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Gunaratne A, Chan E, El-Chabib TH, Carter D, Di Guglielmo GM. aPKC alters the TGFβ response in NSCLC cells through both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:487–98. [PMID: 25501807 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor b (TGFb) signaling controls many cellular responses including proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and apoptosis, through the activation of canonical (Smad) as well as non-canonical (e.g., Par6) pathways. Previous studies from our lab have demonstrated that aPKC inhibition regulates TGFb receptor trafficking and signaling. Here, we report that downstream TGFb-dependent transcriptional responses in aPKC-silenced NSCLC cells were reduced compared with those of control cells, despite a temporal extension of Smad2 phosphorylation. We assessed SARA–Smad2–Smad4 association and observed that knockdown of aPKC increased SARA (also known as ZFYVE9) levels and SARA–Smad2 complex formation, increased cytoplasmic retention of Smad2 and reduced Smad2–Smad4 complex formation, which correlated with reduced Smad2 nuclear translocation. Interestingly, we also detected an increase in p38 MAPK phosphorylation and apoptosis in aPKC-silenced cells, which were found to be TRAF6-dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that aPKC isoforms regulate Smad and non-Smad TGFb pathways and that aPKC inhibition sensitizes NSCLC cells to undergo TGFb dependent apoptosis.
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102
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Morris MA, Dawson CW, Laverick L, Davis AM, Dudman JPR, Raveenthiraraj S, Ahmad Z, Yap LF, Young LS. The Epstein-Barr virus encoded LMP1 oncoprotein modulates cell adhesion via regulation of activin A/TGFβ and β1 integrin signalling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19533. [PMID: 26782058 PMCID: PMC4726061 DOI: 10.1038/srep19533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of global cancer incidence is causally linked to an infectious agent. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) accounts for around 1% of all virus-associated cancers and is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major oncoprotein encoded by EBV, behaves as a constitutively active tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor activating a variety of signalling pathways, including the three classic MAPKs (ERK-MAPK, p38 MAPK and JNK/SAPK). The present study identifies novel signalling properties for this integral membrane protein via the induction and secretion of activin A and TGFβ1, which are both required for LMP1’s ability to induce the expression of the extracellular matrix protein, fibronectin. However, it is evident that LMP1 is unable to activate the classic Smad-dependent TGFβ signalling pathway, but rather elicits its effects through the non-Smad arm of TGFβ signalling. In addition, there is a requirement for JNK/SAPK signalling in LMP1-mediated fibronectin induction. LMP1 also induces the expression and activation of the major fibronectin receptor, α5β1 integrin, an effect that is accompanied by increased focal adhesion formation and turnover. Taken together, these findings support the putative role for LMP1 in the pathogenesis of NPC by contributing to the metastatic potential of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi A Morris
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH
| | - Christopher W Dawson
- Institute for Cancer Studies, School of Cancer Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - Louise Laverick
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Clinical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050
| | - Alexandra M Davis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH
| | - Joe P R Dudman
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH
| | - Sathuwarman Raveenthiraraj
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH
| | - Lee-Fah Yap
- Department of Oral Biology &Biomedical Sciences and Oral Cancer Research &Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW
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103
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Molecular landscape of pancreatic cancer: implications for current clinical trials. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4553-61. [PMID: 25714017 PMCID: PMC4467098 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent improvements, overall survival for advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas continues to be poor. In comparison to other tumor types that have enjoyed marked survival benefit by targeting aberrant cell signaling pathways, standard of care treatment for pancreatic cancer is limited to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Multiple pathway aberrations have been documented in pancreatic cancer. A review of the COSMIC database reveals that most pancreatic cancers contain somatic mutations, with the five most frequent being KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and ARID1A, and multiple other abnormalities seen including, but not limited to, mutations in STK11/LKB1, FBXW7, PIK3CA, and BRAF. In the era of tumor profiling, these aberrations may provide an opportunity for new therapeutic approaches. Yet, searching clinicaltrials.gov for recent drug intervention trials for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, remarkably few (10 of 116 (8.6%)) new study protocols registered in the last three years included a molecular/biomarker stratification strategy. Enhanced efforts to target subsets of patients with pancreatic cancer in order to optimize therapy benefit are warranted.
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104
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Valcourt U, Carthy J, Okita Y, Alcaraz L, Kato M, Thuault S, Bartholin L, Moustakas A. Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induced by Transforming Growth Factor β. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1344:147-81. [PMID: 26520123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2966-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the importance of the cell biological process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been established via an exponentially growing number of reports. EMT has been documented during embryonic development, tissue fibrosis, and cancer progression in vitro, in animal models in vivo and in human specimens. EMT relates to many molecular and cellular alterations that occur when epithelial cells undergo a switch in differentiation that generates mesenchymal-like cells with newly acquired migratory and invasive properties. In addition, EMT relates to a nuclear reprogramming similar to the one occurring in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Via such a process, EMT is gradually established to promote the generation and maintenance of adult tissue stem cells which under disease states such as cancer, are known as cancer stem cells. EMT is induced by developmental growth factors, oncogenes, radiation, and hypoxia. A prominent growth factor that causes EMT is transforming growth factor β (TGF-β).A series of molecular and cellular techniques can be applied to define and characterize the state of EMT in diverse biological samples. These methods range from DNA and RNA-based techniques that measure the expression of key EMT regulators and markers of epithelial or mesenchymal differentiation to functional assays of cell mobility, invasiveness and in vitro stemness. This chapter focuses on EMT induced by TGF-β and provides authoritative protocols and relevant reagents and citations of key publications aiming at assisting newcomers that enter this prolific area of biomedical sciences, and offering a useful reference tool to pioneers and aficionados of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Valcourt
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, 69000, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathon Carthy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yukari Okita
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Lindsay Alcaraz
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, 69000, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Mitsuyasu Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sylvie Thuault
- INSERM UMR 911 CRO2, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, 69000, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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105
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Chanda S, Nandi S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Rotavirus-induced miR-142-5p elicits proviral milieu by targeting non-canonical transforming growth factor beta signalling and apoptosis in cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:733-47. [PMID: 26572508 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) expression is significantly influenced by viral infection, because of either host antiviral defences or proviral factors resulting in the modulation of viral propagation. This study was undertaken to identify and analyse the significance of cellular miRNAs during rotavirus (SA11 or KU) infection. Sixteen differentially regulated miRNAs were identified during rotavirus infection of which hsa-miR-142-5p was up-regulated and validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Exogenous expression of miR-142-5p inhibitor resulted in a significant reduction of viral titer indicating proviral role of miR-142-5p. Functional studies of hsa-miR-142-5p identified its role in transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling as TGFβ receptor 2 and SMAD3 were degraded during both hsa-miR-142-5p overexpression and rotavirus infection. TGFβ is induced during rotavirus infection, which may promote apoptosis by activation of non-canonical pathways in HT29 cells. However, up-regulated miR-142-5p resulted in the inhibition of TGFβ-induced apoptosis suggesting its anti-apoptotic function. Rotavirus NSP5 was identified as a regulator of miR-142-5p expression. Concurrently, NSP5-HT29 cells showed inhibition of TGFβ-induced apoptosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition by blocking non-canonical pathways. Overall, the study identified proviral function of hsa-miR-142-5p during rotavirus infection. In addition, modulation of TGFβ-induced non-canonical signalling in microsatellite stable colon cancer cells can be exploited for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chanda
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700010, India
| | - Satabdi Nandi
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700010, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700010, India
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106
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Lu Y, Gao W, Zhang C, Wen S, Huangfu H, Kang J, Wang B. Hsa-miR-301a-3p Acts as an Oncogene in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Target Regulation of Smad4. J Cancer 2015; 6:1260-75. [PMID: 26640587 PMCID: PMC4643083 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the second most common malignant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Exploring the molecular indicators of malignant behavior will enhance our knowledge of this type cancer and provide novel options for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. MicroRNA might exert regulatory roles as oncogenes or anti-oncogenes. We studied the expression of miR-301a-3p in LSCC tissues and cell lines and conducted a functional analysis of miR-301a-3p to confirm if miR-301a-3p functions as an oncogene in LSCC. We found Smad4 to be one of the potential target genes of miR-301a-3p, and it functioned as a tumor suppressor in LSCC. Hsa-miR-301a-3p participated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which is considered to be linked to the process of LSCC development. Our present findings indicate that miR-301a-3p acts as an oncogene by directly regulating the anti-oncogene Smad4, thereby playing a role in the occurrence and development of LSCC. The present findings are expected to help in the development of novel targets for the prevention and treatment of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China ; 3. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Wei Gao
