Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer

Caffeic Acid, an Active Ingredient in Coffee, Combines with DOX for Multitarget Combination Therapy of Lung Cancer

Adjuvant diet therapy is an important means of comprehensive treatment of cancer. It is recognized by patients for its high safety, painlessness, and ease to operate. However, the development of adjuvant dietary therapy is limited by unclear targets and unclear anticancer mechanisms. In this work, caffeic acid was found as an inhibitor of TMEM16A with an IC₅₀ of 29.47 ± 3.19 μM by fluorescence quenching and whole-cell patch-clamp experiments. Caffeic acid regulated the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of lung cancer cells targeting TMEM16A, which was detected by CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Annexin V assays. In addition, molecular docking combined with site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that the binding sites of caffeic acid to TMEM16A were D439, E448, and R753. Western blot results indicated that caffeic acid regulated the growth of lung cancer through the MAPK pathway. In vitro experiments showed that the inhibitory effect of caffeic acid combined with hydroxydaunorubicin (DOX) on lung cancer cell growth was better than a double concentration of any single dose. In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments and tumor xenograft experiments indicated that the combination of 5.4 mg/kg caffeic acid and 4.1 mg/kg DOX achieved 85.6% tumor suppression rate and offset the side effects. Therefore, caffeic acid is a safe and efficient antitumor active ingredient of food that can enhance the antitumor effect of DOX.

Sesamum indicum diet prevents hyperlipidemia in experimental rats

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Sesamum indicum administration reverses the dyslipidemia in hyperlipidemic rats.

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Hypolipidemic potency of Sesamum indicum is due to inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity.

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Our findings lend credence to the use of Sesamum indicum as a therapeutic remedy in traditional medicine for hyperlipidemia and associated morbidities.

Cardiovascular diseases and metabolic complications caused by hyperlipidemia are the leading cause of death globally. In this study, the hypolipidemic potency of Sesamum indicum (SI) seeds was investigated. Of the thirty-five (35) male rats used in the study, five (5) were randomly selected for baseline measurements and thirty (30) were fed high fat diet (HFD) for four (4) weeks before random assignment into three (3) groups. The experimental group was treated with 50% SI seed, the positive control group was given a hypolipidemic drug, atorvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) while the untreated group served as the negative control. With SI administration, the dyslipidemia induced by the HFD consumption in the plasma and the investigated body organs was reversed to a comparable degree with that of atorvastatin treatment. Taken together, this study demonstrates the hypolipidemic potency of SI in ameliorating hyperlipidemia and its associated complications, facilitated by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity.

Applications and perspectives of polyphenol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for foods

Imbalanced nutrition in modern society is one of the reasons for disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, which have attracted the interest in bioactives (particularly polyphenols) to assist in the balanced diet of modern people. Although stability can be maintained during preparation and storage, the ingested polyphenols undergo harsh gastrointestinal digestion processes, resulting in limited bioaccessibility and low gut-epithelial permeation and bioavailability. Several lipid-based formulations have been proposed to overcome these issues. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have also been highlighted as carrier systems for the oral delivery of lipophilic bioactives, including polyphenols. This paper summarizes the research on the ingredients, production methods, post-processing procedures, general characteristics, and advantages and disadvantages of SLNs and NLCs. Overall, this paper reviews the applications and perspectives of polyphenol-loaded SLNs and NLCs in foods, as well as their regulation, production, storage, and economic feasibility.

Polyphenols and Flavonoids Composition, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Andean Baccharis macrantha Extracts

This study examined the leaves of Baccharis macrantha to obtain extracts of Baccharis macrantha (EBM) and to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC) and the total polyphenol content (TPC). The main objective of this work was to quantify TPC and TFC of extracts of B. macrantha from Ecuador and evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The extraction method was optimized with solvents, ethanol, and methanol, at temperatures of 30-60 °C and extraction times of 5-20 min. The optimal TFC extraction conditions were at EtOH25% at 50 °C for 10 min. The optimal TPC extraction conditions were at EtOH50% at 50 °C for 10 min. EBM was characterized by TLC and HPLC with three standards: gallic acid, catechin, and quercetin. EBM-EtOH25% and EBM-EtOH50% obtained at 50 °C for 10 min were used to identify quercetin and evaluate biologicals activities. Quercetin was detected in EBM (EtOH25% and EtOH50%). EBM anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with the red blood cell stabilization (RBC) method. The RBC model showed values of 49.72% of protection lysis RBC to EBM-EtOH25% and 50.71% of protection lysis RBC to EBM-EtOH50%. The EBM in vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed a protection of 77.00% (EtOH25%) and 73.11% (EtOH50%) when the TBARs method was used. EBM-EtOH25% and EtOH50% showed high antioxidant activity. EBM-EtOH25% presented values of ABTS (1172 µmol TE/g EBM), DPPH (836 µmol TE/g, EBM), and FRAP (85.70 µmol TE/g, EBM).

Starch as a Matrix for Incorporation and Release of Bioactive Compounds: Fundamentals and Applications

Due to its abundance in nature and low cost, starch is one of the most relevant raw materials for replacing synthetic polymers in a number of applications. It is generally regarded as non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable and, therefore, a safe option for biomedical, food, and packaging applications. In this review, we focused on studies that report the use of starch as a matrix for stabilization, incorporation, or release of bioactive compounds, and explore a wide range of applications of starch-based materials. One of the key application areas for bioactive compounds incorporated in starch matrices is the pharmaceutical industry, especially in orally disintegrating films. The packaging industry has also shown great interest in using starch films, especially those with antioxidant activity. Regarding food technology, starch can be used as a stabilizer in nanoemulsions, thus allowing the incorporation of bioactive compounds in a variety of food types. Starch also presents potential in the cosmetic industry as a delivery system. However, there are still several types of industry that could benefit from the incorporation of starch matrices with bioactive compounds, which are described in this review. In addition, the use of microbial bioactive compounds in starch matrices represents an almost unexplored field still to be investigated.

