR-B family member Debris buster (Dsb) in Drosophila airway physiology. Larvae lacking dsb show yeast avoidance behavior, hypoxia, and severe growth defects associated with impaired elongation and integrity along the airways. Furthermore, in dsb mutant embryos, the barrier function of the posterior spiracles, which are critical for gas exchange, is not properly established and liquid clearance is locally impaired at the spiracular lumen. We found that Dsb is specifically expressed in a group of distal epithelial cells of the posterior spiracle organ and not throughout the entire airways. Furthermore, tissue-specific knockdown and rescue experiments demonstrate that Dsb function in the airways is only required in the posterior spiracles. Dsb localizes in intracellular vesicles, and a subset of these associate with lysosomes. However, we found that depletion of proteins involved in vesicular transport to the apical membrane, but not in lysosomal function, causes dsb-like airway elongation defects. We propose a model in which Dsb sorts components of the apical extracellular matrix which are essential for airway physiology. Since SR-B LIMP2-deficient mice show reduced expression of several apical plasma membrane proteins, sorting of proteins to the apical membrane is likely an evolutionary conserved function of Dsb and LIMP2. Our data provide insights into a spatially confined function of the SR-B Dsb in intracellular trafficking critical for the physiology of the whole tubular airway network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Wingen
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pilar Carrera
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Olympia Ekaterini Psathaki
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany; EM Unit, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - André Voelzmann
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hoch
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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81
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Yao L, Wang S, Westholm JO, Dai Q, Matsuda R, Hosono C, Bray S, Lai EC, Samakovlis C. Genome-wide identification of Grainy head targets in Drosophila reveals regulatory interactions with the POU domain transcription factor Vvl. Development 2017; 144:3145-3155. [PMID: 28760809 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Grainy head (Grh) is a conserved transcription factor (TF) controlling epithelial differentiation and regeneration. To elucidate Grh functions we identified embryonic Grh targets by ChIP-seq and gene expression analysis. We show that Grh controls hundreds of target genes. Repression or activation correlates with the distance of Grh-binding sites to the transcription start sites of its targets. Analysis of 54 Grh-responsive enhancers during development and upon wounding suggests cooperation with distinct TFs in different contexts. In the airways, Grh-repressed genes encode key TFs involved in branching and cell differentiation. Reduction of the POU domain TF Ventral veins lacking (Vvl) largely ameliorates the airway morphogenesis defects of grh mutants. Vvl and Grh proteins additionally interact with each other and regulate a set of common enhancers during epithelial morphogenesis. We conclude that Grh and Vvl participate in a regulatory network controlling epithelial maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shenqiu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, Box 252, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jakub O Westholm
- Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, Box 252, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 232, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, Box 252, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryo Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chie Hosono
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Bray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Eric C Lai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, Box 252, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S10691, Stockholm, Sweden .,Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 232, 171 21 Solna, Sweden.,Molecular Pneumology, UGMLC, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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82
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Carpinelli MR, de Vries ME, Jane SM, Dworkin S. Grainyhead-like Transcription Factors in Craniofacial Development. