Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs

Association Between Blood Urea Nitrogen to Serum Albumin Ratio and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Retrospective Study

Background

Epidemiological studies suggest that elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and reduced serum albumin could independently predict adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the predictive performance of BUN-albumin ratio (BAR) in critically ill patients with COPD remains to be confirmed. This study aimed to investigate the association between BAR and all-cause mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with COPD.

Methods

This was a retrospective study that included COPD patients with BUN and serum albumin value on the first day of each ICU admission and data were obtained from the eICU Collaborative Research Database. The included COPD patients were divided into three groups stratified by BAR tertiles (T1-T3). Multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between BAR and all-cause in-hospital and ICU mortality, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to evaluate survival differences among three groups and discrepancies were compared with the log-rank test.

Results

A total of 4037 patients were included in the final analysis and the in-hospital and ICU mortality rates were 11.79% and 6.51%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that continuous BAR was a significant risk predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.039, 95% CI: 1.026-1.052, P < 0.001) and ICU mortality (OR: 1.030, 95% CI: 1.015-1.045, P < 0.001) in fully adjusted model. The Cox proportional hazards models revealed that patients in the highest BAR tertile (T3) were significantly associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality (HR: 1.983, 95% CI: 1.419-2.772, P < 0.001) and ICU mortality (HR: 2.166, 95% CI: 1.373-3.418, P < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the survival differences of all-cause mortality were statistically significant in three tertile groups (log-rank P < 0.0001). Correlated subgroup analyses indicated that this positive association might vary in certain population settings.

Conclusion

High level of BAR is associated with the increasing all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with COPD. As an innovative and promising biomarker, BAR might be useful in predicting high risk of death in patients with COPD.

SW033291 promotes liver regeneration after acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly utilized antipyretic and analgesic drug. Overdose of APAP is a primary contributor to drug-induced liver injury and acute liver failure (ALF). SW033291 has been shown to play a role in tissue regeneration in various diseases; however, its potential to facilitate liver regeneration following APAP-induced hepatic injury remains unexamined. Thus, this study focused on exploring the therapeutic impacts and mechanisms of SW033291 on liver damage by establishing models of APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice. The results showed that treatment with SW033291 reduces serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, decreases the area of hepatic necrosis, increases glutathione (GSH) levels, and decreases tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mice with liver injury. It could also promote hepatocyte proliferation and inhibit apoptosis by increasing tissue prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. In conclusion, SW033291 demonstrates the capacity to ameliorate APAP-induced hepatic injury in mice by fostering liver regeneration, attenuating oxidative stress, and modulating inflammatory responses, thereby presenting itself as a promising candidate for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting acute liver failure.

The Potential of Superoxide Dismutase-Rich Tetraselmis chuii as a Promoter of Cellular Health

Tetraselmis chuii (T. chuii) is a green, marine, eukaryotic, microalgae that was authorized in the European Union (EU) as a novel food for human consumption in 2014, and as a food supplement in 2017. This narrative review will provide an overview of preclinical and clinical trials assessing the efficacy of a T. chuii-derived ingredient, characterized by a high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (SOD-rich T. chuii), to improve various aspects of cellular health. Collectively, results from in vitro, and more importantly in vivo research, support SOD-rich T. chuii as a potential promoter of cellular health. Principally, the ingredient appears to function as an indirect antioxidant by boosting intracellular antioxidant systems. Moreover, it can positively modulate inflammatory status by up-regulating anti-inflammatory and down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and factors. In addition, SOD-rich T. chuii appears to promote cellular health though protecting from DNA damage, boosting immune function, strengthening cell structure and integrity, and positively modulating cell signaling pathways. There is also some evidence to suggest that SOD-rich T. chuii may improve aspects of mitochondrial function through the up-regulation of genes linked to mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP synthesis. From the trials conducted to date, transcriptional activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) appear to be important in mediating the effects of SOD-rich T. chuii on cellular health. These exciting preliminary observations suggest that SOD-rich T. chuii may represent a natural blue food supplement with the potential to enhance various aspects of cellular health.

