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T Cell Aging in Patients with Colorectal Cancer-What Do We Know So Far? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246227. [PMID: 34944847 PMCID: PMC8699226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review describes the role of T cell aging in colorectal cancer development. T cells are important mediators in cancer immunity. Aging affects T cells, leading to various dysfunctions which can impede antitumor immunity. While some hallmarks of T cell aging have been observed in colorectal cancer patients, the functional role of such cells is not clear. Therefore, understanding how aged T cells influence overall patient outcome could potentially help in the pursue to develop new therapies for the elderly. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the most frequently diagnosed types of cancers in the world. CRC is considered to affect mostly elderly patients, and the number of diagnosed cases increases with age. Even though general screening improves outcomes, the overall survival and recurrence-free CRC rates in aged individuals are highly dependent on their history of comorbidities. Furthermore, aging is also known to alter the immune system, and especially the adaptive immune T cells. Many studies have emphasized the importance of T cell responses to CRC. Therefore, understanding how age-related changes affect the outcome in CRC patients is crucial. This review focuses on what is so far known about age-related T cell dysfunction in elderly patients with colorectal cancer and how aged T cells can mediate its development. Last, this study describes the advances in basic animal models that have potential to be used to elucidate the role of aged T cells in CRC.
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202
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Wei X, Li J, Yang X, Dong B, Geng B, Li Z, Hu X, Ding B, Zhang J, Yan M. An enzyme-activated two-photon ratiometric fluorescent probe with lysosome targetability for imaging β-glucuronidase in colon cancer cells and tissue. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1192:339354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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203
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Malkova AM, Sharoyko VV, Zhukova NV, Gubal AR, Orlova RV. Laboratory biomarkers of an effective antitumor immune response. Clinical significance. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 29:100489. [PMID: 34837797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The modern checkpoint inhibitors block the programmed death-1 receptor and its ligand, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 on tumor cells and lymphocytes, that induces cytotoxic reactions. Nowadays, there are no approved clinical and laboratory predictor markers of immune therapy efficacy, which would allow a more personalized approach to patient selection and treatment. The aim of this review is to analyze possible biomarkers of efficacy for treatment with checkpoint inhibitors according to the pathogenic mechanisms of drug action. The review revealed possible predictive biomarkers, that could be classified to 3 groups: biomarkers of high mutagenic potential of the tumor, biomarkers of high activity of adaptive immunity, biomarkers of low activity of the tumor microenvironment. The determination of the described markers before the start of therapy can be used to formulate a treatment regimen, in which the use of various immunomodulatory drugs, inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, angiogenic molecules, and probiotics can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Malkova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - V V Sharoyko
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - N V Zhukova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - A R Gubal
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - R V Orlova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.
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204
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Wellinger LC, Hogg SJ, Newman DM, Friess T, Geiss D, Michie J, Ramsbottom KM, Bacac M, Fauti T, Marbach D, Jarassier L, Thienger P, Paehler A, Cluse LA, Kearney CJ, Vervoort SJ, Trapani JA, Oliaro J, Shortt J, Ruefli-Brasse A, Rohle D, Johnstone RW. BET Inhibition Enhances TNF-Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 10:87-107. [PMID: 34782346 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting chromatin binding proteins and modifying enzymes can concomitantly affect tumor cell proliferation and survival, as well as enhance anti-tumor immunity and augment cancer immunotherapies. By screening a small-molecule library of epigenetics-based therapeutics, BET (Bromo- and Extra-Terminal domain) inhibitors (BETi) were identified as agents that sensitize tumor cells to the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. BETi modulated tumor cells to be sensitized to the cytotoxic effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF. By preventing the recruitment of BRD4 to p65-bound cis-regulatory elements, BETi suppressed the induction of inflammatory gene expression, including the key NF-κB target genes BIRC2 (cIAP1) and BIRC3 (cIAP2). Disruption of pro-survival NF-κB signaling by BETi led to unrestrained TNF-mediated activation of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade and tumor cell death. Administration of BETi in combination with T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCB) or immune checkpoint blockade increased bystander killing of tumor cells and enhanced tumor growth inhibition in vivo in a TNF-dependent manner. This novel epigenetic mechanism of immunomodulation may guide future use of BETi as adjuvants for immune oncology agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Dane M Newman
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Thomas Friess
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg
| | - Daniela Geiss
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg
| | | | | | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich
| | - Tanja Fauti
- Oncology DTA, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, pRED
| | | | | | | | - Axel Paehler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, PS, RICB
| | - Leonie A Cluse
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | | | | | | | - Jane Oliaro
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Jake Shortt
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University
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205
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Pan W, Zhao J, Zhang S, Chen X, Liang W, Li Q. Towards exertion of immunotherapeutics in the treatment of colorectal cancer; adverse sides, challenges, and future directions. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108337. [PMID: 34775366 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has growingly been prosperous as a promising therapeutic option for several kinds of solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), subsequent to initial successful outcomes in the treatment of melanoma. The use of immunotherapy, like nivolumab and pembrolizumab (which are monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death 1) has shown prosperous outcomes in a group of CRC patients who represent mismatch-repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H). However, a successful outcome of treatment by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not been observed in all of the metastatic CRC patients with dMMR-MSI-H tumors. ICIs are able to block the co-inhibitory signaling transduced in T cells, resulting in increased cytotoxic activity of T cells and efficient killing of tumor cells. In spite of availability of diverse immunotherapeutics in treatment of advanced CRC, a poor survival rate of such approaches has been reported along with challenges in the clinical practice. It is necessary to identify novel biomarkers and molecular signatures to approximate the outcome of ICI therapy in the metastatic CRC patients with dMMR-MSI-H tumors. Here we tried to clarify the current line of evidence regarding immunotherapeutics in the treatment of CRC, and discuss the challenges and hurdles in the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuo Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, PR China
| | - Songou Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Xiaozhen Chen
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Medical Research Center, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316000, PR China.
| | - Qingping Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316000, PR China.
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206
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Takahashi H, Sakakura K, Ida S, Kawabata-Iwakawa R, Matsuyama T, Tada H, Mito I, Chikamatsu K. Circulating naïve and effector memory T cells correlate with prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:53-64. [PMID: 34751489 PMCID: PMC8748237 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
T‐cell memory is an important mechanism for long‐term protection against diverse pathogens. Generation and persistence of memory T cells are vital components of anti‐tumor immunity, given their ability to persist for prolonged durations, as well as activate and migrate rapidly. In the present study, we investigated the clinical and prognostic significance of T‐cell subsets in the peripheral circulation of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Moreover, we calculated the enrichment scores of T‐cell subsets in primary tumor tissues and compared their clinical characteristics using a public database. Multivariate survival analyses of circulating T‐cell parameters revealed that clinical parameters, except M factor, were not independent prognostic factors, whereas proportions of CD8+ T cells, naïve T cells (TNs), effector memory T cells (TEMs), and CD38+CD8+ T cells were independent prognostic factors, suggesting the importance of these peripheral T‐cell parameters as independent prognostic biomarkers. Consistent with these results, the T‐cell enrichment analysis indicated that enrichment of CD8+ TNs in the tumor microenvironment was an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, an ex vivo experiment demonstrated significantly less cytotoxic activity in CD38+ T cells than in CD38− T cells. These findings suggest that T‐cell memory‐related parameters in both systemic immunity and the tumor microenvironment could be used as prognostic biomarkers regardless of clinical characteristics. Further characterization of circulating T cells would lead to the development of novel biomarkers for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Koichi Sakakura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shota Ida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsuyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroe Tada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ikko Mito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chikamatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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207
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Randrian V, Desette A, Emambux S, Derangere V, Roussille P, Frouin E, Godet J, Karayan-Tapon L, Ghiringhelli F, Tougeron D. New Artificial Intelligence Score and Immune Infiltrates as Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Cancer With Brain Metastases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750407. [PMID: 34733283 PMCID: PMC8558563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence of brain metastases has increased in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) as their survival has improved. CD3 T-cells and, lately, DGMate (DiGital tuMor pArameTErs) score, have been identified as prognostic factors in locally advanced CRC. Until now, there is no data concerning the prognostic value of these markers in patients with CRC-derived brain metastases. All consecutive patients with CRC-derived brain metastases diagnosed between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively included. Staining for CD3, CD8, PD-1, PD-L1 and DGMate analyses were performed using tissue micro-array from primary tumors and, if available, brain metastases. All in all, 83 patients were included with 80 primary tumor samples and 37 brain metastases samples available. CD3 and CD8 T-cell infiltration was higher in primary tumors compared to brain metastases. We observed a significant higher DGMate score in rectal tumors compared to colon tumors (p=0.03). We also noted a trend of higher CD3 T-cell infiltration in primary tumors when brain metastases were both supra and subtentorial compared to brain metastases that were only subtentorial or supratentorial (p=0.36 and p=0.03, respectively). No correlation was found between CD3 or CD8 infiltration or DGMate score in primary tumors or brain metastases and overall survival (OS) in the overall population. In patients with rectal tumors, a high DGMate score in brain metastases was associated with longer OS (13.4 ± 6.1 months versus 6.1 ± 1.4 months, p=0.02). High CD3 T-cell infiltration in brain metastases was associated with lower OS in patients with supratentorial brain metastases (9.8 ± 3.3 months versus 16.7 ± 5.9 months, p=0.03). PD-L1 overexpression was rare, both in primary tumors and brain metastases, but PD-L1 positive primary tumors were associated with worse OS (p=0.01). In contrast to breast and lung cancer derived brain metastases, CD3 and CD8 infiltration and DGMate score are not major prognostic factors in patients with CRC-derived brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Randrian
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, INSERM, PRODICET, Poitiers, France
| | - Amandine Desette
- Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, INSERM, PRODICET, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, INSERM, LNEC, Poitiers, France
| | - Sheik Emambux
- Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, INSERM, PRODICET, Poitiers, France.,Medical Oncology Department, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Valentin Derangere
- Plateforme de Transfert en Biologie Cancérologique, Département de Biologie et de Pathologie des Tumeurs, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | - Eric Frouin
- Pathology Department, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, LITEC, Poitiers, France
| | - Julie Godet
- Pathology Department, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, INSERM, PRODICET, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, INSERM, LNEC, Poitiers, France.,Cancer Biology Department, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Plateforme de Transfert en Biologie Cancérologique, Département de Biologie et de Pathologie des Tumeurs, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231, Dijon, France
| | - David Tougeron
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, INSERM, PRODICET, Poitiers, France
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208
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Prognostic Implications of Intratumoral and Peritumoral Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4367-4376. [PMID: 34898543 PMCID: PMC8628731 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the prognostic implications of intratumoral and peritumoral infiltrating T-lymphocytes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) through a meta-analysis. A total of 18 eligible studies and 2453 PDAC patients were included in the present study. Intratumoral and peritumoral infiltrating lymphocytes were evaluated using various markers, such as CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, and immune cell score. The correlations between these parameters and overall and disease-free survival were investigated and used in the meta-analysis. High intratumoral infiltration of CD3-, CD4-, and CD8-expressing lymphocytes was significantly correlated with better overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 0.747, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.620-0.900, HR 0.755, 95% CI 0.632-0.902, and HR 0.754, 95% CI 0.611-0.930, respectively). However, there was no significant correlation between PDAC prognosis and intratumoral FOXP3 or immune cell score (HR 1.358, 95% CI 1.115-1.655 and HR 0.776, 95% CI 0.566-1.065, respectively). Moreover, there was no significant correlation between the prognosis and peritumoral infiltrating T-lymphocytes. In evaluations of disease-free survival, only high intratumoral CD4 infiltration was correlated with a better prognosis (HR 0.525, 95% CI 0.341-0.810). Our results showed that high intratumoral infiltrating lymphocytes were significantly correlated with a better PDAC prognosis. However, among the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD3, CD4, and CD8 had prognostic implications, but not FOXP3 and immune cell score.