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1200-1209. [PMID: 28697314 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517719264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development in vertebrates involves the coordinated growth, migration, and fusion of several facial prominences during embryogenesis, processes governed by strict genetic and molecular controls. A failure in any of the precise spatiotemporal sequences of events leading to prominence fusion often leads to anomalous facial, skull, and jaw formation-conditions termed craniofacial defects (CFDs). Affecting approximately 0.1% to 0.3% of live births, CFDs are a highly heterogeneous class of developmental anomalies, which are often underpinned by genetic mutations. Therefore, identifying novel disease-causing mutations in genes that regulate craniofacial development is a critical prerequisite to develop new preventive or therapeutic measures. The Grainyhead-like ( GRHL) transcription factors are one such gene family, performing evolutionarily conserved roles in craniofacial patterning. The antecedent member of this family, Drosophila grainyhead ( grh), is required for head skeleton development in fruit flies, loss or mutation of Grhl family members in mouse and zebrafish models leads to defects of both maxilla and mandible, and recently, mutations in human GRHL3 have been shown to cause or contribute to both syndromic (Van Der Woude syndrome) and nonsyndromic palatal clefts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the craniofacial-specific function of the Grainyhead-like family in multiple model species, identify some of the major target genes regulated by the Grhl transcription factors in craniofacial patterning, and, by examining animal models, draw inferences as to how these data will inform the likely roles of GRHL factors in human CFDs comprising palatal clefting. By understanding the molecular networks regulated by Grhl2 and Grhl3 target genes in other systems, we can propose likely pathways that mediate the effects of these transcription factors in human palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Carpinelli
- 1 Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - M E de Vries
- 2 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - S M Jane
- 1 Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - S Dworkin
- 2 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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83
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Miyai M, Tsunekage Y, Saito M, Kohno K, Takahashi K, Kataoka K. Ectopic expression of the transcription factor MafB in basal keratinocytes induces hyperproliferation and perturbs epidermal homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1039-1045. [PMID: 28418611 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian epidermis is composed of four morphologically and functionally distinct layers of keratinocytes. The innermost basal layer consists of proliferating self-renewing keratinocytes, which also undergo asymmetric cell division to differentiate into postmitotic suprabasal cells throughout life. Control of the balance between growth and differentiation of basal cells is important for epidermal homeostasis to prevent skin disorders including malignancies; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Recently, MafB was identified as one of the transcription factors that regulate epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. MafB is expressed in postmitotic differentiating keratinocytes, and epidermal differentiation is partially impaired in MafB-deficient mice. To further establish the roles of MafB in the epidermis in vivo, we generated mice transgenic for MafB under the control of the basal cell-specific keratin (Krt) 14 promoter. In the epidermis of transgenic mice at embryonic day 18.5, the number of proliferating Krt14-positive basal-like cells was increased, and the granular and cornified layers were thickened. Furthermore, these MafB transgenic mice developed papillomas spontaneously with age. Therefore, MafB promotes differentiation in postmitotic keratinocytes and simultaneously has potential to promote growth when ectopically expressed in undifferentiated basal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miyai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yukino Tsunekage
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiko Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kenzo Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kataoka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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84
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Goossens S, Vandamme N, Van Vlierberghe P, Berx G. EMT transcription factors in cancer development re-evaluated: Beyond EMT and MET. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:584-591. [PMID: 28669750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of an embryonic epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) program is commonly accepted as a core component of carcinoma progression. Collectively, EMT and transcription factors (EMT-TFs) of the ZEB, SNAIL and TWIST families are quoted in the same breath for nearly 20years. Recent work on these EMT-TFs has extended their scope, and their typical definition as EMT-inducing factors has become out-of-date. New insights have warranted a re-evaluation of these transcription factors and their pleiotropic functions in physiological and pathological conditions, not solely limited to cell invasion and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Goossens
- Molecular Cellular Oncology Lab, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.; Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Molecular Cellular Oncology Lab, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.; Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.; Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular Cellular Oncology Lab, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium..