Comprehensive metabolite profiling and evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potencies of Nypa fruticans (Wurmb.) leaves: Experimental and in-silico approaches

Globally, inflammation and pain are among the most prevalent health issues. The use of medicinal plants to alleviate these conditions is growing. This study comprehensively investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethyl-acetate extract of Nypa fruticans (EENF) leaves, traditionally used in folk Medicine. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were employed to identify the phytochemicals in EENF. In vitro antioxidant studies were conducted to determine the antioxidative properties of EENF. Formalin-induced paw edema assay was employed to assess the in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity whereas; acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and tail immersion test were performed to evaluate the in vivo anti-nociceptive effects. The identified compounds were subsequently evaluated by computational studies against the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme. EENF demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in both the DPPH scavenging assay (IC50: 105.18 μg/mL) and the reducing power assay (RC50:1752.76 μg/mL). In the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay, EENF exhibited the highest (50.39 % and 67.72 %) inhibition of edema at the fourth hour at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, accordingly. Moreover, all the pain modulation studies demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) analgesic properties of EENF in a dose-dependent manner. Among, the 23 identified phytocompounds, the most promising ones were determined to be potential anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents through molecular docking studies and ADME/T analysis. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) confirmed the stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Two phytochemicals, (-) Epicatechin (CID 72276) and Quercetin (CID 5280343), outperformed the standard anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac sodium, in MDS studies. Both experimental and in-silico studies have scientifically verified the traditional use of Nypa fruticans in treating pain and inflammatory disease. Overall, (-) Epicatechin and Quercetin possess excellent potential as natural lead compounds for COX-2 inhibition. Further research, including pure compound isolation and biomolecular studies, is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of these activities.

Propolis: A Natural Substance with Multifaceted Properties and Activities

Propolis (bee glue) is a complex mixture of resins, waxes, and gums, and it is a resinous exudate manufactured by honey bees to maintain the integrity of the hive and defend against external threats. This multifunctional material exhibits several striking properties. The anti-inflammatory properties of propolis have made it a subject of traditional medicine over time, from ancient Egyptian mummification to modern complementary medicine. Propolis with rich phytochemicals, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This review describes multiple properties and uses of propolis, highlighting the role of propolis as an exceptional natural resource with high therapeutic potential.

Acute Toxicity, Neurotoxic, Immunotoxic, and Behavioral Effects of Deltamethrin and Sulfamethoxazole in Adult Zebrafish: Insights into Chemical Interactions and Environmental Implications

The increasing presence of antimicrobial agents and pesticides in aquatic environments raises concerns about their potential impacts on non-target organisms. Among these chemicals, deltamethrin (DM), a widely used pesticide, and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), an antimicrobial commonly detected in water bodies, pose significant ecological risks. This study investigates the acute toxicity, neurotoxic effects, oxidative stress responses, immune-related gene expression, and feeding behavior of adult zebrafish exposed to DM and SMX. The 96 h LC50 for DM was 4.84 µg/L, indicating significant acute toxicity, while the LC50 for the DM + SMX mixture was 11.32 µg/L, suggesting that SMX may mitigate the toxicity of DM. Neurotransmitter alterations, including reduced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA), serotonin (5-HT), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were observed, with the combination of DM and SMX showing partial restoration of AChE activity. Oxidative stress markers revealed significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, with DM exposure increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, while decreasing catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. Immune-related gene expression demonstrated suppressed IgM, IgD, and IgZ levels, along with altered inflammatory responses, with both DM and DM + SMX exposure inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, feeding behavior was significantly impaired in the DM group at the 3 min mark, while the DM + SMX group showed partial mitigation of this effect. These findings highlight the neurotoxic, immunotoxic, and behavioral effects of DM and SMX, and underscore the potential for chemical interactions to modulate toxicity in aquatic organisms.

Interpretable machine learning-derived nomogram model for early detection of persistent diarrhea in Salmonella typhimurium enteritis: a propensity score matching based case-control study

BACKGROUND

Salmonella typhimurium infection is a considerable global health concern, particularly in children, where it often leads to persistent diarrhea. This condition can result in severe health complications including malnutrition and cognitive impairment.