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209
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Wei X, Yao Y, Wang X, Sun J, Zhao W, Qiu L, Zhai W, Qi Y, Gao Y, Wu Y. Interleukin-36α inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis by enhancing the infiltration and activity of CD8 + T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108152. [PMID: 34555640 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, and the discovery of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets is vital. Interleukin-36α (IL-36α) is a proinflammatory factor that can initiate the inflammatory response and promote the systemic T helper-1 (Th1) immune response. In this study, we investigated the immunological role of IL-36α in CRC. We found that IL-36α was downregulated in human CRC tissues. Patients with high IL-36α levels showed better survival and low IL-36α expression was significantly associated with greater tumor distal metastasis and TNM stage. We constructed two cell lines overexpressing IL-36α (CT26-IL-36α and HT29-IL-36α cells). In vitro assays revealed that IL-36α overexpression reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CT26-IL-36α, and HT29-IL-36α cells. Using CT26-vector and CT26-IL-36α tumor mouse model and lung metastasis models, we found that IL-36α overexpression elicited a significant antitumor effect and inhibited lung metastasis in vivo. These inhibitory effects were associated with an increase in the number of CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes within the tumor tissue as well as increased cytokine production in CD8+ T lymphocytes present in the tumor, spleen, and draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, we revealed that CT26-IL-36α cells enhanced the secretion of CXCL10 and CXCL11 from chemotactic CD8+ T lymphocytes, as compared with CT26-vector cells. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-36α is a promising therapeutic agent for targeting CRC by promoting the activation, proliferation, and tumor infiltration of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yongjie Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenshan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjie Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanming Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yahong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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210
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Hu L, Zhu M, Shen Y, Zhong Z, Wu B. The prognostic value of intratumoral and peritumoral tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+Treg cells in of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:300. [PMID: 34654443 PMCID: PMC8520308 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are major participants in the tumor microenvironment. The prognostic value of TILs in patients with pancreatic cancer is still controversial. Methods The aim of our meta-analysis was to determine the impact of FoxP3+Treg cells on the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. We searched for related studies in PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, and Cochrane Library from the time the databases were established to Mar 30, 2017. We identified studies reporting the prognostic value of FoxP3+Treg cells in patients with pancreatic cancer. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS)/progression-free survival (PFS)/relapse-free survival (RFS) were investigated by pooling the data. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to evaluate the association between FoxP3+Treg cells and survival outcomes of pancreatic cancer patients. A total of 972 pancreatic cancer patients from 8 studies were included in our meta-analysis. Results High levels of infiltration with FoxP3+Treg cells were significantly associated with poor OS (HR=2.13; 95% CI 1.64–2.77; P<0.05) and poor DFS/PFS/RFS (HR=1.70; 95% CI 1.04 ~ 2.78; P< 0.05). Similar results were also observed in the peritumoral tissue; high levels of FoxP3+Treg cells were associated with poor OS (HR =2.1795% CI, CI 1.50–3.13). Conclusion This meta-analysis indicated that high levels of intratumoral or peritumoral FoxP3+Treg cell infiltration could be recognized as a negative factor in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of JiaXing University, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of JiaXing University, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyu Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of JiaXing University, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengxiang Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of JiaXing University, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of JiaXing University, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang, China.
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211
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Fountzilas C, Bajor DL, Mukherjee S, Saltzman J, Witkiewicz AK, Maguire O, Minderman H, Nambiar R, Rosenheck HR, Knudsen ES, Muhitch JB, Abrams SI, Wang C, Hutson AD, Attwood K, Hicks KA, Jurcevic JA, Kalinski P, Iyer R, Boland PM. Phase Ib/II Study of Cetuximab plus Pembrolizumab in Patients with Advanced RAS Wild-Type Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6726-6736. [PMID: 34645646 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the antitumor efficacy of cetuximab in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with RAS wild-type (RASwt), metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma (mCRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this phase Ib/II study, cetuximab was combined with pembrolizumab in patients with RASwt mCRC with ≥ one prior line of therapy for advanced disease. We analyzed baseline on-treatment tumor tissues for changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME), using flow cytometry and multispectral immunofluorescence. RESULTS Forty-four patients were evaluable for efficacy. The study was negative for the primary efficacy endpoint [overall response rate: 2.6%, 6-month progression-free survival (PFS): 31%; P = 0.52]. Median PFS was 4.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.9-5.5 months]. No increase in adverse effects was identified. We observed favorable immunomodulation with 47% increase in the number of intratumoral CTLs posttreatment (P = 0.035). These changes were more pronounced in patients with tumor shrinkage (P = 0.05). The TME was characterized by high numbers of TIM3+ and CTLA4+ cells; there were few activated OX40+ cells. PD-L1 expression was higher in pretreatment tumor cells from metastatic sites versus primary tumor samples (P < 0.05). Higher numbers of PD-L1+ tumor cells at baseline were associated with tumor shrinkage (P = 0.04). Analysis of immune populations in the blood demonstrated decreases in PD-1+ memory effector cells (P = 0.04) and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (P = 0.03), with simultaneous increases in CD4+/CTLA4+ cells (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The combination of cetuximab and pembrolizumab is inactive in patients with RASwt mCRC, despite its partial local immunologic efficacy. Further development of immuno-oncology combinations with enhanced efficacy and/or targeting additional or alternative immune checkpoints merits investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Orla Maguire
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hans Minderman
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ram Nambiar
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Erik S Knudsen
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Scott I Abrams
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Chong Wang
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alan D Hutson
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Karen A Hicks
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Pawel Kalinski
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Patrick M Boland
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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212
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Hu J, Zhang J, Yu M, Liu Z, Zou Y, Hong L, Zhang T, Sun J, Zheng M, Zhu X, Wang Z, Liu S. Circulating miR-221/222 reduces CD4+ T cells by inhibiting CD4 expression in colorectal cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1367-1376. [PMID: 34357372 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with cancers have low levels of CD4+ in their peripheral blood. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here, we found that the blood levels of miR-221 and miR-222 were dramatically increased in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and both circulating miR-211 and miR-222 served as sensitive diagnostic markers with an area under the curve of 0.8790 and 0.9148, respectively. Transfection of either miR-221 or miR-222 resulted in the reduction of the surface CD4 antigen level but not the surface CD8 antigen level. The luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-221/222 directly regulated CD4 expression in human primary T cells. These data showed that miR-221/222 levels were upregulated in the blood of patients with CRC and that the expression of CD4 in human primary T cells was inhibited by miR-221/222. These findings provide a novel strategy for modulating the number of CD4+ T cells in the blood and further adjusting the microenvironment suitable for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zukai Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Liwen Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuekai Zhu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sanhong Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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213
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Zhu C, Zhu L, Gu Y, Liu P, Tong X, Wu G, Zhu W, Shen W, Bao H, Ma X, Yu R, Wu X, Zhu D, Shu Y, Feng J. Genomic Profiling Reveals the Molecular Landscape of Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers in Chinese Patients. Front Genet 2021; 12:608742. [PMID: 34594355 PMCID: PMC8478156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.608742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract cancers have high incidence and mortality in China, but their molecular characteristics have not been fully investigated. We sequenced 432 tumor samples from the colorectum, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and biliary tract to investigate cancer-related mutations and detail the landscape of microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and chromosomal instability (CIN). We observed the highest TMB in colorectal and gastric cancers and the lowest TMB in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Twenty-four hyper-mutated tumors were identified only in colorectal and gastric cancers, with a significant enrichment of mutations in the polymerase genes (POLE, POLD1, and POLH) and mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Additionally, CIN preferentially occurred in colorectal and gastric cancers, while pancreatic, gallbladder, and biliary duct cancers had a much lower CIN. High CIN was correlated with a higher prevalence of malfunctions in chromosome segregation and cell cycle genes, including the copy number loss of WRN, NAT1, NF2, and BUB1B, and the copy number gain of MYC, ERBB2, EGFR, and CDK6. In addition, TP53 mutations were more abundant in high-CIN tumors, while PIK3CA mutations were more frequent in low-CIN tumors. In colorectal and gastric cancers, tumors with MSI demonstrated much fewer copy number changes than microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. In colorectal and gastric cancers, the molecular characteristics of tumors revealed the mutational diversity between the different anatomical origins of tumors. This study provides novel insights into the molecular landscape of Chinese gastrointestinal cancers and the genetic differences between tumor locations, which could be useful for future clinical patient stratification and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Zhu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhong Gu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Wenyu Zhu
- Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | | | - Hua Bao
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyuan Ma
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoying Yu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Dongqin Zhu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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214
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Abstract
The mutational landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) does not enable predictions to be made about the survival of patients or their response to therapy. Instead, studying the polarization and activation profiles of immune cells and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment has been shown to be more informative, thus making CRC a prototypical example of the importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for tumorigenesis. Here, we review our current understanding of how colon cancer cells interact with their microenvironment, comprised of immune cells, stromal cells and the intestinal microbiome, to suppress or escape immune responses and how inflammatory processes shape the immune pathogenesis of CRC.
