151
|
Dhama K, Patel SK, Pathak M, Yatoo MI, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh R, Sah R, Rabaan AA, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. An update on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 with particular reference to its clinical pathology, pathogenesis, immunopathology and mitigation strategies. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101755. [PMID: 32479816 PMCID: PMC7260597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in early December 2019 in China and became a pandemic situation worldwide by its rapid spread to more than 200 countries or territories. Bats are considered as the reservoir host, and the search of a probable intermediate host is still going on. The severe form of the infection is associated with death is mainly reported in older and immune-compromised patients with pre-existing disease history. Death in severe cases is attributed to respiratory failure associated with hyperinflammation. Cytokine storm syndrome associated with inflammation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as the leading cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients have thus higher levels of many proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The blood laboratory profile of the COVID-19 patients exhibits lymphopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and RNAaemia, along with increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women does not lead to fetus mortality, unlike other zoonotic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and there is, to date, no evidence of intrauterine transmission to neonates. Rapid diagnostics have been developed, and significant efforts are being made to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. In the absence of any virus-specific therapy, internationally, health care authorities are recommending the adoption of effective community mitigation measures to counter and contain this pandemic virus. This paper is an overview of this virus and the disease with a particular focus on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 clinical pathology, pathogenesis, and immunopathology, along with recent research developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia; Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Anser MK, Yousaf Z, Khan MA, Nassani AA, Abro MMQ, Vo XH, Zaman K. Social and administrative issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: better late than never. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34567-34573. [PMID: 32648218 PMCID: PMC7347047 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The study critically reviewed Pakistan's provincial updates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and discussed the current challenges faced by the government in a given context. The coronavirus-associated death tolls have been increasing rapidly in a country. The provincial status of confirmed cases of coronavirus is higher in Punjab, followed by the Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), and Balochistan. The case fatality ratio shows that KPK has a higher ratio, i.e., 5.11%, followed by the Punjab, i.e., 1.82%; Sindh, i.e., 1.80%; Balochistan, i.e., 1.28%; Gilgit-Baltistan, i.e., 0.71%; and Federal territory, i.e., 0.66%. The country has a less testing capacity to identify more suspected coronavirus patients. The study calculated that if we increase five times our testing capacity from the current date, the total registered cases will be reached to 137,370 and death tolls will increase up to 3090. It is highly needed to increase testing capacity across Pakistan in order to minimize the outbreak of coronavirus. The provincial government should follow the Federal Government instructions to contain coronavirus by increasing testing capacities, tracing suspected patients, smart lockdowns, emergency relief to the poor, and vigilant monitoring system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid Anser
- Department of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Zahid Yousaf
- Higher Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Government College of Management Sciences, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar Khan
- Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abdelmohsen A Nassani
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuan Hinh Vo
- Business Department, VASS Academy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khalid Zaman
- Department of Economics, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Wu ZG, Zheng HY, Gu J, Li F, Lv RL, Deng YY, Xu WZ, Tong YQ. Effects of Different Temperature and Time Durations of Virus Inactivation on Results of Real-time Fluorescence PCR Testing of COVID-19 Viruses. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:614-617. [PMID: 32767258 PMCID: PMC7412769 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 caused an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei province of China in January 2020. This study aims to investigate the effects of different temperature and time durations of virus inactivation on the results of PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. Twelve patients at the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 were selected on February 13, 2020 and throat swabs were taken. The swabs were stored at room temperature (20–25°C), then divided into aliquots and subjected to different temperature for different periods in order to inactivate the viruses (56°C for 30, 45, 60 min; 65, 70, 80°C for 10, 15, 20 min). Control aliquots were stored at room temperature for 60 min. Then all aliquots were tested in a real-time fluorescence PCR using primers against SARS-CoV-2. Regardless of inactivation temperature and time, 7 of 12 cases (58.3%) tested were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR, and cycle threshold values were similar. These results suggest that virus inactivation parameters exert minimal influence on PCR test results. Inactivation at 65°C for 10 min may be sufficient to ensure safe, reliable testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Gang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hong-Yun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Rui-Long Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ya-Yun Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Wan-Zhou Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yong-Qmg Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Lim KL, Johari NA, Wong ST, Khaw LT, Tan BK, Chan KK, Wong SF, Chan WLE, Ramzi NH, Lim PKC, Hakim SL, Voon K. A novel strategy for community screening of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Sample pooling method. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238417. [PMID: 32857823 PMCID: PMC7454965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid global spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has inflicted significant health and socioeconomic burden on affected countries. As positive cases continued to rise in Malaysia, public health laboratories experienced an overwhelming demand for COVID-19 screening. The confirmation of positive cases of COVID-19 has solely been based on the detection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In efforts to increase the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of COVID-19 screening, we evaluated the feasibility of pooling clinical Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swab specimens during nucleic acid extraction without a reduction in sensitivity of qRT-PCR. Pools of 10 specimens were extracted and subsequently tested by qRT-PCR according to the WHO-Charité protocol. We demonstrated that the sample pooling method showed no loss of sensitivity. The effectiveness of the pooled testing strategy was evaluated on both retrospective and prospective samples, and the results showed a similar detection sensitivity compared to testing individual sample alone. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a pooled testing strategy to increase testing capacity and conserve resources, especially when there is a high demand for disease testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khai Lone Lim
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Alia Johari
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Tung Wong
- Pathology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- Pathology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Keat Tan
- Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Keong Chan
- Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shew Fung Wong
- Pathology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Environmental and Population Health Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ling Elaine Chan
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hanis Ramzi
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Patricia Kim Chooi Lim
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Pathology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sulaiman Lokman Hakim
- Centre for Environmental and Population Health Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Voon
- Pathology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Sadeghi Dousari A, Taati Moghadam M, Satarzadeh N. COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): A New Coronavirus Disease. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2819-2828. [PMID: 32848431 PMCID: PMC7429403 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s259279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a type of viral pneumonia with an uncommon outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). SARS-CoV-2 is extremely contagious and has resulted in a fast pandemic of COVID-19. Currently, COVID-19 is on the rise around the world, and it poses a severe threat to public health around the world. This review provides an overview about the COVID-19 virus to increase public awareness and understanding of the virus and its consequences in terms of history, epidemiology, structure, genome, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sadeghi Dousari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Majid Taati Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Satarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Li N, Yu X. Outbreak and Regression of COVID-19 Epidemic Among Chinese Medical Staff. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:1095-1102. [PMID: 32848486 PMCID: PMC7430766 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s268178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out first in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. In the process of controlling the pandemic, many Chinese medical staff (MS) were infected. We used government data, post mortem reports, and the medical literature on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, as well as prevention-and-control guidelines from the government, hospitals and media, to discuss the main risks factors faced by MS. We suggest that, when dealing with a similar pandemic in the future, guidance on personal protective equipment must be provided and materials reserved in advance. Also, the emergency response of medical institutions should be enhanced, and information shared with other countries facing identical severe challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Law, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Research Academy of Belt and Road, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Yu