Identification of bio-active food compounds as potential SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors-modulators via negative image-based screening and computational simulations

Despite significant studies on the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists around the world are still battling to find a definitive therapy against the ongoing severe global health crisis. In this study, advanced computational approaches have been employed to identify bioactive food constituents as potential SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors-modulators. As a validated antiviral drug target, PLpro has gained tremendous attention for therapeutics developments. Therefore, targeting the multifunctional SARS-CoV-2 PLpro protein, ∼1039 bioactive dietary compounds have been screened extensively through novel techniques like negative image-based (NIB) screening and molecular docking approaches. In particular, the three different models of NIB screening have been generated and used to re-score the dietary compounds based on the negative image which is created by reversing the shape and electrostatics features of PLpro protein's ligand-binding cavity. Further, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation has been performed and MM-GBSA based binding free energies have been estimated for the final proposed four dietary compounds (PC000550, PC000361, PC000558, and PC000573) as potential inhibitors/modulators of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro protein. Employed computational study outcome also has been compared with respect to the earlier experimentally investigated compound GRL0617 against SARS-CoV-2 PLpro protein, which suggests much greater interaction potential in terms of binding affinity and other energetic contributions for the proposed dietary compounds. Hence, the present study suggests that proposed dietary compounds can be suitable chemical entities for modulating the activity of PLpro protein or can be further utilized for optimizing or screening of novel chemical surrogates, however also needs experimental evaluation for entry in clinical studies for better assessment.

The Impact of Cereal Grain Composition on the Health and Disease Outcomes

Whole grains are a pivotal food category for the human diet and represent an invaluable source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, phytocompunds, minerals, and vitamins. Many studies have shown that the consumption of whole grains is linked to a reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases. However, several of their positive health effects seem to disappear when grains are consumed in the refined form. Herein we review the available literature on whole grains with a focus on molecular composition and health benefits on many chronic diseases with the aim to offer an updated and pragmatic reference for physicians and nutrition professionals.

Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple juice and bagasse from Colombian varieties

Cashew nut production generates large amounts of cashew apple as residue. In Colombia, cashew cultivation is increasing together with the concerns on residue management. The objective of this study was to provide the first chemical, physical and thermal decomposition characterization of cashew apple from Colombian varieties harvested in Vichada, Colombia. This characterization was focused to identify the important bioactive and natural compounds that can be further valorized in the formulation of food, nutraceuticals, and pharmacological products. The results obtained in this study are helpful to portray the cashew apple as a potential by-product due to its renewable nature and valuable composition, instead of seeing it just as an agricultural residue. For that, cashew apples of Regional 8315 and Mapiria varieties were studied. The natural juice (cashew apple juice) that was extracted from the cashew apples and the remanent solids (cashew apple bagasse) were separately analyzed. The HPLC analytical technique was used to determine the concentration of bioactive compounds, structural carbohydrates, and soluble sugars that constitute this biomass. Spectrophotometric techniques were used to determine the concentration of tannins, carotenoids, and total polyphenols. Mineral content and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) were determined in the biomass. Also, the thermal decomposition under an inert atmosphere or pyrolysis was performed on cashew apple bagasse. The varieties of cashew apple studied in this work showed similar content of bioactive compounds, total phenolic content, and structural carbohydrates. However, the Mapiria variety showed values slightly higher than the Regional 8315. Regarding cashew apple juice, it is rich in tannins and ascorbic acid with values of 191 mg/100 mL and 70 mg/100 mL, respectively, for Mapiria variety. Additionally, the principal reservoir of bioactive compounds and constitutive carbohydrates was the cashew apple bagasse. About 50 wt.% of it was composed of cellulose and hemicellulose. Also, in the bagasse, the ascorbic acid content was in a range of 180–200 mg/100 g, which is higher than other fruits and vegetables. Moreover, alkaloids were identified in cashew apples. The maximum value of antioxidant activity (DPPH assay: 405 TEs/g) was observed in the bagasse of Mapiria variety. The bagasse thermal decomposition started around 150 °C when the structural carbohydrates and other constitutive substances started to degrade. After thermogravimetric analysis, a remanent of 20% of the initial weight suggested the formation of a rich-carbon solid, which could correspond to biochar. Therefore, the cashew apple harvested in Vichada is a valuable reservoir of a wide range of biomolecules that potentially could be valorized into energy, foods, and pharmacologic applications. Nevertheless, future work is necessary to describe the complex compounds of this residual biomass that are still unknown.

Erythrocyte Storage Lesion Improvements Mediated by Naringin Screened from Vegetable/Fruit Juice Using Cell Extract and HPLC-MS

In blood banking, storage at 4°C for weeks is known to cause damages to erythrocytes, called storage lesions that may later cause transfusion-related adverse events. In previous experiments, we found that vegetable/fruit juices can effectively reduce the storage lesion. Currently, we attempt to analyze the potential bioactive components and test whether the compounds can improve the storage lesions of erythrocytes. Equal portions in wet weight of 20 fresh vegetables and fruits were blended with phosphate buffered solution (PBS), and clear solutions were produced as additive to the packed erythrocytes from consented blood donors at 1 : 10 ratio (ml : gram). The blood samples were stored for 35 days at 4°C, and the supernatants were performed high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis at 0 days, 14 days, and 35 days. The blood bags supplemented with identified bioactive components were stored in a refrigerator for 35 days, and the morphology, complete blood count (CBC), phosphatidylserine (PS) extroversion, hemolysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured at the end of storage. Five potential bioactive components from vegetable/fruit juices contributed to the improvements of storage lesion. One of the compounds was unequivocally identified as naringin, and two were tentatively assigned as vitexin 6″-O-malonyl 2″-O-xyloside and luteolin 7-(6″-malonyl neohesperidoside). Naringin alleviated the storage lesion of red blood cells (RBCs) by reducing ROS levels and living cell extraction with HPLC-MS is a simple, reliable, and effective method for screening potential bioactive components.

Clinical Evidence of the Benefits of Phytonutrients in Human Healthcare

Phytonutrients comprise many different chemicals, including carotenoids, indoles, glucosinolates, organosulfur compounds, phytosterols, polyphenols, and saponins. This review focuses on the human healthcare benefits of seven phytochemical families and highlights the significant potential contribution of phytonutrients in the prevention and management of pathologies and symptoms in the field of family health. The structure and function of these phytochemical families and their dietary sources are presented, along with an overview of their potential activities across different health and therapeutic targets. This evaluation has enabled complementary effects of the different families of phytonutrients in the same area of health to be recognized.

