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Hwang I, Jin HT, Kang MC, Kim TY, Sung YC, Kim SW. Generation and functional characterization of a multigene-modified NK101 cell line exerting diverse mechanisms of antitumor action. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2014655. [PMID: 36524207 PMCID: PMC9746629 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2014655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal cell line-based, multigene-modified, off-the-shelf NK cell therapeutics are emerging as the new frontier of adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Here, we utilized a newly established NK cell line, NK101, as a backbone to derive multifaceted killer cells armored with various antitumor modalities through repeated cycles of genetic modification and clonal selection. First, NK101 cells were transduced with a tricistronic lentiviral vector expressing CD7, CD28, and cytosine deaminase (CD). The resulting cell line demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against B7+ tumors and exerted bystander killing effects on neighboring tumor cells upon 5-FC treatment. Second, engineered NK101 cells were again transduced with a bicistronic vector expressing membrane-bound interleukin-15 (mbIL-15) and dominant negative TGFβ type II receptor (DNTβRII). Ectopic expression of mbIL-15 resulted in further augmentation of lytic activities against all tested target cells by inducing upregulation of multiple activating receptors, while that of DNTβRII allowed the cells to maintain heightened cytotoxicity in the presence of TGFβ. Finally, dual-transduced NK101 cells were modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting either a solid tumor antigen (EpCAM) or a hematologic tumor antigen (FLT3). The final engineered products not only demonstrated antigen-specific killing activities in vitro but also exerted strong tumor-inhibitory effects in preclinical models of metastatic solid tumor and hematologic malignancy. Notably, combined treatment with 5-FC further enhanced antitumor efficacy of engineered NK101 in the solid tumor model. Our results demonstrate successful generation of multigene-modified NK101 cell therapeutics exerting diverse mechanisms of antitumor action - activation receptor-mediated innate killing, antigen-specific killing, and bystander effect-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injung Hwang
- SL BiGen, Inc., Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Tak Jin
- Progen. Co., Ltd., Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Cheol Kang
- SL BiGen, Inc., Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- SL BiGen, Inc., Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sung
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea,Young Chul Sung Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Won Kim
- SL BiGen, Inc., Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Sae Won Kim Sl BiGen, Inc, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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202
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Lu Y. Natural Killer (NK) cells in immunotherapy and perspectives in antitumour approaches. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225501005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells comprise a group of specialized innate lymphoid cells endowed with multiple cytotoxicity mechanisms while also harnessed with the ability to enhance other immune cells with cytokine production. This exclusive advantage of them to recognize and eliminate virally infected cells and tumour cells has been unmasked for decades, and previous clinical trials are also successfully tested for both efficacy and safety. With the emerging strategies in CAR-T cell therapy, such technologies can also be capable of further enhancing the viability of NK cell immunotherapy through cytokine armouring, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transduction, checkpoint inhibition, and co-stimulatory signals. Other than the conventional approach of engineering CAR to target tumour antigens, they are also capable of acting as blockers to the inhibitory compartments on tumour cells within the harsh environment to reduce the negative effects. Despite all these aspects, the tumour microenvironment (TME) is another essential facet when discussing cancer therapy owing to its characteristic setting that contributes immensely to immune evasion and immune function inhibition. In this review, I introduce the foundational mechanism for NK cytotoxicity and its signalling routes, discuss the impacts of TME on immune cells and their antitumour effects, evaluate possible strategies that overcome the current challenges, and propose a few potentially adoptive measures for future research in general immunotherapy from a perspective of molecular biology.
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203
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Sliz A, Yokoyama WM. NK Cells and ILC1s in Cancer Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1365:41-55. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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204
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Terrén I, Borrego F. Role of NK Cells in Tumor Progression. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:169-187. [PMID: 35165864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes with the ability to generate an antitumor response. NK cells encompass a diverse group of subsets with different properties and have the capacity to kill cancer cells by different means. However, tumor cells have developed several mechanisms to evade NK cell-mediated killing. In this chapter, we summarize some aspects of NK cell biology with the aim to understand the competence of these cells and explore some of the challenges that NK cells have to face in different malignancies. Moreover, we will review the current knowledge about the role of NK cells in tumor progression and describe their phenotype and effector functions in tumor tissues and peripheral blood from cancer patients. Finally, we will recapitulate several findings from different studies focused on determining the prognostic value of NK cells in distinct cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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205
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Importance of T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK Cell Metabolic Fitness for Effective Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Continuous Learning Process Allowing the Optimization of T, NK and CAR-Based Anti-Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010183. [PMID: 35008348 PMCID: PMC8782435 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer treatments are evolving at a very rapid pace. Some of the most novel anti-cancer medicines under development rely on the modification of immune cells in order to transform them into potent tumor-killing cells. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with these harnessed immune cells and therefore paralyzes their metabolic effective and active anti-cancer activities. Here we describe strategies to overcome these hurdles imposed on immune cell activity, which lead to therapeutic approaches to enhance metabolic fitness of the patient’s immune system with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity. Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T and CAR NK cell therapies opened new avenues for cancer treatment. Although original successes of CAR T and CAR NK cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies were extraordinary, several obstacles have since been revealed, in particular their use for the treatment of solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with T and NK cells and their CAR-expressing counterparts, paralyzing their metabolic effective and active states. Consequently, this can lead to alterations in their anti-tumoral capacity and persistence in vivo. High glucose uptake and the depletion of key amino acids by the TME can deprive T and NK cells of energy and building blocks, which turns them into a state of anergy, where they are unable to exert cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. This is especially true in the context of an immune-suppressive TME. In order to re-invigorate the T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK cell-mediated antitumor response, the field is now attempting to understand how metabolic pathways might change T and NK responses and functions, as well as those from their CAR-expressing partners. This revealed ways to metabolically rewire these cells by using metabolic enhancers or optimizing pre-infusion in vitro cultures of these cells. Importantly, next-generation CAR T and CAR NK products might include in the future the necessary metabolic requirements by improving their design, manufacturing process and other parameters. This will allow the overcoming of current limitations due to their interaction with the suppressive TME. In a clinical setting, this might improve their anti-cancer effector activity in synergy with immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss how the tumor cells and TME interfere with T and NK cell metabolic requirements. This may potentially lead to therapeutic approaches that enhance the metabolic fitness of CAR T and CAR NK cells, with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity.
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206
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Lian G, Mak TSK, Yu X, Lan HY. Challenges and Recent Advances in NK Cell-Targeted Immunotherapies in Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:164. [PMID: 35008589 PMCID: PMC8745474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell is a powerful malignant cells killer, providing rapid immune responses via direct cytotoxicity without the need of antigen processing and presentation. It plays an essential role in preventing early tumor, metastasis and minimal residual disease. Although adoptive NK therapies achieved great success in clinical trials against hematologic malignancies, their accumulation, activation, cytotoxic and immunoregulatory functions are severely impaired in the immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors. Now with better understandings of the tumor evasive mechanisms from NK-mediated immunosurveillance, immunotherapies targeting the key molecules for NK cell dysfunction and exhaustion have been developed and tested in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we introduce the challenges that NK cells encountered in solid tumor microenvironment (TME) and the therapeutic approaches to overcome these limitations, followed by an outline of the recent preclinical advances and the latest clinical outcomes of NK-based immunotherapies, as well as promising strategies to optimize current NK-targeted immunotherapies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Lian
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Research Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Thomas Shiu-Kwong Mak
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Research Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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207
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High TGF-β signature predicts immunotherapy resistance in gynecologic cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibition. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:101. [PMID: 34921236 PMCID: PMC8683510 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various immune signatures predictive of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been described in multiple solid cancers, but still under-investigated in gynecological (GYN) cancer. For 49 GYN cancer patients included in our study, without transcriptome signature, immune-related toxicity was the only clinical predictor of ICI treatment response (p = 0.008). The objective clinical response was the only predictor of progression-free survival (ICI-PFS, p = 0.0008) and overall survival (ICI-OS, p = 0.01). Commonly used ICI marker PD-L1 expression negatively correlated with progression-free survival (ICI-PFS) (p = 0.0019). We performed transcriptome and signaling pathway enrichment analyses based on ICI treatment responses and the survival outcome, and further estimated immune cell abundance using 547 gene markers. Our data revealed that TGF-β regulated signaling pathway was noted to play an important role in immunotherapy failure. Using our 6-genes TGF-β score, we observed longer ICI-PFS associated with lower TGF-β score (8.1 vs. 2.8 months, p = 0.046), which was especially more prominent in ovarian cancer (ICI-PFS 16.6 vs. 2.65 months, p = 0.0012). Further, abundant immunosuppressive cells like T-regulatory cells, eosinophils, and M2 macrophages were associated with shorter ICI-OS and correlated positively with CD274 and CTLA4 expressions. This study provides insight on the potential role of TGF-β in mediating immunotherapy resistance and cross-talking to immunosuppressive environment in GYN cancer. The TGF-β score, if validated in a larger cohort, can identify patients who likely to fail ICI and benefit from targeting this pathway to enhance the response to ICI.