METHODS

A comprehensive retrospective study was conducted involving 627 children diagnosed with Salmonella typhimurium enteritis. These children were hospitalized for Salmonella typhimurium enteritis between January 2010 and December 2022 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Propensity score matching was used to explore the potential risk factors and predictors of persistent diarrhea following S. typhimurium infection.

RESULTS

The study identified body temperature, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, white blood cell count, and lactose intolerance were significant predictors of persistent diarrhea. Nomogram models developed based on these predictors demonstrated robust performance in predicting persistent diarrhea risk, with an accuracy of > 90%.

CONCLUSION

The developed nomogram models provide a practical tool for the early identification of children at high risk of persistent diarrhea, facilitating intervention, potentially preventing serious sequelae, and improving the prognosis of children with S. typhimurium enteritis.

HPLC-PDA and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside from Zygophyllum simplex L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Inflammation is a biological process in response to injury, resulting in altered blood flow, increased vascular permeability, tissue destruction, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators. Zygophyllum simplex L., a medicinal plant traditionally used in the Arabian Peninsula for inflammatory disorders, has demonstrated promising in vitro anti-inflammatory activity due to its phenolic content. Additionally, the ethyl acetate fraction has exhibited notable in vivo anti-inflammatory effects.

STUDY OBJECTIVE

This research aimed to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of a Z. simplex plant extract and its principal ethyl acetate isolate, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (Isor-3-Glu). The study seeks to develop a straightforward and robust HPLC method for quantifying Isor-3-Glu within the total methanolic extract of Z. simplex.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The total methanol extract of Z. simplex was successively partitioned with a variety of organic solvents and the ethyl acetate fraction was used to isolate Isor-3-Glu on a Sephadex LH-20 column. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-triggered inflammation in rats. Histological features and immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were analyzed, and the levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) of the paw tissues were examined by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Quantification of Isor-3-Glu was achieved using an HPLC-PDA method.

RESULTS

Isor-3-Glu considerably (p < 0.05) lowered the weight of the paw edema. The histological abnormalities were improved, and the percentage of the COX-2 and TNF-α immunoreactive cells substantially decreased in the Isor-3-Glu-treated group in comparison with the positive control and Z. simplex extract group. Isor-3-Glu significantly ameliorated PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. A straightforward and dependable HPLC technique was established for quantifying Isor-3-Glu in the total extract. The proposed methodology effectively determined Isor-3-Glu in less than 5 min. The calibration curve exhibited a linear relationship over the concentration range of 1.0-40.0 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r) ≥ 0.9995. The developed method demonstrated a high level of sensitivity, with a detection limit as low as 0.139 μg/mL. The concentration of Isor-3-Glu in the total extract of Z. simplex was determined to be 0.05% w/w of dry extract.

CONCLUSION

Isor-3-Glu could be considered a promising anti-inflammatory compound that necessitates future clinical research. Isor-3-Glu was accurately quantified using a meticulously developed and optimized HPLC-PDA technique.

Navigating green synthesized metal-based nanoparticles as anti-inflammatory agent - Comprehensive review

The biosynthesis of nanomaterials is a vast and expanding field of study due to their applications in a variety of fields, particularly the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Various synthetic routes, including physical and chemical methods, have been developed in order to generate metal nanoparticles (NPs) with definite shapes and sizes. In this review, focused on the recent advancements in the green synthetic methods for the generation of silver, zinc and copper NPs with simple and eco-friendly approaches and the potential of the biosynthesized metal and metal oxide NPs as alternative and therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is a body's own defense mechanism that can become chronic inflammation affecting healthy cells. Owning to the size-based advantages of NPs which can mitigate in theses medical conditions and serve as anti-inflammatory drugs. The factors influencing their physicochemical properties, toxicity, biocompatibility and mode of action to formulate an effective nanomedicine in the treatment of inflammation.