Impacts of nutritive and bioactive compounds on cancer development and therapy

For persons who survive with progressive cancer, nutritional therapy and exercise may be significant factors to improve the health condition and life quality of cancer patients. Nutritional therapy and medications are essential to managing progressive cancer. Cancer survivors, as well as cancer patients, are mostly extremely encouraged to search for knowledge about the selection of diet, exercise, and dietary supplements to recover as well as maintain their treatment consequences, living quality, and survival of patients. A healthy diet plays an important role in cancer treatment. Different articles are studied to collect information and knowledge about the use of nutrients in cancer treatment as well as cancer prevention. The report deliberates nutrition and exercise strategies during the range of cancer care, emphasizing significant concerns during treatment of cancer and for patients of advanced cancer, but concentrating mostly on the requirements of the population of persons who are healthy or who have constant disease following their repossession from management. It also deliberates choice nutrition and exercise problems such as dietary supplements, food care, food selections, and weight; problems interrelated to designated cancer sites, and common questions about diet, and cancer survival. Decrease the side effects of medicines both during and after treatment.

Fermentation of Vaccinium floribundum Berries with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Reduces Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells and Modulates Macrophages Function

Accumulating evidence suggests that high consumption of natural antioxidants promotes health by reducing oxidative stress and, thus, the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Similarly, fermentation of natural compounds with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, enhances their beneficial properties as regulators of the immune, digestive, and cardiovascular system. We investigated the effects of fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of Pushgay berries (Vaccinium floribundum, Ericaceae family) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Polyphenol content was assayed by Folin–Ciocalteu and HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The effects of berries solutions on cell viability or proliferation were assessed by WST8 (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, Trypan blue exclusion test, and Alamar blue assay. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by a cell-based chemiluminescent probe for the detection of intracellular H₂O₂ production in HUVECs. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression levels were investigated by RT-qPCR. Glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities, as markers of intracellular antioxidant defense, were evaluated by spectrophotometric analysis. The immunomodulatory activity was examined in RAW 264.7 by quantification of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Tumor Necrosis Factor—alpha (TNFα) by RT-qPCR. Data showed that fermentation of Pushgay berries (i) enhances the content of quercetin aglycone, and (ii) increases their intracellular antioxidant activity, as indicated by the reduction in H₂O₂-induced cell death and the decrease in H₂O₂-induced HO-1 gene expression in HUVECs treated for 24 h with fermented berries solution (10 µg/mL). Moreover, treatment with Pushgay berries for 72 h (10 µg/mL) promotes cells growth in RAW 264.7, and only fermented Pushgay berries increase the expression of iNOS in the same cell line. Taken together, our results show that LAB fermentation of Pushgay berries enhances their antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.

Isoquercitrin isolated from newly bred Green ball apple peel in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage regulates NF-κB inflammatory pathways and cytokines

Apple peel has several bioactive properties. The fruit is grown worldwide, and its ingredients are used medicinally. However, its anti-inflammatory activities are poorly characterized. In this study, isoquercitrin isolated from newly bred Green ball apple peel from Korea showed anti-inflammatory effects. To confirm its anti-inflammatory effects, isoquercitrin was treated with lipopolysaccharide, which induces proinflammatory factors in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. Proinflammatory effects were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay to define the isoquercitrin concentration nontoxic to cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production, prostaglandin E₂, inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor-κB p65 protein expression decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by isoquercitrin. mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) as proinflammatory factors significantly decreased. PTGES2, which was stimulated by COX-2 and involved in PGE₂ expression, was inhibited. Therefore, this study rendered isoquercitrin isolated from the newly bred Green ball apple peel as a potential pharmacological alternative to treat inflammation-related diseases.

Bioactive components in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterraenea (L.) Verdc) as a potential source of nutraceutical ingredients

The utilization of nutraceuticals on a global scale has significantly increased over the past few years due to their reported health benefits and consumer's reluctance to consume synthetic drugs. This paper provides information regarding new and potential value added uses of biologically active compounds in Bambara groundnut (BGN) as ingredients that could be further researched and exploited for various applications. Nutraceutical is a food or part of food that apart from providing basic nutrients, offers medicinal benefits either by prevention and or treatment of an illness. BGN is a legume with rich nutrient profile that is under exploited industrially. It is widely used in African traditional medicine for its various health outcome, but has not been explored scientifically for its numerous nutraceutical potentials. Compared to beans BGN has greater quantity of soluble fiber and also have high dietary fiber. It is rich in polyphenolic compound which include flavonoids subgroups like flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanindins, isoflavones and phenolic acids: both benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives, biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins and peptides, antioxidant vitamins and minerals. The rising interest and emphasis in plant-based biologically active components (nutraceuticals) for various health promotion, has positioned this African legume as a potential source of nutraceutical ingredients (bioactive components) that could be exploited for improved nutrition and health.

Machine Olfaction to Evaluate the Stability of the Odor Profile of Pancakes Enriched with Docosahexaenoic Acid and Anthocyanins

Increasing consumer awareness on good health has drawn the attention to health promoting natural dietary substances. However, since the organoleptic profile of foods highly influences the consumers’ preference, and it is often decisive in the purchase, it is important to objectively describe and evaluate the effect of the applied bioactive ingredients on aroma. In this study, pancakes enriched with docosahexaenoic acid and anthocyanins were tested with electronic sensor array technology against control products. Samples were analyzed with an Alpha MOS FOX4000 electronic nose (EN) after 20 to 297 days of frozen storage at −20 °C. Multivariate analysis of the acquired EN data showed a strong relation between the number of days that samples were stored and the odor describing sensor signals of enriched samples (R2 = 0.59), but the observed relation was broken in the case of control (not enriched) samples (R2 = 0.08). When a supervised classification of enriched and control samples was done, the ratio of correctly identified samples in cross-validation was 95.1% at short-term storage (< 140 days), while the hit rate dropped to 80.4% at prolonged storage (> 140 days). This signified the existing but less intensive odor differences. The electronic nose technology was proven to be applicable in the characterization of one type of bioactive-enriched foods, while it was also useful in the monitoring of odor alterations during storage.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties of Phenolic Acid Extracts from Grain Infected with Fungi from the Genus Fusarium