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215
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Sumransub N, Vantanasiri K, Prakash A, Lou E. Advances and new frontiers for immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: Setting the stage for neoadjuvant success? Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:1-12. [PMID: 34307839 PMCID: PMC8280480 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy in the metastatic setting has drastically altered the landscape of treatment for various types of malignancy, including colorectal cancer. The category of immune checkpoint inhibitors has especially emerged as a class of therapy predicated on a more comprehensive understanding of immune cell-cancer cell regulation and evolution of the tumor microenvironment over time. Strategies including adoptive cellular therapies, tumor vaccines, and antibodies have also demonstrated the ability to enhance antitumor immunity. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the current landscape of immunotherapeutic strategies in colorectal cancer and provide insight into how these strategies may evolve in the next decade and be adapted to more localized forms of cancers of the colon and rectum. We provide particular focus on various combination approaches under investigation for reversing cancer-induced immunosuppression, especially in mismatch repair-proficient/microsatellite-stable colorectal tumors. Finally, we summarize current understanding on a recently identified integral factor in local immune regulation, the colonic microbiome. The aim of this article is to identify current challenges and barriers to improvement and to specify opportunities for applying knowledge in the immunotherapy sphere to rational design of clinical trials intended to improve survival and related outcomes in patients treated in the neoadjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttavut Sumransub
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St., SE, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kornpong Vantanasiri
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St., SE, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, 160 E. 34th St., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St., SE, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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216
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Zhang J, Tao J, Gao RN, Wei ZY, He YS, Ren CY, Li QC, Liu YS, Wang KW, Yang G, Qian C, Chen JH. Cytotoxic T-Cell Trafficking Chemokine Profiles Correlate With Defined Mucosal Microbial Communities in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715559. [PMID: 34539647 PMCID: PMC8442671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of gut microbiota in T-cell trafficking into tumor tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be further elucidated. The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of major cytotoxic T-cell trafficking chemokines (CTTCs) and chemokine-associated microbiota profiles in both tumor and adjacent normal tissues during CRC progression. We analyzed the expression of chemokine C-X-C motif ligands 9, 10, and 11 (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), and C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5), characterized gut mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM), and investigated their correlations in CRC patients. Our results showed that the expression of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 was significantly higher in tumor than in adjacent normal tissues in 136 CRC patients. Notably, the high expression of CXCL9 in tumor tissues was associated with enhanced CD8+ T-cell infiltration and improved survival. Moreover, the MAM in tumor tissues showed reduction of microbial diversity and increase of oral bacteria. Microbial network analysis identified differences in microbial composition and structure between tumor and adjacent normal tissues. In addition, stronger associations between oral bacteria and other gut microbes were observed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the defined MAM and individual CTTCs showed that the CTTCs' correlated operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in tumor and adjacent normal tissues rarely overlap with each other. Notably, all the enriched OTUs were positively correlated with the CTTCs in either tumor or adjacent normal tissues. Our findings demonstrated stronger interactions between oral bacteria and gut microbes, and a shifted correlation pattern between MAM and major CTTCs in tumor tissues, underlining possible mechanisms of gut microbiota-host interaction in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Tao
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Gao
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wei
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yu-Shan He
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chun-Yan Ren
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qi-Chun Li
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan-Shan Liu
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ke-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Hospital Infection, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gong Yang
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjia Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian-Huan Chen
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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217
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Akutsu T, Kanno K, Okada S, Ohdaira H, Suzuki Y, Urashima M. Effect of Vitamin D Supplements on Relapse of Digestive Tract Cancer with Tumor Stromal Immune Response: A Secondary Analysis of the AMATERASU Randomized Clinical Trial. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184708. [PMID: 34572935 PMCID: PMC8470811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to examine whether vitamin D supplementation (2000 IU/day) reduces the risk of relapse in a subgroup of patients with digestive tract cancer, showing a sufficient immune response in tumor stroma by conducting secondary subgroup analyses of the AMATERASU randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (UMIN000001977). A total of 372 patients were divided into two subgroups stratified by the median density of immune cells infiltrating in tumor stroma into higher and lower halves. In the higher-half subgroup of CD56+ cells, the relapse ratio was significantly lower in the vitamin D group (7.4%) than in the placebo group (20.5%) (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR), 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.15-0.82), but it was equivalent (25.2% vs. 22.7%) in the lower-half subgroup of CD56+ cells (SHR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.68-2.19) with a significant interaction (Pinteraction = 0.02). Although there were no significant differences, the risk of relapse was lower in the vitamin D group than in the placebo group in the higher half of CD45RO+ memory T cells (8.9% vs. 19.2%), and of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (11.3% vs. 22.5%). In patients with digestive tract cancer, vitamin D supplementation was hypothesized to reduce the risk of relapse in the subgroup of patients who already have an adequate infiltration of immune cells in their tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Akutsu
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (T.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuki Kanno
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (T.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Shinya Okada
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan;
| | - Hironori Ohdaira
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mitsuyoshi Urashima
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (T.A.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3433-1111
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218
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Wang J, Wu H, Chen Y, Zhu J, Sun L, Li J, Yao Z, Chen Y, Zhang X, Xia S, Chen W, Shi T. B7-H5 blockade enhances CD8 + T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:248. [PMID: 34537815 PMCID: PMC8449782 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has shown potential for multiple malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC). B7-H5, a novel negative immune checkpoint regulator, is highly expressed in tumor tissues and promotes tumor immune escape. However, the clinical significance of B7-H5 expression in CRC and the role of B7-H5 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has not been fully clarified. In this study, we observed that high B7-H5 expression in CRC tissues was significantly correlated with the lymph node involvement, AJCC stage, and survival of CRC patients. A significant inverse correlation was also observed between B7-H5 expression and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in CRC tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with high B7-H5 expression and low CD8+ T-cell infiltration had the worst prognosis in our cohort of CRC patients. Remarkably, both high B7-H5 expression and low CD8+ T infiltration were risk factors for overall survival. Additionally, B7-H5 blockade using a B7-H5 monoclonal antibody (B7-H5 mAb) effectively suppressed the growth of MC38 colon cancer tumors by enhancing the infiltration and Granzyme B production of CD8+ T cells. Importantly, the depletion of CD8+ T cells obviously abolished the antitumor effect of B7-H5 blockade in the MC38 tumors. In sum, our findings suggest that B7-H5 may be a valuably prognostic marker for CRC and a potential target for CRC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongya Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linqing Sun
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juntao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology of Digestive Tract, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suhua Xia
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Weichang Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology of Digestive Tract, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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219
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Ware MB, El-Rayes BF, Lesinski GB. Mirage or long-awaited oasis: reinvigorating T-cell responses in pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001100. [PMID: 32843336 PMCID: PMC7449491 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is plagued by a dismal 5-year survival rate, early onset of metastasis and limited efficacy of systemic therapies. This scenario highlights the need to fervently pursue novel therapeutic strategies to treat this disease. Recent research has uncovered complicated dynamics within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC. An abundant stroma provides a framework for interactions between cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppressive myeloid cells and regulatory lymphocytes, which together create an inhospitable environment for adaptive immune responses. This accounts for the poor infiltration and exhausted phenotypes of effector T cells within pancreatic tumors. Innovative studies in genetically engineered mouse models have established that with appropriate pharmacological modulation of suppressive elements in the TME, T cells can be prompted to regress pancreatic tumors. In light of this knowledge, innovative combinatorial strategies involving immunotherapy and targeted therapies working in concert are rapidly emerging. This review will highlight recent advances in the field related to immune suppression in PDAC, emerging preclinical data and rationale for ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials. In particular, we draw attention to foundational findings involving T-cell activity in PDAC and encourage development of novel therapeutics to improve T-cell responses in this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brandon Ware
- Hematology and Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Hematology and Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Hematology and Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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220
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Molodtsov AK, Khatwani N, Vella JL, Lewis KA, Zhao Y, Han J, Sullivan DE, Searles TG, Preiss NK, Shabaneh TB, Zhang P, Hawkes AR, Malik BT, Kolling FW, Usherwood EJ, Wong SL, Phillips JD, Shirai K, Angeles CV, Yan S, Curiel TJ, Huang YH, Cheng C, Turk MJ. Resident memory CD8 + T cells in regional lymph nodes mediate immunity to metastatic melanoma. Immunity 2021; 54:2117-2132.e7. [PMID: 34525340 PMCID: PMC9015193 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the anti-tumor immune response changes as primary tumors progress and metastasize. We investigated the role of resident memory (Trm) and circulating memory (Tcirm) cells in anti-tumor responses at metastatic locations using a mouse model of melanoma-associated vitiligo. We found that the transcriptional characteristics of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were defined by the tissue of occupancy. Parabiosis revealed that tumor-specific Trm and Tcirm compartments persisted throughout visceral organs, but Trm cells dominated lymph nodes (LNs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing profiles of Trm cells in LN and skin were distinct, and T cell clonotypes that occupied both tissues were overwhelmingly maintained as Trm in LNs. Whereas Tcirm cells prevented melanoma growth in the lungs, Trm afforded long-lived protection against melanoma seeding in LNs. Expanded Trm populations were also present in melanoma-involved LNs from patients, and their transcriptional signature predicted better survival. Thus, tumor-specific Trm cells persist in LNs, restricting metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey K Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Nikhil Khatwani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jennifer L Vella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Kathryn A Lewis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yanding Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jichang Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Delaney E Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Tyler G Searles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Nicholas K Preiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkes
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brian T Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Fred W Kolling
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Edward J Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Sandra L Wong
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Joseph D Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Shaofeng Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine and Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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221
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Delmas D, Hermetet F, Aires V. PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoints and Resveratrol: A Controversial New Way for a Therapeutic Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184509. [PMID: 34572736 PMCID: PMC8467857 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the last decade, immunotherapies using antibodies targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint or its ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, some current limitations include a relatively low rate of “responders”, the high cost of the treatment, and a rare risk of hyper-progression. Currently, the main challenge is, therefore, to improve these therapies, for instance, by using combined approaches. Here, we summarize the accumulating evidence that resveratrol (RSV) plays a role in the modulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in cancer cells, suggesting the potential of therapeutic strategies combining RSV with PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 inhibitors. We then discuss the therapeutic potential of polyphenols such as RSV to be used in combination with PD-L1 or PD-1 inhibitors for the management of cancer patients. Abstract Immune checkpoints refer to a range of immunoregulatory molecules that modulate the immune response. For example, proteins expressed at the surface of T-cells (including PD-1 and CTLA-4) and their ligands (PD-L1 and B7-1/B7-2, respectively), expressed by cancer cells and antigen-presenting cells, are needed to prevent excessive immune responses. However, they dampen anti-tumor immunity by limiting T-cell activity, making them promising therapeutic targets in cancer. Although immunotherapies using checkpoint blocking/neutralizing antibodies targeting PD-L1 or PD-1 have proven their superiority over conventional chemotherapies or targeted therapies by enhancing T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, some limitations have emerged. These include a relatively low rate of “responders” (<50%; irrespective of cancer type), the high cost of injections, and a rare risk of hyper-progression. For clinicians, the current challenge is thus to improve the existing therapies, potentially through combinatory approaches. Polyphenols such as resveratrol (RSV), a trihydroxystilbene found in various plants and an adjuvant in numerous nutraceuticals, have been proposed as potential therapeutic targets. Beyond its well-known pleiotropic effects, RSV affects PD-L1 and PD-1 expression as well as PD-L1 subcellular localization and post-translational modifications, which we review here. We also summarize the consequences of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, the modalities of their blockade in the context of cancer, and the current status and limitations of these immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss their potential use in combination with chemotherapies, and, using RSV as a model, we propose polyphenols as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Delmas
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France;
- Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Anticancéreux Georges François Leclerc Center, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-380-39-32-26
| | - François Hermetet
- Cancer Campus Gustave Roussy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1287, “Hematopoietic Stem Cells and the Development of Myeloid Malignancies” Team, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Virginie Aires
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France;
- Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, F-21000 Dijon, France
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The association of immunosurveillance and distant metastases in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3333-3341. [PMID: 34476575 PMCID: PMC8484134 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide, but the key driver to distant metastases is still unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the link between immunosurveillance and organotropism of metastases in CRC by evaluating different gene signatures and pathways. Material and methods CRC patients undergoing surgery at the Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery at the Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital Munich (Munich, Germany) were screened and categorized into M0 (no distant metastases), HEP (liver metastases) and PER (peritoneal carcinomatosis) after a 5-year follow-up. Six patients of each group were randomly selected to conduct a NanoString analysis, which includes 770 genes. Subsequently, all genes were further analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) based on seven main cancer-associated databases. Results Comparing HEP vs. M0, the gene set associated with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) cascade defined by the Reactome database was significantly overrepresented in HEP. HSP90B1, MAPKAPK3, PPP2CB, PPP2R1A were identified as the core enrichment genes. The immunologic signature pathway GSE6875_TCONV_VS_FOXP3_KO_TREG_DN with FOXP3 as downstream target was significantly overexpressed in M0. RB1, TMEM 100, CFP, ZKSCAN5, DDX50 were the core enrichment genes. Comparing PER vs. M0 no significantly differentially expressed gene signatures were identified. Conclusion Chronic inflammation might enhance local tumor growth. This is the first study identifying immune related gene sets differentially expressed between patients with either liver or peritoneal metastases. The present findings suggest that the formation of liver metastases might be associated with TLR-associated pathways. In M0, a high expression of FOXP3 + tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) seemed to prevent at least in part metastases. Thus, these correlative findings lay the cornerstone to further studies elucidating the underlying mechanisms of organotropism of metastases.
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Fukuta K, Izaki H, Shiozaki K, Nakanishi R, Inai T, Kataoka H, Kudo E, Kanda K. Complete response to pembrolizumab in recurrent nested variant of urothelial carcinoma. IJU Case Rep 2021; 4:310-313. [PMID: 34497992 PMCID: PMC8413201 DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nested variant of urothelial carcinoma is rare and shows poor prognosis. We report a case of complete response to pembrolizumab in recurrent nested variant. CASE PRESENTATION A 50-year-old man visited another hospital with hematuria and weight loss. Clinical stage T4aN0M0 bladder cancer and acute renal failure were diagnosed. He was referred to our hospital and underwent radical cystectomy. Histological examination showed pathological stage T4aN2 nested variant of urothelial carcinoma. He received 3 cycles of gemcitabine and carboplatin adjuvant chemotherapy. However, para-aortic lymph node metastasis appeared 7 months after cystectomy. He received pembrolizumab as systemic chemotherapy. After 10 cycles, the lesion remained undetectable and we evaluated the response as complete. He has received 18 cycles in total and no recurrences or metastases have been observed. CONCLUSION Pembrolizumab may offer effective treatment for nested variant of urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyotaro Fukuta
- Department ofUrologyTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Hirofumi Izaki
- Department ofUrologyTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Keito Shiozaki
- Department ofUrologyTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Ryoichi Nakanishi
- Department ofUrologyTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Tohru Inai
- Department ofUrologyTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Hideyuki Kataoka
- Department ofGeneral MedicineTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Eiji Kudo
- Department ofPathologyTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
| | - Kazuya Kanda
- Department ofUrologyTokushima Prefectural Central HospitalTokushimaJapan
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Wu Y, Wu M, Ming S, Zhan X, Hu S, Li X, Yin H, Cao C, Liu J, Li J, Wu Z, Zhou J, Liu L, Gong S, He D, Huang X. TREM-2 promotes Th1 responses by interacting with the CD3ζ-ZAP70 complex following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:137407. [PMID: 34623322 DOI: 10.1172/jci137407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) is a modulator of pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells that regulates the inflammatory response. However, the role of TREM-2 in in vivo models of infection and inflammation remains controversial. Here, we demonstrated that TREM-2 expression on CD4+ T cells was induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in both humans and mice and positively associated with T cell activation and an effector memory phenotype. Activation of TREM-2 in CD4+ T cells was dependent on interaction with the putative TREM-2 ligand expressed on DCs. Unlike the observation in myeloid cells that TREM-2 signals through DAP12, in CD4+ T cells, TREM-2 interacted with the CD3ζ-ZAP70 complex as well as with the IFN-γ receptor, leading to STAT1/-4 activation and T-bet transcription. In addition, an infection model using reconstituted Rag2-/- mice (with TREM-2-KO vs. WT cells or TREM-2+ vs. TREM-2-CD4+ T cells) or CD4+ T cell-specific TREM-2 conditional KO mice demonstrated that TREM-2 promoted a Th1-mediated host defense against M. tuberculosis infection. Taken together, these findings reveal a critical role of TREM-2 in evoking proinflammatory Th1 responses that may provide potential therapeutic targets for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siqi Ming
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huan Yin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Can Cao
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jinai Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhilong Wu
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Duanman He
- Shantou No. 3 People's Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Bissonnette RP, Cesario RM, Goodenow B, Shojaei F, Gillings M. The epigenetic immunomodulator, HBI-8000, enhances the response and reverses resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:969. [PMID: 34461854 PMCID: PMC8404302 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting CTLA-4 and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is effective against many cancer types. However, due in part to unresponsiveness or acquired resistance, not all patients experience a durable response to ICIs. HBI-8000 is a novel, orally bioavailable class I selective histone deacetylase inhibitor that directly modifies antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and resensitization to apoptotic stimuli in adult T cell lymphoma patients. We hypothesized that HBI-8000 functions as an epigenetic immunomodulator to reprogram the tumor microenvironment from immunologically cold (nonresponsive) to hot (responsive). Method Mice bearing syngeneic tumors (MC38 and CT26 murine colon carcinoma and A20 B-cell lymphoma were treated daily with HBI-8000 (orally), alone or in combination with PD-1, PD-1 L, or CTLA-4 antibodies. MC38 tumors were also analyzed in nanoString gene expression analysis. Results HBI-8000 augmented the activity of ICI antibodies targeting either PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4, and significantly increased tumor regression (p < 0.05) in the above models. Gene expression analysis of the treated MC38 tumors revealed significant changes in mRNA expression of immune checkpoints, with enhanced dendritic cell and antigen-presenting cell functions, and modulation of MHC class I and II molecules. Conclusions These findings suggest that HBI-8000 mediates epigenetic modifications in the tumor microenvironment, leading to improved efficacy of ICIs, and provide strong rationale for combination therapies with ICIs and HBI-8000 in the clinical setting. Precis As an HDACi, HBI-8000 plays an important role in priming the immune system in the tumor microenvironment. The current preclinical data further justifies testing combination of HBI-8000 and ICIs in the clinic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08702-x.