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85
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Youssef M, Cuddihy A, Darido C. Long-Lived Epidermal Cancer-Initiating Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1369. [PMID: 28654000 PMCID: PMC5535862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanomatous skin cancers (NMSCs), which include basal and squamous cell carcinoma (BCC and SCC respectively), represent a significant burden on the population, as well as an economic load to the health care system; yet treatments of these preventable cancers remain ineffective. Studies estimate that there has been a 2-fold increase in the incidence of NMSCs between the 1960s and 1980s. The increase in cases of NMSCs, as well as the lack of effective treatments, makes the need for novel therapeutic approaches all the more necessary. To rationally develop more targeted treatments for NMSCs, a better understanding of the cell of origin, in addition to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the development of these cancers, is urgently required. Research over the past few years has provided data supporting both a "bottom up" and "top down" mechanism of tumourigenesis. The "bottom up" concept involves a cancer stem cell originating in the basal compartment of the skin, which ordinarily houses the progenitor cells that contribute towards wound healing and normal cell turnover of overlying epidermal skin layers. The "top down" concept involves a more differentiated cell undergoing genetic modifications leading to dedifferentiation, giving rise to cancer initiating cells (CICs). This review explores both concepts, to paint a picture of the skin SCC cell of origin, the underlying biology, and also how this knowledge might be exploited to develop novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Youssef
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Andrew Cuddihy
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Charbel Darido
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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86
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Abstract
The two main mechanisms that expand the proteomic output of eukaryotic genes are alternative splicing and alternative translation initiation signals. Despite being essential to generate isoforms of gene products that create functional diversity during development, the impact of these mechanisms on fine-tuning regulatory gene networks is still underappreciated. In this review, we use the Grainyhead-like (Grhl) family as a case study to illustrate the importance of isoforms when investigating transcription factor family function during development and disease, and highlight the potential for differential modulation of downstream target genes. We provide insights into the importance of considering alternative gene products when designing, undertaking, and analysing primary research, and the effect that isoforms may have on development. This review also covers known mutations in Grhl family members, and postulates how genetic changes may dictate transcriptional specificity between the Grhl family members. It also contrasts and compares the available literature on the function and importance of the Grhl isoforms, and highlights current gaps in our understanding of their regulatory gene networks in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee B Miles
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Charbel Darido
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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87
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Kohlgrüber S, Upadhye A, Dyballa-Rukes N, McNamara CA, Altschmied J. Regulation of Transcription Factors by Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide in Vascular Physiology and Pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:679-699. [PMID: 27841660 PMCID: PMC5421514 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide and pose an immense economical burden. In most cases, the underlying problem is vascular occlusion by atherosclerotic plaques. Importantly, different cell types of the vascular wall and the immune system play crucial roles in atherosclerosis at different stages of the disease. Furthermore, atherosclerosis and conditions recognized as risk factors are characterized by a reduced availability of the vasoprotective molecule nitric oxide and an increase in reactive oxygen species, so-called oxidative stress. Transcription factors function as intracellular signal integrators and relays and thus, play a central role in cellular responses to changing conditions. Recent Advances: Work on specific transcriptional regulators has uncovered many of their functions and the upstream pathways modulating their activity in response to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Here, we have reviewed for a few selected examples how this can contribute not only to protection against atherosclerosis development but also to disease progression and the occurrence of clinical manifestations, such as plaque rupture. CRITICAL ISSUES Transcription factors have pleiotropic outputs and often also divergent functions in different cell types and tissues. Thus, in light of potential severe adverse side effects, a global activation or inhibition of particular transcriptions factors does not seem a feasible therapeutic option. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A further in-depth characterization of the cell- and stage-specific actions and regulation of transcription factors in atherosclerosis with respect to protein-protein interactions and target genes could open up new avenues for prevention or therapeutic interventions in this vascular disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 679-699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kohlgrüber
- 1 IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aditi Upadhye
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Cancer Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nadine Dyballa-Rukes
- 1 IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- 3 Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- 1 IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf, Germany
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88
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Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 Promotes Keratinocyte Differentiation in Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00858-16. [PMID: 28289145 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00858-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the expression of the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) transcription factor in oral keratinocytes was stimulated by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Here, we have established that IRF6 promotes the differentiation of oral keratinocytes in response to P. gingivalis This was evidenced by the IRF6-dependent upregulation of specific markers of keratinocyte terminal differentiation (e.g., involucrin [IVL] and keratin 13 [KRT13]), together with additional transcriptional regulators of keratinocyte differentiation, including Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) and Ovo-like zinc finger 1 (OVOL1). We have previously established that the transactivator function of IRF6 is activated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4). Consistently, the silencing of RIPK4 inhibited the stimulation of IVL, KRT13, GRHL3, and OVOL1 gene expression. IRF6 was shown to also regulate the stimulation of transglutaminase-1 (TGM1) gene expression by P. gingivalis, as well as that of small proline-rich proteins (e.g., SPRR1), which are covalently cross-linked by TGM1 to other proteins, including IVL, during cornification. The expression of the tight junction protein occludin (OCLN) was found to also be upregulated in an IRF6-dependent manner. IRF6 was demonstrated to be important for the barrier function of oral keratinocytes; specifically, silencing of IRF6 increased P. gingivalis-induced intercellular permeability and cell invasion. Taken together, our findings potentially position IRF6 as an important mediator of barrier defense against P. gingivalis.