Problems related with biological contamination of plant origin raw materials have a considerable effect on prevention systems at each stage of food production. Concerning the antimicrobial action of phenolic acids, studies were undertaken to investigate antibacterial properties against bacterial strains of Escherichia coli (EC), Pseudomonas fluorescence (PF), Micrococcus luteus (ML) and Proteus mirabilis (PM), as well as antifungal properties targeting microscopic fungi Fusarium spp., extracts of phenolic compounds coming from inoculated grain from various genotypes of cereals. This study evaluated the antimicrobial action of phenolic acids extracts obtained from both naturally infested and inoculated with microorganisms. For this purpose a total of 24 cereal cultivars were selected, including 9 winter and 15 spring cultivars. The analyses showed a bactericidal effect in the case of 4 extracts against Micrococcus luteus (ML), 14 extracts against Pseudomonas fluorescence (PF), 17 extracts against Escherichia coli (EC) as well as 16 extracts against Proteus mirabilis (PM). It was found that 3 out of the 24 extracts showed no antibacterial activity. In turn, fungicidal action was observed in the case of 17 extracts against Fusarium culmorum (FC) (NIV), 16 extracts against FC (3AcDON), 12 extracts against Fusarium graminearum (FG) (3AcDON), while 12 other extracts showed antifungal action against FG (NIV) and 19 extracts against Fusarium langsethiae (FL). Based on the conducted analyses it was found that grain of small-grained cereals exposed to fungal infection is a source of bioactive compounds exhibiting antimicrobial properties. It was observed that the qualitative and quantitative profiles of polyphenols vary depending on the cereal cultivar. This extracts may be used to develop an antimicrobial preparation applicable in organic farming.

Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Waste in Human Health from a Consumer Perspective

Food supply disruption and shortage verified during the current pandemic events are a scenario that many anticipate for the near future. The impact of climate changes on food production, the continuous decrease in arable land, and the exponential growth of the human population are important drivers for this problem. In this context, adding value to food waste is an obvious strategy to mitigate food shortages, but there is a long way to go in this field. Globally, it is estimated that one-third of all food produced is lost. This is certainly due to many different factors, but the lack of awareness of the consumer about the nutritional value of certain foods parts, namely peels and seeds, is certainly among them. In this review, we will unveil the nutritional and bioactive value of the waste discarded from the most important fresh fruit and vegetables consumed worldwide as a strategy to decrease food waste. This will span the characterization of the bioactive composition of selected waste from fruits and vegetables, particularly their seeds and peels, and their possible uses, whether in our diet or recycled to other ends.

Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Predicting Therapy Targets of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium on Myocardial Hypertrophy

Objective

Through a network pharmacology method, we screened the main active compounds of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), constructed a drug-ingredient-disease-target network, explored the molecular mechanism of its treatment of myocardial hypertrophy, and validated it by using molecular biology approach.

Methods

Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and GeneCards were utilised to collect the effective component in CRP and the targets of CRP and myocardial hypertrophy. The STRING database constructed the protein interaction network. The drug-ingredient-disease-target network was outlined by the Cytoscape 3.9.0 software. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted using the Metascape database. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were utilised to determine the mRNA and protein level of the critical targets of CRP therapy for myocardial hypertrophy.

Results

We found that five practical components of CRP exerted therapeutic effects on myocardial hypertrophy by modulating 41 targets. Further analysis revealed that naringenin was the essential active compound in CRP that regulated myocardial hypertrophy. In addition, we showed that the active compounds of CRP might exert antihypertrophy effects via regulating essential target proteins such as AKT1-, MAPK3-, PPARA-, PPARG-, and ESR1-mediated signaling pathways such as cell proliferation, nuclear receptor activation, and oxidative stress. The molecular biology experiments demonstrated that naringenin inhibited the mRNA level of NPPA and NPPB induced by Ang II and regulated related targets such as AKT1, MAPK3, PPARA, PPARG, and ESR1.

Conclusion

CRP could inhibit myocardial hypertrophy through multitarget and multiapproach.

Cocoa By-Products: Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Beneficial Health Effects

The annual production of cocoa is approximately 4.7 million tons of cocoa beans, of which only 10% corresponds to the cocoa bean and the remaining value corresponds to a high number of residues, cocoa bean shell, pulp and husk. These by-products are a source of nutrients and compounds of notable interest in the food industry as possible ingredients, or even additives. The assessment of such by-products is relevant to the circular economy at both environmental and economic levels. Investigations carried out with these by-products have shown that cocoa husk can be used for the production of useful chemicals such as ketones, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, furans, heterocyclic aromatics, alkylbenzenes, phenols and benzenediols, as well as being efficient for the removal of lead from acidic solutions, without decay in the process due to the other metals in this matrix. The fibre present in the cocoa bean shell has a considerable capacity to adsorb a large amount of oil and cholesterol, thus reducing its bioavailability during the digestion process, as well as preventing lipid oxidation in meats, with better results compared to synthetic antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene and β-tocopherol). Finally, cocoa pulp can be used to generate a sweet and sour juice with a natural flavour. Thus, this review aimed to compile information on these by-products, focusing mainly on their chemical and nutritional composition, simultaneously, the various uses proposed in the literature based on a bibliographic review of articles, books and theses published between 2000 and 2021, using databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScieLO, PubMed and ResearchGate.

Red Fruits Composition and Their Health Benefits-A Review

The probability that fruit ingestion may protect human health is an intriguing vision and has been studied around the world. Therefore, fruits are universally promoted as healthy. Over the past few decades, the number of studies proposing a relationship between fruit intake and reduced risk of major chronic diseases has continued to grow. Fruits supply dietary fiber, and fiber intake is linked to a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and obesity. Fruits also supply vitamins and minerals to the diet and are sources of phytochemicals that function as phytoestrogens, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, and other protective mechanisms. So, this review aims to summarize recent knowledge and describe the most recent research regarding the health benefits of some selected red fruits.

MdSCL8 as a Negative Regulator Participates in ALA-Induced FLS1 to Promote Flavonol Accumulation in Apples

Apples (Malus domestica) are rich in flavonols, and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plays an important role in the regulation of plant flavonoid metabolism. To date, the underlying mechanism of ALA promoting flavonol accumulation is unclear. Flavonol synthase (FLS) is a key enzyme in flavonol biosynthesis. In this study, we found that ALA could enhance the promoter activity of MdFLS1 in the ‘Fuji’ apple and improve its expression. With MdFLS1 as bait, we screened a novel transcription factor MdSCL8 by the Yeast One-Hybrid (Y1H) system from the apple cDNA library which we previously constructed. Using luciferase reporter assay and transient GUS activity assay, we verified that MdSCL8 inhibits the activity of MdFLS1 promoter and hinders MdFLS1 expression, thus reducing flavonol accumulation in apple. ALA significantly inhibited MdSCL8 expression. Therefore, ALA promoted the expression of MdFLS1 and the consequent flavonol accumulation probably by down-regulating MdSCL8. We also found that ALA significantly enhanced the gene expression of MdMYB22 and MdHY5, two positive regulators of MdFLS. We further demonstrated that MdMYB22 interacts with MdHY5, but neither of them interacts with MdSCL8. Taken together, our data suggest MdSCL8 as a novel regulator of MdFLS1 and provide important insights into mechanisms of ALA-induced flavonol accumulation in apples.