Anas barbariae 200K Modulates Cell Stiffness and Oxidative Stress in Microglial Cells In Vitro

Anas barbariae 200K, a homeopathic medicine, is traditionally used for influenza-like illnesses. We investigated the effects of Anas barbariae 200K on microglial cells, a subpopulation of macrophages specific to the central nervous system often used to study the inflammatory processes and oxidative stress generated during influenza-like episodes. The study demonstrates the effect of Anas barbariae 200K on cell stiffness and the reactive oxygen species production using atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy techniques, respectively. Our results showed that Anas barbariae 200K rapidly increased cell stiffness in resting cells by 41% compared with the vehicle. In inflamed cells, cell stiffness was decreased by 21% when treated with Anas barbariae 200K compared with the vehicle. Finally, Anas barbariae 200K caused a reorganisation of filamentous actin, with marked relocation of actin at the cell extremities. Moreover, Anas barbariae 200K significantly decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in inflamed microglial cells by 40% (total intracellular ROS) and by 67% (mitochondrial ROS) compared with the vehicle. These results strongly suggest an effect of Anas barbariae 200K at a cellular level on cell stiffness and actin cytoskeleton. This sheds light on the biological mechanism of action of this homeopathic preparation.

Shear Stress Conditioning Promotes a Pro-Inflammatory Response in Porcine Endocardial Endothelial Cells

PURPOSE

Discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) is a congenital heart disease characterized by a narrowing of the passage below the aortic valve in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) [1]. While endocardial endothelial cells (EECs) are known to play a role in DSS, the response of these cells to shear stress is not known. In this study, we hypothesize that the response of EECs to shear stress in the LVOT is a mediator of DSS.

METHODS

To test this hypothesis, we conditioned porcine EECs to controlled shear stress regimes using cone and plate bioreactors. Subsequently, we quantified the concentration of proinflammatory cytokine in the conditioned media using the Luminex assay. Bulk-RNA sequencing was used to quantify changes in the genotype of the shear stress conditioned EECs.

RESULTS

The expression of CD31 was knocked down and subsequently, the changes in release of shear stress induced proinflammatory cytokines released by EECs quantified using the Luminex assay. The results of these studies show that the inflammatory cytokines were highly selected in the conditioning medium, and under bioreactor treatment the cell activated the PI3K-AKT and TNF-a signaling, which also triggered the other immune cell responses though Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation pathways. Furthermore, CD31 was identified as a mediator of the pro-inflammatory response of shear stress conditioned EECs.

CONCLUSIONS

The studies provide a clear link between shear stress, and the subsequent proinflammatory response of EECs as a mediator of DSS.

CD109, a master regulator of inflammatory responses

Inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli, crucial for immunity, and linked to chronic diseases and cancer, with TGF-β and NF-κB pathways as key regulators. CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, that our group has originally identified as a TGF-β co-receptor and inhibitor of TGF-β signaling. CD109 modulates TGF-β and NF-κB pathways, to influence immune responses and inflammation. CD109's multifaceted role in inflammation spans various tissue types, including the skin, lung, bone and bone-related tissues, and various types of cancers. CD109 exerts its effects by modulating processes such as cytokine secretion, immune cell recruitment, macrophage polarization, T helper cell function and cancer cell phenotype and function. Here, we review CD109's regulatory functions in inflammatory responses in these various tissues and cell types. Exploration of CD109's mechanisms of action will enhance our understanding of its contributions to disease pathology and its potential for therapeutic applications.

Network Pharmacology-driven therapeutic interventions for Interstitial Lung Diseases using Traditional medicines: A Narrative Review

This review explores the progressive domain of network pharmacology and its potential to revolutionize therapeutic approaches for Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs), a collective term encompassing Interstitial Pneumonia, Pneumoconiosis, Connective Tissue Disease-related ILDs, and Sarcoidosis. The exploration focuses on the profound legacy of traditional medicines, particularly Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM), and their largely unexplored capacity in ILD treatment. These ancient healing systems, characterized by their holistic methodologies and multifaceted treatment modalities, offer a promising foundation for discovering innovative therapeutic strategies. Moreover, the review underscores the amalgamation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methodologies with bioinformatics, creating a computational synergy capable of deciphering the intricate biological networks associated with ILDs. Network pharmacology has tailored the hypothesis from the conventional "one target, one drug" towards a "network target, multi-component therapeutics" approach. The fusion of traditional literature and computational technology can unveil novel drugs, targets, and pathways, augmenting effective therapies and diminishing adverse effects related to current medications. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive exposition of how Network Pharmacology tools can leverage the insights of Ayurveda and TCM to craft efficacious therapeutic solutions for ILDs. It sets the stage for future investigations in this captivating interdisciplinary domain, validating the use of traditional medicines worldwide.