- School of Public Affairs, Fujian Jiangxia University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Paital B. Nurture to nature via COVID-19, a self-regenerating environmental strategy of environment in global context. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:139088. [PMID: 32388136 PMCID: PMC7189854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has become the largest pandemic that has affected 210 countries. Rolling data indicate that 257,3605 people are infected by the disease, from which 701,838 have recovered and 178,562 have died. No specific medicine or vaccine is available yet to control the disease, hence, social distancing via lockdown is widely adopted as the only preventive measure. Social distancing is observed at different level of strictness in different counties but it almost made the world to stands still. Although scientific articles on this largest social move are scanty, it resulted in benefiting the deteriorated environment to revive back. Many environmental indices such as lowering NO2 and CO2 emissions and reduction in particulate matters in air as a result of less human activities have led to clean air and pollution free water in many countries. Undoubtedly, the world was experiencing pollution in several countries due to mainly human activities including urbanization, industrialization, fossil fuel exhaustion etc. Under such situation a special (natural) a protective measure was awaited to fix environmental issues. Probably, the lockdown is one of the natural effects expected by nature via introduction of COVID-19. It is because, introduction of COVID-19 to nature was an outcome of mutation from two of its pre-existing forms, although, debate on it is still continuing. Viability of CoV-19 virus found to have a lot of correlation with aquatic and terrestrial environmental parameters such as pH, surface type, temperature etc. Air pollution is found to increase the risk of COVID-19 infection, therefore, use of mask and alcohols based standard sterilisers is strongly recommended. However, the self-revival rate of nature shall continue during post-lockdown period and a master plan must be adapted by national and international (mostly political) bodies to revive the Mother Nature completely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar 751003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Shi P, Dong Y, Yan H, Zhao C, Li X, Liu W, He M, Tang S, Xi S. Impact of temperature on the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138890. [PMID: 32339844 PMCID: PMC7177086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A COVID-19 outbreak emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 and developed into a global pandemic during March 2020. The effects of temperature on the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in China are unknown. Data on COVID-19 daily confirmed cases and daily mean temperatures were collected from 31 provincial-level regions in mainland China between Jan. 20 and Feb. 29, 2020. Locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplot (LOESS), distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs), and random-effects meta-analysis were used to examine the relationship between daily confirmed cases rate of COVID-19 and temperature conditions. The daily number of new cases peaked on Feb. 12, and then decreased. The daily confirmed cases rate of COVID-19 had a biphasic relationship with temperature (with a peak at 10 °C), and the daily incidence of COVID-19 decreased at values below and above these values. The overall epidemic intensity of COVID-19 reduced slightly following days with higher temperatures with a relative risk (RR) was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93, 0.99). A random-effect meta-analysis including 28 provinces in mainland China, we confirmed the statistically significant association between temperature and RR during the study period (Coefficient = -0.0100, 95% CI: -0.0125, -0.0074). The DLNMs in Hubei Province (outside of Wuhan) and Wuhan showed similar patterns of temperature. Additionally, a modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (M-SEIR) model, with adjustment for climatic factors, was used to provide a complete characterization of the impact of climate on the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinqiao Dong
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huanchang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenkai Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Paital B, Das K, Parida SK. Inter nation social lockdown versus medical care against COVID-19, a mild environmental insight with special reference to India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138914. [PMID: 32339832 PMCID: PMC7179495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Infection by coronavirus (CoV-19) has led to emergence of a pandemic called as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) that has so far affected about 210 countries. The dynamic data indicate that the pandemic by CoV-19 so far has infected 2,403,963 individuals, and among these 624,698 have recovered while, it has been fatal for 165,229. Without much experience, currently, the medicines that are clinically being evaluated for COVID-19 include chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, tocilizumab, lopinavir, ritonavir, tocilizumab and corticosteroids. Therefore, countries such as Italy, USA, Spain and France with the most advanced health care system are partially successful to control CoV-19 infection. India being the 2nd largest populous country, where, the healthcare system is underdeveloped, major portion of population follow unhygienic lifestyle, is able to restrict the rate of both infection and death of its citizens from COVID-19. India has followed an early and a very strict social distancing by lockdown and has issued advisory to clean hands regularly by soap and/or by alcohol based sterilizers. Rolling data on the global index of the CoV infection is 13,306, and the index of some countries such as USA (66,148), Italy (175,055), Spain (210,126), France (83,363) and Switzerland (262,122) is high. The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands. However, articles on social lockdown as a preventive measure against COVID-19 in PubMed are scanty. It has been observed that social lockdown has also drastic impacts on the environment especially on reduction of NO2 and CO2 emission. Slow infection rate under strict social distancing will offer time to researchers to come up with exact medicines/vaccines against CoV-19. Therefore, it is concluded that stringent social distancing via lockdown is highly important to control COVID-19 and also to contribute for self-regeneration of nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar 751003, India.
| | - Kabita Das
- Post Graduate Department of Philosophy, Utkal University, VaniVihar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sarat Kumar Parida
- Department of Nephrology, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Mangalabag, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Wu T, Ge Y, Zhao K, Zhu X, Chen Y, Wu B, Zhu F, Zhu B, Cui L. A reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for the rapid detection of N gene of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). Virology 2020; 549:1-4. [PMID: 32758712 PMCID: PMC7388781 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China firstly. A rapid, highly sensitive, specific, and simple operational method was needed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we established a real-time reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay (RT-RAA) to detect SARS-CoV-2 rapidly. The primers and probe were designed based on the nucleocapsid protein gene (N gene) sequence of SARS-CoV-2. The detection limit was 10 copies per reaction in this assay, which could be conducted within 15 min at a constant temperature (39 °C), without any cross-reactions with other respiratory tract pathogens, such as other coronaviruses. Furthermore, compared with commercial real-time RT-PCR assay, it showed a kappa value of 0.959 (p < 0.001) from 150 clinical specimens. These results indicated that this real-time RT-RAA assay may be a valuable tool for detecting SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yiyue Ge
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kangchen Zhao
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yin Chen
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bin Wu
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China; From Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- From Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Fan X, Cao D, Kong L, Zhang X. Cryo-EM analysis of the post-fusion structure of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3618. [PMID: 32681106 PMCID: PMC7367865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Global emergencies caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 significantly endanger human health. The spike (S) glycoprotein is the key antigen and its conserved S2 subunit contributes to viral entry by mediating host-viral membrane fusion. However, structural information of the post-fusion S2 from these highly pathogenic human-infecting coronaviruses is still lacking. We used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to show that the post-fusion SARS-CoV S2 forms a further rotated HR1-HR2 six-helix bundle and a tightly bound linker region upstream of the HR2 motif. The structures of pre- and post-fusion SARS-CoV S glycoprotein dramatically differ, resembling that of the Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and other class I viral fusion proteins. This structure suggests potential targets for the development of vaccines and therapies against a wide range of SARS-like coronaviruses. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses is responsible for receptor recognition and the fusion between the viral membrane and the of cell host membrane. Here the authors report a cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV post-fusion S2 trimer, providing insights into the fusion mechanism that could be useful for therapeutic development against coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Fan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Duanfang Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Lingfei Kong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,Center for Biological Imaging, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Zhu RF, Gao YL, Robert SH, Gao JP, Yang SG, Zhu CT. Systematic review of the registered clinical trials for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Transl Med 2020; 18:274. [PMID: 32631442 PMCID: PMC7338108 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many researchers in China have performed related clinical research. However, systematic reviews of the registered clinical trials are still lacking. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of clinical trials for COVID-19 to summarize their characteristics. METHODS This study is based on the PRISMA recommendations in the Cochrane handbook. The Chinese Clinical Registration Center and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched to identify registered clinical trials related to COVID-19. The retrieval inception date was February 9, 2020. Two researchers independently selected the literature based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 75 registered clinical trials (63 interventional studies and 12 observational studies) for COVID-19 were identified. The majority of clinical trials were sponsored by Chinese hospitals. Only 11 trials have begun to recruit patients, and none of the registered clinical trials have been completed; 34 trials were early clinical exploratory trials or in the pre-experiment stage, 13 trials were phase III, and four trials were phase IV. The intervention methods included traditional Chinese medicine in 26 trials, Western medicine in 30 trials, and integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in 19 trials. The subjects were primarily non-critical adult patients (≥ 18 years old). The median sample size of the trials was 100 (IQR: 60-200), and the median length of the trial periods was 179 d (IQR: 94-366 d). The main outcomes were clinical observation and examinations. Overall, the methodological quality of both the interventional trials and observational studies was low. CONCLUSIONS Intensive clinical trials on the treatment of COVID-19 using traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine are ongoing or will be performed in China. However, based on the uncertain methodological quality, small sample size, and long trial duration, we will not be able to obtain reliable, high-quality clinical evidence regarding the treatment of COVID-19 in the near future. Improving the quality of study design, prioritizing promising drugs, and using different designs and statistical methods are worth advocating and recommending for clinical trials of COVID-19 in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Zhu
- Editorial Department, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yu-Lu Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated To Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sue-Ho Robert
- Infection Service, University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW) NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Jin-Ping Gao
- Editorial Department, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shi-Gui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Tai Zhu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Abstract
The first pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case was confirmed in Shenzhen, China on January 20, 2020. At the beginning of the outbreak, COVID-19 pneumonia was more common in adults than in children and adolescents, and the rate of confirmed pediatric cases was relatively lower. However, as screening tests and pathogen detection campaigns were initiated in more regions as the outbreak spread, the number of pediatric infection cases increased significantly. Currently, studies on pediatric COVID-19 are limited in the literature to case reports and case series, and a few epidemiological studies. COVID-19 has distinct characteristics in the pediatric population compared to adults; therefore, we need to better understand the characteristics of this disease in children. Discovering the characteristics of the pediatric COVID-19 disease is important for contributing to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease in this population. In this review, clinical characteristics, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of pediatric COVID-19 pneumonia based on the recent literature are discussed. [Pediatr Ann. 2020;49(7):e319-e325.].