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89
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Lee JH, Lee CW, Park SH, Choe KM. Spatiotemporal regulation of cell fusion by JNK and JAK/STAT signaling during Drosophila wound healing. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1917-1928. [PMID: 28424232 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is widely observed during development and disease, and imposes a dramatic change on participating cells. Cell fusion should be tightly controlled, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we found that the JAK/STAT pathway suppressed cell fusion during wound healing in the Drosophila larval epidermis, restricting cell fusion to the vicinity of the wound. In the absence of JAK/STAT signaling, a large syncytium containing a 3-fold higher number of nuclei than observed in wild-type tissue formed in wounded epidermis. The JAK/STAT ligand-encoding genes upd2 and upd3 were transcriptionally induced by wounding, and were required for suppressing excess cell fusion. JNK (also known as Basket in flies) was activated in the wound vicinity and activity peaked at ∼8 h after injury, whereas JAK/STAT signaling was activated in an adjoining concentric ring and activity peaked at a later stage. Cell fusion occurred primarily in the wound vicinity, where JAK/STAT activation was suppressed by fusion-inducing JNK signaling. JAK/STAT signaling was both necessary and sufficient for the induction of βPS integrin (also known as Myospheroid) expression, suggesting that the suppression of cell fusion was mediated at least in part by integrin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Chan-Wool Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Si-Hyoung Park
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Choe
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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90
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Klein RH, Lin Z, Hopkin AS, Gordon W, Tsoi LC, Liang Y, Gudjonsson JE, Andersen B. GRHL3 binding and enhancers rearrange as epidermal keratinocytes transition between functional states. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006745. [PMID: 28445475 PMCID: PMC5425218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and large scale chromatin re-organization underlie progressive, irreversible cell lineage commitments and differentiation. We know little, however, about chromatin changes as cells enter transient, reversible states such as migration. Here we demonstrate that when human progenitor keratinocytes either differentiate or migrate they form complements of typical enhancers and super-enhancers that are unique for each state. Unique super-enhancers for each cellular state link to gene expression that confers functions associated with the respective cell state. These super-enhancers are also enriched for skin disease sequence variants. GRHL3, a transcription factor that promotes both differentiation and migration, binds preferentially to super-enhancers in differentiating keratinocytes, while during migration, it binds preferentially to promoters along with REST, repressing the expression of migration inhibitors. Key epidermal differentiation transcription factor genes, including GRHL3, are located within super-enhancers, and many of these transcription factors in turn bind to and regulate super-enhancers. Furthermore, GRHL3 represses the formation of a number of progenitor and non-keratinocyte super-enhancers in differentiating keratinocytes. Hence, chromatin relocates GRHL3 binding and enhancers to regulate both the irreversible commitment of progenitor keratinocytes to differentiation and their reversible transition to migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Herndon Klein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ziguang Lin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Amelia Soto Hopkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - William Gordon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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91
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Toll pathway is required for wound-induced expression of barrier repair genes in the Drosophila epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2682-E2688. [PMID: 28289197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613917114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis serves as a protective barrier in animals. After epidermal injury, barrier repair requires activation of many wound response genes in epidermal cells surrounding wound sites. Two such genes in Drosophila encode the enzymes dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) and tyrosine hydroxylase (ple). In this paper we explore the involvement of the Toll/NF-κB pathway in the localized activation of wound repair genes around epidermal breaks. Robust activation of wound-induced transcription from ple and Ddc requires Toll pathway components ranging from the extracellular ligand Spätzle to the Dif transcription factor. Epistasis experiments indicate a requirement for Spätzle ligand downstream of hydrogen peroxide and protease function, both of which are known activators of wound-induced transcription. The localized activation of Toll a few cell diameters from wound edges is reminiscent of local activation of Toll in early embryonic ventral hypoderm, consistent with the hypothesis that the dorsal-ventral patterning function of Toll arose from the evolutionary cooption of a morphogen-responsive function in wound repair. Furthermore, the combinatorial activity of Toll and other signaling pathways in activating epidermal barrier repair genes can help explain why developmental activation of the Toll, ERK, or JNK pathways alone fail to activate wound repair loci.