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208
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Bou-Tayeh B, Laletin V, Salem N, Just-Landi S, Fares J, Leblanc R, Balzano M, Kerdiles YM, Bidaut G, Hérault O, Olive D, Aurrand-Lions M, Walzer T, Nunès JA, Fauriat C. Chronic IL-15 Stimulation and Impaired mTOR Signaling and Metabolism in Natural Killer Cells During Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730970. [PMID: 34975835 PMCID: PMC8718679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are potent anti-leukemic immune effectors. However, they display multiple defects in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients leading to reduced anti-tumor potential. Our limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying these defects hampers the development of strategies to restore NK cell potential. Here, we have used a mouse model of AML to gain insight into these mechanisms. We found that leukemia progression resulted in NK cell maturation defects and functional alterations. Next, we assessed NK cell cytokine signaling governing their behavior. We showed that NK cells from leukemic mice exhibit constitutive IL-15/mTOR signaling and type I IFN signaling. However, these cells failed to respond to IL-15 stimulation in vitro as illustrated by reduced activation of the mTOR pathway. Moreover, our data suggest that mTOR-mediated metabolic responses were reduced in NK cells from AML-bearing mice. Noteworthy, the reduction of mTOR-mediated activation of NK cells during AML development partially rescued NK cell metabolic and functional defects. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that NK cells from leukemic mice are metabolically and functionally exhausted as a result of a chronic cytokine activation, at least partially IL-15/mTOR signaling. NK cells from AML patients also displayed reduced IL-2/15Rβ expression and showed cues of reduced metabolic response to IL-15 stimulation in vitro, suggesting that a similar mechanism might occur in AML patients. Our study pinpoints the dysregulation of cytokine stimulation pathways as a new mechanism leading to NK cell defects in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Bou-Tayeh
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Laletin
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Nassim Salem
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Sylvaine Just-Landi
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- IBiSA Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Joanna Fares
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Raphael Leblanc
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Balzano
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Yann M. Kerdiles
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Ghislain Bidaut
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- Cibi Technological Platform, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Hérault
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7292, LNOx Team, François Rabelais University, Tours, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- IBiSA Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Michel Aurrand-Lions
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques A. Nunès
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Cyril Fauriat,
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209
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Cienfuegos-Jimenez O, Vazquez-Garza E, Rojas-Martinez A. CAR-NK Cells for Cancer Therapy: Molecular Redesign of the Innate Antineoplastic Response. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:303-318. [PMID: 34923939 DOI: 10.2174/1566523222666211217091724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) has arisen as a powerful synthetic biology-based technology with demonstrated versatility for implementation in T and NK cells. Despite CAR T cell successes in clinical trials, several challenges remain to be addressed regarding adverse events and long-term efficacy. NK cells present an attractive alternative with intrinsic advantages over T cells for treating solid and liquid tumors. Early preclinical and clinical trials suggest at least two major advantages: improved safety and an off-the-shelf application in patients due to its HLA independence. Due to the early stages of CAR NK translation to clinical trials, limited data is currently available. By analyzing these results, it seems that CAR NK cells could offer a reduced probability of Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) or Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD) in cancer patients, reducing safety concerns. Furthermore, NK cell therapy approaches may be boosted by combining it with immunological checkpoint inhibitors and by implementing genetic circuits to direct CAR-bearing cell behavior. This review provides a description of the CAR technology for modifying NK cells and the translation from preclinical studies to early clinical trials in this new field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Cienfuegos-Jimenez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Monterrey, CP64710, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vazquez-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Monterrey, CP64710, Mexico
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martinez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Monterrey, CP64710, Mexico
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210
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Mo Q, Wan L, Schell MJ, Jim H, Tworoger SS, Peng G. Integrative Analysis Identifies Multi-Omics Signatures That Drive Molecular Classification of Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6168. [PMID: 34944787 PMCID: PMC8699355 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
By iCluster analysis, we found that the integrative molecular classification of the UM was primarily driven by DNA copy number variation on chromosomes 3, 6 and 8, differential methylation and expression of genes involved in the immune system, cell morphogenesis, movement and migration, and differential mutation of genes including GNA11, BAP1, EIF1AX, SF3B1 and GNAQ. Integrative analysis revealed that pathways including IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, angiogenesis, allograft rejection, inflammatory response and interferon gamma response were hypomethylated and up-regulated in the M3 iSubtype, which was associated with a worse overall survival, compared to the D3 iSubtype. Using two independent gene expression datasets, we demonstrated that the subtype-driving genes had an excellent prognostic power in classifying UM into high- or low-risk groups for metastasis. Integrative analysis of UM multi-omics data provided a comprehensive view of UM biology for understanding the underlying mechanism leading to UM metastasis. The concordant molecular alterations at multi-omics levels revealed by our integrative analysis could be used for patient stratification towards personalized management and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxing Mo
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Michael J. Schell
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Heather Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes & Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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211
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Zhang J, Wang T. Immune cell landscape and immunotherapy of medulloblastoma. Pediatr Investig 2021; 5:299-309. [PMID: 34938973 PMCID: PMC8666938 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common primary pediatric malignancy of the central nervous system. Recurrent and refractory patients account for approximately 30% of them. Immune cells are an important component of the brain tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B lymphocytes. Understanding how they behave and interact is important in the investigation of the onset and progression of medulloblastoma. Here, we overview the features and recent advances of each component of immune cells in medulloblastoma. Meanwhile, immunotherapy is a promising but also challenging treatment strategy for medulloblastoma. At present, there are a growing number of immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation including immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, and natural killer cells in recurrent and refractory medulloblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of PediatricsBeijing Shijitan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Hematology Oncology CenterBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tianyou Wang
- Hematology Oncology CenterBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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212
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Ren Z, Yu Y, Chen C, Yang D, Ding T, Zhu L, Deng J, Xu Z. The Triangle Relationship Between Long Noncoding RNA, RIG-I-like Receptor Signaling Pathway, and Glycolysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:807737. [PMID: 34917069 PMCID: PMC8670088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.807737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (LncRNA), a noncoding RNA over 200nt in length, can regulate glycolysis through metabolic pathways, glucose metabolizing enzymes, and epigenetic reprogramming. Upon viral infection, increased aerobic glycolysis providzes material and energy for viral replication. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is the only protein-specified downstream of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) that bridges the gap between antiviral immunity and glycolysis. MAVS binding to RIG-I inhibits MAVS binding to Hexokinase (HK2), thereby impairing glycolysis, while excess lactate production inhibits MAVS and the downstream antiviral immune response, facilitating viral replication. LncRNAs can also regulate antiviral innate immunity by interacting with RIG-I and downstream signaling pathways and by regulating the expression of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Altogether, we summarize the relationship between glycolysis, antiviral immunity, and lncRNAs and propose that lncRNAs interact with glycolysis and antiviral pathways, providing a new perspective for the future treatment against virus infection, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueru Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoxi Chen
- College of Life Since and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingyong Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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213
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Zhou J, Zhang S, Guo C. Crosstalk between macrophages and natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108374. [PMID: 34824036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is jointly constructed by a variety of cell types, including tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, among others. The cells within the TME interact with each other and with tumor cells to influence tumor development and progression. As the most abundant immune cells in the TME, macrophages regulate the immune network by not only secreting a large amount of versatile cytokines but also expressing a series of ligands or receptors on the surface to interact with other cells directly. Due to their strong plasticity, they exert both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects in the complex TME. The major effector cells of the immune system that directly target cancer cells include but are not limited to natural killer cells (NKs), dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Among them, NK cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate antitumor and antiviral responses. The activation and inhibition of NK cells are regulated by cytokines and the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors. There is an inextricable regulatory relationship between macrophages and NK cells. Herein, we systematically elaborate on the regulatory network between macrophages and NK cells through soluble mediator crosstalk and cell-to-cell interactions. We believe that a better understanding of the crosstalk between macrophages and NKs in the TME will benefit the development of novel macrophage- or NK cell-focused therapeutic strategies with superior efficacies in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Changying Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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214
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Barnes SA, Trew I, de Jong E, Foley B. Making a Killer: Selecting the Optimal Natural Killer Cells for Improved Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765705. [PMID: 34777383 PMCID: PMC8578927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapies have emerged as a safe and effective treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia. Unlike T cell-based therapies, NK cells harbor an innate capacity to eliminate malignant cells without prior sensitization and can be adoptively transferred between individuals without the need for extensive HLA matching. A wide variety of therapeutic NK cell sources are currently being investigated clinically, including allogeneic donor-derived NK cells, stem cell-derived NK cells and NK cell lines. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that not all NK cells are endowed with the same antitumor potential. Despite advances in techniques to enhance NK cell cytotoxicity and persistence, the initial identification and utilization of highly functional NK cells remains essential to ensure the future success of adoptive NK cell therapies. Indeed, little consideration has been given to the identification and selection of donors who harbor NK cells with potent antitumor activity. In this regard, there is currently no standard donor selection criteria for adoptive NK cell therapy. Here, we review our current understanding of the factors which govern NK cell functional fate, and propose a paradigm shift away from traditional phenotypic characterization of NK cell subsets towards a functional profile based on molecular and metabolic characteristics. We also discuss previous selection models for NK cell-based immunotherapies and highlight important considerations for the selection of optimal NK cell donors for future adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Barnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Isabella Trew
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Emma de Jong
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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215
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Pan C, Zhai Y, Li G, Jiang T, Zhang W. NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy and Therapeutic Perspective in Gliomas. Front Oncol 2021; 11:751183. [PMID: 34765554 PMCID: PMC8576093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.751183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor diagnosed in adults. Current therapies are unable to improve its clinical prognosis, imposing the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. The main reason for the poor prognosis is the great cell heterogeneity of the tumor and its immunosuppressive microenvironment. Development of new therapies that avoid this immune evasion could improve the response to the current treatments. Natural killer (NK) cells are an intriguing candidate for the next wave of therapies because of several unique features that they possess. For example, NK cell-based immunotherapy causes minimal graft-versus-host disease. Cytokine release syndrome is less likely to occur during chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK therapy, and CAR-NK cells can kill targets in a CAR-independent manner. However, NK cell-based therapy in treating glioma faces several difficulties. For example, CAR molecules are not sufficiently well designed so that they will thoroughly release functioning NK cells. Compared to hematological malignancies, the application of many potential NK cell-based therapies in glioma lags far behind. Here, we review several issues of NK cells and propose several strategies that will improve the efficacy of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy in the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You Zhai
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas (AGGA), Beijing, China
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216
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Cytokine-induced natural killer cell training is dependent on cellular metabolism and is defective in obesity. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4447-4455. [PMID: 34607345 PMCID: PMC8579258 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell cytokine training is dependent on glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the metabolic regulator Srebp. NK cell cytokine training is defective in PWO.
Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of innate immune cells that can rapidly kill cancer cells and produce cytokines such as interferon-γ. A key feature of NK cells is their ability to respond without prior sensitization; however, it is now well established that NK cells can possess memory-like features. After activation with cytokines, NK cells demonstrate enhanced effector functions upon restimulation days or weeks later. This demonstrates that NK cells may be trained to be more effective killers and harnessed as more potent cancer immunotherapy agents. We have previously demonstrated that cellular metabolism is essential for NK cell responses, with NK cells upregulating both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation upon cytokine stimulation. Limiting NK cell metabolism results in reduced cytotoxicity and cytokine production. We have also demonstrated that defective NK cell responses in obesity are linked to defective cellular metabolism. In the current study, we investigated if cellular metabolism is required during the initial period of NK cell cytokine training and if NK cells from people with obesity (PWO) can be effectively trained. We show that increased flux through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during the initial cytokine activation period is essential for NK cell training, as is the metabolic signaling factor Srebp. We show that NK cells from PWO, which are metabolically defective, display impaired NK cell training, which may have implications for immunotherapy in this particularly vulnerable group.
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217
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Trivedi T, Pagnotti GM, Guise TA, Mohammad KS. The Role of TGF-β in Bone Metastases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1643. [PMID: 34827641 PMCID: PMC8615596 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications associated with advanced cancer are a major clinical challenge and, if associated with bone metastases, worsen the prognosis and compromise the survival of the patients. Breast and prostate cancer cells exhibit a high propensity to metastasize to bone. The bone microenvironment is unique, providing fertile soil for cancer cell propagation, while mineralized bone matrices store potent growth factors and cytokines. Biologically active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), one of the most abundant growth factors, is released following tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β promotes tumor cell secretion of factors that accelerate bone loss and fuel tumor cells to colonize. Thus, TGF-β is critical for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of tumor growth in bone. Further, TGF-β promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increasing cell invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. Emerging evidence shows TGF-β suppresses immune responses, enabling opportunistic cancer cells to escape immune checkpoints and promote bone metastases. Blocking TGF-β signaling pathways could disrupt the vicious cycle, revert EMT, and enhance immune response. However, TGF-β's dual role as both tumor suppressor and enhancer presents a significant challenge in developing therapeutics that target TGF-β signaling. This review presents TGF-β's role in cancer progression and bone metastases, while highlighting current perspectives on the therapeutic potential of targeting TGF-β pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Trivedi
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Gabriel M. Pagnotti
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Khalid S. Mohammad
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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218
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Holm SR, Jenkins BJ, Cronin JG, Jones N, Thornton CA. A role for metabolism in determining neonatal immune function. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1616-1628. [PMID: 34170575 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses of neonates differ markedly to those of adults, with skewed cytokine phenotypes, reduced inflammatory properties and drastically diminished memory function. Recent research efforts have started to unravel the role of cellular metabolism in determining immune cell fate and function. For studies in humans, much of the work on metabolic mechanisms underpinning innate and adaptive immune responses by different haematopoietic cell types is in adults. Studies investigating the contribution of metabolic adaptation in the unique setting of early life are just emerging, and much more work is needed to elucidate the contribution of metabolism to neonatal immune responses. Here, we discuss our current understanding of neonatal immune responses, examine some of the latest developments in neonatal immunometabolism and consider the possible role of altered metabolism to the distinctive immune phenotype of the neonate. Understanding the role of metabolism in regulating immune function at this critical stage in life has direct benefit for the child by affording opportunities to maximize immediate and long-term health. Additionally, gaining insight into the diversity of human immune function and naturally evolved immunometabolic strategies that modulate immune function could be harnessed for a wide range of opportunities including new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Holm
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Ben J Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - James G Cronin
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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219
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Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β is a potent regulator of the immune system, acting at every stage from thymic differentiation, population of the periphery, control of responsiveness, tissue repair and generation of memory. It is therefore a central player in the immune response to infectious pathogens, but its contribution is often clouded by multiple roles acting on different cells in time and space. Hence, context is all-important in understanding when TGF-β is beneficial or detrimental to the outcome of infection. In this review, a full range of infectious agents from viruses to helminth parasites are explored within this framework, drawing contrasts and general conclusions about the importance of TGF-β in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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220
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Witkowski M, Tizian C, Ferreira-Gomes M, Niemeyer D, Jones TC, Heinrich F, Frischbutter S, Angermair S, Hohnstein T, Mattiola I, Nawrath P, Mc Ewen S, Zocche S, Viviano E, Heinz GA, Maurer M, Kölsch U, Chua RL, Aschman T, Meisel C, Radke J, Sawitzki B, Roehmel J, Allers K, Moos V, Schneider T, Hanitsch L, Mall MA, Conrad C, Radbruch H, Duerr CU, Trapani JA, Marcenaro E, Kallinich T, Corman VM, Kurth F, Sander LE, Drosten C, Treskatsch S, Durek P, Kruglov A, Radbruch A, Mashreghi MF, Diefenbach A. Untimely TGFβ responses in COVID-19 limit antiviral functions of NK cells. Nature 2021; 600:295-301. [PMID: 34695836 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given its acute and often self-limiting course, components of the innate immune system are likely central in controlling virus replication thereby determining clinical outcome. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with notable activity against a broad range of viruses, including RNA viruses1,2. NK cell function may be altered during COVID-19 despite increased representation of NK cells with an activated and 'adaptive' phenotype3,4. Here we show that viral load decline in COVID-19 correlates with NK cell status and that NK cells can control SARS-CoV-2 replication by recognizing infected target cells. In severe COVID-19, NK cells show remarkable defects in virus control, cytokine production and cell-mediated cytotoxicity despite high expression of cytotoxic effector molecules. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of NK cells along the time course of the entire COVID-19 disease spectrum reveals a unique gene expression signature. Transcriptional networks of interferon-driven NK cell activation are superimposed by a dominant TGFβ response signature with reduced expression of genes related to cell-cell adhesion, granule exocytosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In severe COVID-19, serum levels of TGFβ peak during the first 2 weeks of infection, and serum obtained from these patients profoundly inhibits NK cell function in a TGFβ-dependent manner. Our data reveal that untimely production of TGFβ is a hallmark of severe COVID-19 and may inhibit NK cell function and early virus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Witkowski
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. .,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Labor Berlin, Charité - Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Ferreira-Gomes
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Angermair
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thordis Hohnstein
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Mattiola
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Nawrath
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Mc Ewen
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Zocche
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Viviano
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gitta Anne Heinz
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kölsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Lorenz Chua
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Aschman
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jobst Roehmel
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Hanitsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz1, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Conrad
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia U Duerr
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner, Berlin, Germany.,Chronic inflammation in childhood, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Kruglov
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. .,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Labor Berlin, Charité - Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
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222
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Datfar T, Doulberis M, Papaefthymiou A, Hines IN, Manzini G. Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: State of the Art. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111366. [PMID: 34832522 PMCID: PMC8619105 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is one of the main causes leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The continued rise in incidence of HCC suggests additional factors following infection may be involved. This review examines recent studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of chronic hepatitis and its association with hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatitis B virus patients with genotype C display an aggressive disease course leading to HCC more than other genotypes. Furthermore, hepatitis B excretory antigen (HBeAg) seems to be a more sensitive predictive tumor marker exhibiting a six-fold higher relative risk in patients with positive HBsAg and HBeAg than those with HBsAg only. Single or combined mutations of viral genome can predict HCC development in up to 80% of patients. Several mutations in HBx-gene are related with higher HCC incidence. Overexpression of the core protein in HCV leads to hepatocellular lipid accumulation associated with oncogenesis. Reduced number and decreased functionality of natural killer cells in chronic HCV individuals dysregulate their surveillance function in tumor and viral cells resulting in HCC. Furthermore, high T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin 3 levels supress CD8+ T-cells, which lead to immunological dysregulation. Hepatitis D promotes HCC development indirectly via modifications to innate immunity, epigenetic alterations and production of reactive oxygen species with the LHDAg being the most highly associated with HCC development. Summarizing the results, HBV and HCV infection represent the most associated forms of viral hepatitis causing HCC. Further studies are warranted to further improve the prediction of high-risk patients and development of targeted therapeutics preventing the transition from hepatic inflammation–fibrosis to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toofan Datfar