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Yunoki K, Yano T, Yoshimitsu M, Oshita K, Kubota T, Ishida M, Satoh D, Choda Y, Nakano K, Shirakawa Y, Matsukawa H, Idani H, Shiozaki S, Okajima M. Cutaneous metastasis of cecum cancer with MSI-high and BRAFV600E mutation: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2021; 7:185. [PMID: 34406516 PMCID: PMC8374022 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-021-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are rare, occurring in 0.7% to 5% of cancer patients. Furthermore, the molecular subtypes of cutaneous metastasis of CRC are unclear. Here, we present a rare case of cutaneous metastasis of high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-high)/BRAFV600E-mutant cecum cancer. Case presentation A 77-year-old woman presented at the outpatient clinic with a subcutaneous mass on her left back. An excisional biopsy was performed and metastatic cutaneous adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. A computed tomography scan of the thorax and abdomen showed thickening of the cecum wall, the presence of pericolic lymph nodes, multiple masses in the liver, and a single nodule in the right lung. Right colectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy and functional end-to-end anastomosis was performed because of the almost-complete intestinal obstruction. The expression of KRAS wild type, BRAFV600E mutation, and MSI-high was detected in the cecum cancer using molecular pathological examination. She received chemotherapy with XELOX + BEV regimen (capecitabine + oxaliplatin + bevacizumab). After four administrations, a computed tomography scan showed reduction of distant metastases, which suggested partial response. Conclusions We encountered a rare case of cutaneous metastasis of MSI-high and BRAFV600E-mutant cecum cancer. In the future, it will be necessary to accumulate more cases to identify clinical features and more effective treatments for CRCs with cutaneous metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yunoki
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Takuya Yano
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshimitsu
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Ko Oshita
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ishida
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Daisuke Satoh
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Choda
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Kanyu Nakano
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsukawa
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Idani
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Shiozaki
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Masazumi Okajima
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Stoltzfus CR, Sivakumar R, Kunz L, Olin Pope BE, Menietti E, Speziale D, Adelfio R, Bacac M, Colombetti S, Perro M, Gerner MY. Multi-Parameter Quantitative Imaging of Tumor Microenvironments Reveals Perivascular Immune Niches Associated With Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726492. [PMID: 34421928 PMCID: PMC8375665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are populated by a multitude of immune cell types with varied phenotypic and functional properties, which can either promote or inhibit anti-tumor responses. Appropriate localization and function of these cells within tumors is critical for protective immunity, with CD8 T cell infiltration being a biomarker of disease outcome and therapeutic efficacy. Recent multiplexed imaging approaches have revealed highly complex patterns of localization for these immune cell subsets and the generation of distinct tumor microenvironments (TMEs), which can vary among cancer types, individuals, and within individual tumors. While it is recognized that TMEs play a pivotal role in disease progression, a better understanding of their composition, organization, and heterogeneity, as well as how distinct TMEs are reshaped with immunotherapy, is necessary. Here, we performed spatial analysis using multi-parameter confocal imaging, histocytometry, and CytoMAP to study the microanatomical organization of immune cells in two widely used preclinical cancer models, the MC38 colorectal and KPC pancreatic murine tumors engineered to express human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Immune responses were examined in either unperturbed tumors or after immunotherapy with a CEA T cell bispecific (CEA-TCB) surrogate antibody and anti-PD-L1 treatment. CEA-TCB mono and combination immunotherapy markedly enhanced intra-tumoral cellularity of CD8 T cells, dominantly driven by the expansion of TCF1-PD1+ effector T cells and with more minor increases in TCF1+PD1+ resource CD8 T cells. The majority of infiltrating T cells, particularly resource CD8 T cells, were colocalized with dendritic cells (DCs) or activated MHCII+ macrophages, but largely avoided the deeper tumor nest regions composed of cancer cells and non-activated macrophages. These myeloid cell - T cell aggregates were found in close proximity to tumor blood vessels, generating perivascular immune niches. This perivascular TME was present in untreated samples and markedly increased after CEA-TCB therapy, with its relative abundance positively associated with response to therapy. Together, these studies demonstrate the utility of advanced spatial analysis in cancer research by revealing that blood vessels are key organizational hubs of innate and adaptive immune cells within tumors, and suggesting the likely relevance of the perivascular immune TME in disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R. Stoltzfus
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ramya Sivakumar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Leo Kunz
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Brandy E. Olin Pope
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elena Menietti
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Dario Speziale
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Adelfio
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sara Colombetti
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Mario Perro
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Y. Gerner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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Toh JWT, Phan K, Reza F, Chapuis P, Spring KJ. Rate of dissemination and prognosis in early and advanced stage colorectal cancer based on microsatellite instability status: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:1573-1596. [PMID: 33604737 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-03874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For the past two decades, microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported as a robust clinical biomarker associated with survival advantage attributed to its immunogenicity. However, MSI is also associated with high-risk adverse pathological features (poorly differentiated, mucinous, signet cell, higher grade) and exhibits a double-edged sword phenomenon. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the rate of dissemination and the prognosis of early and advanced stage colorectal cancer based on MSI status. METHODS A systematic literature search of original studies was performed on Ovid searching MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, American College of Physicians ACP Journal Club, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects DARE, Clinical Trials databases from inception of database to June 2019. Colorectal cancer, microsatellite instability, genomic instability and DNA mismatch repair were used as key words or MeSH terms. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was followed. Data were pooled using a random-effects model with odds ratio (OR) as the effect size. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan ver 5.3 Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS From 5288 studies, 136 met the inclusion criteria (n = 92,035; MSI-H 11,746 (13%)). Overall, MSI-H was associated with improved OS (OR, 0.81; 95% CI 0.73-0.90), DFS (OR, 0.73; 95% CI 0.66-0.81) and DSS (OR, 0.69; 95% CI 0.52-0.90). Importantly, MSI-H had a protective effect against dissemination with a significantly lower rate of lymph node and distant metastases. By stage, the protective effect of MSI-H in terms of OS and DFS was observed clearly in stage II and stage III. Survival in stage I CRC was excellent irrespective of MSI status. In stage IV CRC, without immunotherapy, MSI-H was not associated with any survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS MSI-H CRC was associated with an overall survival benefit with a lower rate of dissemination. Survival benefit was clearly evident in both stage II and III CRC, but MSI-H was neither a robust prognostic marker in stage I nor stage IV CRC without immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W T Toh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Discipline of Surgery, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, School of Medicine Western Sydney University and South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kevin Phan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Faizur Reza
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pierre Chapuis
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin J Spring
- Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, School of Medicine Western Sydney University and South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Shen Z, Xue W, Zheng Y, Geng Q, Wang L, Fan Z, Wang W, Yue Y, Zhai Y, Li L, Zhao J. Molecular mechanism study of HGF/c-MET pathway activation and immune regulation for a tumor diagnosis model. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:374. [PMID: 34261467 PMCID: PMC8278741 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binds to the c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition (C-MET) receptor and activates downstream signaling pathways, playing an essential role in the development of various cancers. Given the role of this signaling pathway, the primary therapeutic direction focuses on identifying and designing HGF inhibitors, antagonists and other molecules to block the binding of HGF to C-MET, thereby limiting the abnormal state of other downstream genes. Methods This study focuses on the analysis of immune-related genes and corresponding immune functions that are significantly associated with the HGF/c-MET pathway using transcriptome data from 11 solid tumors. Results We systematically analyzed 11 different cancers, including expression correlation, immune infiltration, tumor diagnosis and survival prognosis from HGF/c-MET pathway and immune regulation, two biological mechanisms having received extensive attention in cancer analysis. Conclusion We found that the HGF/c-MET pathway affected the tumor microenvironment mainly by interfering with expression levels of other genes. Immune infiltration is another critical factor involved in changes to the tumor microenvironment. The downstream immune-related genes activated by the HGF/c-MET pathway regulate immune-related pathways, which in turn affect the degree of infiltration of immune cells. Immune infiltration is significantly associated with cancer development and prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02051-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qishun Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirui Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of clinical laboratory, The No.7.People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450016, Henan, China
| | - Yunkai Zhai
- Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China. .,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China. .,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.