Collapse
|
164
|
Yifan T, Ying L, Chunhong G, Jing S, Rong W, Zhenyu L, Zejuan G, Peihung L. Symptom Cluster of ICU Nurses Treating COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients in Wuhan, China. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 60:e48-e53. [PMID: 32276095 PMCID: PMC7141465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In treating highly infectious coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pneumonia, intensive care unit (ICU) nurses face a high risk of developing somatic symptom disorder (SSD).The symptom clusters in one population may show overlaps and involvements, a phenomenon that should be deliberately resolved to improve the management efficiency. OBJECTIVES The present study aims to investigate the symptoms and causes of SSD of ICU nurses treating COVID-19 pneumonia. The research results are expected to provide evidence for the establishment of a better management strategy. METHODS This study enrolled a total of 140 ICU nurses who were selected by Jiangsu Province Hospital to work in Wuhan (the epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic in China) on February 3, 2020. A questionnaire, Somatic symptom disorders for ICU nurses in Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, was designed based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to cluster the symptoms and logistic regression analysis to find the risk factors of the symptoms. RESULTS Five major symptoms were chest discomfort and palpitation (31.4%), dyspnea (30.7%), nausea (21.4%), headache (19.3%), and dizziness (17.9%). In exploratory factor analysis, the symptoms were classified into three clusters: Cluster A of breathing and sleep disturbances (dizziness, sleepiness, and dyspnea); Cluster B of gastrointestinal complaints and pain (nausea and headache), and Cluster C of general symptoms (xerostomia, fatigue, as well as chest discomfort and palpitation). In Cluster A, urine/feces splash, sex, and sputum splash were independent predictive factors. In Cluster B, fall of protective glasses and urine/feces splash were independent predictive factors. In Cluster C, urine/feces splash and urine/feces clearance were independent predictive factors. CONCLUSION The ICU nurses in Wuhan showed varying and overlapping SSDs. These SSDs could be classified into three symptom clusters. Based on the characteristics of their SSDs, specific interventions could be implemented to safeguard the health of ICU nurses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tang Yifan
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (T.Y., L.Y., G.C., S.J., W.R., L.Z., G.Z.), Nanjing, Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Liu Ying
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (T.Y., L.Y., G.C., S.J., W.R., L.Z., G.Z.), Nanjing, Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Gao Chunhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (T.Y., L.Y., G.C., S.J., W.R., L.Z., G.Z.), Nanjing, Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Song Jing
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (T.Y., L.Y., G.C., S.J., W.R., L.Z., G.Z.), Nanjing, Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Wang Rong
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (T.Y., L.Y., G.C., S.J., W.R., L.Z., G.Z.), Nanjing, Jiang Province, PR China.
| | - Li Zhenyu
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (T.Y., L.Y., G.C., S.J., W.R., L.Z., G.Z.), Nanjing, Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Gu Zejuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (T.Y., L.Y., G.C., S.J., W.R., L.Z., G.Z.), Nanjing, Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Liao Peihung
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences (L.P.), Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Tu H, Tu S, Gao S, Shao A, Sheng J. Current epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19; a global perspective from China. J Infect 2020; 81:1-9. [PMID: 32315723 PMCID: PMC7166041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and represents a potentially fatal disease of great global public health importance. As of March 26, 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in 462,801 confirmed cases and 20,839 deaths globally, which is more than those caused by SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2003 and 2013, respectively. The epidemic has posed considerable challenges worldwide. Under a strict mechanism of massive prevention and control, China has seen a rapid decrease in new cases of coronavirus; however, the global situation remains serious. Additionally, the origin of COVID-19 has not been determined and no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is currently available. Based on the published data, this review systematically discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and current intervention measures related to COVID-19 in the hope that it may provide a reference for future studies and aid in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Rosario DKA, Mutz YS, Bernardes PC, Conte-Junior CA. Relationship between COVID-19 and weather: Case study in a tropical country. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113587. [PMID: 32917371 PMCID: PMC7303605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between weather factors (temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and rainfall) and COVID-19 infection in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Solar radiation showed a strong (−0.609, p < 0.01) negative correlation with the incidence of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Temperature (maximum and average) and wind speed showed negative correlation (p < 0.01). Therefore, in this studied tropical state, high solar radiation can be indicated as the main climatic factor that suppress the spread of COVID-19. High temperatures, and wind speed also are potential factors. Therefore, the findings of this study show the ability to improve the organizational system of strategies to combat the pandemic in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and other tropical countries around the word. Weather factors play an important role in the pandemic. High solar radiation can reduce the spread of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 incidence can be reduced with high temperatures and wind speed. Climatic factors studies contribute to pandemic understanding and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denes K A Rosario
- COVID-19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Avenida Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, bloco C, 21941-598, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Cidade Universitária, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Yhan S Mutz
- COVID-19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Avenida Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, bloco C, 21941-598, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Cidade Universitária, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Patricia C Bernardes
- Center for Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Alto Universitário, s/n, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- COVID-19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Avenida Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, bloco C, 21941-598, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Cidade Universitária, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Conte C, Sogni F, Affanni P, Veronesi L, Argentiero A, Esposito S. Vaccines against Coronaviruses: The State of the Art. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E309. [PMID: 32560340 PMCID: PMC7350246 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging epidemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 represents the most important socio-health threat of the 21st century. The high contagiousness of the virus, the strong impact on the health system of the various countries and the absence to date of treatments able to improve the prognosis of the disease make the introduction of a vaccine indispensable, even though there are currently no approved human coronavirus vaccines. The aim of the study is to carry out a review of the medical literature concerning vaccine candidates for the main coronaviruses responsible for human epidemics, including recent advances in the development of a vaccine against COVID-19. This extensive review carried out on the vaccine candidates of the main epidemic coronaviruses of the past has shown that the studies in animal models suggest a high efficacy of potential vaccines in providing protection against viral challenges. Similar human studies have not yet been carried out, as the main trials are aimed at assessing mainly vaccine safety and immunogenicity. Whereas the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) epidemic ended almost two decades ago and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) epidemic is now better controlled, as it is less contagious due to the high lethality of the virus, the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents a problem that is certainly more compelling, which pushes us to accelerate the studies not only for the production of vaccines but also for innovative pharmacological treatments. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might come too late to affect the first wave of this pandemic, but they might be useful if additional subsequent waves occur or in a post-pandemic perspective in which the virus continues to circulate as a seasonal virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Conte
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Francesco Sogni
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Paola Affanni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (P.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Licia Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (P.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Alberto Argentiero