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital of Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-76-4930834
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
| | | | - Ian N. Hines
- Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA;
| | - Giulia Manzini
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital of Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
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223
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Market M, Tennakoon G, Auer RC. Postoperative Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction: The Prime Suspect in the Case of Metastasis Following Curative Cancer Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111378. [PMID: 34768810 PMCID: PMC8583911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection is the foundation for the curative treatment of solid tumors. However, metastatic recurrence due to the difficulty in eradicating micrometastases remain a feared outcome. Paradoxically, despite the beneficial effects of surgical removal of the primary tumor, the physiological stress resulting from surgical trauma serves to promote cancer recurrence and metastasis. The postoperative environment suppresses critical anti-tumor immune effector cells, including Natural Killer (NK) cells. The literature suggests that NK cells are critical mediators in the formation of metastases immediately following surgery. The following review will highlight the mechanisms that promote the formation of micrometastases by directly or indirectly inducing NK cell suppression following surgery. These include tissue hypoxia, neuroendocrine activation, hypercoagulation, the pro-inflammatory phase, and the anti-inflammatory phase. Perioperative therapeutic strategies designed to prevent or reverse NK cell dysfunction will also be examined for their potential to improve cancer outcomes by preventing surgery-induced metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Market
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 8M5, Canada; (M.M.); (G.T.)
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1G 4E3, Canada
| | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 8M5, Canada; (M.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1G 4E3, Canada
- Department of General Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-722-7000
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224
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De Lerma Barbaro A, Palano MT, Cucchiara M, Gallazzi M, Mortara L, Bruno A. Metabolic Rewiring in the Tumor Microenvironment to Support Immunotherapy: A Focus on Neutrophils, Polymorphonuclear Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Natural Killer Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101178. [PMID: 34696286 PMCID: PMC8539473 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes often undergo rapid changes in cell phenotype, for example, from a resting to an activated state, which places significant metabolic demands on the cell. These rapid changes in metabolic demand need to be tightly regulated to support immune cell effector functions during the initiation and downregulation of an immune response. Prospects for implementing cancer immunotherapy also rest on the idea of optimizing the metabolic profile of immune cell effectors. Here, we examine this issue by focusing on neutrophils and NK cells as cells of increasing interest in cancer immunology and tumor immunometabolism, because they can be targeted or, in the case of NK, used as effectors in immunotherapy. In addition, neutrophils and NK cells have been shown to functionally interact. In the case of neutrophils, we also extended our interest to polymorphonuclear MDSC (PMN-MDSCs), since the granulocytic subset of MDSCs share many phenotypes and are functionally similar to pro-tumor neutrophils. Finally, we reviewed relevant strategies to target tumor metabolism, focusing on neutrophils and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Lerma Barbaro
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiopathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.L.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Teresa Palano
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.T.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Martina Cucchiara
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.T.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Gallazzi
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.T.P.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.L.B.); (A.B.)
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225
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Mao X, Xu J, Wang W, Liang C, Hua J, Liu J, Zhang B, Meng Q, Yu X, Shi S. Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: new findings and future perspectives. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:131. [PMID: 34635121 PMCID: PMC8504100 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1233] [Impact Index Per Article: 308.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Through multiple pathways, activated CAFs can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, along with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and even chemoresistance. Numerous previous studies have confirmed the critical role of the interaction between CAFs and tumor cells in tumorigenesis and development. However, recently, the mutual effects of CAFs and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) have been identified as another key factor in promoting tumor progression. The TIME mainly consists of distinct immune cell populations in tumor islets and is highly associated with the antitumor immunological state in the TME. CAFs interact with tumor-infiltrating immune cells as well as other immune components within the TIME via the secretion of various cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, exosomes and other effector molecules, consequently shaping an immunosuppressive TME that enables cancer cells to evade surveillance of the immune system. In-depth studies of CAFs and immune microenvironment interactions, particularly the complicated mechanisms connecting CAFs with immune cells, might provide novel strategies for subsequent targeted immunotherapies. Herein, we shed light on recent advances regarding the direct and indirect crosstalk between CAFs and infiltrating immune cells and further summarize the possible immunoinhibitory mechanisms induced by CAFs in the TME. In addition, we present current related CAF-targeting immunotherapies and briefly describe some future perspectives on CAF research in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Mao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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226
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Lee EHC, Wong DCP, Ding JL. NK Cells in a Tug-of-War With Cancer: The Roles of Transcription Factors and Cytoskeleton. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734551. [PMID: 34594338 PMCID: PMC8476995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells which play a key role in shaping the immune response against cancer. Initially hailed for their potential to recognise and eliminate tumour cells, their application has been greatly hindered by the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) which suppresses NK functions (e.g., cytotoxicity). This dysfunctional state that is accompanied by phenotypic changes such as upregulation of inhibitory receptors and downregulation of activating receptors, forms the basis of what many researchers have referred to as ‘exhausted’ NK cells. However, there is no consensus on whether these phenotypes are sufficient to define an exhausted state of the NK cell. While recent advances in checkpoint inhibition appear to show promise in early-stage pre-clinical studies, much remains to be fully explored and understood in the context of the TME. The TME is where the NK cells are subjected to interaction with various cell types and soluble factors, which could exert an inhibitory effect on NK cytotoxicity. In this review, we provide an overview of the general markers of NK cell exhaustion viz, the surface activating and inhibitory receptors. We also highlight the potential role of T-box transcription factors in characterising such a dysfunctional state and discuss the often-overlooked mechanism of cell cytoskeletal dynamics in regulating NK cell function. These aspects may further contribute to NK exhaustion or NK revival in cancer and may open new avenues to explore cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hui Clarissa Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Darren Chen Pei Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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227
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Huang F, Santinon F, Flores González RE, del Rincón SV. Melanoma Plasticity: Promoter of Metastasis and Resistance to Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:756001. [PMID: 34604096 PMCID: PMC8481945 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although targeted therapies and immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, most patients are not cured. Therapy resistance remains a significant clinical challenge. Melanoma comprises phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cells, exhibiting distinct gene signatures leading to tumor heterogeneity and favoring therapeutic resistance. Cellular plasticity in melanoma is referred to as phenotype switching. Regardless of their genomic classification, melanomas switch from a proliferative and differentiated phenotype to an invasive, dedifferentiated and often therapy-resistant state. In this review we discuss potential mechanisms underpinning melanoma phenotype switching, how this cellular plasticity contributes to resistance to both targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Finally, we highlight novel strategies to target plasticity and their potential clinical impact in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Santinon
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raúl Ernesto Flores González
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia V. del Rincón
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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228
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Ren A, Yin W, Miller H, Westerberg LS, Candotti F, Park CS, Lee P, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. Novel Discoveries in Immune Dysregulation in Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725587. [PMID: 34512655 PMCID: PMC8429820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of our knowledge on inborn errors of immunity (IEI), it gradually becomes clear that immune dysregulation plays an important part. In some cases, autoimmunity, hyperinflammation and lymphoproliferation are far more serious than infections. Thus, immune dysregulation has become significant in disease monitoring and treatment. In recent years, the wide application of whole-exome sequencing/whole-genome sequencing has tremendously promoted the discovery and further studies of new IEI. The number of discovered IEI is growing rapidly, followed by numerous studies of their pathogenesis and therapy. In this review, we focus on novel discovered primary immune dysregulation diseases, including deficiency of SLC7A7, CD122, DEF6, FERMT1, TGFB1, RIPK1, CD137, TET2 and SOCS1. We discuss their genetic mutation, symptoms and current therapeutic methods, and point out the gaps in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Ren
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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229
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Interplay of Immunometabolism and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189878. [PMID: 34576042 PMCID: PMC8466075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells are the key hallmarks of tumor metastasis. Since the relationship between the two has been well studied, researchers have gained increasing interest in the interplay of cancer cell EMT and immune metabolic changes. Whether the mutual influences between them could provide novel explanations for immune surveillance during metastasis is worth understanding. Here, we review the role of immunometabolism in the regulatory loop between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and EMT. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives of targeting immunometabolism in cancer treatment.