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China ; 2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Chunming Zhang
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China ; 2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Shuxin Wen
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China ; 2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Hui Huangfu
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China ; 2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jian Kang
- 3. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Binquan Wang
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China ; 2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
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107
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Functional interaction between COL4A1/COL4A2 and SMAD3 risk loci for coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:543-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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108
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Buonato JM, Lan IS, Lazzara MJ. EGF augments TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by promoting SHP2 binding to GAB1. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3898-909. [PMID: 26359300 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In many epithelial cells, epidermal growth factor (EGF) augments the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs when cells are treated with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). We demonstrate that this augmentation requires activation of SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2; also known as PTPN11), a proto-oncogene. In lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines, reductions in E-cadherin expression, increases in vimentin expression and increases in cell scatter rates were larger when cells were treated with TGFβ and EGF versus TGFβ or EGF alone. SHP2 knockdown promoted epithelial characteristics basally and antagonized EMT in response to TGFβ alone or in combination with EGF. Whereas EGF promoted SHP2 binding to tyrosine phosphorylated GAB1, which promotes SHP2 activity, TGFβ did not induce SHP2 association with phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. Knockdown of endogenous SHP2 and reconstitution with an SHP2 mutant with impaired phosphotyrosine binding ability eliminated the EGF-mediated EMT augmentation that was otherwise restored with wild-type SHP2 reconstitution. These results demonstrate roles for basal and ligand-induced SHP2 activity in EMT and further motivate efforts to identify specific ways to inhibit SHP2, given the role of EMT in tumor dissemination and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Buonato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ingrid S Lan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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109
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Auto-regulation of Slug mediates its activity during epithelial to mesenchymal transition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1209-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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110
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Xia X, Zhang K, Cen G, Jiang T, Cao J, Huang K, Huang C, Zhao Q, Qiu Z. MicroRNA-301a-3p promotes pancreatic cancer progression via negative regulation of SMAD4. Oncotarget 2015; 6:21046-63. [PMID: 26019136 PMCID: PMC4673249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim to determine the clinicopathological and prognostic role of miR-301a-3p in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC), to investigate the biological mechanism of miR-301a-3p in vitro and in vivo. METHODS By tissue microarray analysis, we studied miR-301a-3p expression in PDAC patients and its clinicopathological correlations as well as prognostic significance. qRT-PCR was used to test miR-301a-3p expression in PDAC tissues and cell lines. Functional experiments including in vitro and in vivo were performed. RESULTS Significantly higher expression of miR-301a-3p were found in PDAC patients with lymph node metastasis and advanced pathological stages and identified as an independent prognostic factor for worse survival. In PDAC samples and cell lines, miR-301a-3p was significantly up-regulated compared with matched non-tumor tissues and normal pancreatic ductal cells, respectively. Overexpression of miR-301a-3p enhanced PDAC cells colony, invasion and migration abilities in vitro as well as tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, SMAD4 was identified as a target gene of miR-301a-3p by cell as well as mice xenograft experiments. In PDAC tissue microarray, a significantly inverse correlation between miR-301a-3p ISH scores and SMAD4 IHC scores were observed in both tumor and corresponding non-tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS MiR-301a-3p functions as a novel oncogene in PDAC and the oncogenic activity may involve its inhibition of the target gene SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kundong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Cen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis and National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengjun Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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111
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Fullerton PT, Creighton CJ, Matzuk MM. Insights Into SMAD4 Loss in Pancreatic Cancer From Inducible Restoration of TGF-β Signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1440-53. [PMID: 26284758 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth-leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The TGF-β signaling protein SMAD family member 4 is lost in 60% of PDAC, and this has been associated with poorer prognosis. However, the mechanisms by which SMAD4 loss promotes PDAC development are not fully understood. We expressed SMAD4 in human PDAC cell lines BxPC3 and CFPAC1 by selection of stable clones containing an inducible SMAD4 tetracycline inducible expression system construct. After 24 hours of SMAD4 expression, TGF-β signaling-dependent G1 arrest was observed in BxPC3 cells with an increase in the G1 phase fraction from 48.9% to 71.5%. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A by small interfering RNA eliminated the antiproliferative effect, indicating that up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A/p21 by TGF-β signaling is necessary for the phenotype. SMAD4 expression had no impact on invasion in BxPC3 cells, but reduced migration. Microarray analysis of gene expression at 8, 24, and 48 hours after SMAD4 expression characterized the regulatory impact of SMAD4 expression in a SMAD4-null PDAC cell line and identified novel targets of TGF-β signaling. Among the novel TGF-β targets identified are anthrax toxin receptor 2 (3.58× at 8 h), tubulin, β-3 class III (7.35× at 8 h), cell migration inducing protein, hyaluronan binding (8.07× at 8 h), IL-1 receptor-like 1 (0.403× at 8 h), regulator of G protein signaling 4 (0.293× at 8 h), and THAP domain containing 11 (0.262× at 8 h). The gene expression changes we observed upon restoration of TGF-β signaling provide numerous new targets for future investigations into PDAC biology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Fullerton
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Pathology and Immunology (P.T.F., M.M.M.), Molecular and Cellular Biology (M.M.M.), Pharmacology (M.M.M.), and Medicine (C.J.C.); the Center for Drug Discovery (P.T.F., M.M.M.); and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center (P.T.F., C.J.C., M.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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112
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Alcaraz A, Mrowiec A, Insausti CL, Bernabé-García Á, García-Vizcaíno EM, López-Martínez MC, Monfort A, Izeta A, Moraleda JM, Castellanos G, Nicolás FJ. Amniotic Membrane Modifies the Genetic Program Induced by TGFß, Stimulating Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration in Chronic Wounds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135324. [PMID: 26284363 PMCID: PMC4540284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic large-surface or deep wounds often cannot progress to reepithelialisation because they become irresponsive in the inflammatory stage, so intervention is necessary to provide the final sealing epidermis. Previously we have shown that Amniotic Membrane (AM) induced a robust epithelialisation in deep traumatic wounds. METHODS AND FINDINGS To better understand this phenomenon, we used keratinocytes to investigate the effect of AM on chronic wounds. Using keratinocytes, we saw that AM treatment is able to exert an attenuating effect upon Smad2 and Smad3 TGFß-induced phosphorylation while triggering the activation of several MAPK signalling pathways, including ERK and JNK1, 2. This also has a consequence for TGFß-induced regulation on cell cycle control key players CDK1A (p21) and CDK2B (p15). The study of a wider set of TGFß regulated genes showed that the effect of AM was not wide but very concrete for some genes. TGFß exerted a powerful cell cycle arrest; the presence of AM however prevented TGFß-induced cell cycle arrest. Moreover, AM induced a powerful cell migration response that correlates well with the expression of c-Jun protein at the border of the healing assay. Consistently, the treatment with AM of human chronic wounds induced a robust expression of c-Jun at the wound border. CONCLUSIONS The effect of AM on the modulation of TGFß responses in keratinocytes that favours proliferation together with AM-induced keratinocyte migration is the perfect match that allows chronic wounds to move on from their non-healing state and progress into epithelialization. Our results may explain why the application of AM on chronic wounds is able to promote epithelialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Alcaraz
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Anna Mrowiec
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Luisa Insausti
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Bernabé-García
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva María García-Vizcaíno
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Asunción Monfort
- Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José María Moraleda
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gregorio Castellanos
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Nicolás