Cp40-mediated complement C3 inhibition dampens inflammasome activation and inflammatory mediators storm induced by Bitis arietans venom

The complement system plays a crucial role in various pathophysiological conditions, including snake envenomation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Bitis arietans venom on the complement system using an ex vivo human whole blood model. Our findings demonstrate that B. arietans venom was able to activate the complement system, leading to a significant increase in the production of anaphylatoxins (C3a/C3a-desArg, C5a/C5a-desArg) and the soluble Terminal Complement Complex (sTCC). Inhibition of the C3 component by Cp40, a C3-C3b inhibitor, resulted in the reduction of C3a/C3a-desArg, C5a/C5a-desArg, and sTCC levels to baseline in venom-stimulated samples. Furthermore, treatment with Cp40 promoted a substantial decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/CCL2, and MIG/CXCL9. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms, we utilized the THP-1 cell line differentiated into M0 macrophages. Incubation of these macrophages with human plasma, from the human whole blood treated with B. arietans venom, resulted in the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of IL-8 and IL-1β. Importantly, Cp40 was able to diminish the production of these cytokines, as well as the levels of ASC and caspase-1 proteins. In conclusion, our results indicate that the inhibition of the complement by Cp40 at C3/C3b level can modulate the inflammatory response and inflammasome activation induced by B. arietans venom. These findings suggest that complement inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach for managing the inflammatory complications associated with this snake envenomation.

Fabry Disease and Inflammation: Potential Role of p65 iso5, an Isoform of the NF-κB Complex

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease, caused by mutations in the GLA gene on the X chromosome, resulting in a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-GAL. This leads to the progressive accumulation of Gb3 in cells, causing multi-systemic effects. FD has been classified as a subgroup of autoinflammatory diseases. NF-κB is a family of ubiquitous and inducible transcription factors that play critical roles in inflammation, in which the p65/p50 heterodimer is the most abundant. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) represents the physiological antagonists in the inflammation process. A novel spliced variant of p65, named p65 iso5, which can bind the dexamethasone, enhancing GR activity, has been found. This study investigates the potential role of p65 iso5 in the inflammation of subjects with FD. We evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), from over 100 FD patients, the p65 iso5 mRNA level, and the protein expression. The results showed significantly lower p65 iso5 mRNA and protein expression levels compared to controls. These findings, along with the ability of p65 iso5 to bind dexamethasone and the regulation of the glucocorticoid response in the opposite way of p65, strongly suggest the involvement of p65 iso5 in the inflammatory response in FD.

Downstream Link of Vitamin D Pathway with Inflammation Irrespective of Plasma 25OHD3: Hints from Vitamin D-Binding Protein (DBP) and Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms

Background: Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. At the same time, chronic inflammation is a versatile pathophysiological feature and a common correlate of various disorders, including vitamin D deficiency. Methods: We investigated the possible association of inflammation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) levels and its down-stream pathway by exploring vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in healthy non-elderly Bahraini adults. Plasma levels of 25OHD3 were measured by chemiluminescence, and six SNPs, four in the GC gene (rs2282679AC, rs4588CA, rs7041GT, and rs2298849TC) and two in the VDR gene (rs731236TC and rs12721377AG) were genotyped by real-time PCR. The concentrations of five inflammatory biomarkers, IL6, IL8, procalcitonin (PCT), TREM1, and uPAR, were measured by ELISA. Results: The results showed no association between the 25OHD3 level and any of the inflammatory markers' levels. However, three tested SNPs were significantly associated with the concentrations of tested biomarkers except for IL6. The TT mutant genotype of rs2298849TC was associated with lower levels of IL8 and higher levels of PCT and TREM1, the AA mutant genotype of rs2282679AC was associated with decreased levels of IL8 (p ≤ 0.001) and increased levels of TREM1 (p = 0.005), and the GG wild genotype of rs12721377AG was associated with increased levels of 25OHD3 (p = 0.026). Conclusions: Although chronic inflammation is not associated with the vitamin D system in the blood, it is downstream, as revealed by DBP and VDR genotyping. Alternatively, DBP and VDR pursue other functions beyond the vitamin D pathway.