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230
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Burster T, Traut R, Yermekkyzy Z, Mayer K, Westhoff MA, Bischof J, Knippschild U. Critical View of Novel Treatment Strategies for Glioblastoma: Failure and Success of Resistance Mechanisms by Glioblastoma Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695325. [PMID: 34485282 PMCID: PMC8415230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the invasive nature of glioblastoma, which is the most common form of malignant brain tumor, the standard care by surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy is particularly challenging. The presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and the surrounding tumor microenvironment protects glioblastoma from recognition by the immune system. Conventional therapy concepts have failed to completely remove glioblastoma cells, which is one major drawback in clinical management of the disease. The use of small molecule inhibitors, immunomodulators, immunotherapy, including peptide and mRNA vaccines, and virotherapy came into focus for the treatment of glioblastoma. Although novel strategies underline the benefit for anti-tumor effectiveness, serious challenges need to be overcome to successfully manage tumorigenesis, indicating the significance of developing new strategies. Therefore, we provide insights into the application of different medications in combination to boost the host immune system to interfere with immune evasion of glioblastoma cells which are promising prerequisites for therapeutic approaches to treat glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Rebecca Traut
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhanerke Yermekkyzy
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Katja Mayer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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231
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Chamseddine AN, Assi T, Mir O, Chouaib S. Modulating tumor-associated macrophages to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A TAM-pting approach. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107986. [PMID: 34481812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) plasticity and diversity are both essential hallmarks of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and the tumor-derived inflammation. TAM exemplify the perfect adaptable cell with dynamic phenotypic modifications that reflect changes in their functional polarization status. Under several tumor microenvironment (TME)-related cues, TAM shift their polarization, hence promoting or halting cancer progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) displayed unprecedented clinical responses in various refractory cancers; but only approximately a third of patients experienced durable responses. It is, therefore, crucial to enhance the response rate of immunotherapy. Several mechanisms of resistance to ICI have been elucidated including TAM role with its essential immunosuppressive functions that reduce both anti-tumor immunity and the subsequent ICI efficacy. In the past few years, thorough research has led to a better understanding of TAM biology and innovative approaches can now be adapted through targeting macrophages' recruitment axis as well as TAM activation and polarization status within the TME. Some of these therapeutic strategies are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials in association with ICI agents. This combination between TAM modulation and ICI allows targeting TAM intrinsic immunosuppressive functions and tumor-promoting factors as well as overcoming ICI resistance. Hence, such strategies, with a better understanding of the mechanisms driving TAM modulation, may have the potential to optimize ICI efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N Chamseddine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, CESP INSERM U1018, OncoStat, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Tarek Assi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Pharmacology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Ambulatory Care, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
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232
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Zhao Y, Bilal M, Qindeel M, Khan MI, Dhama K, Iqbal HMN. Nanotechnology-based immunotherapies to combat cancer metastasis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6563-6580. [PMID: 34424444 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging concepts in nanotechnology have gained particular attention for their clinical translation of immunotherapies of cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Several nanoconstructs have been engineered with unique structural, physicochemical, and functional features as robust alternatives for conventional chemotherapies. Traditional cancer therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and ultimately surgery are the most widely practiced in biomedical settings. Biomaterials and nanotechnology have introduced vehicles for drug delivery and have revolutionized the concept of the modern immunotherapeutic paradigm. Various types of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and, more specifically, drug-loaded nanoparticles are becoming famous for drug delivery applications because of safety, patient compliance, and smart action. Such therapeutic modalities have acknowledged regulatory endorsement and are being used in twenty-first-century clinical settings. Considering the emerging concepts and landscaping potentialities, herein, we spotlight and discuss nanoparticle-based immunotherapies as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach to combat cancer metastasis. The introductory part of this manuscript discusses a broad overview of cancer immunotherapy to understand better the tumor microenvironment and nanotechnology-oriented immunomodulatory strategies to cope with advanced-stage cancers. Following that, most addressable problems allied with conventional immunotherapies are given in comparison to nanoparticle-based immunotherapies. The later half of this work comprehensively highlights the requisite delivery of various bioactive entities with particular cases and examples. Finally, this review also encompasses a comprehensive concluding overview and future standpoints to strengthen a successful clinical translation of nanoparticle-based immunotherapies as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Maimoona Qindeel
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and the Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico.
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Robbins Y, Friedman J, Clavijo PE, Sievers C, Bai K, Donahue RN, Schlom J, Sinkoe A, Hinrichs CS, Allen C, Abdul Sater H, Gulley JL, Norberg S. Dual PD-L1 and TGF-b blockade in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003113. [PMID: 34462327 PMCID: PMC8407210 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a human papillomavirus (HPV) driven neoplastic disorder of the upper aerodigestive tract that causes significant morbidity and can lead to fatal airway obstruction. Prior clinical study demonstrated clinical benefit with the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibody avelumab. Bintrafusp alfa is a bifunctional inhibitor of PD-L1 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) that has shown clinical activity in several cancer types. Methods We conducted a phase II clinical trial evaluating bintrafusp alfa in adults with RRP. Papilloma samples before and after treatment with bintrafusp alfa were assessed for correlates of response with multiplex immunofluorescence as well as immunological and genomic analyses. Post hoc analyses of papilloma samples before and after treatment with avelumab were assessed for comparison. Results Dual PD-L1/TGF-b inhibition failed to abrogate papilloma growth in most subjects and increased the frequency of clinically indicated interventions after treatment in four of eight subjects based on each subject’s own historical control. TGF-b neutralization consistently decreased pSMAD3 and p21 and increased Ki67 expression within the basal layers of papillomas, indicating that TGF-b restrained proliferation. These alterations were not observed in papillomas treated with PD-L1 blockade alone. Dual PD-L1/TGF-b inhibition did not enhance anti-HPV immunity within papillomas beyond that observed with PD-L1 blockade. Genomic alterations in TGF-b superfamily genes were infrequent in papillomas and normal mucosa but present in a significant fraction of head and neck carcinomas. Conclusions Intact TGF-b signaling restrains proliferation within papillomas, and the use of clinical agents that abrogate this pathway should be avoided in patients with RRP. Trial registration numbers NCT03707587 and NCT02859454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Robbins
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay Friedman
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cem Sievers
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ke Bai
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Sinkoe
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Clint Allen
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Norberg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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234
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Salminen A. Immunosuppressive network promotes immunosenescence associated with aging and chronic inflammatory conditions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1553-1569. [PMID: 34432073 PMCID: PMC8384586 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The functional competence of the immune system gradually declines with aging, a process called immunosenescence. The age-related remodelling of the immune system affects both adaptive and innate immunity. In particular, a chronic low-grade inflammation, termed inflammaging, is associated with the aging process. Immunosenescence not only is present in inflammaging state, but it also occurs in several pathological conditions in conjunction with chronic inflammation. It is known that persistent inflammation stimulates a counteracting compensatory immunosuppression intended to protect host tissues. Inflammatory mediators enhance myelopoiesis and induce the generation of immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) which in mutual cooperation stimulates the immunosuppressive network. Immunosuppressive cells, especially MDSCs, regulatory T cells (Treg), and M2 macrophages produce immunosuppressive factors, e.g., TGF-β, IL-10, ROS, arginase-1 (ARG1), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which suppress the functions of CD4/CD8T and B cells as well as macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells. The immunosuppressive armament (i) inhibits the development and proliferation of immune cells, (ii) decreases the cytotoxic activity of CD8T and NK cells, (iii) prevents antigen presentation and antibody production, and (iv) suppresses responsiveness to inflammatory mediators. These phenotypes are the hallmarks of immunosenescence. Immunosuppressive factors are able to control the chromatin landscape, and thus, it seems that the immunosenescence state is epigenetically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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235
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Buckle I, Guillerey C. Inhibitory Receptors and Immune Checkpoints Regulating Natural Killer Cell Responses to Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174263. [PMID: 34503073 PMCID: PMC8428224 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent years marked the discovery and increased understanding of the role immune checkpoints play in immunity against cancer. This has revolutionized cancer treatment, saving the lives of many patients. For numerous years the spotlight of success has been directed towards T cells; however, it is now appreciated that other cells play vital roles in this protection. In this review we focused on cytotoxic lymphocytes Natural Killer (NK) cells, which are known to be well equipped in the fight against cancer. We explored the role of well-described and newly emerging inhibitory receptors, including immune checkpoints in regulating NK cell activity against cancer. The knowledge summarized in this review should guide the development of immunotherapies targeting inhibitory receptors with the aim of restoring NK cell responses in cancer patients. Abstract The discovery of immune checkpoints provided a breakthrough for cancer therapy. Immune checkpoints are inhibitory receptors that are up-regulated on chronically stimulated lymphocytes and have been shown to hinder immune responses to cancer. Monoclonal antibodies against the checkpoint molecules PD-1 and CTLA-4 have shown early clinical success against melanoma and are now approved to treat various cancers. Since then, the list of potential candidates for immune checkpoint blockade has dramatically increased. The current paradigm stipulates that immune checkpoint blockade therapy unleashes pre-existing T cell responses. However, there is accumulating evidence that some of these immune checkpoint molecules are also expressed on Natural Killer (NK) cells. In this review, we summarize our latest knowledge about targetable NK cell inhibitory receptors. We discuss the HLA-binding receptors KIRS and NKG2A, receptors binding to nectin and nectin-like molecules including TIGIT, CD96, and CD112R, and immune checkpoints commonly associated with T cells such as PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3. We also discuss newly discovered pathways such as IL-1R8 and often overlooked receptors such as CD161 and Siglecs. We detail how these inhibitory receptors might regulate NK cell responses to cancer, and, where relevant, we discuss their implications for therapeutic intervention.