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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Russell R, Perkhofer L, Liebau S, Lin Q, Lechel A, Feld FM, Hessmann E, Gaedcke J, Güthle M, Zenke M, Hartmann D, von Figura G, Weissinger SE, Rudolph KL, Möller P, Lennerz JK, Seufferlein T, Wagner M, Kleger A. Loss of ATM accelerates pancreatic cancer formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7677. [PMID: 26220524 PMCID: PMC4532798 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with accumulation of particular oncogenic mutations and recent genetic sequencing studies have identified ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) mutations in PDAC cohorts. Here we report that conditional deletion of ATM in a mouse model of PDAC induces a greater number of proliferative precursor lesions coupled with a pronounced fibrotic reaction. ATM-targeted mice display altered TGFβ-superfamily signalling and enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) coupled with shortened survival. Notably, our mouse model recapitulates many features of more aggressive human PDAC subtypes. Particularly, we report that low expression of ATM predicts EMT, a gene signature specific for Bmp4 signalling and poor prognosis in human PDAC. Our data suggest an intimate link between ATM expression and pancreatic cancer progression in mice and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Oesterbergstr. 3, Tuebingen 72074, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstr. 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Fenja M Feld
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hessmann
- Department of Gastroenterology II, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jochen Gaedcke
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Melanie Güthle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstr. 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Guido von Figura
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
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Kuperstein I, Bonnet E, Nguyen HA, Cohen D, Viara E, Grieco L, Fourquet S, Calzone L, Russo C, Kondratova M, Dutreix M, Barillot E, Zinovyev A. Atlas of Cancer Signalling Network: a systems biology resource for integrative analysis of cancer data with Google Maps. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e160. [PMID: 26192618 PMCID: PMC4521180 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancerogenesis is driven by mutations leading to aberrant functioning of a complex network of molecular interactions and simultaneously affecting multiple cellular functions. Therefore, the successful application of bioinformatics and systems biology methods for analysis of high-throughput data in cancer research heavily depends on availability of global and detailed reconstructions of signalling networks amenable for computational analysis. We present here the Atlas of Cancer Signalling Network (ACSN), an interactive and comprehensive map of molecular mechanisms implicated in cancer. The resource includes tools for map navigation, visualization and analysis of molecular data in the context of signalling network maps. Constructing and updating ACSN involves careful manual curation of molecular biology literature and participation of experts in the corresponding fields. The cancer-oriented content of ACSN is completely original and covers major mechanisms involved in cancer progression, including DNA repair, cell survival, apoptosis, cell cycle, EMT and cell motility. Cell signalling mechanisms are depicted in detail, together creating a seamless ‘geographic-like' map of molecular interactions frequently deregulated in cancer. The map is browsable using NaviCell web interface using the Google Maps engine and semantic zooming principle. The associated web-blog provides a forum for commenting and curating the ACSN content. ACSN allows uploading heterogeneous omics data from users on top of the maps for visualization and performing functional analyses. We suggest several scenarios for ACSN application in cancer research, particularly for visualizing high-throughput data, starting from small interfering RNA-based screening results or mutation frequencies to innovative ways of exploring transcriptomes and phosphoproteomes. Integration and analysis of these data in the context of ACSN may help interpret their biological significance and formulate mechanistic hypotheses. ACSN may also support patient stratification, prediction of treatment response and resistance to cancer drugs, as well as design of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kuperstein
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - E Bonnet
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - H-A Nguyen
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - D Cohen
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - L Grieco
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France [4] Ecole Normale Supérieure, IBENS, Paris, France [5] CNRS, UMR8197, Paris, France [6] INSERM, U1024, Paris, France
| | - S Fourquet
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - L Calzone
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - C Russo
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - M Kondratova
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - M Dutreix
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] CNRS, UMR3347, Orsay, France [3] INSERM, U1021, Orsay, France
| | - E Barillot
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - A Zinovyev
- 1] Institut Curie, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U900, Paris, France [3] Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies. Significant progresses have been made in understanding of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis, including appreciation of precursor lesions or premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs), description of sequential transformation from normal pancreatic tissue to invasive pancreatic cancer and identification of major genetic and epigenetic events and the biological impact of those events on malignant behavior. However, the currently used therapeutic strategies targeting tumor epithelial cells, which are potent in cell culture and animal models, have not been successful in the clinic. Presumably, therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer is at least in part due to its drastic desmoplasis, which is a defining hallmark for and circumstantially contributes to pancreatic cancer development and progression. Improved understanding of the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the stroma is important to better understanding pancreatic cancer biology and to designing effective intervention strategies. This review focuses on the origination, evolution and disruption of stromal molecular and cellular components in pancreatic cancer, and their biological effects on pancreatic cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Parikh A, Wu J, Blanton RM, Tzanakakis ES. Signaling Pathways and Gene Regulatory Networks in Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:377-92. [PMID: 25813860 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for harnessing stem cells as a source to treat cell loss in heart disease are the subject of intense research. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be expanded extensively in vitro and therefore can potentially provide sufficient quantities of patient-specific differentiated cardiomyocytes. Although multiple stimuli direct heart development, the differentiation process is driven in large part by signaling activity. The engineering of hPSCs to heart cell progeny has extensively relied on establishing proper combinations of soluble signals, which target genetic programs thereby inducing cardiomyocyte specification. Pertinent differentiation strategies have relied as a template on the development of embryonic heart in multiple model organisms. Here, information on the regulation of cardiomyocyte development from in vivo genetic and embryological studies is critically reviewed. A fresh interpretation is provided of in vivo and in vitro data on signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying cardiopoiesis. The state-of-the-art understanding of signaling pathways and GRNs presented here can inform the design and optimization of methods for the engineering of tissues for heart therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirath Parikh
- 1 Lonza Walkersville, Inc. , Lonza Group, Walkersville, Maryland
| | - Jincheng Wu
- 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Robert M Blanton
- 3 Division of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute , Tufts Medical Center, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts.,4 Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) , Boston, Massachusetts
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Nallet-Staub F, Yin X, Gilbert C, Marsaud V, Ben Mimoun S, Javelaud D, Leof EB, Mauviel A. Cell density sensing alters TGF-β signaling in a cell-type-specific manner, independent from Hippo pathway activation. Dev Cell 2015; 32:640-51. [PMID: 25758862 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell contacts inhibit cell growth and proliferation in part by activating the Hippo pathway that drives the phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of the transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ. Cell density and Hippo signaling have also been reported to block transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) responses, based on the ability of phospho-YAP/TAZ to sequester TGF-β-activated SMAD complexes in the cytoplasm. Herein, we provide evidence that epithelial cell polarization interferes with TGF-β signaling well upstream and independent of cytoplasmic YAP/TAZ. Rather, polarized basolateral presentation of TGF-β receptors I and II deprives apically delivered TGF-β of access to its receptors. Basolateral ligand delivery nonetheless remains entirely effective to induce TGF-β responses. These data demonstrate that cell-type-specific inhibition of TGF-β signaling by cell density is restricted to polarized epithelial cells and reflects the polarized distribution of TGF-β receptors, which thus affects SMAD activation irrespective of Hippo pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Nallet-Staub
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis," Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91400 Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris XI, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Xueqian Yin
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Departments of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cristèle Gilbert
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis," Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91400 Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris XI, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Véronique Marsaud
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis," Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91400 Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris XI, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Saber Ben Mimoun
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis," Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91400 Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris XI, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Javelaud
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis," Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91400 Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris XI, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Edward B Leof
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Departments of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Alain Mauviel
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis," Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91400 Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris XI, 91400 Orsay, France.