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Household secondary attack rate of COVID-19 and associated determinants in Guangzhou, China: a retrospective cohort study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:1141-1150. [PMID: 32562601 PMCID: PMC7529929 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background As of June 8, 2020, the global reported number of COVID-19 cases had reached more than 7 million with over 400 000 deaths. The household transmissibility of the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains unclear. We aimed to estimate the secondary attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 among household and non-household close contacts in Guangzhou, China, using a statistical transmission model. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we used a comprehensive contact tracing dataset from the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention to estimate the secondary attack rate of COVID-19 (defined as the probability that an infected individual will transmit the disease to a susceptible individual) among household and non-household contacts, using a statistical transmission model. We considered two alternative definitions of household contacts in the analysis: individuals who were either family members or close relatives, such as parents and parents-in-law, regardless of residential address, and individuals living at the same address regardless of relationship. We assessed the demographic determinants of transmissibility and the infectivity of COVID-19 cases during their incubation period. Findings Between Jan 7, 2020, and Feb 18, 2020, we traced 195 unrelated close contact groups (215 primary cases, 134 secondary or tertiary cases, and 1964 uninfected close contacts). By identifying households from these groups, assuming a mean incubation period of 5 days, a maximum infectious period of 13 days, and no case isolation, the estimated secondary attack rate among household contacts was 12·4% (95% CI 9·8–15·4) when household contacts were defined on the basis of close relatives and 17·1% (13·3–21·8) when household contacts were defined on the basis of residential address. Compared with the oldest age group (≥60 years), the risk of household infection was lower in the youngest age group (<20 years; odds ratio [OR] 0·23 [95% CI 0·11–0·46]) and among adults aged 20–59 years (OR 0·64 [95% CI 0·43–0·97]). Our results suggest greater infectivity during the incubation period than during the symptomatic period, although differences were not statistically significant (OR 0·61 [95% CI 0·27–1·38]). The estimated local reproductive number (R) based on observed contact frequencies of primary cases was 0·5 (95% CI 0·41–0·62) in Guangzhou. The projected local R, had there been no isolation of cases or quarantine of their contacts, was 0·6 (95% CI 0·49–0·74) when household was defined on the basis of close relatives. Interpretation SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible in households than SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Older individuals (aged ≥60 years) are the most susceptible to household transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In addition to case finding and isolation, timely tracing and quarantine of close contacts should be implemented to prevent onward transmission during the viral incubation period. Funding US National Institutes of Health, Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangzhou, Project for Key Medicine Discipline Construction of Guangzhou Municipality, Key Research and Development Program of China.
Collapse
|
169
|
Chen P, Zhang Y, Wen Y, Guo J, Bai W, Jia J, Ma Y, Xu Y. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Cluster Cases and Sporadic Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 141 Patients in the Main District of Chongqing, China, Between January and February 2020. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923985. [PMID: 32546678 PMCID: PMC7320632 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in Wuhan, China. Patients with COVID-19 were also identified in Chongqing. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and demographic characteristics of cluster cases and sporadic cases of COVID-19 in 141 patients in the main district of Chongqing during one month, between January and February 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective study included 141 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19. The diagnosis was confirmed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. The patients were divided into cluster cases (n=90) and sporadic cases (n=51). Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the two study groups and included the presence of comorbidities, the presenting symptoms, chest computed tomography (CT) imaging findings, and laboratory findings. RESULTS The mean age of the 141 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 was 47.3 years, and the most common presenting symptom was a persistent cough (48.9%). The 90 cluster cases (63.8%) were older than the sporadic cases, and cross-infection from family gathering occurred in 82.2%, and cough was more common than fever, and there was an increased prevalence of asymptomatic, mild, and moderate cases. Cluster cases showed fewer typical manifestations of COVID-19 on chest CT. However, the laboratory findings between the cluster and sporadic cases showed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS There were demographic and clinical differences between cluster cases and sporadic cases of COVID-19 in the main district of Chongqing during the month between January to February 2020.
Collapse
|
170
|
Zhou Y, Guo S, He Y, Zuo Q, Liu D, Xiao M, Fan J, Li X. COVID-19 Is Distinct From SARS-CoV-2-Negative Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:322. [PMID: 32612961 PMCID: PMC7309449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease that has spread rapidly across the world. Many studies have already evaluated the clinical features of COVID-19, but how it compares with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-negative community-acquired pneumonia (SN-CAP) is still unclear. Moreover, COVID-19 mortality is correlated with disease severity, but indicators for severity grading have not been specified. We aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in comparison with SN-CAP and find indicators for disease severity in COVID-19. Methods: Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and SN-CAP were enrolled. Clinical, radiological, and laboratory data were analyzed. Results: The numbers of COVID-19 and SN-CAP patients enrolled were 304 and 138, respectively. The age of the patients was not significantly different between the groups. Compared with SN-CAP, COVID-19 patients had more symptoms of fever and dyspnea; and showed significant difference in blood count results. Computed tomography (CT) imaging of COVID-19 patients showed patchy ground-glass opacities that correlated with disease severity, whereas the CT imaging of SN-CAP patients showed patchy high-density shadows. COVID-19 patients were classified into moderate, severe, and critically severe groups. The severe and critically severe groups had elevated levels of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, platelets, C-reaction protein (CRP), lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), troponin-I, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). However, they had decreased levels of lymphocytes, lymphocyte ratio, and albumin. Compared with the younger patients, the older COVID-19 individuals had more chronic diseases and significantly elevated levels of WBC, neutrophil, and CRP levels. Conclusion: SN-CAP showed more inflammatory reaction than COVID-19. Old people with chronic diseases are more susceptible to COVID-19 and have a high likelihood of developing severe and critically severe infection. Levels of WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, CRP, NLR, PLR, troponin-I, creatinine, and BUN are important indicators for severity grading in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Zhou
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujin Guo
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye He
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiunan Zuo
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Danju Liu
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Fan
- The Respiratory Department of Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Zhou Q, Hu Z, Bian G, Yu H, Li X, Lu Y, Yu C, Li X, Yao Q, Zhou W, Yuan TF, Zhou D. Mental health and psychosocial function of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e103. [PMID: 32526059 PMCID: PMC7300737 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guolin Bian
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihang Yu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianglan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Yılmaz S, Ertuğrul Örüç N, Özcebe Oİ, Azap A, Çetin AT, Yenicesu İ, Öztürk A, Gündüz M, Tekin A. Regulatory consideration on preparation and clinical use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102846. [PMID: 32593519 PMCID: PMC7271837 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), spreading from Wuhan to worldwide has been emerged since December 2019. Although scientists and researchers have been racing to develop specific therapeutic agents or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 since the identification of the agent, either a drug or a vaccine has not been approved to treat or to prevent COVID-19 up to date. On the base of historical experiences, Convalescent Plasma (CP), a passive antibody therapy, has been evaluated as a hopeful and potential therapeutic option since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Immune plasma had been used previously for the treatment of H1N1 influenza virus, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV epidemics successfully. In this scope competent authorities are responsible to set up certain principles and criteria for the collection and clinical use of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP). This document has been prepared to aid both for the convalescent plasma suppliers and the clinicians. The first part encompasses the supply of CCP and the second part lead the clinical use of CCP for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Turkish Ministry of Health developed a guide on collection and clinical use of CCP and created a web-based monitoring system to follow-up the patients treated with convalescent plasma in universal. This follow-up process is thought to be crucial for the creation and development of current and future treatment modalities. This guide would be a pathfinder for clinicians and/or institutions those eager to conduct CCP treatment more effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soner Yılmaz
- Regional Blood Center, University of Health Sciences Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nigar Ertuğrul Örüç
- Department of Transfusion Services, Health Sciences University Dıskapı Yıldırım Beyazıt, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Osman İlhami Özcebe
- Department of Haematology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Alpay Azap
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Abdullah Öztürk
- General Directorate of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Gündüz
- General Directorate of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Tekin
- General Directorate of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Chen C, Qi F, Shi K, Li Y, Li J, Chen Y, Pan J, Zhou T, Lin X, Zhang J, Luo Y, Li X, Xia J. Thalidomide combined with low-dose short-term glucocorticoid in the treatment of critical Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e35. [PMID: 32508009 PMCID: PMC7403664 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chengshui Chen
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keqing Shi
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuping Li
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ji Li
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingye Pan
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tieli Zhou
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinsan Zhang
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongde Luo
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinglin Xia