The Current State of Knowledge on Salvia hispanica and Salviae hispanicae semen (Chia Seeds)

Chia seeds (Salviae hispanicae semen) are obtained from Salvia hispanica L. This raw material is distinguished by its rich chemical composition and valuable nutritional properties. It is currently referred to as “health food”. The purpose of the present work was to perform a literature review on S. hispanica and chia seeds, focusing on their chemical composition, biological properties, dietary importance, and medicinal uses. The valuable biological properties of chia seeds are related to their rich chemical composition, with particularly high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, polyphenols, as well as vitamins and bioelements. The available scientific literature indicates the cardioprotective, hypotensive, antidiabetic, and antiatherosclerotic effects of this raw material. In addition, studies based on in vitro assays and animal and human models have proven that chia seeds are characterized by neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These properties indicate a valuable role of chia in the prevention of civilization diseases. Chia seeds are increasingly popular in functional food and cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. That is attributed not only to their desirable chemical composition and biological activity but also to their high availability. Nevertheless, S. hispanica is also the object of specific biotechnological studies aimed at elaboration of micropropagation protocols of this plant species.

Suppression of colorectal carcinogenesis by naringin

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is the third most malignant cancer worldwide. Despite novel treatment options, the incidence and mortality rates of colon cancer continue to increase in most countries, especially in US, European and Asian countries. Colorectal carcinogenesis is multifactorial, including dietary and genetic factors, as well as lacking physical activity. Vegetables and fruits contain high amounts of secondary metabolites, which might reduce the risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. Flavonoids are important bioactive polyphenolic compounds. There are more than 4,000 different flavonoids, including flavanones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and catechins in a large variety of plant.

HYPOTHESIS

Among various other flavonoids, naringin in Citrus fruits has been a subject of intense scrutiny for its activity against many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that naringin is capable to inhibit the growth of transformed colonocytes and to induce programmed cell death in colon cancer cells.

RESULTS

We comprehensively review the inhibitory effects of naringin on colorectal cancers and address the underlying mechanistic pathways such as NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, apoptosis, NF-κB-COX-2-iNOS, and β-catenin pathways.

CONCLUSION

Naringin suppresses colorectal inflammation and carcinogenesis by various signaling pathways. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine their effectiveness in combating colorectal cancer.

The Nutritional Quality Potential of Microgreens, Baby Leaves, and Adult Lettuce: An Underexploited Nutraceutical Source

Interest in the cultivation of lettuce landraces is increasing because native varieties, as high-quality products, are particularly attractive to consumers. Lettuce is a popular leafy vegetable worldwide, and interest in the consumption of first leaves (microgreens) and seedlings (baby leaves) has grown due to the general belief that young plants offer higher nutritional value. The content of some bioactive compounds and antioxidants (chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, phenols, antioxidant activity) was monitored in six lettuce landraces and five commercial varieties, and compared across three development stages: microgreen, baby, and adult. Ascorbic acid and phenolic contents were 42% and 79% higher, respectively, in the early stages than in adult lettuces, and red-leaf varieties (CL4 and L11) stood out. This finding agrees with lettuce’s marked antioxidant capacity and correlates with its pigment contents, especially anthocyanins. The nutritional value of adult lettuce is conditioned by its size, shape, and head structure as phytochemical concentrations are regulated by light. The low content of ascorbic acid, phenolics, and anthocyanins in crisphead lettuce (CL5) is a clear example (49, 67%, and 27% lower, respectively, than the adult mean). Our results indicate the wide variability of lettuces’ nutritional characteristics and emphasize that traditional varieties are a helpful source of agricultural biodiversity.

Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.: a multipurpose plant with multiple uses in traditional ethnic culinary and ethnomedicinal preparations

Various plants form the basis of multiple traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal practices across the globe. The ethnic cuisines cater to the nutritional, dietary and medicinal requirements of the tribal and rural communities even today. Using literature from various scholarly databases, this study was conducted to consolidate a comprehensive review on the use of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. in various traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal preparations across the globe. The survey shows that it is used in multiple ethnic cuisines and is variously known in different countries and among the communities. Further, it possesses multiple nutritional and ethnomedicinal properties. Considering its importance in ethnic foods and ethnomedicinal preparations, it is important to investigate the nutritional composition, phytochemical constitution and pharmacological basis of ethnomedicinal uses. Therefore, we further compiled this information and found that it is a rich source of both micro- and macronutrients and packed with several bioactive compounds. Survey of pharmacological studies on its traditional medicinal uses supports its ethnomedicinal properties. Despite its importance in traditional food and ethnomedicinal systems, it remains underexplored. Limited information on the toxicity of its various extracts shows that further studies should be conducted to understand its safety aspects. Further clinical studies to prospect possible drug candidates from it should be attempted.

Neuroprotective potential of flavonoid rich Ascophyllum nodosum (FRAN) fraction from the brown seaweed on an Aβ42 induced Alzheimer's model of Drosophila

BACKGROUND

In Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathogenesis, aggregation of Aβ42 fibrils strongly correlates with memory dysfunction and neurotoxicity. Till date, no promising cures for AD. Report shows that flavonoids contributed anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and neuroprotection activity by regulating the mitochondrial machinery. Here, we first report the identification of flavonoids from Ascophyllum nodosum as having the ability to dissolve Aβ42 fibrils in an AD model of Drosophila. FRAN could be superior anti-AD agents for neuroprotection, their underlying mechanism and how they collectively halted amyloidogenesis is currently being investigated.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective role of FRAN in the Aβ42 expressing AD model of Drosophila.

METHODS

Drosophila stocks: OregonR+, ey-GAL4/CyO, elavc155-GAL4, UAS-mitoGFP, UAS-mcherry.mito.OMM, UAS-Aβ42/CyO were used, cultured at 28±1 °C in a BOD incubator. Ascophyllum extract rich in flavonoids as revealed by LC-MS study and employed against the AD flies. The validation of Aβ42 expression was done by immunostaining and q-RT PCR. The eye roughness of AD flies was scored in a dose-dependent manner. Further, In vivo and in silico studies of FRAN extract was executed against Aβ42 induced neurotoxicity.