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Thien A, Prentzell MT, Holzwarth B, Kläsener K, Kuper I, Boehlke C, Sonntag AG, Ruf S, Maerz L, Nitschke R, Grellscheid SN, Reth M, Walz G, Baumeister R, Neumann-Haefelin E, Thedieck K. TSC1 activates TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling in growth arrest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Dev Cell 2015; 32:617-30. [PMID: 25727005 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tuberous sclerosis proteins TSC1 and TSC2 are key integrators of growth factor signaling. They suppress cell growth and proliferation by acting in a heteromeric complex to inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In this study, we identify TSC1 as a component of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-Smad2/3 pathway. Here, TSC1 functions independently of TSC2. TSC1 interacts with the TGF-β receptor complex and Smad2/3 and is required for their association with one another. TSC1 regulates TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and target gene expression and controls TGF-β-induced growth arrest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Hyperactive Akt specifically activates TSC1-dependent cytostatic Smad signaling to induce growth arrest. Thus, TSC1 couples Akt activity to TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling. This has implications for cancer treatments targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Akt because they may impair tumor-suppressive cytostatic TGF-β signaling by inhibiting Akt- and TSC1-dependent Smad activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Thien
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirja Tamara Prentzell
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Holzwarth
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Molecular Immunology (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ineke Kuper
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Annika G Sonntag
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ruf
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Research Training Group (RTG) 1104, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Maerz
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Nitschke
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Reth
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Research Training Group (RTG) 1104, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; ZBMZ Centre for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Rac1b negatively regulates TGF-β1-induced cell motility in pancreatic ductal epithelial cells by suppressing Smad signalling. Oncotarget 2014; 5:277-90. [PMID: 24378395 PMCID: PMC3960208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 promotes progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration/invasion, and metastasis, in part by cooperating with the small GTPase Rac1. Prompted by the observation of higher expression of Rac1b, an alternatively spliced Rac1 isoform, in pancreatic ductal epithelial cells and in patients with chronic pancreatitis vs. PDAC, as well as in long-time vs. short-time survivors among PDAC patients, we asked whether Rac1b might negatively affect TGF-β1 prometastatic function. Interestingly, the non-malignant pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line H6c7 exhibited a higher ratio of active Rac1b to total Rac1b than the TGF-β1-responsive PDAC cell lines Panc-1 and Colo357. Notably, siRNA-mediated silencing of Rac1b increased TGF-β1/Smad-dependent migratory activities in H6c7, Colo357, and Panc-1 cells, while ectopic overexpression of Rac1b in Panc-1 cells attenuated TGF-β1-induced cell motility. Depletion of Rac1b in Panc-1 cells enhanced TGF-β1/Smad-dependent expression of promoter-reporter genes and of the endogenous Slug gene. Moreover, Rac1b depletion resulted in a higher and more sustained C-terminal phosphorylation of Smad3 and Smad2, suggesting that Rac1b is involved in Smad2/3 dephosphorylation/inactivation. Since pharmacologic or siRNA-mediated inhibition of Smad3 but not Smad2 was able to alleviate the Rac1b siRNA effect on TGF-β1-induced cell migration, our results suggests that Rac1b inhibits TGF-β1-induced cell motility in pancreatic ductal epithelial cells by blocking the function of Smad3. Moreover, Rac1b may act as an endogenous inhibitor of Rac1 in TGF-β1-mediated migration and possibly metastasis. Hence, it could be exploited for diagnostic/prognostic purposes or even therapeutically in late-stage PDAC as an antimetastatic agent.
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120
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Xia X, Wu W, Huang C, Cen G, Jiang T, Cao J, Huang K, Qiu Z. SMAD4 and its role in pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:111-9. [PMID: 25464861 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates cell functions and has key roles in pancreatic cancer development. SMAD4, as one of the Smads family of signal transducer from TGF-β, mediates pancreatic cell proliferation and apoptosis and is specifically inactivated in half of advanced pancreatic cancers. In recent years, many advances concerning SMAD4 had tried to unravel the complex signaling mechanisms of TGF-β and its dual role of tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting efforts in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression through SMAD4-dependent TGF-β signaling and SMAD4-independent TGF-β signaling pathways. Meanwhile, its potential prognostic value based on immunohistochemical expression in surgical sample was variably reported by several studies and short of a systematic analysis. This review aimed to discuss the structure, functions, and regulation of this principal protein and its effects in determining the progression and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, 100 Hai Ning Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
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Ma Y, Yan F, Li L, Liu L, Sun J. Deletion and down-regulation of SMAD4 gene in colorectal cancers in a Chinese population. Chin J Cancer Res 2014; 26:525-31. [PMID: 25400417 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2014.09.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of human cancers. As a tumor suppressor, SMAD4 plays a key role in colorectal carcinogenesis and invasiveness. Copy number variations (CNVs) of the SMAD4 gene have been reported to be associated with cancer pathogenesis in array-based studies in different populations. Here we aimed to investigate the CNVs of the SMAD4 gene in a relatively large number of CRC patients from China. METHODS In the present study, we collected 147 Chinese CRC tumors as well as self-paired normal control tissues. Quantitative PCR was carried out to examine the copy number as well as the mRNA expression of the SMAD4 gene. RESULTS Our results showed that the copy number deletions of SMAD4 were frequent in a relatively high percentage of CRC samples (34.7%, 51 out of 147). There was a positive correlation between the copy number decrease of SMAD4 and tumor progression in CRCs. Furthermore, copy number loss of SMAD4 was correlated with decreased mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the copy number deletions of SMAD4 were frequent in CRC patients from China and had the potential to serve as a diagnostic indicator, alone or in combination with other markers, for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Ma
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430033, China
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ZHANG BEIBEI, GUO XIAORONG, ZHANG JINGXI, LIU XIAO, ZHAN XIANBAO, LI ZHAOSHEN. MicroRNA-224 is downregulated in mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas and may regulate tumorigenesis by targeting Jagged1. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3303-9. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Vizán P, J Miller DS, Schmierer B, Hill CS. Response to comment on "Controlling long-term signaling: receptor dynamics determine attenuation and refractory behavior of the TGF-β pathway"-Smad2/3 activity does not predict the dynamics of transcription. Sci Signal 2014; 7:lc2. [PMID: 25249656 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Using an integrative experimental and computational modeling approach to dissect the signaling dynamics of the transforming growth factor-β to Smad (TGF-β/Smad) pathway, we discovered that previous exposure to ligand desensitizes cells, rendering them refractory to further acute TGF-β stimulation. We demonstrated that this refractory behavior, which also explains signal attenuation, is caused by the fast depletion from the cell surface of signaling-competent receptors upon TGF-β binding and their slow replenishment, which is the rate-limiting step for regaining full competence for acute ligand induction. In their Comment, Warmflash and colleagues suggest that receptor dynamics do not necessarily reflect the dynamics of TGF-β target gene transcription. We argue that to understand receptor dynamics, phosphorylated Smad2 abundance is the optimal readout, because this directly reflects receptor activity. Target gene transcription, in contrast, is influenced by many other factors in addition to nuclear abundance of activated Smad complexes and is thus a poor readout for receptor dynamics. Warmflash et al. also claim that our results are inconsistent with parts of the literature, in particular with data published by Zi et al. (Mol. Syst. Biol. 7, 492, 2011) and by Sorre et al. (Dev. Cell 20, 334, 2014). However, we show with our mathematical model that our results are consistent with the data in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Vizán
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Daniel S J Miller
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Bernhard Schmierer
- Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Caroline S Hill
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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124
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Andl T, Le Bras GF, Richards NF, Allison GL, Loomans HA, Washington MK, Revetta F, Lee RK, Taylor C, Moses HL, Andl CD. Concerted loss of TGFβ-mediated proliferation control and E-cadherin disrupts epithelial homeostasis and causes oral squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2602-10. [PMID: 25233932 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa is well understood, the cellular origin and the exact molecular mechanisms leading to their formation are not. Previously, we observed the coordinated loss of E-cadherin (CDH1) and transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFBR2) in esophageal squamous tumors. To investigate if the coordinated loss of Cdh1 and Tgfbr2 is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in vivo, we developed two mouse models targeting ablation of both genes constitutively or inducibly in the oral-esophageal epithelium. We show that the loss of both Cdh1 and Tgfbr2 in both models is sufficient to induce squamous cell carcinomas with animals succumbing to the invasive disease by 18 months of age. Advanced tumors have the ability to invade regional lymph nodes and to establish distant pulmonary metastasis. The mouse tumors showed molecular characteristics of human tumors such as overexpression of Cyclin D1. We addressed the question whether TGFβ signaling may target known stem cell markers and thereby influence tumorigenesis. From our mouse and human models, we conclude that TGFβ signaling regulates key aspects of stemness and quiescence in vitro and in vivo. This provides a new explanation for the importance of TGFβ in mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andl
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Digestive Disease Center and Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M Kay Washington
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Digestive Disease Center and Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
| | - Frank Revetta
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Digestive Disease Center and Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
| | | | | | - Harold L Moses
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Claudia D Andl
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Digestive Disease Center and
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125
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Barcellos-Hoff MH, Cucinotta FA. New tricks for an old fox: impact of TGFβ on the DNA damage response and genomic stability. Sci Signal 2014; 7:re5. [PMID: 25185158 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a well-known master regulator of cellular proliferation and is a critical factor in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. TGFβ is classically defined as a tumor suppressor that functions in the early stages of carcinogenesis, yet paradoxically it functions as a tumor promoter in established cancers. Less well studied is its role in maintaining genomic stability through its participation in the DNA damage response (DDR). Deletion of Tgfb1 in murine epithelium increases genomic instability (GIN) as measured by gene amplification, aneuploidy, and centrosome aberrations; likewise, GIN is increased by depleting the TGFβ ligand or inhibiting TGFβ pathway signaling in human epithelial cells. Subsequent studies demonstrated that TGFβ depletion compromises cell survival in response to radiation and impairs activation of the DDR because of severely reduced activity of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a serine/threonine protein kinase that is rapidly activated by DNA double-strand breaks. The SMAD transcription factors are intermediaries in the crosstalk between the TGFβ and ATM pathways in the DDR. Recent studies have shown that SMAD2 and SMAD7 participate in the DDR in a manner dependent on ATM or TGFβ receptor type I, respectively, in human fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Understanding the role of TGFβ in the DDR and suppressing GIN is important to understanding its seemingly paradoxical roles in tumorigenesis and thus has therapeutic implications for improving the response to DNA damage-inducing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Francis A Cucinotta
- Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 453037, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3037, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in sequencing technology have led to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the molecular biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This timely review seeks to summarize these recent advances which will provide a foundation for future studies in the field. RECENT FINDINGS Stereotypical genetic alterations have been identified and confirmed. However, additional alterations have highlighted the importance and complexity of a number of intracellular signaling pathways that present unique opportunities for therapeutic targeting. SUMMARY A genetic signature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has been identified. This recent and important work is currently in the process of being applied in many clinical applications from early diagnostics to customized therapeutic regimens for this disease. A fundamental understanding of these findings will thus be of utmost importance for future research in the field and in the clinical care of patients with this lethal disease.