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236
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Ni Y, Soliman A, Joehlin-Price A, Abdul-Karim F, Rose PG, Mahdi H. Immune cells and signatures characterize tumor microenvironment and predict outcome in ovarian and endometrial cancers. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1179-1192. [PMID: 34424031 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: We investigated immunogenomic signatures and correlated them with survival in ovarian cancer (OV) and endometrial cancer (EC). Materials & method: We used whole transcriptome sequencing data from uterine serous cancer and The Cancer Genome Atlas data of OV and EC (n = 719). Gene expression score was calculated. Population abundance of immune cells were estimated. Results: TGF-β, myeloid cells, IFN-γ, T cells, B cells and endothelial cells predicted overall survival. Whereas CD47, neutrophils and endothelial cells predicted progression-free survival. In multivariate analyses, TGF-β, CD47 and monocytic cells predicted survival in high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) EC whereas high IFN-γ trended toward improved survival in the MSI-S EC. High IFN-γ/low TGF-β and high IFN-γ/low CD47 signatures predicted longer overall survival. Low TGF-β/low CD47 signature predicted longer overall survival only in the MSI-H EC. Conclusion: Our data support the role of immune markers in predicting survival in OV/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ni
- Department of Quantative Health Science, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amy Joehlin-Price
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Fadi Abdul-Karim
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Peter G Rose
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Haider Mahdi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Translational Hematology Oncology Research Department, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Gynecologic Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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237
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Yu M, Su Z, Huang X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang B, Wang Z, Liu Y, Xing N, Xia M, Wang X. Histone methyltransferase Ezh2 negatively regulates NK cell terminal maturation and function. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:1033-1045. [PMID: 34425630 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma0321-155rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that play important roles in tumor eradication and viral clearance. We previously found that deletion or inhibition of the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from both mice and humans enhanced the commitment and cytotoxicity of NK cells to tumor cells. This study tested the hypothesis that inhibiting Ezh2, especially in NK lineage cells, could also affect NK cell development and function. We crossed Ezh2fl/fl mice with Ncr1iCre mice to delete the Ezh2 gene in immature NK cells and downstream progeny. Ezh2 deficiency increased the total number of NK cells and promoted NK cell terminal differentiation, as the percentages of the most mature CD27- CD11b+ subsets were increased. The NK cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells in vitro was enhanced, with increased degranulation and IFN-γ production. In addition, during the process of human NK cells differentiating from HSPCs , inhibiting EZH2 catalytic activity at day 14 (when NK lineage commitment began) also resulted in increased proportions of mature NK cells and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, RNA-seq and CUT&RUN-qPCR assays showed that the effects of Ezh2 may be based on its direct modulation of the expression of the transcription factor Pbx1 (pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1), which has been reported to promote NK cell development. In summary, we demonstrate that Ezh2 is a negative regulator of NK cell terminal maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoran Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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238
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Li Q, Cai S, Li M, Salma KI, Zhou X, Han F, Chen J, Huyan T. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Their Role in Immune Cells and Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5395-5409. [PMID: 34408415 PMCID: PMC8364351 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s313912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, tumor has been the serious threat to human health and life. To further explore the mechanism of tumor genesis and development is necessarily for developing the effective treatment strategy. Extracellular vesicles are the vesicles secreted by almost all types of cells, and they play an important part in intercellular communication by transporting their cargoes. Immune cells are the vital components of the human defense system, which defense against infection and tumor through cytotoxicity, immune surveillance, and clearance. However, via release tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, tumor could induce immune cells dysfunction to facilitate its proliferation and metastasis. Studies have shown that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles play dual role on immune cells by their specific cargoes. Here, we reviewed the effects of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles on immune cells in recent years and also summarized their research progress in the tumor immunotherapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Suna Cai
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kab Ibrahim Salma
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Han
- Shanxi Weiqidaguangming Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, The First Medical Park, Economic & Technology Development Zone, Datong, 037000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhao Chen
- Shanxi Weiqidaguangming Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, The First Medical Park, Economic & Technology Development Zone, Datong, 037000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Huyan
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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239
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Lin X, Fang Y, Jin X, Zhang M, Shi K. Modulating Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Targeted Therapeutic Nanoparticles as a Potential Strategy for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5871-5896. [PMID: 35006894 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are always some components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), that help tumor cells escape the body's immune surveillance. Therefore, this situation can lead to tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, resulting in low response rates for cancer therapy. Macrophages play an important role with strong plasticity and functional diversity. Facing different microenvironmental stimulations, macrophages undergo a dynamic change in phenotype and function into two major macrophage subpopulations, namely classical activation/inflammation (M1) and alternative activation/regeneration (M2) type. Through various signaling pathways, macrophages polarize into complex groups, which can perform different immune functions. In this review, we emphasize the use of nanopreparations for macrophage related immunotherapy based on the pathological knowledge of TAMs phenotype. These macrophages targeted nanoparticles re-edit and re-educate macrophages by attenuating M2 macrophages and reducing aggregation to the TME, thereby relieving or alleviating immunosuppression. Among them, we describe in detail the cellular mechanisms and regulators of several major signaling pathways involved in the plasticity and polarization functions of macrophages. The advantages and challenges of those nanotherapeutics for these pathways have been elucidated, providing the basis and insights for the diagnosis and treatment strategies of various diseases centered on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
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240
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Piffer AC, Santos FMD, Thomé MP, Diehl C, Garcia AWA, Kinskovski UP, Schneider RDO, Gerber A, Feltes BC, Schrank A, Vasconcelos ATR, Lenz G, Kmetzsch L, Vainstein MH, Staats CC. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that mTOR pathway can be modulated in macrophage cells by the presence of cryptococcal cells. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200390. [PMID: 34352067 PMCID: PMC8341293 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, a high mortality disease. The development of such disease depends on the interaction of fungal cells with macrophages, in which they can reside and replicate. In order to dissect the molecular mechanisms by which cryptococcal cells modulate the activity of macrophages, a genome-scale comparative analysis of transcriptional changes in macrophages exposed to Cryptococcus spp. was conducted. Altered expression of nearly 40 genes was detected in macrophages exposed to cryptococcal cells. The major processes were associated with the mTOR pathway, whose associated genes exhibited decreased expression in macrophages incubated with cryptococcal cells. Phosphorylation of p70S6K and GSK-3β was also decreased in macrophages incubated with fungal cells. In this way, Cryptococci presence could drive the modulation of mTOR pathway in macrophages possibly to increase the survival of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alícia C Piffer
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francine M Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos P Thomé
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Diehl
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ane Wichine Acosta Garcia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Uriel Perin Kinskovski
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Oliveira Schneider
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Gerber
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Informática, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Guido Lenz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívia Kmetzsch
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Charley C Staats
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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241
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Ricon-Becker I, Fogel E, Cole SW, Haldar R, Lev-Ari S, Gidron Y. Tone it down: Vagal nerve activity is associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-viral factors in breast cancer – An exploratory study. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 7:100057. [PMID: 35757058 PMCID: PMC9216392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to adverse social-environmental conditions, leukocytes gene expression profile is altered in a pattern recognized as the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA). This entails the up-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory genes and down-regulated expression of genes involved in type-I interferon (IFN) related anti-viral immunity. In contrast, vagal nerve activity is recognized as a significant anti-inflammatory modulator. In this work, we investigated the association between CTRA and vagal activity indicated by the standard deviation of all NN interval (SDNN), a measure of heart-rate variability, in breast cancer patients awaiting surgery (n = 16). This association was tested both at the molecular leukocyte transcription factor activity level, as well as at the cytokines serum levels. We found an association between higher SDNN and increased interferon (IFN) related anti-viral pathways, both on the leukocyte transcription factor level and serum protein level. Unexpectedly, we also found a positive correlation between higher SDNN and pro-inflammatory transcription factor activity and cytokine serum level, potentially suggesting that increased vagal activity was induced by increased inflammation, in the context of pre-surgical stress and the presence of malignant tissue. Transcription origin analysis (TOA) suggests a role for monocyte and B-cells in the anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic effects induced by vagal nerve signaling. Larger prospective studies are needed to verify and elaborate on the results from this small cross-sectional study. Increased HRV is associated with increased anti-viral immunity. Unexpectedly, HRV is also associated with increased pro-inflammatory signaling. Findings are evident separately at transcription factor activity level as well as at cytokine serum levels. Macrophages and B cells emerge as the origin of these differences. Findings may shed light on novel pathways in which vagal nerve activity modulate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Ricon-Becker
- School of Psychological Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Corresponding author. Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Prof. Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu's Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Efrat Fogel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA
| | - Rita Haldar