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Zhang H, Hu J, Liu A, Qu H, Jiang F, Wang C, Mo S, Sun P. An N6-Methyladenosine-Related Gene Set Variation Score as a Prognostic Tool for Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651575. [PMID: 34307344 PMCID: PMC8295598 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent type of RNA modification, and we hypothesized that patterns of m6A-related genes may be useful for estimating risk of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). An m6A-related gene set variation score (m6A-GSVS) was generated using RNA-sequencing data from LUAD patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We investigated the association of m6A-GSVS with stemness, tumor mutational burden (TMB), expression of three immune checkpoints, levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and patient prognosis. We found that m6A-GSVS was higher in LUAD than in healthy lung tissue, and it strongly correlated with stemness and TMB. Activated CD4 + T cells were more numerous in LUAD samples that had higher m6A-GSVS than in those with lower scores. Biological processes and pathways, including “Cell cycle,” “DNA replication,” and “RNA degradation,” were significantly enriched in samples with high scores. Furthermore, m6A-GSVS was an independent prognostic indicator in LUAD. In conclusion, we proposed an m6A-GSVS in LUAD. It is a putative indicator for evaluating the ability to RNA m6A, an independent prognostic indicator and associated with tumor stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jing Hu
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Aina Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Huajun Qu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Fenge Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Steven Mo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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231
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Rudnik-Jansen I, Howard KA. FcRn expression in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic opportunities. J Control Release 2021; 337:248-257. [PMID: 34245786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify new cellular targets to expand the repertoire, potency and safety of cancer therapeutics. Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn)-driven cellular recycling plays a predominant role in the prolonged serum half-life of human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) exploited in long-acting cancer drug designs. FcRn-mediated HSA and IgG uptake in epithelial cells and dendritic cell antigen presentation offers new therapeutic opportunities beyond half-life extension. Altered FcRn expression in solid tumours accounting for HSA catabolism or recycling supports a role for FcRn in tumour metabolism and growth. This review addresses the mechanistic basis for different FcRn expression profiles observed in cancer and exploitation for targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, the review highlights FcRn-mediated immunosurveillance and immune therapy. FcRn offers a potential attractive cancer target but in-depth understanding of role and expression profiles during cancer pathogenesis is required for tailoring targeted drug designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Rudnik-Jansen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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232
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Lea D, Watson M, Skaland I, Hagland HR, Lillesand M, Gudlaugsson E, Søreide K. A template to quantify the location and density of CD3 + and CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colon cancer by digital pathology on whole slides for an objective, standardized immune score assessment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2049-2057. [PMID: 33439293 PMCID: PMC8195795 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In colon cancer, the location and density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can classify patients into low and high-risk groups for prognostication. While a commercially available 'Immunoscore®' exists, the incurred expenses and copyrights may prevent universal use. The aim of this study was to develop a robust and objective quantification method of TILs in colon cancer. METHODS A consecutive, unselected series of specimens from patients with colon cancer were available for immunohistochemistry and assessment of TILs by automated digital pathology. CD3 + and CD8 + cells at the invasive margin and in tumor center were assessed on consecutive sections using automated digital pathology and image analysis software (Visiopharm®). An algorithm template for whole slide assessment, generated cell counts per square millimeters (cells/mm2), from which the immune score was calculated using distribution volumes. Furthermore, immune score was compared with clinical and histopathological characteristics to confirm its relevance. RESULTS Based on the quantified TILs numbers by digital image analyses, patients were classified into low (n = 83, 69.7%), intermediate (n = 14, 11.8%) and high (n = 22, 18.5%) immune score groups. High immune score was associated with stage I-II tumors (p = 0.017) and a higher prevalence of microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors (p = 0.030). MSI tumors had a significantly higher numbers of CD3 + TILs in the invasive margin and CD8 + TILs in both tumor center and invasive margin, compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. CONCLUSION A digital template to quantify an easy-to-use immune score corresponds with clinicopathological features and MSI in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dordi Lea
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Martin Watson
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ivar Skaland
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hanne R Hagland
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Melinda Lillesand
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Einar Gudlaugsson
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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233
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Al-Saafeen BH, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, al-Ramadi BK. Integration of Salmonella into Combination Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133228. [PMID: 34203478 PMCID: PMC8269432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite significant advances in the development of new treatments, cancer continues to be a major public health concern due to the high mortality associated with the disease. The introduction of immunotherapy as a new modality for cancer treatment has led to unprecedented clinical responses, even in terminal cancer patients. However, for reasons that remain largely unknown, the percentage of patients who respond to this treatment remains rather modest. In the present article, we highlight the potential of using attenuated Salmonella strains in cancer treatment, particularly as a means to enhance therapeutic efficacy of other cancer treatments, including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The challenges associated with the clinical application of Salmonella in cancer therapy are discussed. An increased understanding of the potential of Salmonella bacteria in combination cancer therapy may usher in a major breakthrough in its clinical application, resulting in more favorable and durable outcomes. Abstract Current modalities of cancer treatment have limitations related to poor target selectivity, resistance to treatment, and low response rates in patients. Accumulating evidence over the past few decades has demonstrated the capacity of several strains of bacteria to exert anti-tumor activities. Salmonella is the most extensively studied entity in bacterial-mediated cancer therapy, and has a good potential to induce direct tumor cell killing and manipulate the immune components of the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor inhibition. In addition, Salmonella possesses some advantages over other approaches of cancer therapy, including high tumor specificity, deep tissue penetration, and engineering plasticity. These aspects underscore the potential of utilizing Salmonella in combination with other cancer therapeutics to improve treatment effectiveness. Herein, we describe the advantages that make Salmonella a good candidate for combination cancer therapy and summarize the findings of representative studies that aimed to investigate the therapeutic outcome of combination therapies involving Salmonella. We also highlight issues associated with their application in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besan H. Al-Saafeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Basel K. al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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234
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Jin Y, Tan A, Feng J, Xu Z, Wang P, Ruan P, Luo R, Weng Y, Peng M. Prognostic Impact of Memory CD8(+) T Cells on Immunotherapy in Human Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698076. [PMID: 34249758 PMCID: PMC8269315 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prognostic value of memory CD8(+) T cells in cancer patients with immunotherapy. Methods EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Web of Science databases were searched to identify suitabile articles published before March 2021. Risk of bias on the study level was assessed using the Cochrane Bias Risk Assessment Tool. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pooled progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using RevMan 5.4 to evaluate the prognostic impact of memory CD8(+) T cells. Results In total, nine studies were included in the final analysis. High levels of memory CD8(+) T cells were significantly closely correlated with better progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients with immunotherapy (PFS, HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53-0.78; OS, HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.65). Memory CD8(+) T cells still have significant prognostic value in cancer patients given immunotherapy alone after excluding of other interfering factors such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy (PFS, HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.89; OS, HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.13-0.42). However, high memory CD8(+) T cells levels did not correspond to a longer PFS or OS in cancer patients with non-immunotherapy (PFS, HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.63-1.73; OS, HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.48-3.48). Thus, memory CD8(+) T cells might be a promising predictor in cancer patients with immunotherapy. Conclusions The host's overall immune status, and not only the tumor itself, should be considered to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer patients. This study is the first to show the significant prognostic value of memory CD8(+) T cells in immunotherapy of cancer patients through systematic review and meta-analysis. Thus, the detection of memory CD8(+) T cells has a considerable value in clinical practice in cancer patients with immunotherapy. Memory CD8(+) T cells may be promising immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aili Tan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zexi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Ruan
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruijun Luo
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Weng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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235
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Grassi F, De Ponte Conti B. The P2X7 Receptor in Tumor Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:694831. [PMID: 34239877 PMCID: PMC8258391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.694831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) is a potent mediator of the immune response via stimulation of purinergic P2 receptors. ATP concentration in the extracellular space increases dramatically during tissue damage and eATP acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) to alert innate immune system cells for tissue repair. Similarly, eATP is present at hundreds of micromolar concentration in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, its impact on antitumor immune response is still not well established, probably because of the complexity of the responses it induces in different cells constituting the TME. On one hand, ATP released by tumor cells concomitantly to cell death can contribute to immunogenic cell death (ICD) that is proinflammatory for the innate immune compartment and beneficial for tumor control, while on the other hand, eATP can foster immune-suppressive mechanisms within the TME, thus contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. It is well established that T-cell immunity is pivotal in limiting tumor growth and possibly eradicating neoplastic cells. T cells are limited though in their antitumor activity through different mechanisms, such as exhaustion, anergy, and senescence; the pathways resulting in these cellular outcomes are not clear. Here, we review the function of P2X7 receptor in conditioning T cell-dependent immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Benedetta De Ponte Conti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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236
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Kang TG, Park HJ, Moon J, Lee JH, Ha SJ. Enriching CCL3 in the Tumor Microenvironment Facilitates T cell Responses and Improves the Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e23. [PMID: 34277113 PMCID: PMC8263215 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are key factors that influence the migration and maintenance of relevant immune cells into an infected tissue or a tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is believed that the controlled administration of chemokines in the tumor microenvironment may be an effective immunotherapy against cancer. Previous studies have shown that CCL3, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha, facilitates the recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) for the presentation of tumor Ags and promotes T cell activation. Here, we investigated the role of CCL3 in regulating the tumor microenvironment using a syngeneic mouse tumor model. We observed that MC38 tumors overexpressing CCL3 (CCL3-OE) showed rapid regression compared with the wild type MC38 tumors. Additionally, these CCL3-OE tumors showed an increase in the proliferative and functional tumor-infiltrating T cells. Furthermore, PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade accelerated tumor regression in the CCL3-OE tumor microenvironment. Next, we generated a modified CCL3 protein for pre-clinical use by fusing recombinant CCL3 (rCCL3) with a non-cytolytic hybrid Fc (HyFc). Administering a controlled dose of rCCL3-HyFc via subcutaneous injections near tumors was effective in tumor regression and improved survival along with activated myeloid cells and augmented T cell responses. Furthermore, combination therapy of rCCL3-HyFc with PD-1 blockade exhibited prominent effect to tumor regression. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that appropriate concentrations of CCL3 in the tumor microenvironment would be an effective adjuvant to promote anti-tumor immune responses, and suggest that administering a long-lasting form of CCL3 in combination with PD-1 blockers can have clinical applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Yuhan Corporation, Chemistry & Chemical Biology Team, Yuhan R&D Institute, Seoul 06927, Korea
| | - Jihyun Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - June Hyung Lee
- Yuhan Corporation, Biologics Discovery Team, Seoul 06927, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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237
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Zhang Y, Xie R, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Lin C, Yang L, Huang M, Li M, Song F, Lu L, Yang M, Liu Y, Wei Q, Li J, Chen J. Integrin β7 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis via Maintaining Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:967-980. [PMID: 34131019 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration is important for predicting the clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer. Integrin β7 (ITGB7), which is expressed on the surface of leukocytes, plays an essential role in the homing of immune cells to gut-associated lymphoid tissue and facilitating the retention of lymphocytes in gut epithelium; however, its role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis is poorly explored. Here, we found that the number of β7+ cells decreased significantly in tumor tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue. β7 expression decreased in tumor-derived compared with normal tissue-derived CD8+ T cells. With bulk RNA expression data from public platforms, we demonstrated that higher ITGB7 expression correlated with longer patient survival, higher cytotoxic immune cell infiltration, lower somatic copy-number alterations, decreased mutation frequency of APC and TP53, and better response to immunotherapy. The possible cell-cell interactions mediated by ITGB7 and its ligands MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1, and CDH1 were investigated using public single-cell RNA sequencing data. ITGB7 deficiency led to exaggerated tumorigenesis and progression in both Apcmin /+ spontaneous and MC38 orthotopic models of colorectal cancer, which could be due to a reduced infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells, effector memory CD8+ T cells, IFNγ+ CD8+ T cells, IFNγ+ natural killer cells, CD103+ dendritic cells, and other immune cell subsets that are essential players in antitumor immunity. In conclusion, our data revealed that ITGB7 could inhibit the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer by maintaining antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ruting Xie
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changdong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mengwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Song
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Muqing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China. .,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Tumor-associated macrophage infiltration is associated with a higher rate of tumor spread through air spaces in resected lung adenocarcinomas. Lung Cancer 2021; 158:91-96. [PMID: 34139640 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung cancer can spread in numerous ways, one of which has been suggested to be spread through air spaces (STAS). The tumor immune microenvironment appears to play a significant role in this spread. Particularly, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can create a favorable microenvironment for tumor progression. In this study, we analyzed data from 709 patients with stage 0-IIIA lung adenocarcinoma, resected between 1999 and 2016, and investigated whether immune cell infiltration was associated with the occurrence of STAS and clinical outcome of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD25, CD20, and CD68. The three tumor areas with the highest density of immune cells were photographed, and the immune cells were quantified. Associations between variables were analyzed using chi-square tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. Recurrence-free probability and overall survival were analyzed using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS After analyzing the associations between STAS and each type of immune cell infiltration, high density of CD68 + TAMs was identified as an independent predictor of a high STAS rate (p = 0.014) and was found to be associated with a high risk of recurrence, using univariate analysis (p = 0.008). After adjusting for CD68+ TAMs, pathological stage, and lymphovascular invasion, STAS remained significantly associated with a high risk of recurrence (HR = 3.50, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that a high density of CD68 + TAMs is an independent predictor of an increased STAS rate. Additionally, STAS is correlated with aggressive tumor behavior characteristics.