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127
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Liu J, Wang L, Su Z, Wu W, Cai X, Li D, Hou J, Pei D, Pan G. A reciprocal antagonism between miR‐376c and TGF‐β signaling regulates neural differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. FASEB J 2014; 28:4642-56. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-249342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Linli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenghui Su
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiujuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jundi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
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128
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A Smad3 and TTF-1/NKX2-1 complex regulates Smad4-independent gene expression. Cell Res 2014; 24:994-1008. [PMID: 25060702 PMCID: PMC4123303 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1, also known as NKX2-1) is a tissue-specific transcription factor in lung epithelial cells. Although TTF-1 inhibits the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in lung adenocarcinoma cells, the mechanism through which TTF-1 inhibits the functions of TGF-β is unknown. Here we show that TTF-1 disrupts the nuclear Smad3-Smad4 complex without affecting the nuclear localization of phospho-Smad3. Genome-wide analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing revealed that TTF-1 colocalizes with Smad3 on chromatin and alters Smad3-binding patterns throughout the genome, while TTF-1 generally inhibits Smad4 binding to chromatin. Moreover, Smad3 binds to chromatin together with TTF-1, but not with Smad4, at some Smad3-binding regions when TGF-β signaling is absent, and knockdown of Smad4 expression does not attenuate Smad3 binding in these regions. Thus, TTF-1 may compete with Smad4 for interaction with Smad3, and in the presence of TTF-1, Smad3 regulates the transcription of certain genes independently of Smad4. These findings provide a new model of regulation of TGF-β-Smad signaling by TTF-1.
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129
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Steinestel K, Eder S, Schrader AJ, Steinestel J. Clinical significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:17. [PMID: 25050175 PMCID: PMC4094902 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process where cells change their epithelial towards a mesenchymal phenotype, has gained overwhelming attention especially in the cancer research community. Thousands of scientific reports investigated changes in gene, mRNA and protein expression compatible with EMT and their possible correlation with tumor invasion, metastatic spread or patient prognosis; however, up to now, a proof of clinical significance of the concept is still missing. This review, with a main focus on the role of EMT in tumors, will summarize the basic molecular events underlying EMT including the signaling pathways capable of its induction as well as changes in EMT-associated protein expression and will very briefly touch the role of microRNAs in EMT. We then outline protein markers that are used most frequently for the assessment of EMT in research and diagnostic evaluation of tumor specimens and depict the link between EMT, a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and resistance to conventional antineoplastic therapies. Furthermore, we evaluate a possible correlation between EMT marker expression and patient prognosis as well as current therapeutic concepts targeting the EMT process to slow down or prevent metastatic spread of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Steinestel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stefan Eder
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
| | - Andres Jan Schrader
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, Ulm 89075, Germany
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130
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Larivière N, Law J, Trinkle-Mulcahy L. Dissection of a novel autocrine signaling pathway via quantitative secretome and interactome mapping. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3432-43. [PMID: 24956037 DOI: 10.1021/pr500392m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis is a balancing act governed by a multitude of underlying regulatory events, and several growth factors and signaling pathways have been implicated in regulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in keratinocytes. We show here that the signal transducer/transcription factor FIZ1 (Flt3 interacting zinc finger protein-1) is a previously unknown player in this regulatory axis, promoting an increase in proliferation of HaCaT human immortalized keratinocytes that is driven by more rapid G1/S progression and mediated by activation of the MAP/ERK kinase pathway. Utilizing quantitative SILAC-based secretome analysis, we identified the insulin growth factor binding protein IGFBP3 as the key mediating factor, demonstrating that elevated FIZ1 levels promote increased IGFBP3 expression and secretion and a concurrent increased sensitivity to IGF1 signaling, while antibody-based neutralization of IGFBP3 abrogates the FIZ1-induced growth advantage. To identify underlying protein-protein interactions likely to govern these events, we mapped the interactome of FIZ1 and found eight novel binding partners that form complexes with the protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus. These include signal transduction and transcription factors and the cell cycle regulatory NDR (Nuclear Dbf2-related) kinases. Our results provide further insight into the complex balance of epidermal homeostasis and identify FIZ1 as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Larivière
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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131
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Yamazaki K, Masugi Y, Effendi K, Tsujikawa H, Hiraoka N, Kitago M, Shinoda M, Itano O, Tanabe M, Kitagawa Y, Sakamoto M. Upregulated SMAD3 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and predicts poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2014; 94:683-91. [PMID: 24709776 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are often seen in tumor tissue, and such features correlate with poor prognosis. Solitary infiltration of tumor cells represents a morphological phenotype of EMT, and we previously reported that a high degree of solitary cell infiltration correlates with EMT-like features, including reduced E-cadherin and elevated vimentin levels. Using solitary cell infiltration to evaluate the degree of EMT, gene-expression profiling of 12 PDAC xenografts was performed, and SMAD3 was identified as an EMT-related gene. Immunohistochemistry using clinical specimens (n=113) showed that SMAD3 accumulated in the nuclei of tumor cells, but was not detected in most epithelial cells in the pancreatic duct. Moreover, SMAD3 upregulation correlated with malignant characteristics, such as higher tumor grade and lymph node metastasis, as well as with EMT-like features. SMAD4, which plays a key role in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, is inactivated in approximately half of PDAC cases. In this study, the nuclear accumulation of SMAD3 was immunohistochemically detected even in SMAD4-negative cases. SMAD3 knockdown resulted in upregulated E-cadherin, downregulated vimentin, and reduced cell motility in pancreatic cancer cells regardless of SMAD4 status. In addition, TGF-β-treatment resulted in EMT induction in cells carrying wild-type SMAD4, and EMT was suppressed by SMAD3 knockdown. Patients with upregulated SMAD3 and a high degree of solitary cell infiltration had shorter times to recurrence and shorter survival times after surgery, and multivariate analysis showed that both factors were independent prognostic factors linked to unfavorable outcomes. These findings suggest that SMAD3 in PDAC is involved in the promotion of malignant potential through EMT induction in tumor cells regardless of SMAD4 status and serves as a potential biomarker of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kathryn Effendi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Tsujikawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Itano