RESULTS

In order to determine the most effective lethal dose of FRAN extract concentration 1, 2, 5, 10 mg/ml were screened using OregonR+flies. Extract 1 and 2 mg/ml did not show any lethality. Hence, extract 2 mg/ml was employed on AD flies and a ≥ 50% rescue in the eye phenotype was observed using SEM images. This dose had a strong effect on cell apoptosis, viability, longevity, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by regulating mitochondrial dynamic markers in comparable to control. Extract also scavenging free radicals in order to maintain in situ cellular ROS and prevent Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity in vivo and in silico. Hence, we suggest its great potential as a future therapeutic agent for AD treatment.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, FRAN extract rich in flavonoids as having largest neuroprotective activity against Aβ42 aggregation in eye tissue of Drosophila. Extract shows strong effect against Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity by altering the various cellular and molecular events. So, it could be considered as strong anti-AD agents for neuroprotection.

Enhanced cytotoxic activity of beta carotene conjugated liposomes towards breast cancer cell line: comparative studies with cyclophosphamide

This work aims to evaluate cyclophosphamide (Cyclo) cytotoxic efficacy combined with liposomes in the presence or absence of beta carotene (beta) by detecting the effects of these compounds on the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) DNA damage. The IC50 value for beta in cytotoxic assay with MCF-7 treated cells was 21.15 μg/ml, while with liposomal beta (LipoBeta) being 121 μg/ml. The free Cyclo IC50 value was 719.86 μg/ml, its liposomal form (LipoCyclo) was 172 μg/ml. The results indicated that in contrast with Cyclo and control values, all comet assay parameters for the LipoBeta were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In MCF-7 cells treated with beta, the findings show a higher intensity of comet tail than those treated with LipoBeta. The presence of several double-strand breaks suggests this high intensity relative to the head. The molecular combination between Cyclo and liposomes in the presence or absence of beta was characterized. Dynamic light scattering measurements confirmed the mono-dispersity of all samples. The incorporation of Cyclo or beta into liposomes exhibited a slight shift to higher temperature compared to the main peak of empty liposomes that exists at 101.5°C which creates a conformational disorder within the phospholipids. The FTIR study showed structural alterations in vesicles after liposome encapsulation.

Association between Grain and Legume Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Artery Obstruction among Jordanians Based on Angiography Results

Accumulating evidence suggests that consumption of whole grains and legumes is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), whereas the risk is increased by consuming refined grains and cereals. This study aimed to investigate the association between grain and legume consumption and the risk of CVD. The study was conducted using a convenient sampling method with a total of 399 participants who underwent coronary angiography. Cases and controls were matched by age with a 1:1 ratio. Standardized and validated questionnaires were used to collect socio- demographic, health, lifestyle, and dietary data. Intake of more than 1 serving/d of white bread increased the risk of CVD significantly with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.06 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37∼6.84], while consuming more than 1 serving/d of wholegrain bread reduced the risk significantly to approximately 53% (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24∼0.93). Similar trends between consuming white bread on daily basis and increased risk of CVD, and consuming wholegrain bread and reduced risk of CVD were also observed. In addition, consuming unsweetened cornflakes on a weekly basis had a protective effect against CVD (AOR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03∼0.96). Intake of legumes reduced the risk of CVD, although only insignificantly for all the tested legumes. The present study calls for consideration of consuming wholegrain bread prevent CVD in the Jordanian population.

Protective Effects of Grape Juice on Vascular Damage Induced by Chlorine Free Radical in Rats

Grapes and their derivatives have antioxidant and cardioprotective properties. Therefore, we hypothesized that grape juice (GJ) could improve vascular oxidative damage caused by chlorine radicals (OCl⁻), which are excessively produced in vascular tissue during cardiovascular diseases (mainly diabetes and hypertension). The antioxidant capacity of GJ was analyzed by an electrochemical method, followed by administration in rats (100 or 300 mg/kg/d, via the oral) for seven days. Then, rats were sacrificed, and their aortas were isolated and subjected to isometric recordings or immuno-histochemical analyses with or without exposure to OCl⁻ (5, 20, or 100 μM, 60 min). Concentration-effect curves for acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were derived to analyze endothelium-dependent or independent vasore-laxation. The GJ presented with high antioxidant capacity, and treatment with GJ did not alter vascular relaxation induced by ACh or SNP. After exposure to OCl⁻, endothelium-denuded arteries showed preserved relaxation with SNP, whereas endothelium-intact arteries showed reduced relaxation with ACh. OCl⁻ at various concentrations induced significantly decreased relaxation of arteries (80.6±4.2%, 55.4±4.7%, and 28.1±5.9%, respectively) vs. control arteries (96.8±2.4%). However, treatment with GJ prevented loss in relaxation caused by 5 and 20 μM OCl⁻ and improved relaxation after exposure to 100 μM OCl⁻. Exposure to OCl⁻ induced increased nitrotyrosine immunostaining of endothelial cell layers, which was improved by GJ treatment. Altogether, vascular damage caused by OCl⁻ was prevented by treatment with GJ, and GJ prevented nitrosative stress in these vessels.

Dietary Supplementation for Attenuating Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness in Humans

Dietary supplements are widely used as a nutritional strategy to improve and maintain performance and achieve faster recovery in sports and exercise. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is caused by mechanical stress and subsequent inflammatory responses including reactive oxygen species and cytokine production. Therefore, dietary supplements with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have the potential to prevent and reduce muscle damage and symptoms characterized by loss of muscle strength and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). However, only a few supplements are considered to be effective at present. This review focuses on the effects of dietary supplements derived from phytochemicals and listed in the International Olympic Committee consensus statement on muscle damage evaluated by blood myofiber damage markers, muscle soreness, performance, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. In this review, the effects of dietary supplements are also discussed in terms of study design (i.e., parallel and crossover studies), exercise model, and such subject characteristics as physical fitness level. Future perspectives and considerations for the use of dietary supplements to alleviate EIMD and DOMS are also discussed.