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239
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Motamedi M, Xiao MZX, Iyer A, Gniadecki R. Patterns of Gene Expression in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Systematic Review of Transcriptomic Studies in Mycosis Fungoides. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061409. [PMID: 34204115 PMCID: PMC8229125 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most prevalent type of skin lymphoma. In its early stages, it has a favorable prognosis. However, in its late stages, it is associated with an increased risk of mortality. This systematic review aimed to identify the transcriptomic changes involved in MF pathogenesis and progression. A literature search was conducted using the database PubMed, followed by the extraction of 2245 genes which were further filtered to 150 recurrent genes that appeared in two or more publications. Categorization of these genes identified activated pathways involved in pathways such as cell cycle and proliferation, chromosomal instability, and DNA repair. We identified 15 genes implicated in MF progression, which were involved in cell proliferation, immune checkpoints, resistance to apoptosis, and immune response. In highlighting the discrepancies in the way MF transcriptomic data is obtained, further research can focus on not only unifying their approach but also focus on the 150 pertinent genes identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Motamedi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
| | - Maggie Z. X. Xiao
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
| | - Aishwarya Iyer
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
- 8-112 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(780)-407-1555
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Abstract
In this review, Shen and Kang provide an overview of the tumor-intrinsic and microenvironment- and treatment-induced stresses that tumor cells encounter in the metastatic cascade and the molecular pathways they develop to relieve these stresses. Metastasis is the ultimate “survival of the fittest” test for cancer cells, as only a small fraction of disseminated tumor cells can overcome the numerous hurdles they encounter during the transition from the site of origin to a distinctly different distant organ in the face of immune and therapeutic attacks and various other stresses. During cancer progression, tumor cells develop a variety of mechanisms to cope with the stresses they encounter, and acquire the ability to form metastases. Restraining these stress-releasing pathways could serve as potentially effective strategies to prevent or reduce metastasis and improve the survival of cancer patients. Here, we provide an overview of the tumor-intrinsic, microenvironment- and treatment-induced stresses that tumor cells encounter in the metastatic cascade and the molecular pathways they develop to relieve these stresses. We also summarize the preclinical and clinical studies that evaluate the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting these stress-relieving pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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241
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Klopfenstein Q, Derangère V, Arnould L, Thibaudin M, Limagne E, Ghiringhelli F, Truntzer C, Ladoire S. Evaluation of tumor immune contexture among intrinsic molecular subtypes helps to predict outcome in early breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002036. [PMID: 34083415 PMCID: PMC8183202 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of early breast cancer is linked to clinic-pathological stage and the molecular characteristics of intrinsic tumor cells. In some patients, the amount and quality of tumor-infiltrating immune cells appear to affect long term outcome. We aimed to propose a new tool to estimate immune infiltrate, and link these factors to patient prognosis according to breast cancer molecular subtypes. Methods We performed in silico analyses in more than 2800 early breast cancer transcriptomes with corresponding clinical annotations. We first developed a new gene expression deconvolution algorithm that accurately estimates the quantity of immune cell populations (tumor immune contexture, TIC) in tumors. Then, we studied associations between these immune profiles and relapse-free and overall survival among the different intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer defined by PAM50 classification. Results TIC estimates the abundance of 15 immune cell subsets. Both myeloid and lymphoid subpopulations show different spread among intrinsic molecular breast cancer subtypes. A high abundance of myeloid cells was associated with poor outcome, while lymphoid cells were associated with favorable prognosis. Unsupervised clustering describing the 15 immune cell subsets revealed four subgroups of breast tumors associated with distinct patient survival, but independent from PAM50. Adding this information to clinical stage and PAM50 strongly improves the prediction of relapse or death. Conclusions Our findings make it possible to refine the survival stratification of early patients with breast cancer by incorporating TIC in addition to PAM50 and clinical tumor burden in a prognostic model validated in training and validation cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Klopfenstein
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Derangère
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France.,Unit of Pathology, Department of Biology and Pathology of the Tumors, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,Unit of Pathology, Department of Biology and Pathology of the Tumors, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Marion Thibaudin
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Emeric Limagne
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Francois Ghiringhelli
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France.,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Ladoire
- Transfer Biology Cancer Platform, Centre Georges-Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France .,GIMI: Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, Dijon, France, Dijon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, France, Dijon, France.,UMR INSERM U1231, Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, Dijon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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Tang Y, Jiang M, Chen A, Qu W, Han X, Zuo J, Xu G, Song Y, Chen C, Ke X. Porcupine inhibitor LGK‑974 inhibits Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and modifies tumor‑associated macrophages resulting in inhibition of the malignant behaviors of non‑small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:550. [PMID: 34080032 PMCID: PMC8185506 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical components of the tumor microenvironment that are tightly associated with malignancies in human cancers, including lung cancer. LGK‑974, a small molecular inhibitor of Wnt secretion, was reported to block Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and exert anti‑inflammatory effects by suppressing pro‑inflammatory gene expression in cancer cells. Although it was reported that Wnt/β‑catenin was critical in regulating TAMs, it is still largely unknown whether LGK‑974 regulates tumor malignancies by regulating TAMs. The present study firstly verified that the polarization of TAMs was regulated by LGK‑974. LGK‑974 increased M1 macrophage functional markers and decreased M2 macrophage functional markers. The addition of Wnt3a and Wnt5a, two canonical Wnt signaling inducers, reversed the decrease in M1 macrophage functional markers, including mannose receptor, IL‑10 and Arg1, by activating Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Conditioned medium from LGK‑974‑modified TAMs inhibited the malignant behaviors in A549 and H1299 cells, including proliferation, colony formation and invasion, by blocking Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. LGK‑974‑modified TAMs blocked the cell cycle at the G1/G0 phase, which was reversed by the addition of Wnt3a/5a, indicating that LGK‑974 regulates the microenvironment by blocking Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Taken together, the results indicate that LGK‑974 indirectly inhibited the malignant behaviors of A549 and H1299 cells by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment by inhibiting Wnt/β‑catenin signaling in TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Maoyan Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Wendong Qu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jiebin Zuo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xixian Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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Lynch KT, Young SJ, Meneveau MO, Wages NA, Engelhard VH, Slingluff CL, Mauldin IS. Heterogeneity in tertiary lymphoid structure B-cells correlates with patient survival in metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002273. [PMID: 34103353 PMCID: PMC8190052 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are immune aggregates in peripheral tissues that may support adaptive immune responses. Their presence has been associated with clinical response to checkpoint blockade therapy (CBT), but it is unknown whether TLS have prognostic significance independent of CBT in melanoma. We hypothesized that TLS in melanoma metastases would be associated with increased intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration, but that the intra-TLS immunological milieu would be distinct from the intratumoral immunological milieu. We also hypothesized that the presence of TLS would be associated with improved survival, and that TLS maturation or intra-TLS lymphocyte activity would also correlate with survival. METHODS Cutaneous melanoma metastases (CMM) from 64 patients were evaluated by multiplex immunofluorescence for the presence and maturation status of TLS. Intra-TLS lymphocyte density, proliferation and B-cell Ig somatic hypermutation (AID+) were analyzed, as were markers of T-cell exhaustion and Th1/Tc1 differentiation. Associations between TLS maturation and intra-TLS immunologic activity were assessed, as well as associations with intratumoral immune cell infiltration. Independent associations with overall survival (OS) were assessed using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS TLS were identified in 30 (47%) of 64 CMM (TLS+) and were associated with increased intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration. However, proliferation of intra-TLS lymphocytes did not correlate with intratumoral lymphocyte proliferation. Most were early TLS; however, subsets of primary or secondary follicle-like TLS were also present. TLS+ lesions were associated with lower risk of tumor recurrence after metastasectomy and with improved OS in multivariate analyses (HR 0.51, p=0.04). OS was longer for TLS with low fractions of CD21+ B-cells (HR 0.29, p=0.02) and shorter for those with low AID+ fraction of B-cells (HR 2.74, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS The presence of TLS in CMMs is associated with improved OS in patients treated with surgery before CBT, but TLS vary widely in maturation state, in proportions of proliferating T and B cells, and in markers of B cell function, including AID and CD21. Importantly, these features have additional prognostic significance, which suggest that some TLS may have regulatory function, while others functioning to support antigen-driven immune responses, depending on the cellular composition and activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Lynch
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Samuel J Young
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Max O Meneveau
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nolan A Wages
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ileana S Mauldin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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244
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Mehanny M, Lehr CM, Fuhrmann G. Extracellular vesicles as antigen carriers for novel vaccination avenues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:164-180. [PMID: 33775707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigen delivery has always been a challenge in scientific practice of vaccine formulation. Yet, mammalian extracellular vesicles (EVs) or bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) provide an innovative avenue for safe and effective delivery of antigenic material. They include intrinsically loaded antigens from EV-secreting cells or extrinsically loaded antigens onto pre-formed vesicles. Interestingly, many studies shed light on potential novel anti-cancer vaccination immunotherapy for therapeutic applications from mammalian cell host-derived EVs, as well as conventional vaccination for prophylactic applications using bacterial cell-derived MVs against infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the rationale, status quo and potential for both vaccine applications using EVs.