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiie Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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132
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Moutasim KA, Mellows T, Mellone M, Lopez MA, Tod J, Kiely PC, Sapienza K, Greco A, Neill GW, Violette S, Weinreb PH, Marshall JF, Ottensmeier CH, Sayan AE, Jenei V, Thomas GJ. Suppression of Hedgehog signalling promotes pro-tumourigenic integrin expression and function. J Pathol 2014; 233:196-208. [PMID: 24573955 DOI: 10.1002/path.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signalling has been reported in a number of malignancies, particularly basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin. Clinical trials of Hh inhibitors are underway in many cancers, and these have produced significant clinical benefit in BCC patients, although regrowth of new, or clinically aggressive, variants, as well as development of secondary malignancies, has been reported. αvβ6 integrin is expressed in many cancers, where it has been shown to correlate with an aggressive tumour phenotype and poor prognosis. We have previously reported αvβ6 up-regulation in aggressive, morphoeic BCC variants, where it modulates the stromal response and induces invasion. To examine a possible link between Hh and αvβ6 function, we generated BCC models, overexpressing Gli1 in immortalized keratinocytes (NTert1, HaCaT). Unexpectedly, we found that suppressing Gli1 significantly increased αvβ6 expression. This promoted tumour cell motility and also stromal myofibroblast differentiation through integrin-dependent TGF-β1 activation. Gli1 inhibited αvβ6 expression by suppressing TGF-β1-induced Smad2/3 activation, blocking a positive feedback loop maintaining high αvβ6 levels. A similar mechanism was observed in AsPC1 pancreatic cancer cells expressing endogenous Gli1, suggesting a common mechanism across tumour types. In vitro findings were supported using human clinical samples, where we showed an inverse correlation between αvβ6 and Gli1 expression in different BCC subtypes and pancreatic cancers. In summary, we show that expression of Gli1 and αvβ6 inversely correlates in tumours in vivo, and Hh targeting up-regulates TGF-β1/Smad2/3-dependent αvβ6 expression, promoting pro-tumourigenic cell functions in vitro. These results have potential clinical significance, given the reported recurrence of BCC variants and secondary malignancies in patients treated by Hh targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karwan A Moutasim
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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133
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Zhang GJ, Li Y, Zhou H, Xiao HX, Zhou T. miR‑20a is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer and is involved in cell metastasis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:283-91. [PMID: 24737193 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in cancer development, progression and metastasis. miR‑20a was found to be involved in invasion and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs, with its aberrant expression having been observed in a variety of malignant tumors. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of miR‑20a in colorectal cancer (CRC) development remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the expression of miR‑20a was compared between CRC tissue samples and the normal adjacent mucosa using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The association of miR‑20a expression with clinicopathological characteristics was assessed using appropriate statistical analysis. The migration and invasion of SW480 cells was examined following transfection of the cells with either miR‑20a precursor or a negative control miRNA precursor. The effect of miR‑20a on the EMT in CRC cells in vitro was also analyzed. The regulatory effect of miR‑20a on SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) was evaluated using a dual‑luciferase reporter assay. Relative expression levels of miR‑20a were significantly higher in CRC tissue than those in the normal adjacent mucosa, and high expression of miR‑20a correlated with lymph node metastases and distant metastases. Kaplan‑Meier analysis indicated that patients with increased miR‑20a levels exhibited unfavorable overall survival. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that miR‑20a was an independent prognostic factor. The transfection of SW480 CRC cells with miR‑20a promoted migration and invasion in vitro, and the upregulation of miR‑20a induced EMT in CRC cells. An inverse correlation between the levels of miR‑20a and SMAD4 was observed in patients with CRC. Overexpression of miR‑20a in CRC cells decreased SMAD4 expression and decreased SMAD4‑driven luciferase reporter activity. The present study revealed that miR‑20a was an independent prognostic factor in CRC. Furthermore, miR‑20a induced EMT and regulated migration and invasion of SW480 cells, at least in part via suppression of SMAD4 expression. The present study suggests that miR‑20a may serve as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jun Zhang
- The First Department of General Surgery, Institute of Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreas and Intestinal Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- The First Department of General Surgery, Institute of Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreas and Intestinal Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - He Zhou
- The First Department of General Surgery, Institute of Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreas and Intestinal Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Xu Xiao
- The First Department of General Surgery, Institute of Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreas and Intestinal Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhou
- The First Department of General Surgery, Institute of Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreas and Intestinal Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
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134
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Jazieh KA, Foote MB, Diaz LA. The clinical utility of biomarkers in the management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol 2014; 24:67-76. [PMID: 24635863 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and survival rates have seen minimal improvement over the past few decades. Although results are poor, surgical resection is considered the only curative therapeutic intervention for pancreatic cancer, thereby emphasizing the significance of effective diagnostic and prognostic tools to improve outcomes. As such, biomarkers play a promising role in the development of personalized treatments for patients with pancreatic cancer. Prognostic biomarkers, such as serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in particular, as well as cancer stem cell markers, provide valuable insight into the biological processes of an individual and their likely course of disease. This, consequently, allows for the assessment of optimal therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, current efforts target putative predictive biomarkers such as BRCA2, PALB2, and SPARC so as to determine their influence on tumor response on targeted therapies. As research progresses, more evidence will provide clinicians with guidelines on the utilization of biomarkers to accurately stage and tailor personalized treatment to the needs of specific patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Jazieh
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD; The Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael B Foote
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD; The Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luis A Diaz
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD; The Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.