- COVID-19 Headquarters, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Chen T, Ma X, Zhou S, Wang H, Pan Y, Chen L, Lv H, Lu Y. Establishing a standardized FUO emergency department: design and practice in dealing with COVID-19. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:749. [PMID: 32647674 PMCID: PMC7333129 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in January, 2020, the fever of unknown origin (FUO) emergency department has become the first station for disease prevention and identification in hospitals. Establishing a standardized FUO emergency department within a short period of time has become the key to preventing and controlling COVID-19 in densely populated Chinese cities. METHODS Based on the lean management model, the research group established a process of less-link visits, which sees reduced contact between patients and physicians during diagnosis and treatment, and zero-contact consultation through lean workflow and value stream analysis. Three steps were implemented to improve the operations of the FUO emergency department: the rapid establishment of an isolation zone, the refinement of duty and protection configuration, and the use of Internet and technology to establish a full-process follow-up consultation system. RESULTS (I) Tests related to COVID-19 screening are all completed in the FUO emergency department; (II) 12 new isolated observation rooms have been built; (III) hospital visiting time, waiting time for consultation, and the time from pre-examination to virus screening has been shortened from 18 to 8 hours, from 2 hours to 10 minutes, and from 34 to 3 hours, respectively; (IV) the transfer distance has been shortened from 450 to 20 m, and the observation time has been shortened from 72 to 26 hours. The median waiting time for image examination has been reduced from 40 to 3 minutes, and the moving distance has been shortened from 800 to 10 m; (V) the diagnosis and treatment process is facilitated by 5G, achieving zero contact between doctors and patients. CONCLUSIONS Through the implantation of information technology, the local transformation of the site, the rational allocation of medical teams and the planned distribution of protective equipment, in a short period of time, individual medical institutions can set up a safe FUO emergency department to provide 24-hour screening and detention services. Establishing an FUO emergency department with lean management and realizing the management approach of combining daily operation with prevention and control could help China and other countries to handle the outbreak of fulminant infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Ma
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Division of Medical Affairs, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Pan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuping Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiying Lv
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Magro G. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: Is interleukin-6 (IL-6) the 'culprit lesion' of ARDS onset? What is there besides Tocilizumab? SGP130Fc. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100029. [PMID: 32421092 PMCID: PMC7224649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 many studies have been published showing possible therapies, here the author discusses the end of stage disease related drugs, like Tocilizumab which is currently being used in ARDS patients. In some patients, disease progression leads to an enormous secretion of cytokines, known as cytokine storm, among those cytokines IL-6 plays an important role. Here the author shows how IL-6 has both pro and anti-inflammatory properties, depending on the pathway of transduction: soluble (trans-signaling) or membrane-related (classic signaling), and suggests how targeting only the pro-inflammatory pathway, with SGP130Fc, could be a better option then targeting them both. Other possible IL-6 pathway inhibitors such as Ruxolitinib and Baricinitib are then analyzed, underlying how they lack the benefit of targeting only the pro-inflammatory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Belice T, Demir I, Yüksel A. Role of neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio in the mortality of males diagnosed with COVID-19. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:194-197. [PMID: 32685114 PMCID: PMC7340610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With this study, for the first time among patients diagnosed with COVID-19, the neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratios of men and women were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted with 80 patients and the data was gained retrospectively on the electronic documents of the hospital. RESULTS The neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio was statistically significant and higher in the male than the women for all ages and geriatric patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The higher neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio in older males diagnosed with COVID-19 could be a causative reason for the higher mortality rates in men. We hope that these findings would be helpful for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Belice
- Department of Internal Diseases, Turkish University of Health Sciences, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ismail Demir
- Department of Internal Diseases, Turkish University of Health Sciences, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Arif Yüksel
- Department of Internal Diseases, Turkish University of Health Sciences, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
A multimodal practical approach in a Transfusion Medicine Centre to face the COVID-19 outbreak. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2020; 18:235-236. [PMID: 32453691 DOI: 10.2450/2020.0084-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
178
|
Abstract
Since December 2019, China has experienced a widespread outbreak of COVID-19. However, at the early stage of outbreak, investigations revealed a variety of patterns resulting in the transmission of COVID-19. Thus, it is essential to understand the transmission types and the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. Moreover, the information regarding the characteristics of transmission helps in coordinating the current screening programme, and controlling and containing measures, and also, helps in deciding the appropriate quarantine duration. Thus, this investigation reports an outbreak of COVID-19 in a family residing in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China during the month of January−February 2020.
Collapse
|
179
|
AlTakarli N. China’s Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Model for Epidemic Preparedness and Management. DUBAI MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1159/000508448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As we live in an interconnected globalized world, people and the diseases they carry can be easily transmitted to any place in a matter of hours. SARS-CoV-2 began like all new viruses with an ordinary moment when a cluster of patients admitted to a hospital with pneumonia turned out to have a new strain of coronavirus. The virus’s high transmissibility made the epidemic in China turn into a global pandemic with an ongoing daily reporting of new cases and deaths. However, as fast as viruses spread, the detection of pandemics and taking early measures has become much easier due to the advancement of science in today’s world. The early responses and measures adopted by China, such as early reporting and situation monitoring, large-scale surveillance, and preparation of medical facilities and supplies, were all successful in reducing the epidemic in China generally and in the epicenter Wuhan specifically. The purpose of this review is to focus on the effectiveness of the measures taken by the Chinese government to stop COVID-19 spreading by comparing the country’s response to SARS and COVID-19 outbreaks, which will provide an example for the communities, health managers, and leaders of countries to follow on how to prepare, detect, and respond to potential outbreaks. Method: For this article, epidemic preparedness and management strategies under comparison were derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) frameworks and guidelines. Other data related to COVID-19 and reported cases were taken from more than 25 official public health organization reports and relevant articles using various databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct). Results: Working on developing resilient systems against infectious diseases should be one of the top priorities of any country. China embraced resilience in its battle against COVID-19 and proved its capability to cope with the outbreak crisis. Despite succeeding in altering the course of the outbreak, healthcare experts warned about possible epidemic recurrence and stressed the need for caution as the pandemic is still ongoing and most of the infected cases are presenting with only mild symptoms.
Collapse
|
180
|
Bozkurt B, Eğrilmez S, Şengör T, Yıldırım Ö, İrkeç M. The COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Information for Ophthalmologists. Turk J Ophthalmol 2020; 50:59-63. [PMID: 32366061 PMCID: PMC7204903 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.29805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Banu Bozkurt
- Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sait Eğrilmez
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, İzmir, Turkey (E)
| | - Tomris Şengör
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, İstanbul, Turkey (E)
| | - Özlem Yıldırım
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Murat İrkeç
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey (E)
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
O'Donovan SM, Eby H, Henkel ND, Creeden J, Imami A, Asah S, Zhang X, Wu X, Alnafisah R, Taylor RT, Reigle J, Thorman A, Shamsaei B, Meller J, McCullumsmith RE. Identification of new drug treatments to combat COVID19: A signature-based approach using iLINCS. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-25643. [PMID: 32702077 PMCID: PMC7336712 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-25643/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 is more contagious than other coronaviruses and has higher rates of mortality than influenza. As no vaccine or drugs are currently approved to specifically treat COVID-19, identification of effective therapeutics is crucial to treat the afflicted and limit disease spread. We deployed a bioinformatics workflow to identify candidate drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. Using an "omics" repository, the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS), we simultaneously probed transcriptomic signatures of putative COVID-19 drugs and signatures of coronavirus-infected cell lines to identify therapeutics with concordant signatures and discordant signatures, respectively. Our findings include three FDA approved drugs that have established antiviral activity, including protein kinase inhibitors, providing a promising new category of candidates for COVID-19 interventions.