The role of holistic nutritional properties of diets in the assessment of food system and dietary sustainability

Advancing sustainable diets for nutrition security and sustainable development necessitates clear nutrition metrics for measuring nutritional quality of diets. Food composition, nutrient requirements, and dietary intake are among the most common nutrition metrics used in the current assessment of sustainable diets. Broadly, most studies in the area classify animal-source foods (ASF) as having a substantially higher environmental footprint in comparison to plant-source foods (PSF). As a result, much of the current dietary advice promulgates diets containing higher proportions of PSF. However, this generalization is misleading since most of these studies do not distinguish between the gross and bioavailable nutrient fractions in mixed human diets. The bioavailability of essential nutrients including β-carotene, vitamin B-12, iron, zinc, calcium, and indispensable amino acids varies greatly across different diets. The failure to consider bioavailability in sustainability measurements undermines the complementary role that ASF play in achieving nutrition security in vulnerable populations. This article critically reviews the scientific evidence on the holistic nutritional quality of diets and identifies methodological problems that exist in the way the nutritional quality of diets is measured. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing nutrient bioavailability as a requisite nutrition metric to contextualize the environmental impacts of different diets.

An Overview of Bioactive Flavonoids from Citrus Fruits

Citrus species are one of the world’s popular fruit crops, cultivated all over the world for their economic and nutritional values. Citrus, like other fruits and vegetables, are an important source of several antioxidant molecules (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids) that can inhibit the harmful effects of free radicals on the human body; due to their functional values and health-promoting properties, Citrus species are considered valuable fruits not only in agri-food industry, but also in pharmaceutical industry. Flavonoids are among the major constituents of polyphenols found in different parts of Citrus fruits (skin, peels, seed, pulp membrane, and juice). Flavonoids have different biological properties (antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities). Several studies have also shown the health-related properties of Citrus flavonoids, especially antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and cardiovascular protection activities. In the present review, attempts are made to discuss the current trends of research on flavonoids in different Citrus species.

BrCNGC gene family in field mustard: genome-wide identification, characterization, comparative synteny, evolution and expression profiling

CNGCs are ligand-gated calcium signaling channels, which participate in important biological processes in eukaryotes. However, the CNGC gene family is not well-investigated in Brassica rapa L. (i.e., field mustard) that is economically important and evolutionary model crop. In this study, we systematically identified 29 member genes in BrCNGC gene family, and studied their physico-chemical properties. The BrCNGC family was classified into four major and two sub phylogenetic groups. These genes were randomly localized on nine chromosomes, and dispersed into three sub-genomes of B. rapa L. Both whole-genome triplication and gene duplication (i.e., segmental/tandem) events participated in the expansion of the BrCNGC family. Using in-silico bioinformatics approaches, we determined the gene structures, conserved motif compositions, protein interaction networks, and revealed that most BrCNGCs can be regulated by phosphorylation and microRNAs of diverse functionality. The differential expression patterns of BrCNGC genes in different plant tissues, and in response to different biotic, abiotic and hormonal stress types, suggest their strong role in plant growth, development and stress tolerance. Notably, BrCNGC-9, 27, 18 and 11 exhibited highest responses in terms of fold-changes against club-root pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, methyl-jasmonate, and trace elements. These results provide foundation for the selection of candidate BrCNGC genes for future breeding of field mustard.

Maculosin, a non-toxic antioxidant compound isolated from Streptomyces sp. KTM18

CONTEXT

Streptomyces species are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites known especially for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

OBJECTIVE

This study sought to isolate and characterize antioxidant molecules biosynthesized by Streptomyces sp. KTM18. The antioxidant potential of an isolated compound and its toxicity were accessed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The compound was purified using bioassay-guided chromatography techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were carried out for structure elucidation. The antioxidant potential of the isolated compound was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The toxicity of the isolated compound was measured using a brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay.

RESULTS

Ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. KTM18 showed more than 90% inhibition of DPPH free radical at 50 µg/mL of the test concentration. These data were the strongest among 13 Streptomyces isolates (KTM12-KTM24). The active molecule was isolated and characterized as maculosin (molecular formula, C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₃ as determined by the [M + H]⁺ peak at 261.1259). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of pure maculosin was higher (IC₅₀, 2.16 ± 0.05 µg/mL) than that of commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (IC₅₀, 4.8 ± 0.05 µg/mL). No toxicity was observed for maculosin (LD₅₀, <128 µg/mL) in brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) up to the compound's antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) concentration range. The commercial standard, berberine chloride, showed toxicity in BSLA with an LD₅₀ value of 8.63 ± 0.15 µg/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

Maculosin may be a leading drug candidate in various cosmetic and therapeutic applications owing to its strong antioxidant and non-toxic properties.

Tomato and Olive Bioactive Compounds: A Natural Shield against the Cellular Effects Induced by β-Hexachlorocyclohexane-Activated Signaling Pathways

The β-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) is a globally widespread pollutant that embodies all the physicochemical characteristics of organochlorine pesticides, constituting an environmental risk factor for a wide range of noncommunicable diseases. Previous in vitro studies from our group disclosed the carcinogenic potential of β-HCH, which contributes to neoplastic transformation by means of multifaceted intracellular mechanisms. Considering the positive evidence regarding the protective role of natural bioactive compounds against pollution-induced toxicity, micronutrients from olive and tomato endowed with the capability of modulating β-HCH cellular targets were tested. For this purpose, the solution obtained from a patented food supplement (No. EP2851080A1), referred to as Tomato and Olive Bioactive Compounds (TOBC), was administered to the androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells LNCaP and different biochemical and cellular assays were performed to evaluate its efficiency. TOBC shows a dose-dependent significant chemoprotection by contrasting β-HCH-induced intracellular responses such as STAT3 and AhR activation, disruption of AR signaling, antiapoptotic and proliferative activity, and increase in ROS production and DNA damage. These experimental outcomes identified TOBC as a suitable functional food to be included in a diet regimen aimed at defending cells from β-HCH negative effects, recommending the development of tailored enriched formulations for exposed individuals.

New Vegetable Brassica Foods: A Promising Source of Bioactive Compounds

Brassica rapa is grown in northwestern Spain to obtain turnip greens. The tops of the same plants (flower stems with buds) are cut and sell as turnip tops, increasing the value of the crop. This practice could be extended to other brassicas. The objectives of this work are to study the phytochemical potential of tops of coles (Brassica oleracea) and leaf rape (Brassica napus) compared to turnip tops and to compare tops of different coles (cabbage, kale, tronchuda cabbage), which differ in their morphology and use. We evaluated the content of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity in leaves and tops of the three species. We found that tops had higher amount of glucosinolates than leaves. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity followed the opposite trend. Therefore, consumption of leaves and tops are complementary, since both type of organs are enriched with different types of compound. Local varieties of kale, curly kale, cabbage and curly leave cabbage are interesting because of their GSLs and phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in both leaves and tops. From the human health perspective, tops of coles and leaf rape are interesting as new crops to include in the diet.