- School of Psychological Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Lev-Ari
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yori Gidron
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Welfare University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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242
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Fuertes MB, Domaica CI, Zwirner NW. Leveraging NKG2D Ligands in Immuno-Oncology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713158. [PMID: 34394116 PMCID: PMC8358801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) revolutionized the field of immuno-oncology and opened new avenues towards the development of novel assets to achieve durable immune control of cancer. Yet, the presence of tumor immune evasion mechanisms represents a challenge for the development of efficient treatment options. Therefore, combination therapies are taking the center of the stage in immuno-oncology. Such combination therapies should boost anti-tumor immune responses and/or target tumor immune escape mechanisms, especially those created by major players in the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Natural killer (NK) cells were recently positioned at the forefront of many immunotherapy strategies, and several new approaches are being designed to fully exploit NK cell antitumor potential. One of the most relevant NK cell-activating receptors is NKG2D, a receptor that recognizes 8 different NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL), including MICA and MICB. MICA and MICB are poorly expressed on normal cells but become upregulated on the surface of damaged, transformed or infected cells as a result of post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms and intracellular pathways. Their engagement of NKG2D triggers NK cell effector functions. Also, MICA/B are polymorphic and such polymorphism affects functional responses through regulation of their cell-surface expression, intracellular trafficking, shedding of soluble immunosuppressive isoforms, or the affinity of NKG2D interaction. Although immunotherapeutic approaches that target the NKG2D-NKG2DL axis are under investigation, several tumor immune escape mechanisms account for reduced cell surface expression of NKG2DL and contribute to tumor immune escape. Also, NKG2DL polymorphism determines functional NKG2D-dependent responses, thus representing an additional challenge for leveraging NKG2DL in immuno-oncology. In this review, we discuss strategies to boost MICA/B expression and/or inhibit their shedding and propose that combination strategies that target MICA/B with antibodies and strategies aimed at promoting their upregulation on tumor cells or at reprograming TAM into pro-inflammatory macrophages and remodeling of the TME, emerge as frontrunners in immuno-oncology because they may unleash the antitumor effector functions of NK cells and cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL). Pursuing several of these pipelines might lead to innovative modalities of immunotherapy for the treatment of a wide range of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Beatriz Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Inés Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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243
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Therapeutic targeting of TGF-β in cancer: hacking a master switch of immune suppression. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:35-52. [PMID: 33399850 PMCID: PMC7796313 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancers may escape elimination by the host immune system by rewiring the tumour microenvironment towards an immune suppressive state. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a secreted multifunctional cytokine that strongly regulates the activity of immune cells while, in parallel, can promote malignant features such as cancer cell invasion and migration, angiogenesis, and the emergence of cancer-associated fibroblasts. TGF-β is abundantly expressed in cancers and, most often, its abundance associated with poor clinical outcomes. Immunotherapeutic strategies, particularly T cell checkpoint blockade therapies, so far, only produce clinical benefit in a minority of cancer patients. The inhibition of TGF-β activity is a promising approach to increase the efficacy of T cell checkpoint blockade therapies. In this review, we briefly outline the immunoregulatory functions of TGF-β in physiological and malignant contexts. We then deliberate on how the therapeutic targeting of TGF-β may lead to a broadened applicability and success of state-of-the-art immunotherapies.
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244
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Zimmermannova O, Caiado I, Ferreira AG, Pereira CF. Cell Fate Reprogramming in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714822. [PMID: 34367185 PMCID: PMC8336566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding how cancer cells interact with the immune system allowed the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, harnessing patients' immune system to fight cancer. Dendritic cell-based vaccines are being explored to reactivate anti-tumor adaptive immunity. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR T) were however the main approaches that catapulted the therapeutic success of immunotherapy. Despite their success across a broad range of human cancers, many challenges remain for basic understanding and clinical progress as only a minority of patients benefit from immunotherapy. In addition, cellular immunotherapies face important limitations imposed by the availability and quality of immune cells isolated from donors. Cell fate reprogramming is offering interesting alternatives to meet these challenges. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology not only enables studying immune cell specification but also serves as a platform for the differentiation of a myriad of clinically useful immune cells including T-cells, NK cells, or monocytes at scale. Moreover, the utilization of iPSCs allows introduction of genetic modifications and generation of T/NK cells with enhanced anti-tumor properties. Immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can also be generated by direct cellular reprogramming employing lineage-specific master regulators bypassing the pluripotent stage. Thus, the cellular reprogramming toolbox is now providing the means to address the potential of patient-tailored immune cell types for cancer immunotherapy. In parallel, development of viral vectors for gene delivery has opened the door for in vivo reprogramming in regenerative medicine, an elegant strategy circumventing the current limitations of in vitro cell manipulation. An analogous paradigm has been recently developed in cancer immunotherapy by the generation of CAR T-cells in vivo. These new ideas on endogenous reprogramming, cross-fertilized from the fields of regenerative medicine and gene therapy, are opening exciting avenues for direct modulation of immune or tumor cells in situ, widening our strategies to remove cancer immunotherapy roadblocks. Here, we review current strategies for cancer immunotherapy, summarize technologies for generation of immune cells by cell fate reprogramming as well as highlight the future potential of inducing these unique cell identities in vivo, providing new and exciting tools for the fast-paced field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zimmermannova
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inês Caiado
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra G. Ferreira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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245
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Shaim H, Shanley M, Basar R, Daher M, Gumin J, Zamler DB, Uprety N, Wang F, Huang Y, Gabrusiewicz K, Miao Q, Dou J, Alsuliman A, Kerbauy LN, Acharya S, Mohanty V, Mendt M, Li S, Lu J, Wei J, Fowlkes NW, Gokdemir E, Ensley EL, Kaplan M, Kassab C, Li L, Ozcan G, Banerjee PP, Shen Y, Gilbert AL, Jones CM, Bdiwi M, Nunez-Cortes AK, Liu E, Yu J, Imahashi N, Muniz-Feliciano L, Li Y, Hu J, Draetta G, Marin D, Yu D, Mielke S, Eyrich M, Champlin RE, Chen K, Lang FF, Shpall EJ, Heimberger AB, Rezvani K. Targeting the αv integrin/TGF-β axis improves natural killer cell function against glioblastoma stem cells. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e142116. [PMID: 34138753 DOI: 10.1172/jci142116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive brain cancer, recurs because glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are resistant to all standard therapies. We showed that GSCs, but not normal astrocytes, are sensitive to lysis by healthy allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells in vitro. Mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing of primary tumor samples revealed that GBM tumor-infiltrating NK cells acquired an altered phenotype associated with impaired lytic function relative to matched peripheral blood NK cells from patients with GBM or healthy donors. We attributed this immune evasion tactic to direct cell-to-cell contact between GSCs and NK cells via αv integrin-mediated TGF-β activation. Treatment of GSC-engrafted mice with allogeneic NK cells in combination with inhibitors of integrin or TGF-β signaling or with TGFBR2 gene-edited allogeneic NK cells prevented GSC-induced NK cell dysfunction and tumor growth. These findings reveal an important mechanism of NK cell immune evasion by GSCs and suggest the αv integrin/TGF-β axis as a potentially useful therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Shaim
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mayra Shanley
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rafet Basar
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - May Daher
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Nadima Uprety
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | - Yuefan Huang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | | | - Qi Miao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | - Jinzhuang Dou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | - Abdullah Alsuliman
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lucila N Kerbauy
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunil Acharya
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | - Mayela Mendt
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sufang Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - JunJun Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Elif Gokdemir
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily L Ensley
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mecit Kaplan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Li Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gonca Ozcan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pinaki P Banerjee
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | - April L Gilbert
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Corry M Jones
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mustafa Bdiwi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ana K Nunez-Cortes
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Enli Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Nobuhiko Imahashi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Muniz-Feliciano
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, and
| | | | - David Marin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | | | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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246
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Landscape of innate lymphoid cells in human head and neck cancer reveals divergent NK cell states in the tumor microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101169118. [PMID: 34244432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101169118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells comprise one subset of the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family. Despite reported antitumor functions of NK cells, their tangible contribution to tumor control in humans remains controversial. This is due to incomplete understanding of the NK cell states within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we demonstrate that peripheral circulating NK cells differentiate down two divergent pathways within the TME, resulting in different end states. One resembles intraepithelial ILC1s (ieILC1) and possesses potent in vivo antitumor activity. The other expresses genes associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and has poor antitumor functional capacity. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) and direct contact between the tumor cells and NK cells are required for the differentiation into CD49a+CD103+ cells, resembling ieILC1s. These data explain the similarity between ieILC1s and tissue-resident NK cells, provide insight into the origin of ieILC1s, and identify the ieILC1-like cell state within the TME to be the NK cell phenotype with the greatest antitumor activity. Because the proportions of the different ILC states vary between tumors, these findings provide a resource for the clinical study of innate immune responses against tumors and the design of novel therapy.