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92
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Al-Kurdi B. Hierarchical transcriptional profile of urothelial cells development and differentiation. Differentiation 2017; 95:10-20. [PMID: 28135607 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The urothelial lining of the lower urinary tract is the most efficient permeability barrier in animals, exhibiting a highly differentiated phenotype and a remarkable regenerative capacity upon wounding. During development and possibly during repair, cells undergo a sequence of hierarchical transcriptional events that mark the transition of these cells from the least differentiated urothelial phenotype characteristic of the basal cell layer, to the most differentiated cellular phenotype characteristic of the superficial cell layer. Unraveling normal urothelial differentiation program is essential to uncover the underlying causes of many congenital abnormalities and for the development of an appropriate differentiation niche for stem cells, for future use in urinary tract tissue engineering and organ reconstruction. Kruppel like factor-5 appears to be at the top of the hierarchy activating several downstream transcription factors, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-γ. Eventually those lead to the activation of transcription factors that directly regulate the expression of uroplakin proteins along with other proteins that mediate the permeability function of the urothelium. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings in the area of urothelial cellular differentiation and transcriptional regulation, aiming for a comprehensive overview that aids in a refined understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Al-Kurdi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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93
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Abstract
The significant parallels between cell plasticity during embryonic development and carcinoma progression have helped us understand the importance of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human disease. Our expanding knowledge of EMT has led to a clarification of the EMT program as a set of multiple and dynamic transitional states between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, as opposed to a process involving a single binary decision. EMT and its intermediate states have recently been identified as crucial drivers of organ fibrosis and tumor progression, although there is some need for caution when interpreting its contribution to metastatic colonization. Here, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and latest findings regarding the concept of cellular plasticity and heterogeneity in EMT. We raise some of the questions pending and identify the challenges faced in this fast-moving field.
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94
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Bergman P, Seyedoleslami Esfahani S, Engström Y. Drosophila as a Model for Human Diseases—Focus on Innate Immunity in Barrier Epithelia. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 121:29-81. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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95
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Stable Binding of the Conserved Transcription Factor Grainy Head to its Target Genes Throughout Drosophila melanogaster Development. Genetics 2016; 205:605-620. [PMID: 28007888 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.195685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that transcription factor binding is temporally dynamic, and that changes in binding determine transcriptional output. Nonetheless, this model is based on relatively few examples in which transcription factor binding has been assayed at multiple developmental stages. The essential transcription factor Grainy head (Grh) is conserved from fungi to humans, and controls epithelial development and barrier formation in numerous tissues. Drosophila melanogaster, which possess a single grainy head (grh) gene, provide an excellent system to study this conserved factor. To determine whether temporally distinct binding events allow Grh to control cell fate specification in different tissue types, we used a combination of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq to elucidate the gene regulatory network controlled by Grh during four stages of embryonic development (spanning stages 5-17) and in larval tissue. Contrary to expectations, we discovered that Grh remains bound to at least 1146 genomic loci over days of development. In contrast to this stable DNA occupancy, the subset of genes whose expression is regulated by Grh varies. Grh transitions from functioning primarily as a transcriptional repressor early in development to functioning predominantly as an activator later. Our data reveal that Grh binds to target genes well before the Grh-dependent transcriptional program commences, suggesting it sets the stage for subsequent recruitment of additional factors that execute stage-specific Grh functions.