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245
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Wang C, Fakih M. Targeting MSS colorectal cancer with immunotherapy: are we turning the corner? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1347-1357. [PMID: 34030532 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1933940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition has shown potent antitumor activity in patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) metastatic cancer. Microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer has long been considered resistant to immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide an overview of current progress on strategies to overcome the resistance to immunotherapy in MSS colorectal cancer. EXPERT OPINION Emerging evidence suggest that combination of immune modulators such as regorafenib may improve the responsiveness of MSS colorectal cancer to checkpoint blockade. In addition, signs of clinical activity have also been observed in other combination strategies, such as the combination of checkpoint blockade with Stat3 inhibitor, or bispecific T-cell engagers. Nevertheless, predictive biomarkers that can identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy are key for its implementation in clinical setting. Metastatic disease sites may predict for the response or resistance to checkpoint blockade, with liver metastases emerging as a strong predictive biomarker of lack of benefit from PD-1 targeting, even with combination therapies. Additional efforts are required to study the mechanism of resistance and to develop novel therapeutic strategies to overcome immune resistance. ABBREVIATIONS CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CR: complete response; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DCR: disease control rate; MSI-H: microsatellite instability-high; MSS: Microsatellite stable (MSS); OS: overall survival; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand receptor 1; PR: partial response; PFS: progression-free survival; SD: stable disease; TMB: tumor mutation burden; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongkai Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Marwan Fakih
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Budithi A, Su S, Kirshtein A, Shahriyari L. Data Driven Mathematical Model of FOLFIRI Treatment for Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2632. [PMID: 34071939 PMCID: PMC8198096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many colon cancer patients show resistance to their treatments. Therefore, it is important to consider unique characteristic of each tumor to find the best treatment options for each patient. In this study, we develop a data driven mathematical model for interaction between the tumor microenvironment and FOLFIRI drug agents in colon cancer. Patients are divided into five distinct clusters based on their estimated immune cell fractions obtained from their primary tumors' gene expression data. We then analyze the effects of drugs on cancer cells and immune cells in each group, and we observe different responses to the FOLFIRI drugs between patients in different immune groups. For instance, patients in cluster 3 with the highest T-reg/T-helper ratio respond better to the FOLFIRI treatment, while patients in cluster 2 with the lowest T-reg/T-helper ratio resist the treatment. Moreover, we use ROC curve to validate the model using the tumor status of the patients at their follow up, and the model predicts well for the earlier follow up days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Budithi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sumeyye Su
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Arkadz Kirshtein
- Department of Mathematics, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Leili Shahriyari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (A.B.); (S.S.)
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Zeman M, Czarnecki M, Chmielik E, Idasiak A, Skałba W, Strączyński M, Paul PJ, Czarniecka A. The assessment of risk factors for long-term survival outcome in ypN0 patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy and radical anterior resection. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:154. [PMID: 34020673 PMCID: PMC8140444 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main negative prognostic factors in patients with rectal cancer after radical treatment include regional lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion. However, some patients still develop cancer recurrence despite the absence of the above risk factors. The aim of the study was to assess clinicopathological factors influencing long-term oncologic outcomes in ypN0M0 rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant therapy and radical anterior resection. METHODS A retrospective survival analysis was performed on a group of 195 patients. We assessed clinicopathological factors which included tumor regression grade, number of lymph nodes in the specimen, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL). RESULTS In the univariate analysis, AL and CCI > 3 had a significant negative impact on disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). After the division of ALs into early and late ALs, it was found that only patients with late ALs had a significantly worse survival. The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CCI > 3 was a significant adverse risk factor for DFS (HR 5.78, 95% CI 2.15-15.51, p < 0.001), DSS (HR 7.25, 95% CI 2.25-23.39, p < 0.001), and OS (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.72-8.85, p = 0.001). Similarly, late ALs had a significant negative impact on the risk of DFS (HR 5.05, 95% CI 1.97-12.93, p < 0.001), DSS (HR 10.84, 95% CI 3.44-34.18, p < 0.001), and OS (HR 4.3, 95% CI 1.94-9.53, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Late AL and CCI > 3 are the factors that may have an impact on long-term oncologic outcomes. The impact of lymph node yield on understaging was not demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zeman
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Marek Czarnecki
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adam Idasiak
- II Clinic of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Władysław Skałba
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mirosław Strączyński
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr J Paul
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.,Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czarniecka
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Song Y, Sun Y, Sun T, Tang R. Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Tumor Microenvironment and Immune-related Genes in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:381-391. [PMID: 32264809 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200407075004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor microenvironment (TME) cells play important roles in tumor progression. Accumulating evidence show that they can be exploited to predict the clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses of the tumor. However, the role of immune genes of TME in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of immune genes in SCLC. METHODS We downloaded the expression profile and clinical follow-up data of SCLC patients from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and TME infiltration profile data of 158 patients using CIBERSORT. The correlation between TME phenotypes, genomic features, and clinicopathological features of SCLC was examined. A gene signature was constructed based on TME genes to further evaluate the relationship between molecular subtypes of SCLC with the prognosis and clinical features. RESULTS We identified a group of genes that are highly associated with TME. Several immune cells in TME cells were significantly correlated with SCLC prognosis (p<0.0001). These immune cells displayed diverse immune patterns. Three molecular subtypes of SCLC (TMEC1-3) were identified on the basis of enrichment of immune cell components, and these subtypes showed dissimilar prognosis profiles (p=0.03). The subtype with the best prognosis, TMEC3, was enriched with immune activation factors such as oncogene M0, oncogene M2, T cells follicular helper, and T cells CD8 (p<0.001). The TMEC1 subtype with the worst prognosis was enriched with T cells CD4 naive, B cells memory and Dendritic cells activated cells (p<0.001). Further analysis showed that the TME was significantly enriched with immune checkpoint genes, immune genes, and immune pathway genes (p<0.01). From the gene expression data, we identified four TME-related genes, GZMB, HAVCR2, PRF1 and TBX2, which were significantly associated with poor prognosis in both the training set and the validation set (p<0.05). These genes may serve as markers for monitoring tumor responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSION This study shows that TME features may serve as markers for evaluating the response of SCLC cells to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Song
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanqin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Tuanhe Sun
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixiang Tang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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249
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T stage-dependent lymph node and distant metastasis and the accuracy of lymph node assessment in rectal cancer. Eur Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-021-00714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Objective
To analyze data obtained in a representative number of patients with primary rectal cancer with respect to lymph node diagnostics and related tumor stages.
Methods
In pT2-, pT3-, and pT4 rectal cancer lesions, the impact of investigated lymph nodes on the frequency of pN+ status, the cumulative risk of metachronous distant metastases, and overall survival was studied by means of a prospective multicenter observational study over a defined period of time.
Results
From 2000 to 2011, the proportion of surgical specimens with ≥ 12 investigated lymph nodes increased significantly, from 73.6% to 93.2% (p < 0.001; the number of investigated lymph nodes from 16.2 to 20.8; p < 0.001). Despite this, the percentage of pN+ rectal cancer lesions varied only non-significantly (39.9% to 45.9%; p = 0.130; median, 44.1%). For pT2-, pT3-, and pT4 rectal cancer lesions, there was an increasing proportion of pN+ findings correlating significantly with the number of investigated lymph nodes up to n = 12 investigated lymph nodes. Only in pT3 rectal cancer was there a significant increase in pN+ findings in case of > 12 lymph nodes (p = 0.001), but not in pT2 (p = 0.655) and pT4 cancer lesions (p = 0.256). For pT3pN0cM0 rectal cancer, the risk of metachronous distant metastases and overall survival did not depend on the number of investigated lymph nodes.
Conclusion
In rectal cancer, at least n = 12 lymph nodes are to be minimally investigated. The investigation of fewer lymph nodes is associated with a higher risk of false-negative pN0 findings. In particular, in pT3 rectal cancer, the investigation of more than 12 lymph nodes lowers the risk of false-negative pN0 findings. An upstaging effect by the investigation of a possibly maximal number of lymph nodes could not be detected.
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250
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Nussbaum YI, Manjunath Y, Suvilesh KN, Warren WC, Shyu CR, Kaifi JT, Ciorba MA, Mitchem JB. Current and Prospective Methods for Assessing Anti-Tumor Immunity in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4802. [PMID: 33946558 PMCID: PMC8125332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide despite recent progress in treatment strategies. Though immune checkpoint inhibition has proven effective for a number of other tumors, it offers benefits in only a small group of CRC patients with high microsatellite instability. In general, heterogenous cell groups in the tumor microenvironment are considered as the major barrier for unveiling the causes of low immune response. Therefore, deconvolution of cellular components in highly heterogeneous microenvironments is crucial for understanding the immune contexture of cancer. In this review, we assimilate current knowledge and recent studies examining anti-tumor immunity in CRC. We also discuss the utilization of novel immune contexture assessment methods that have not been used in CRC research to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia I. Nussbaum
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (Y.I.N.); (C.-R.S.); (J.T.K.)
| | - Yariswamy Manjunath
- Department of Surgery, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (Y.M.); (K.N.S.); (W.C.W.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Kanve N. Suvilesh
- Department of Surgery, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (Y.M.); (K.N.S.); (W.C.W.)
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- Department of Surgery, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (Y.M.); (K.N.S.); (W.C.W.)
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Chi-Ren Shyu
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (Y.I.N.); (C.-R.S.); (J.T.K.)
| | - Jussuf T. Kaifi
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (Y.I.N.); (C.-R.S.); (J.T.K.)
- Department of Surgery, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (Y.M.); (K.N.S.); (W.C.W.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Matthew A. Ciorba
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan B. Mitchem
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (Y.I.N.); (C.-R.S.); (J.T.K.)
- Department of Surgery, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (Y.M.); (K.N.S.); (W.C.W.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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