Diosgenin a steroidal compound: An emerging way to cancer management

To endure respective research for cancer via common food ingredients has become more prominent with preferably minuscule toxicity. Spices are emerging as a new source of bioactive compounds which have the potential to cure cancer. Fenugreek is rich in diosgenin that has curative and preventive potency toward various cancers. Cancer is invading various cellular mechanisms by altering cellular receptors. Cancer falsifies healthy cells by altered cell receptors like p38, p53, mTOR, Akt, and PARP. Distinct stages of cancer development are triggered by various cellular mechanisms. Diosgenin helps in suppressing cancer mechanisms and induces programmed cell death. Diosgenin brought changes in treatment line of lung, breast, prostate, liver, and colon cancer. Apoptosis changes cytoplasmic different caspase pathways and triggers selected sequence for cancer cell line death. Cell death comprised of series of events carried out by metalloprotease caspase. The complex relationship among cancer, caspase, cell death, and cellular receptors is reviewed in this article in respect of diosgenin. The utilization of diosgenin in creating a bar for cancer, its triggering sites, and various ways to cause apoptosis of abnormal cells. This article focused on diosgenin, its role in the prevention of different cancer and cellular apoptosis throughout different pathways involved in complex interaction of bioactive compound-cellular mechanism cancer. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The concept of curing diseases from daily routine food is quite old. Fenugreek is an excellent source of various bioactive compounds especially diosgenin. Diosgenin is steroidal sapogenin that cures various health issues including cancers. Cancer is one of the most life-threating disease which can affect any cell, tissue, and organ in living system. Diosgenin is proved to be beneficial in terms curing cancer of various types but majorly include lung, liver, colon breast, and prostate. Cancer cure with diosgenin is providing a new base to the pharmaceutical and medical researchers to commence new and more specific journey of diosgenin. Diosgenin could alter cellular pathways that modify cell mechanism in way toward treating cancer. Cell mechanism mainly affected by the interaction of cell signals and cell different receptors that cause triggered cell death. This review article focused over various cancer and diosgenin effect in controlling different cellular pathways which include cellular signaling and cell death mechanism.

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing Revolutionizes the Improvement of Horticulture Food Crops

Horticultural food crops are important sources of nutrients for humans. With the increase of the global population, enhanced horticulture food crop production has become a new challenge, and enriching their nutritional content has also been required. Gene editing systems, such as zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9), have accelerated crop improvement through the modification of targeted genomes precisely. Here, we review the development of various gene editors and compare their advantages and shortcomings, especially the newly emerging CRISPR/Cas systems, such as base editing and prime editing. We also summarize their practical applications in crop trait improvement, including yield, nutritional quality, and other consumer traits.

Characterization of the Trans-Epithelial Transport of Green Tea (C. sinensis) Catechin Extracts with In Vitro Inhibitory Effect against the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Activity

This work describes an untargeted analytical approach for the screening, identification, and characterization of the trans-epithelial transport of green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechin extracts with in vitro inhibitory effect against the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) activity. After specific catechin extraction, a chromatographic separation obtained six fractions were carried out. The fractions were assessed in vitro against the PLpro target. Fraction 5 showed the highest inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (IC₅₀ of 0.125 μg mL^-1). The untargeted characterization revealed that (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) was the most abundant compound in the fraction and the primary molecule absorbed by differentiated Caco-2 cells. Results indicated that fraction 5 was approximately 10 times more active than ECG (IC₅₀ value equal to 11.62 ± 0.47 μg mL^-1) to inhibit the PLpro target. Overall, our findings highlight the synergistic effects of the various components of the crude extract compared to isolated ECG.

Inhibition of the pesticide rotenone-induced Ca2+ signaling, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HCN-2 neuronal cells by the phenolic compound hydroxytyrosol

Rotenone, a plant-derived pesticide belonging to genera Derris and Lonchorcarpus, is an inhibitor of NADH dehydrogenase complex. Studies have shown that rotenone was applied as a neurotoxic agent in various neuronal models. Hydroxytyrosol [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethanol] is a natural phenolic compound found in the olive (Olea europaea L.). Studies of hydroxytyrosol have dramatically increased because this compound may contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Although hydroxytyrosol has received increasing attention due to its multiple pharmacological activities, it is not explored whether hydroxytyrosol inhibited rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in the neuronal cell model. The aim of this study was to explore whether hydroxytyrosol prevented rotenone-induced Ca²⁺ signaling, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HCN-2 neuronal cell line. In HCN-2 cells, rotenone (5-30 μM) concentration-dependently induced cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentrations ([Ca²⁺]_i) rises and cytotoxicity. Treatment with hydroxytyrosol (30 μM) reversed rotenone (20 μM)-induced cytotoxic responses. In Ca²⁺-containing medium, rotenone-induced Ca²⁺ entry was inhibited by 2-APB (a store-operated Ca²⁺ channel modulator) or hydroxytyrosol. In Ca²⁺-free medium, treatment with thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ pump inhibitor) or hydroxytyrosol significantly inhibited rotenone-induced [Ca²⁺]_i rises. Furthermore, treatment with hydroxytyrosol reversed ROS levels, cytotoxic responses, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPX and CAT) in rotenone-treated cells. Together, in HCN-2 cells, rotenone induced Ca²⁺ influx via store-operated Ca²⁺ entry and Ca²⁺ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and caused oxidative stress. Moreover, hydroxytyrosol ameliorated Ca²⁺ or ROS-associated cytotoxicity. It suggests that hydroxytyrosol might have a protective effect on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in human neuronal cells.

Bio Discarded from Waste to Resource

The modern linear agricultural production system allows the production of large quantities of food for an ever-growing population. However, it leads to large quantities of agricultural waste either being disposed of or treated for the purpose of reintroduction into the production chain with a new use. Various approaches in food waste management were explored to achieve social benefits and applications. The extraction of natural bioactive molecules (such as fibers and antioxidants) through innovative technologies represents a means of obtaining value-added products and an excellent measure to reduce the environmental impact. Cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries can use natural bioactive molecules as supplements and the food industry as feed and food additives. The bioactivities of phytochemicals contained in biowaste, their potential economic impact, and analytical procedures that allow their recovery are summarized in this study. Our results showed that although the recovery of bioactive molecules represents a sustainable means of achieving both waste reduction and resource utilization, further research is needed to optimize the valuable process for industrial-scale recovery.