Collapse
|
182
|
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 136 cases of COVID-19 in main district of Chongqing. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:1180-1184. [PMID: 32386675 PMCID: PMC7188645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We did a comprehensive exploration of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 136 patients with confirmed COVID-19 in main district of Chongqing which was adjacent to the west of Hubei province. Methods This study was conducted on 136 patients with COVID-19 in main district of Chongqing from Jan 25 to Feb 20, 2020. Data of patients included demographic, epidemiological, clinical features, chest radiographs of imported cases, local cases, second-generation cases and third-generation cases. Student's t-test was adopted for quantitative variables while Pearson Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Results The median age was 47 years and common symptoms of illness were cough (50.7%), fever (47.1%) and fatigue (14.0%). The time from contact symptomatic case to illness was 7.7 days, and 88 patients (64.7%) were cluster cases, radiological evidence found bilateral lung involvement was common (57.4%).Compared with the imported cases, the local cases were significantly older, the proportion of men is lower. There was higher proportion of cluster cases in local cases. Unlike imported cases, which fever was the dominant symptom, the local cases have more cough patients, with a significant higher proportion of asymptomatic patients. The third-generation cases have a significant higher proportion of asymptomatic patients. Conclusion We concluded the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the cases andsuggested to take more comprehensive measures for screening patients, especially for elderly person, avoid family gatherings, and implement more closely surveillance of suspect patients and their close contacts.
Collapse
|
183
|
Pasteurized blood samples for transfusion compatibility testing during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41:1112-1114. [PMID: 32297850 PMCID: PMC7198467 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
184
|
Jing QL, Liu MJ, Yuan J, Zhang ZB, Zhang AR, Dean NE, Luo L, Ma M, Longini I, Kenah E, Lu Y, Ma Y, Jalali N, Fang LQ, Yang ZC, Yang Y. Household Secondary Attack Rate of COVID-19 and Associated Determinants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32511590 PMCID: PMC7276017 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.11.20056010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of April 2, 2020, the global reported number of COVID-19 cases has crossed over 1 million with more than 55,000 deaths. The household transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, the causative pathogen, remains elusive. METHODS Based on a comprehensive contact-tracing dataset from Guangzhou, we estimated both the population-level effective reproductive number and individual-level secondary attack rate (SAR) in the household setting. We assessed age effects on transmissibility and the infectivity of COVID-19 cases during their incubation period. RESULTS A total of 195 unrelated clusters with 212 primary cases, 137 nonprimary (secondary or tertiary) cases and 1938 uninfected close contacts were traced. We estimated the household SAR to be 13.8% (95% CI: 11.1-17.0%) if household contacts are defined as all close relatives and 19.3% (95% CI: 15.5-23.9%) if household contacts only include those at the same residential address as the cases, assuming a mean incubation period of 4 days and a maximum infectious period of 13 days. The odds of infection among children (<20 years old) was only 0.26 (95% CI: 0.13-0.54) times of that among the elderly (≥60 years old). There was no gender difference in the risk of infection. COVID-19 cases were at least as infectious during their incubation period as during their illness. On average, a COVID-19 case infected 0.48 (95% CI: 0.39-0.58) close contacts. Had isolation not been implemented, this number increases to 0.62 (95% CI: 0.51-0.75). The effective reproductive number in Guangzhou dropped from above 1 to below 0.5 in about 1 week. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible in households than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and the elderly ≥60 years old are the most vulnerable to household transmission. Case finding and isolation alone may be inadequate to contain the pandemic and need to be used in conjunction with heightened restriction of human movement as implemented in Guangzhou.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Long Jing
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Jin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
| | - Jun Yuan
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhou-Bin Zhang
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - An-Ran Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Natalie E Dean
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
| | - Lei Luo
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ira Longini
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
| | - Eben Kenah
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, U. S. A
| | - Ying Lu
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ma
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Neda Jalali
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Cong Yang
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Zheng Y, Xu H, Yang M, Zeng Y, Chen H, Liu R, Li Q, Zhang N, Wang D. Epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of 32 critical and 67 noncritical cases of COVID-19 in Chengdu. J Clin Virol 2020; 127:104366. [PMID: 32302954 PMCID: PMC7146675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, Wuhan, China, experienced an outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19). The number of cases has increased rapidly, but information on the clinical characteristics remains limited. OBJECTIVES This paper describes the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Early detection and identification of critically ill patients is necessary to facilitate scientific classification and treatment. STUDY DESIGN This study included a retrospective, single-center case series of 99 consecutively hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center in Chengdu, China, from January 16 to February 20, 2020. The final date of follow-up was February 23, 2020. We collected and analyzed epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data. We compared outcomes of critically ill patients and noncritically ill patients. RESULTS Of the 99 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the median age was 49 years (minimum, 3 months; maximum, 87 years) and 51 (52 %) were men; 42 (42 %) had traveled to or lived in Wuhan and 48 (49 %) had come into close contact with patients with new coronavirus pneumonia; 41 (41 %) patients had underlying disease. Common symptoms included fever (85 [86 %]), dry cough (84 [85 %]), and fatigue (72 [73 %]). We analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients. We expressed the measurement data as mean ± standard deviation. We collected data for age (49.39 ± 18.45 years), number of hospital days (12.32 ± 6.70 days), and laboratory indicators. We compared critically ill and noncritically ill patients: p-values for age, C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity troponin T, prothrombin time, fibrin degradation products, D-Dimer, and CD4+ count were p < 0.001; and p-values for hospital days, white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, creatine kinase isoenzyme, myoglobin, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, and CD8+ count were p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS We collected data from a single-center case series of 32 hospitalized patients who were critically ill with confirmed COVID-19 in Chengdu, China, and compared data with 67 noncritically ill patients. Elderly patients had chronic underlying diseases, notably cardiovascular disease. Higher C-reactive protein levels, higher levels of myocardial damage, and higher brain natriuretic peptide levels; lower white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes; and lower CD4 and CD8 counts could be used for early detection and identification of critically ill patients, and dynamic Data observation was more important than at a single moment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zheng
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hong Xu
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilan Zeng
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ru Liu
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center & Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Chengdu Sixth People's Hospital, China.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Yang Z, Shi J, He Z, Lü Y, Xu Q, Ye C, Chen S, Tang B, Yin K, Lu Y, Chen X. Predictors for imaging progression on chest CT from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:6037-6048. [PMID: 32275643 PMCID: PMC7185104 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the potential parameters associated with imaging progression on chest CT from coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients. RESULTS The average age of 273 COVID-19 patients enrolled with imaging progression were older than those without imaging progression (p = 0.006). The white blood cells, platelets, neutrophils and acid glycoprotein were all decreased in imaging progression patients (all p < 0.05), and monocytes were increased (p = 0.025). The parameters including homocysteine, urea, creatinine and serum cystatin C were significantly higher in imaging progression patients (all p < 0.05), while eGFR decreased (p < 0.001). Monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) was significantly higher in imaging progression patients compared to that in imaging progression-free ones (p < 0.001). Logistic models revealed that age, MLR, homocysteine and period from onset to admission were factors for predicting imaging progression on chest CT at first week from COVID-19 patients (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Age, MLR, homocysteine and period from onset to admission could predict imaging progression on chest CT from COVID-19 patients. METHODS The primary outcome was imaging progression on chest CT. Baseline parameters were collected at the first day of admission. Imaging manifestations on chest CT were followed-up at (6±1) days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongguo Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhang He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ying Lü
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qingnian Xu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Shishi Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Bozong Tang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Keshan Yin