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135
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Principe DR, Doll JA, Bauer J, Jung B, Munshi HG, Bartholin L, Pasche B, Lee C, Grippo PJ. TGF-β: duality of function between tumor prevention and carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt369. [PMID: 24511106 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mechanisms underlying tumor progression have remained elusive, particularly in relation to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Although TGF-β initially inhibits epithelial growth, it appears to promote the progression of advanced tumors. Defects in normal TGF-β pathways partially explain this paradox, which can lead to a cascade of downstream events that drive multiple oncogenic pathways, manifesting as several key features of tumorigenesis (uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, sustained angiogenesis, evasion of immune surveillance, and metastasis). Understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β dysregulation will likely reveal novel points of convergence between TGF-β and other pathways that can be specifically targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (DRP, JB, BJ) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (HGM), Department of Surgery, Division of GI Surgical Oncology (DRP, PJG), and Department of Urology (CL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Biomedical Engineering. McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (DRP); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (JAD); UMR INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (LB); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (BP); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA (CL)
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136
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Jin X, Wu Y. Berbamine enhances the antineoplastic activity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells by activating transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:802-9. [PMID: 24619961 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistance to gemcitabine chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer is still an unsolved problem. Combinations of other chemotherapy drugs with gemcitabine have been shown to increase the efficacy of gemcitabine-based treatment. In this study, the effect of berbamine on the antitumor activity of gemcitabine was evaluated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines Bxpc-3 and Panc-1, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. Our results demonstrated that berbamine exhibited a time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effect in the pancreatic cancer cell lines. Berbamine enhanced gemcitabine-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in these cells. Combined treatment of berbamine and gemcitabine resulted in down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bid). More importantly, berbamine treatment in combination with gemcitabine activated the transforming growth factor-β/Smad (TGF-β/Smad) signaling pathway, as a result of a decrease in Smad7 and an increase in transforming growth factor-β receptor II (TβRII) expression. Changes in downstream targets of Smad7, such as up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of c-Myc and Cyclin D1 were also observed. Therefore, berbamine could enhance the antitumor activity of gemcitabine by inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis, possibly through the regulation of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and the activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Our study indicates that berbamine may be a promising candidate to be used in combination with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310009
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137
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Vo Nguyen TT, Watanabe Y, Shiba A, Noguchi M, Itoh S, Kato M. TMEPAI/PMEPA1 enhances tumorigenic activities in lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:334-41. [PMID: 24438557 PMCID: PMC4317935 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TMEPAI/PMEPA1 is a transmembrane protein that was originally identified as a prostatic RNA, the synthesis of which is induced by testosterone or its derivatives. We have recently identified TMEPAI as a direct target gene of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling that participates in negative feedback control of the duration and intensity of TGF-β/Smad signaling. TMEPAI is constitutively and highly expressed in many types of cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we report that TMEPAI is highly expressed in the lung adenocarcinoma cell lines Calu3, NCI-H23, and RERF-LC-KJ. Expression of TMEPAI in these cancer cells was significantly suppressed by a TGF-β receptor kinase antagonist, SB208, and by TGF-β neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest that constitutive expression of TMEPAI in these cancer cells depends on autocrine TGF-β stimulation. Knockdown of TMEPAI in Calu3 and NCI-H23 cells enhanced levels of Smad2 phosphorylation and significantly suppressed cell proliferation in the presence of TGF-β, indicating that highly expressed TMEPAI suppresses levels of Smad phosphorylation in these cancer cells and reduces the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-β/Smad signaling. Furthermore, knockdown of TMEPAI in Calu3 and NCI-H23 cells suppressed sphere formation in vitro and tumor formation in s.c. tissues and in lungs after tail vein injection in NOD-SCID mice in vivo. Together, these experiments indicate that TMEPAI promotes tumorigenic activities in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Thao Vo Nguyen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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138
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Soond SM, Smith PG, Wahl L, Swingler TE, Clark IM, Hemmings AM, Chantry A. Novel WWP2 ubiquitin ligase isoforms as potential prognostic markers and molecular targets in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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139
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Yang Y, Wolfram J, Shen J, Zhao Y, Fang X, Shen H, Ferrari M. Live-cell single-molecule imaging reveals clathrin and caveolin-1 dependent docking of SMAD4 at the cell membrane. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3912-20. [PMID: 24211445 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling is important for many biological processes. Although the sequential events of this cascade are known, the dynamics remain speculative. Here, live-cell single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was used to monitor the dynamics of SMAD4, a TGF-β downstream effector, in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Contrary to previous belief, SMAD4 was detectable at the cytoplasmic membrane, displaying two subpopulations with different membrane docking behaviors. These subpopulations were regulated by clathrin and caveolin-1, and had opposing roles in the nuclear shuttling of SMAD4 and the subsequent transcriptional regulation of genes associated with cell migration. The notion that membrane-docking behaviors of downstream molecules could predict the cellular response to growth factors may revolutionize the way we view cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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140
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Recouvreux MV, Lapyckyj L, Camilletti MA, Guida MC, Ornstein A, Rifkin DB, Becu-Villalobos D, Díaz-Torga G. Sex differences in the pituitary transforming growth factor-β1 system: studies in a model of resistant prolactinomas. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4192-205. [PMID: 24008346 PMCID: PMC3800752 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine and estradiol interact in the regulation of lactotroph cell proliferation and prolactin secretion. Ablation of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (Drd2(-/-)) in mice leads to a sexually dimorphic phenotype of hyperprolactinemia and pituitary hyperplasia, which is stronger in females. TGF-β1 is a known inhibitor of lactotroph proliferation. TGF-β1 is regulated by dopamine and estradiol, and it is usually down-regulated in prolactinoma experimental models. To understand the role of TGF-β1 in the gender-specific development of prolactinomas in Drd2(-/-) mice, we compared the expression of different components of the pituitary TGF-β1 system, including active cytokine content, latent TGF-β-binding protein isoforms, and possible local TGF-β1 activators, in males and females in this model. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of dopamine and estradiol administration to elucidate their role in TGF-β1 system regulation. The expression of active TGF-β1, latent TGF-β-binding protein isoforms, and several putative TGF-β1 activators evaluated was higher in male than in female mouse pituitary glands. However, Drd2(-/-) female mice were more sensitive to the decrease in active TGF-β1 content, as reflected by the down-regulation of TGF-β1 target genes. Estrogen and dopamine caused differential regulation of several components of the TGF-β1 system. In particular, we found sex- and genotype- dependent regulation of active TGF-β1 content and a similar expression pattern for 2 of the putative TGF-β1 activators, thrombospondin-1 and kallikrein-1, suggesting that these proteins could mediate TGF-β1 activation elicited by dopamine and estradiol. Our results indicate that (1) the loss of dopaminergic tone affects the pituitary TGF-β1 system more strongly in females than in males, (2) males express higher levels of pituitary TGF-β1 system components including active cytokine, and (3) estradiol negatively controls most of the components of the system. Because TGF-β1 inhibits lactotroph proliferation, we propose that the higher levels of the TGF-β1 system in males could protect or delay the development of prolactinomas in Drd2(-/-) male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Recouvreux
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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141
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Cessation of epithelial Bmp signaling switches the differentiation of crown epithelia to the root lineage in a β-catenin-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4732-44. [PMID: 24081330 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00456-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of dental epithelia into enamel-producing ameloblasts or the root epithelial lineage compartmentalizes teeth into crowns and roots. Bmp signaling has been linked to enamel formation, but its role in root epithelial lineage differentiation is unclear. Here we show that cessation of epithelial Bmp signaling by Bmpr1a depletion during the differentiation stage switched differentiation of crown epithelia into the root lineage and led to formation of ectopic cementum-like structures. This phenotype is related to the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although epithelial β-catenin depletion during the differentiation stage also led to variable enamel defect and precocious/ectopic formation of fragmented root epithelia in some teeth, it did not cause ectopic cementogenesis and inhibited EMT in cultured dental epithelia. Concomitant epithelial β-catenin depletion rescued EMT and ectopic cementogenesis caused by Bmpr1a depletion. These data suggested that Bmp and Wnt/β-catenin pathways interact antagonistically in dental epithelia to regulate the root lineage differentiation and EMT. These findings will aid in the design of new strategies to promote functional differentiation in the regeneration and tissue engineering of teeth and will provide new insights into the dynamic interactions between the Bmp and Wnt/β-catenin pathways during cell fate decisions.
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142
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Ai X, Wu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Jin G, Zhao J, Yu J, Lin Y, Zhang W, Liang H, Datta PK, Zhang M, Zhang B, Chen X. Targeting the ERK pathway reduces liver metastasis of Smad4-inactivated colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:1059-67. [PMID: 24025354 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling is involved in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) development and progression. The frequent loss of SMAD4 is associated with liver metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the role of Smad-independent TGF-β signaling in CRC metastasis. Immunohistochemistry showed that Smad4 level was negatively correlated with TNM stage and phospho-ERK level in human CRCs and liver metastasis samples. Knockdown of Smad4 in CT26 and HCT116 cells activated ERK pathway, altered the expression of MMP2 and COX-2, promoted cell motility, migration, and invasion in vitro, enhanced metastasis, and shortened the survival of metastatic tumor-bearing mice. MEK inhibitor U0126 and GSK1120212 inhibited the motility, migration, and invasion of Smad4 knockdown cells, inhibited metastasis, and prolonged the survival of metastatic tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, MEK inhibitor could reverse the changes of phospho-ERK, MMP2, and COX-2 levels. In conclusion, our results indicate that ERK pathway plays a key oncogenic role in CRC with SMAD4 inactivation mutations, and implicate ERK as a potential therapeutic target for CRC liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ai
- Hepatic Surgery Center; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, PR China
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143
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Wang M, Saha J, Cucinotta FA. Smad7 foci are present in micronuclei induced by heavy particle radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 756:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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144
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18- to 22-nucleotide-long, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that regulate important biological processes including differentiation, proliferation, and response to cellular stressors such as hypoxia, nutrient depletion, and traversion of the cell cycle by controlling protein expression within the cell. Many investigators have profiled cancer tissue and serum miRNAs to identify potential therapeutic targets, understand the pathways involved in tumorigenesis, and identify diagnostic tumor signatures. In the setting of pancreatic cancer, obtaining pancreatic tissue is invasive and impractical for early diagnosis. Several groups have profiled miRNAs that are present in the blood as a means to diagnose tumor progression and predict prognosis/survival or drug resistance. Several miRNA signatures found in pancreatic tissue and the peripheral blood, as well as the pathways that are associated with pancreatic cancer, are reviewed here in detail. Three miRNA biomarkers (miR-21, miR-155, and miR-200) have been repetitively identified in both pancreatic cancer tissue and patients' blood. Those miRNAs regulate and are regulated by the central genetic and epigenetic changes observed in pancreatic cancer including p53, transforming growth factor β, p16(INK4A), BRCA1/2, and Kras. These miRNAs are involved in DNA repair, cell cycle, and cell invasion and also play important roles in promoting metastases.