Recent Issues in the Development and Application of Targeted Therapies with Respect to Individual Animal Variability

This literature review explores the impact of molecular, genetic, and environmental factors on the efficacy of targeted therapies in veterinary medicine. Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect using keywords such as "species-specific treatment strategies", "signalling pathways", "epigenetic and paragenetic influences", "targeted therapies", "veterinary medicine", "genetic variation", and "free radicals and oxidative stress". Inclusion criteria included studies focusing on species-specific therapeutic responses, genetic influences, and oxidative stress. To ensure that only the most recent and relevant evidence was included, only peer-reviewed publications from the last two decades were considered. Each study selected for analysis was critically appraised, with a particular emphasis on methodological quality, experimental design, and scientific contribution to the understanding of how environmental and biological factors influence therapeutic outcomes. A special emphasis was placed on studies that used a comparative, cross-species approach to assess variability in therapeutic responses and potential adverse effects. The review synthesises evidence on the role of epigenetic and paragenetic factors and highlights the importance of cross-species studies to understand how environmental and biological factors influence treatment outcomes. By highlighting genetic variation, oxidative stress, and individual species differences, the review argues for personalised and species-specific therapeutic approaches. The review emphasises that such an approach would improve veterinary care and inform future research aimed at optimising targeted therapies, ultimately leading to better animal health and treatment efficacy. A key contribution of the review is its emphasis on the need for more personalised treatment protocols that take into account individual genetic profiles and environmental factors; it also calls for a greater integration of cross-species studies.

Selenium Mitigates Caerulein and LPS-induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Inhibiting MAPK, NF-κB, and STAT3 Signaling via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) leads to systemic inflammation, resulting in multiorgan damage. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome develop in one-third of SAP patients, with a high mortality rate of 60% due to secondary complications. Patients with pancreatitis often have selenium deficiency, and selenium supplements may provide beneficial effects. This study examined the protective role of selenium in a model of SAP induced by caerulein + lipopolysaccharide (cae + LPS). Mice were administered selenium (1 mg/kg) before being challenged with caerulein (6 injections of 50 μg/kg) and LPS (10 mg/kg). At 3 h after the last caerulein injection, blood was collected for estimating pancreatic enzymes and cytokine levels, and the mice were euthanized. We performed morphological and histological studies, measured levels of protease and oxidative stress markers and conducted western blot, ELISA, and RT-qPCR analyses. We examined lung tissue histologically and estimated myeloperoxidase levels. Selenium pretreatment significantly reduced pancreatic enzyme levels such as amylase, lipase, and proteases (specifically MMPs) and reversed tissue injury in the pancreas and lungs caused by cae + LPS. In addition, selenium-treated mice showed decreased levels of inflammatory markers and chemokines. Examination of the downstream inflammatory pathways confirmed the protective effect of selenium, which mediates its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action by inhibiting the major inflammatory signaling pathways (MAPKs, NF-κB, and STAT3) and activating the phosphorylation of Nrf2 via Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. These findings suggest that selenium may be a potential therapeutic option for treating SAP-associated secondary complications.

Copper-Based Nanozymes: Potential Therapies for Infectious Wounds

Bacterial infections are a significant obstacle to the healing of acute and chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers and burn injuries. Traditional antibiotics are the primary treatment for bacterial infections, but they present issues such as antibiotic resistance, limited efficacy, and potential side effects. This challenge leads to the exploration of nanozymes as alternative therapeutic agents. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities. Owing to their low production costs, high stability, scalability, and multifunctionality, nanozymes have emerged as a prominent focus in antimicrobial research. Among various types of nanozymes, metal-based nanozymes offer several benefits, including broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and robust catalytic properties. Specifically, copper-based nanozymes (CuNZs) have shown considerable potential in promoting wound healing. They exhibit strong antimicrobial effects, reduce inflammation, and enhance tissue regeneration, making them highly advantageous for use in wound care. This review describes the dual functions of CuNZs in combating infection and facilitating wound repair. Recent advancements in the design and synthesis of CuNZs, evaluating their antimicrobial efficacy, healing promotion, and biosafety both in vitro and in vivo on the basis of their core components, are critically important.