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96
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Goldie SJ, Arhatari BD, Anderson P, Auden A, Partridge DD, Jane SM, Dworkin S. Mice lacking the conserved transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3) display increased apposition of the frontal and parietal bones during embryonic development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:37. [PMID: 27756203 PMCID: PMC5070091 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased apposition of the frontal and parietal bones of the skull during embryogenesis may be a risk factor for the subsequent development of premature skull fusion, or craniosynostosis. Human craniosynostosis is a prevalent, and often serious embryological and neonatal pathology. Other than known mutations in a small number of contributing genes, the aetiology of craniosynostosis is largely unknown. Therefore, the identification of novel genes which contribute to normal skull patterning, morphology and premature suture apposition is imperative, in order to fully understand the genetic regulation of cranial development. RESULTS Using advanced imaging techniques and quantitative measurement, we show that genetic deletion of the highly-conserved transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3) in mice (Grhl3 -/- ) leads to decreased skull size, aberrant skull morphology and premature apposition of the coronal sutures during embryogenesis. Furthermore, Grhl3 -/- mice also present with premature collagen deposition and osteoblast alignment at the sutures, and the physical interaction between the developing skull, and outermost covering of the brain (the dura mater), as well as the overlying dermis and subcutaneous tissue, appears compromised in embryos lacking Grhl3. Although Grhl3 -/- mice die at birth, we investigated skull morphology and size in adult animals lacking one Grhl3 allele (heterozygous; Grhl3 +/- ), which are viable and fertile. We found that these adult mice also present with a smaller cranial cavity, suggestive of post-natal haploinsufficiency in the context of cranial development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that our Grhl3 mice present with increased apposition of the frontal and parietal bones, suggesting that Grhl3 may be involved in the developmental pathogenesis of craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Goldie
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Benedicta D Arhatari
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Peter Anderson
- Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Alana Auden
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Darren D Partridge
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Present address: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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97
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Miyai M, Hamada M, Moriguchi T, Hiruma J, Kamitani-Kawamoto A, Watanabe H, Hara-Chikuma M, Takahashi K, Takahashi S, Kataoka K. Transcription Factor MafB Coordinates Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1848-1857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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98
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Grhl3 modulates epithelial structure formation of the circumvallate papilla during mouse development. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:5-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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99
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Ramnath D, Powell EE, Scholz GM, Sweet MJ. The toll-like receptor 3 pathway in homeostasis, responses to injury and wound repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:22-30. [PMID: 27552920 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their established roles in host defence, Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) have emerging roles in control of homeostasis, injury and wound repair. The dsRNA-sensing receptor, TLR3, has been particularly implicated in such processes in several different tissues including the skin, intestine and liver, as well as in the control of reparative mechanisms in the brain, heart and kidneys, following ischemia reperfusion injury. In this review, we provide an overview of TLR3 signalling and functions in inflammation, tissue damage and repair processes, as well as therapeutic opportunities that may arise in the future from knowledge of such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Powell
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Glen M Scholz
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Juarez MT. Drosophila Embryos as a Model for Wound-Induced Transcriptional Dynamics: Genetic Strategies to Achieve a Localized Wound Response. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:262-270. [PMID: 27274436 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While many studies have established a paradigm for tissue repair at the level of cellular remodeling, it is not clear how an organism restricts a response only to the injured region of a damaged tissue. Skin, the largest organ in the human body, is prone to injury, and repair of epidermal tissue represents a medically relevant system to investigate. Significance: Studies in Drosophila melanogaster provide a robust genetic system to identify molecular components that will positively impact repair and healing. The Drosophila skin consists of a single-cell epidermal layer and relies on well-conserved cellular mechanisms to coordinate gene expression during development. Many studies have established that key developmental genes promote a response to epidermal injury, but the balance between activator and inhibitor signals to coordinate a localized response remains unknown. Recent Advances: Discovery of a genetic pathway that promotes the restriction of transcriptional response to damage only in effected regions. Interestingly, genome-wide microarray studies have identified an intersection between gene expression after aseptic injury and activation of the innate immune response. Critical Issues: The use of a transcriptional activation reporter provides an innovative approach to uncover well-conserved components that promote the localization of a response during epidermal injury and may influence other pathological conditions of tissue damage. Future Directions: The work reviewed in this critical review may lead to development of molecular strategies of repair and improved healing after injury or infection. The outcomes on the fundamental contribution of a transcriptional response to injury will be translatable to mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Juarez
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City College of New York, New York, New York
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