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145
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Malhotra N, Kang J. SMAD regulatory networks construct a balanced immune system. Immunology 2013; 139:1-10. [PMID: 23347175 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A balanced immune response requires combating infectious assaults while striving to maintain quiescence towards the self. One of the central players in this process is the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), whose deficiency results in spontaneous systemic autoimmunity in mice. The dominant function of TGF-β is to regulate the peripheral immune homeostasis, particularly in the microbe-rich and antigen-rich environment of the gut. To maintain intestinal integrity, the epithelial cells, myeloid cells and lymphocytes that inhabit the gut secrete TGF-β, which acts in both paracrine and autocrine fashions to activate its signal transducers, the SMAD transcription factors. The SMAD pathway regulates the production of IgA by B cells, maintains the protective mucosal barrier and promotes the balanced differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into inflammatory T helper type 17 cells and suppressive FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells. While encounters with pathogenic microbes activate SMAD proteins to evoke a protective inflammatory immune response, SMAD activation and synergism with immunoregulatory factors such as the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid enforce immunosuppression toward commensal microbes and innocuous food antigens. Such complementary context-dependent functions of TGF-β are achieved by the co-operation of SMAD proteins with distinct dominant transcription activators and accessory chromatin modifiers. This review highlights recent advances in unravelling the molecular basis for the multi-faceted functions of TGF-β in the gut that are dictacted by fluid orchestrations of SMADs and their myriad partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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146
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Abstract
Much of the focus on the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily in cancer has revolved around the TGFβ ligands themselves. However, it is now becoming apparent that deregulated signalling by many of the other superfamily members also has crucial roles in both the development of tumours and metastasis. Furthermore, these signalling pathways are emerging as plausible therapeutic targets. Their roles in tumorigenesis frequently reflect their function in embryonic development or in adult tissue homeostasis, and their influence extends beyond the tumours themselves, to the tumour microenvironment and more widely to complications of cancer such as cachexia and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalage M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA.
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147
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Abstract
A balanced immune response requires combating infectious assaults while striving to maintain quiescence towards the self. One of the central players in this process is the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), whose deficiency results in spontaneous systemic autoimmunity in mice. The dominant function of TGF-β is to regulate the peripheral immune homeostasis, particularly in the microbe-rich and antigen-rich environment of the gut. To maintain intestinal integrity, the epithelial cells, myeloid cells and lymphocytes that inhabit the gut secrete TGF-β, which acts in both paracrine and autocrine fashions to activate its signal transducers, the SMAD transcription factors. The SMAD pathway regulates the production of IgA by B cells, maintains the protective mucosal barrier and promotes the balanced differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into inflammatory T helper type 17 cells and suppressive FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells. While encounters with pathogenic microbes activate SMAD proteins to evoke a protective inflammatory immune response, SMAD activation and synergism with immunoregulatory factors such as the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid enforce immunosuppression toward commensal microbes and innocuous food antigens. Such complementary context-dependent functions of TGF-β are achieved by the co-operation of SMAD proteins with distinct dominant transcription activators and accessory chromatin modifiers. This review highlights recent advances in unravelling the molecular basis for the multi-faceted functions of TGF-β in the gut that are dictacted by fluid orchestrations of SMADs and their myriad partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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148
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Peng Z, Ji Z, Mei F, Lu M, Ou Y, Cheng X. Lithium inhibits tumorigenic potential of PDA cells through targeting hedgehog-GLI signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61457. [PMID: 23626687 PMCID: PMC3634073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a critical role in the initiation and development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and represents an attractive target for PDA treatment. Lithium, a clinical mood stabilizer for mental disorders, potently inhibits the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) that promotes the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation of GLI1, an important downstream component of hedgehog signaling. Herein, we report that lithium inhibits cell proliferation, blocks G1/S cell-cycle progression, induces cell apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenic potential of PDA cells through down-regulation of the expression and activity of GLI1. Moreover, lithium synergistically enhances the anti-cancer effect of gemcitabine. These findings further our knowledge of mechanisms of action for lithium and provide a potentially new therapeutic strategy for PDA through targeting GLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyu Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fang Mei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (YO)
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XC); (YO)
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149
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Kovacevic Z, Chikhani S, Lui GYL, Sivagurunathan S, Richardson DR. The iron-regulated metastasis suppressor NDRG1 targets NEDD4L, PTEN, and SMAD4 and inhibits the PI3K and Ras signaling pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:874-87. [PMID: 22462691 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), is negatively correlated with tumor progression in multiple neoplasms, including pancreatic cancer. Moreover, NDRG1 is an iron-regulated gene that is markedly upregulated by cellular iron-depletion using novel antitumor agents such as the chelator, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), in pancreatic cancer cells. However, the exact function(s) of NDRG1 remain to be established and are important to elucidate. RESULTS In the current study, using gene-array analysis along with NDRG1 overexpression and silencing, we identified the molecular targets of NDRG1 in three pancreatic cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that NDRG1 upregulates neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like (NEDD4L) and GLI-similar-3 (GLIS3). Further studies examining the downstream effects of NEDD4L led to the discovery that NDRG1 affects the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway, leading to the upregulation of two key tumor suppressor proteins, namely phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-4 (SMAD4). Moreover, NDRG1 inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras oncogenic pathways. INNOVATION This study provides significant insights into the mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of NDRG1. For the first time, a role for NDRG1 is established in regulating the key signaling pathways involved in oncogenesis (TGF-β, PI3K, and Ras pathways). CONCLUSION The identified target genes of NDRG1 and their effect on the TGF-β signaling pathway reveal its molecular function in pancreatic cancer and a novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaklina Kovacevic
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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150
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de Kruijf EM, Dekker TJA, Hawinkels LJAC, Putter H, Smit VTHBM, Kroep JR, Kuppen PJK, van de Velde CJH, Ten Dijke P, Tollenaar RAEM, Mesker WE. The prognostic role of TGF-β signaling pathway in breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:384-390. [PMID: 23022998 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway has dual effects on tumor growth. Seemingly, discordant results have been published on the relation between TGF-β signaling markers and prognosis in breast cancer. Improved prognostic information for breast cancer patients might be obtained by assessing interactions among TGF-β signaling biomarkers. PATIENTS AND METHODS The expression of nuclear Smad4, nuclear phosphorylated-Smad2 (p-Smad2), and the membranous expression of TGF-β receptors I and II (TβRI and TβRII) was determined on a tissue microarray of 574 breast carcinomas. Tumors were stratified according to the Smad4 expression in combination with p-Smad2 expression or Smad4 in combination with the expression of both TGF-β receptors. RESULTS Tumors with high expression of TβRII, TβRI and TβRII, and p-Smad2 (P = 0.018, 0.005, and 0.022, respectively), and low expression of Smad4 (P = 0.005) had an unfavorable prognosis concerning progression-free survival. Low Smad4 expression combined with high p-Smad2 expression or low expression of Smad4 combined with high expression of both TGF-β receptors displayed an increased hazard ratio of 3.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.390-6.658] and 2.20 (95% CI 1.464-3.307), respectively, for disease relapse. CONCLUSIONS Combining TGF-β biomarkers provides prognostic information for patients with stage I-III breast cancer. This can identify patients at increased risk for disease recurrence that might therefore be candidates for additional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T J A Dekker
- Departments of Surgery; Departments of Medical Oncology
| | | | | | - V T H B M Smit
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - P Ten Dijke
- Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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