Chemically modified chitosan as a functional biomaterial for drug delivery system

Chitosan is a natural polymer that can degrade in the environment and support green chemistry. It displays superior biocompatibility, easy access, and easy modification due to the reactive amino groups to transform or improve the physical and chemical properties. Chitosan can be chemically modified to enhance its properties, such as water solubility and biological activity. Modified chitosan is the most effective functional biomaterial that can be used to deliver the drugs to the targeted site. With diverse and versatile characteristics, it can be fabricated into various drug delivery systems such as membranes, beads, fibers, microparticles, composites, and scaffolds, for different drug delivery methods. Integrating nanotechnology with modified chitosan enhanced the delivery attributes of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, protein/peptides, and nucleic acids for intended use toward desired therapeutic outcomes. The review brings out an overview of the research regarding drug delivery systems utilizing modifying chitosan detailing the properties, functionality, and applications.

S100A9 induces tissue remodeling of human nasal epithelium in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp

BACKGROUND

Chronic inflammation triggers tissue remodeling in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. S100A9, a protein secreted by inflammatory cells, exhibits potent proinflammatory activity. However, its effect on HNE cell remodeling, such as squamous metaplasia, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects and underlying pathways of S100A9 on HNE cell remodeling and investigate its clinical implications in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

METHODS

Cultured HNE cells were treated with S100A9. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed to analyze gene ontology (GO). Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were also analyzed. Additionally, immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence were performed on tissue samples obtained from 60 patients, whose clinical informations were also reviewed.

RESULTS

GO enrichment analysis indicated that S100A9 induced tissue remodeling in HNE cells toward squamous metaplasia. IPA and KEGG commonly showed that S100A9 affected HNE cells associated with the IL-17 signaling pathway, including target molecules such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and small proline-rich protein 2A (SPRR2A). Squamous metaplasia with a marked expression of S100A9 was observed in 50% of CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs). In addition, in multiplex immunofluorescence, the S100A9 in sub-epithelium was co-expressed with myeloperoxidase, a neutrophil marker, and MMP1 and SPRR2A were strongly expressed in epithelial remodeling. Clinically, the expression of S100A9 correlated with sino-nasal outcome test-22 (r = 0.294, p = 0.022) and Lund-Mackay scores (r = 0.348, p = 0.006).

CONCLUSION

S100A9 induces tissue remodeling in HNE cells. Its increased expression in CRSwNP, particularly squamous epithelium, correlates with disease severity. This suggests the clinical potential of S100A9 as a biomarker for CRS severity.

Reprogramming Macrophage Phenotypes With Photobiomodulation for Improved Inflammation Control in ENT Organ Tissues

Photobiomodulation (PBM), a noninvasive phototherapy that utilizes wavelengths between red and near-infrared light, has emerged as a promising approach for controlling inflammation by modulating macrophage polarization. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of PBM in treating ENT-specific inflammatory conditions, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and otitis media, focusing on its effects on macrophage phenotypes and evidence from preclinical studies. By promoting mitochondrial activity, increasing adenosine triphosphate production, and modulating reactive oxygen species, PBM has been shown to shift macrophages from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Studies have demonstrated that PBM enhances tissue repair, reduces inflammatory markers, and promotes wound healing. Moreover, PBM facilitates the polarization of M2 macrophages, a crucial factor in resolving mucosal inflammation in the nasal, pharyngeal, and middle ear cavities, as well as restoring tissue homeostasis. The anti-inflammatory effects of PBM are attributed to its ability to influence several molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation regulation, particularly in ENT organ tissues, where recurrent inflammation can lead to chronic conditions such as otitis media or sinusitis. Furthermore, this review compares PBM to competing methods for reprogramming macrophages and treating inflammation, highlighting its advantages of minimal toxicity, simplicity, and precision in controlling ENT immune responses.