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yunfei Lu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Yu AY, Tu R, Shao X, Pan A, Zhou K, Huang J. A comprehensive Chinese experience against SARS-CoV-2 in ophthalmology. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 7:19. [PMID: 32289038 PMCID: PMC7136699 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-020-00187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has now swept through the continents and poses a global threat to public health. Several investigations have been conducted to identify whether COVID-19 can be transmitted through the ocular route, and the conclusion is that it is a potential route but remains uncertain. Due to the face-to-face communication with patients, frequent exposure to tears and ocular discharge, and the unavoidable use of equipment which requires close proximity, ophthalmologists carry a high risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on 33 articles published by Chinese scholars, guidelines and clinical practice experience in domestic hospitals, we have summarized the Chinese experience through the lens of ophthalmology, hoping to make a contribution to protecting ophthalmologists and patients around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Yong Yu
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Tu
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Xu Shao
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Anpeng Pan
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Kaijing Zhou
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Wen Z, Chi Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Du K, Li Z, Chen J, Cheng L, Wang D. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Initial Detection on Chest CT in a Retrospective Multicenter Study of 103 Chinese Patients. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2020; 2:e200092. [PMID: 33778564 PMCID: PMC7194021 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.2020200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the performance of chest CT regarding the initial presentation of patients suspected of having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 103 patients who were under investigation for COVID-19 based on inclusion criteria according to the World Health Organization Interim Guidance were retrospectively collected from January 21, 2020, to February 14, 2020. All patients underwent chest CT scanning and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for COVID-19 at hospital presentation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) (with 95% confidence intervals) were calculated to evaluate the performance of CT. Subgroup analyses were also performed based on the geographical distribution of these cases in the province of Henan, China. RESULTS There were 88/103 (85%) patients with COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR testing. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 93% (85%, 97%), 53% (27%, 77%), 92% (83%, 96%), and 42% (18%, 70%), respectively. Similar results were shown in both geographic regions. The respective sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for chest CT in the districts of Xinyang and Zhumadian (n = 56) were 92% (80%, 97%), 63% (26%, 90%), 93% (81%, 98%), and 56% (23%, 85%), while these indicators in the district of Anyang (n = 47) were 95% (81%, 99%), 43% (12%, 80%), 90% (76%, 97%), and 60% (17%-93%). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of positive examinations in the two geographic subgroups for CT (P = .423) or RT-PCR (P = .931). CONCLUSION Although initial chest CT obtained at hospital presentation showed high sensitivity in patients under investigation for COVID-19 in the two geographic regions in Henan Province, the NPV was only modest, suggesting a low value of CT as a screening tool.© RSNA, 2020.
Collapse
|
189
|
Marazziti D. The Covid-19 Outbreak: The Latest Challenge to Psychological and Psychiatric Intervention. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 17:39-40. [PMID: 34908965 PMCID: PMC8629076 DOI: 10.36131/clinicalnpsych20200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Adjunct Professor, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Pisa, and University Unicamillus, Rome, Scientific director of BRF Foundation Lucca, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Epidemiologic Features of 135 Patients With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Tianjin, China. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 14:630-634. [PMID: 32234107 PMCID: PMC7156568 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study describes the epidemiologic features of an outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Tianjin caused by a novel coronavirus and provides the scientific basis for prevention and control measures. Methods: Data from COVID-19 cases were collected from daily notifications given to the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China and Tianjin Health Committee. All of the data were analyzed with SPSS, version 24.0 software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Results: As of February 24, 2020, there have been 135 confirmed cases, 3 deaths, and 87 recoveries in Tianjin, China. The incidence of COVID-19 was 8.65/1 000 000 with a 2.22% case fatality rate. Regarding geographic distribution, the incidence was 8.82 per 1 000 000 in urban areas and 8.00 per 1 000 000 in suburbs. During the early stage of the epidemic, most cases came from urban areas and in patients with a history of sojourning in Hubei Province. The majority of patients were 31–70 years old (75.97%). A familial clustering was the most important characteristic of COVID-19 (accounting for 74.81%). Conclusions: Current information suggests that people are generally susceptible to COVID-19, which has shown a familial clustering in Tianjin.
Collapse
|
191
|
Zareie B, Roshani A, Mansournia MA, Rasouli MA, Moradi G. A Model for COVID-19 Prediction in Iran Based on China Parameters. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2020; 23:244-248. [DOI: 10.34172/aim.2020.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: The rapid spread of COVID-19 virus from China to other countries and outbreaks of disease require an epidemiological analysis of the disease in the shortest time and an increased awareness of effective interventions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran based on the SIR model. The results of the analysis of the epidemiological data of Iran from January 22 to March 24, 2020 were investigated and prediction was made until April 15, 2020. Methods: By estimating the three parameters of time-dependent transmission rate, time-dependent recovery rate, and timedependent death rate from Covid-19 outbreak in China, and using the number of Covid-19 infections in Iran, we predicted the number of patients for the next month in Iran. Each of these parameters was estimated using GAM models. All analyses were conducted in R software using the mgcv package. Results: Based on our predictions of Iran about 29000 people will be infected from March 25 to April 15, 2020. On average, 1292 people with COVID-19 are expected to be infected daily in Iran. The epidemic peaks within 3 days (March 25 to March 27, 2020) and reaches its highest point on March 25, 2020 with 1715 infected cases. Conclusion: The most important point is to emphasize the timing of the epidemic peak, hospital readiness, government measures and public readiness to reduce social contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Zareie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amin Roshani
- Department of Statistics, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aziz Rasouli
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center, Kowsar Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Lam DSC, Wong RLM, Lai KHW, Ko CN, Leung HY, Lee VYW, Lau JYN, Huang SS. COVID-19: Special Precautions in Ophthalmic Practice and FAQs on Personal Protection and Mask Selection. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:67-77. [PMID: 32349113 PMCID: PMC7227209 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2, was first reported in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020 and as of April 17, 2020, 210 countries are affected with >2,000,000 infected and 140,000 deaths. The estimated case fatality rate is around 6.7%. We need to step up our infection control measures immediately or else it may be too late to contain or control the spread of COVID-19. In case of local outbreaks, the risk of infection to healthcare workers and patients is high. Ophthalmic practice carries some unique risks and therefore high vigilance and special precautions are needed. We share our protocols and experiences in the prevention of infection in the current COVID-19 outbreak and the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Hong Kong. We also endeavor to answer the key frequently asked questions in areas of the coronaviruses, COVID-19, disease transmission, personal protection, mask selection, and special measures in ophthalmic practices. COVID-19 is highly infectious and could be life-threatening. Using our protocol and measures, we have achieved zero infection in our ophthalmic practices in Hong Kong and China. Preventing spread of COVID-19 is possible and achievable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Shun Chiu Lam
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- International Eye Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond Lai Man Wong
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenny Ho Wa Lai
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chung-Nga Ko
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hiu Ying Leung
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Vincent Yau Wing Lee
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Johnson Yiu Nam Lau
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Suber S. Huang
- Retina Center of Ohio, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Shakoor A, Chen X, Farooq TH, Shahzad U, Ashraf F, Rehman A, Sahar NE, Yan W. Fluctuations in environmental pollutants and air quality during the lockdown in the USA and China: two sides of COVID-19 pandemic. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2020; 13:1335-1342. [PMID: 32837622 PMCID: PMC7415015 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Due to the global threat, many countries impose immediate lockdown. The impact of lockdown on the environmental pollutants and climate indicators gained considerable attention in the literature. This study aims to describe the variations in the environmental pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10) with and without the lockdown period in the majorly hit states and provinces of the USA and China, respectively. Data during the first quarter year of 2019 and 2020 (lockdown period) was used in this study. Moreover, the effect of these pollutants on the pandemic spread was also studied. The results illustrated that the overall concentrations of CO, NO2 and PM2.5 were decreased by 19.28%, 36.7% and 1.10%, respectively, while PM10 and SO2 were increased by 27.81% and 3.81% respectively in five selected states of the USA during the lockdown period. However, in the case of chosen provinces of China, overall, the concentrations of all selected pollutants, i.e., CO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10, were reduced by 26.53%, 38.98%, 18.36%, 17.78% and 37.85%, respectively. The COVID-19 reported cases and deaths were significantly correlated with NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 in both China and the USA. The findings of this study concluded that the limited anthropogenic activities in the lockdown situation due to this novel pandemic disease result in a significant improvement of air quality by reducing the concentrations of environmental pollutants. As the trend goes on, the reduction of most pollutant concentrations is expected as long as partial or complete lockdown goes on.Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awais Shakoor
- Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Umer Shahzad
- School of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, 233030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fatima Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 People’s Republic of China
| | - Najam e Sahar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Wende Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Wen T, Huang C, Shi FJ, Zeng XY, Lu T, Ding SN, Jiao YJ. Development of a lateral flow immunoassay strip for rapid detection of IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Analyst 2020; 145:5345-5352. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and simple LFIA strips based on Au NPs provide a preliminary test result for physicians to make the correct diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections along with alternative testing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Feng-Juan Shi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- China
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- NHC Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Muteeb G, Alshoaibi A, Aatif M, Rehman MT, Qayyum MZ. Screening marine algae metabolites as high-affinity inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro): an in silico analysis to identify novel drug candidates to combat COVID-19 pandemic. APPLIED BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 63:79. [PMID: 33251389 PMCID: PMC7680079 DOI: 10.1186/s13765-020-00564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan city to all over the world has created a pandemic. COVID-19 has cost many human lives and created an enormous economic burden. Although many drugs/vaccines are in different stages of clinical trials, still none is clinically available. We have screened a marine seaweed database (1110 compounds) against 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 using computational approaches. High throughput virtual screening was performed on compounds, and 86 of them with docking score < - 5.000 kcal mol-1 were subjected to standard-precision docking. Based on binding energies (< - 6.000 kcal mol-1), 9 compounds were further shortlisted and subjected to extra-precision docking. Free energy calculation by Prime-MM/GBSA suggested RC002, GA004, and GA006 as the most potent inhibitors of 3CLpro. An analysis of ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) properties of RC002, GA004, and GA006 indicated that only RC002 (callophysin A, from red alga Callophycus oppositifolius) passed Lipinski's, Veber's, PAINS and Brenk's filters and displayed drug-like and lead-like properties. Analysis of 3CLpro-callophysin A complex revealed the involvement of salt bridge, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. callophysin A interacted with the catalytic residues (His41 and Cys145) of 3CLpro; hence it may act as a mechanism-based competitive inhibitor. Docking energy and docking affinity of callophysin A towards 3CLpro was - 8.776 kcal mol-1 and 2.73 × 106 M-1, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of the 3CLpro-callophysin A complex. The findings of this study may serve as the basis for further validation by in vitro and in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Muteeb
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Alshoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Zuhaib Qayyum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Jie CMD, Bo ZMD, Mo YMB, Yan TMD, Dandan GMS, Boya WMD, Weidan LMS, Jiaojiao MMS, Cui ZMB, Shuliang ZMB, Jianya WMB. Management Strategies of Ultrasound Department in Response to the Epidemic Crisis. ADVANCED ULTRASOUND IN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.37015/audt.2020.200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
197
|
Chen Y, Zhou M, Hu L, Liu X, Zhuo L, Xie Q. Emergency reconstruction of large general hospital under the perspective of new COVID-19 prevention and control. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:677-684. [PMID: 32601725 PMCID: PMC7322223 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the successful experience of timely crisis management, correct measures, and successful display of the hospital image in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (FAHZU), to improve the ability of emergency response. METHODS The FAHZU, as the earliest designated hospital, accomplished the transformation from general hospital to infectious disease hospital under the guiding ideology of centralized patients, centralized experts, centralized resources, and centralized treatment with measures to transfer the Zhijiang campus hospitalized patients quickly, complete the space layout, create diagnosis and treatment space, streamline logistics, and transform logistics facilities within 48 h. As of 5 March, the hospital had admitted 104 patients. RESULTS Of the severe cases in Zhejiang province 95% underwent centralized treatment with the goal of zero deaths for severely ill patients, zero misdiagnoses for infected patients, and zero infections for medical staff, and this served as a reference for large medical institutions regarding how to manage such a public health emergency. CONCLUSION The successful cases of FAHZU provided a valuable experience for large medical institutions on how to address public health emergencies and how to carry out diagnosis and treatment and streamline the layout and related facilities in emergency reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Chen
- General management office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, 310003 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Min Zhou
- Information Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, 310003 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Liang Hu
- General management office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, 310003 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- General management office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, 310003 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Lixin Zhuo
- General management office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, 310003 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Qiong Xie
- Information Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, 310003 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Li L, Huang Q, Wang DC, Ingbar DH, Wang X. Acute lung injury in patients with COVID-19 infection. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:20-27. [PMID: 32508022 PMCID: PMC7240840 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 2020 Spring Festival in China, the outbreak of a novel coronavirus, named COVID-19 by WHO, brought on a worldwide panic. According to the clinical data of infected patients, radiologic evidence of lung edema is common and deserves clinical attention. Lung edema is a manifestation of acute lung injury (ALI) and may progress to hypoxemia and potentially acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients diagnosed with ARDS have poorer prognosis and potentially higher mortality. Although no effective treatment is formally approved for COVID-19 infection, support of ventilation with oxygen therapy and sometimes mechanical ventilation is often required. Treatment with systemic and/or local glucocorticoids might be helpful to alleviate the pulmonary inflammation and edema, which may decrease the development and/or consequences of ARDS. In this article, we focus on the lung edema and ALI of patients with this widely transmitted COVID-19 infection in order to provide clinical indications and potential therapeutic targets for clinicians and researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Li
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical ScienceShanghai Medical SchoolFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qihong Huang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical ScienceShanghai Medical SchoolFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Diane C. Wang
- Department of EmergencySunshine Coast University HospitalBirtinyaQueenslandAustralia
| | - David H. Ingbar
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Center for Lung Science and HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical ScienceShanghai Medical SchoolFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan HospitalShanghai Medical SchoolFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Zhang L, Wang DC, Huang Q, Wang X. Significance of clinical phenomes of patients with COVID-19 infection: A learning from 3795 patients in 80 reports. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:28-35. [PMID: 32508041 PMCID: PMC7240842 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused outbreaks in multiple countries and the number of cases is rapidly increasing through human-to-human transmission. Clinical phenomes of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical in distinguishing it from other respiratory infections. The extent and characteristics of those phenomes varied depending on the severities of the infection, for example, beginning with fever or a mild cough, progressed with signs of pneumonia, and worsened with severe or even fatal respiratory difficulty in acute respiratory distress syndrome. We summarized clinical phenomes of 3795 patients with COVID-19 based on 80 published reports from the onset of outbreak to March 2020 to emphasize the importance and specificity of those phenomes in diagnosis and treatment of infection, and evaluate the impact on medical services. The data show that the incidence of male patients was higher than that of females and the level of C-reaction protein was increased as well as most patients' imaging included ground-glass opacity. Clinical phenomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with those of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. There is an urgent need to develop an artificial intelligence-based machine learning capacity to analyze and integrate radiomics- or imaging-based, patient-based, clinician-based, and molecular measurements-based data to fight the outbreak of COVID-19 and enable more efficient responses to unknown infections in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical ScienceFudan University Shanghai Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
| | - Diane C. Wang
- Department of EmergencySunshine Coast University HospitalBirtinyaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Qihong Huang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical ScienceFudan University Shanghai Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical ScienceFudan University Shanghai Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & TherapyJinshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|