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247
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Tonetti CR, de Souza-Araújo CN, Yoshida A, da Silva RF, Alves PCM, Mazzola TN, Derchain S, Fernandes LGR, Guimarães F. Ovarian Cancer-Associated Ascites Have High Proportions of Cytokine-Responsive CD56bright NK Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071702. [PMID: 34359872 PMCID: PMC8306021 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with serous histotype as the most prevalent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Peritoneal ascites is a frequent comorbidity in advanced EOC. EOC-associated ascites provide a reliable sampling source for studying lymphocytes directly from tumor environment. Herein, we carried out flow cytometry-based analysis to readdress issues on NK and T lymphocyte subsets in women with advanced EOC, additionally evaluating phenotypic modulation of their intracellular pathways involved in interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 signaling. Results depicted ascites as an inflammatory and immunosuppressive environment, presenting significantly (p < 0.0001) higher amounts of IL-6 and IL-10 than in the patients' blood, as well as significantly (p < 0.05) increased expression of checkpoint inhibitory receptors (programmed death protein-1, PD-1) and ectonucleotidase (CD39) on T lymphocytes. However, NK lymphocytes from EOC-associated ascites showed higher (p < 0.05) pS6 phosphorylation compared with NK from blood. Additionally, in vitro treatment of lymphocytes with IL-2 or IL-15 elicited significantly (p < 0.001) phosphorylation of the STAT5 protein in NK, CD3 and CD8 lymphocytes, both from blood and ascites. EOC-associated ascites had a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher proportion of NK CD56bright lymphocytes than blood, which, in addition, were more responsive (p < 0.05) to stimulation by IL-2 than CD56dim NK. EOC-associated ascites allow studies on lymphocyte phenotype modulation in the tumor environment, where inflammatory profile contrasts with the presence of immunosuppressive elements and development of cellular self-regulating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Rodrigues Tonetti
- School of Medicine Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (C.R.T.); (C.N.d.S.-A.); (R.F.d.S.); (S.D.); (L.G.R.F.)
| | - Caroline Natânia de Souza-Araújo
- School of Medicine Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (C.R.T.); (C.N.d.S.-A.); (R.F.d.S.); (S.D.); (L.G.R.F.)
| | - Adriana Yoshida
- Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM), Women’s Hospital José Aristodemo Pinotti, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming-101, Campinas CEP 13083-881, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Fernandes da Silva
- School of Medicine Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (C.R.T.); (C.N.d.S.-A.); (R.F.d.S.); (S.D.); (L.G.R.F.)
| | - Paulo César Martins Alves
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (P.C.M.A.); (T.N.M.)
| | - Taís Nitsch Mazzola
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (P.C.M.A.); (T.N.M.)
| | - Sophie Derchain
- School of Medicine Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (C.R.T.); (C.N.d.S.-A.); (R.F.d.S.); (S.D.); (L.G.R.F.)
- Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM), Women’s Hospital José Aristodemo Pinotti, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming-101, Campinas CEP 13083-881, SP, Brazil;
| | - Luís Gustavo Romani Fernandes
- School of Medicine Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (C.R.T.); (C.N.d.S.-A.); (R.F.d.S.); (S.D.); (L.G.R.F.)
| | - Fernando Guimarães
- School of Medicine Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo-126, Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (C.R.T.); (C.N.d.S.-A.); (R.F.d.S.); (S.D.); (L.G.R.F.)
- Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM), Women’s Hospital José Aristodemo Pinotti, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming-101, Campinas CEP 13083-881, SP, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(19)-35219462
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248
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Transforming growth factor-β-regulated mTOR activity preserves cellular metabolism to maintain long-term T cell responses in chronic infection. Immunity 2021; 54:1698-1714.e5. [PMID: 34233154 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic viral infections and tumors functionally deteriorate, a process known as exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are sustained by precursors of exhausted (Tpex) cells that self-renew while continuously generating exhausted effector (Tex) cells. However, it remains unknown how Tpex cells maintain their functionality. Here, we demonstrate that Tpex cells sustained mitochondrial fitness, including high spare respiratory capacity, while Tex cells deteriorated metabolically over time. Tpex cells showed early suppression of mTOR kinase signaling but retained the ability to activate this pathway in response to antigen receptor signals. Early transient mTOR inhibition improved long-term T cell responses and checkpoint inhibition. Transforming growth factor-β repressed mTOR signaling in exhausted T cells and was a critical determinant of Tpex cell metabolism and function. Overall, we demonstrate that the preservation of cellular metabolism allows Tpex cells to retain long-term functionality to sustain T cell responses during chronic infection.
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249
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Angiogenic Properties of NK Cells in Cancer and Other Angiogenesis-Dependent Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071621. [PMID: 34209508 PMCID: PMC8303392 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many serious diseases, including cancer, is closely related to disturbances in the angiogenesis process. Angiogenesis is essential for the progression of tumor growth and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has immunosuppressive properties, which contribute to tumor expansion and angiogenesis. Similarly, the uterine microenvironment (UME) exerts a tolerogenic (immunosuppressive) and proangiogenic effect on its cells, promoting implantation and development of the embryo and placenta. In the TME and UME natural killer (NK) cells, which otherwise are capable of killing target cells autonomously, enter a state of reduced cytotoxicity or anergy. Both TME and UME are rich with factors (e.g., TGF-β, glycodelin, hypoxia), which support a conversion of NK cells to the low/non-cytotoxic, proangiogenic CD56brightCD16low phenotype. It is plausible that the phenomenon of acquiring proangiogenic and low cytotoxic features by NK cells is not only limited to cancer but is a common feature of different angiogenesis-dependent diseases (ADDs). In this review, we will discuss the role of NK cells in angiogenesis disturbances associated with cancer and other selected ADDs. Expanding the knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for angiogenesis and its disorders contributes to a better understanding of ADDs and may have therapeutic implications.
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250
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The TGF-β Pathway: A Pharmacological Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133248. [PMID: 34209646 PMCID: PMC8268320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily members are essential for tissue homeostasis and consequently, dysregulation of their signaling pathways contributes to the development of human diseases. In the liver, TGF-β signaling participates in all the stages of disease progression from initial liver injury to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). During liver carcinogenesis, TGF-β plays a dual role on the malignant cell, behaving as a suppressor factor at early stages, but contributing to later tumor progression once cells escape from its cytostatic effects. Moreover, TGF-β can modulate the response of the cells forming the tumor microenvironment that may also contribute to HCC progression, and drive immune evasion of cancer cells. Thus, targeting the TGF-β pathway may constitute an effective therapeutic option for HCC treatment. However, it is crucial to identify biomarkers that allow to predict the response of the tumors and appropriately select the patients that could benefit from TGF-β inhibitory therapies. Here we review the functions of TGF-β on HCC malignant and tumor microenvironment cells, and the current strategies targeting TGF-β signaling for cancer therapy. We also summarize the clinical impact of TGF-β inhibitors in HCC patients and provide a perspective on its future use alone or in combinatorial strategies for HCC treatment.
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