CCR2 signaling regulates anti-chlamydia T cell immune responses in the airway

CCR2, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, is widely expressed on monocytes, macrophages, activated T cells, and other cell types, and plays a critical role in coordinating the immune response to various infections. Here we demonstrate that CCR2 expression is significantly elevated during Chlamydia muridarum (C. muridarum) respiratory infection, and its absence leads to exacerbated susceptibility, as evidenced by significant weight loss, higher bacterial loads, severe lung pathology, and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (il-1β, tnfα, and il-6). The absence of ccr2 impairs both myeloid cell infiltration and T cell responses, which are crucial for effective immune defense. Specifically, ccr2 deficiency disrupts the differentiation and response of Th1 cells, which are the primary effector lineage responsible for clearing chlamydia through secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). As a result, there is a significant decrease in CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells in the lung and spleen, accompanied by reduced levels of IFN-γ protein and mRNA, as well as downregulated mRNA expression of Th1-promoting cytokines (il-12p35, il-12p40) and transcription factors (stat4, T-bet), which play crucial roles in Th1 differentiation. Moreover, ccr2 deficiency greatly diminishes STAT1 phosphorylation, a key regulator of IFN-γ secretion by Th1 cells. Meanwhile, we also observed a significant reduction in IFN-γ secretion by CD8+ T cells following ccr2 deficiency. Conversely, ccr2-/- mice exhibit an exaggerated Th2-type immune response, with elevated levels of Th2-promoting cytokines (IL-4), transcription factors (STAT6 and gata3), and il-5, which together lead to more severe lung tissue damage and increased susceptibility to infection. Furthermore, these mice show higher levels of IL-17 along with an enhanced Th17-type immune response, characterized by increased Th17-promoting cytokines TGFB, transcription factors stat3 and RORγt, and il-21, suggesting a compensatory mechanism that drives neutrophil infiltration to exacerbate lung inflammation. These findings underscore the pivotal role of CCR2, a chemokine receptor, in orchestrating the immune response to Chlamydia infection by facilitating Th1 cells differentiation while restraining Th2-type and Th17-type immune responses, thereby alleviating pulmonary inflammation.

Heart failure and microvascular dysfunction: an in-depth review of mechanisms, diagnostic strategies, and innovative therapies

Microvascular dysfunction (MVD) is increasingly recognized as a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF), particularly in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) significantly impacts HFpEF by reducing coronary flow reserve and myocardial perfusion reserve, leading to adverse outcomes such as myocardial ischemia, diastolic dysfunction, and increased risk of major cardiovascular events, including atrial fibrillation. In HFrEF, microvascular impairment is linked to heightened oxidative stress, reduced nitric oxide production, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, further driving disease progression and contributing to poor prognosis. Advancements in diagnostic techniques, such as positron emission tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and biomarker analysis, improve our ability to assess CMD in heart failure patients, enabling earlier diagnosis and risk stratification. Emerging therapies, including sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, and endothelial-targeted interventions, enhance microvascular function and improve patient outcomes. The role of personalized medicine is becoming increasingly important, as individualized therapeutic approaches tailored to patient-specific microvascular abnormalities are essential for optimizing treatment effectiveness. This review underscores the pivotal role of MVD in HF. It highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies and diagnostic tools to address this complex condition and improve clinical outcomes for HF patients.

Anti-inflammatory effects of rutin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated canine macrophage cells

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Inflammatory responses are key pathological factors in various canine diseases, making the control of inflammatory responses vital for canine health. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on DH82 cells, a type of canine macrophage, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses.

MATERIALS/METHODS

The inflammatory in vitro experimental model was established by stimulating canine macrophage DH82 cells with LPS. To evaluate the inflammation-preventative effects of rutin, analyses were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Rutin inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the protein and gene levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1) levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, rutin suppressed the LPS-induced activation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in DH82 cells.

CONCLUSION

Rutin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase-NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DH82 cells.

Biological functions and affected signaling pathways by Long Non-Coding RNAs in the immune system

Recently, the various regulative functions of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been well determined. Recently, the vital role of LncRNAs as gene regulators has been identified in the immune system, especially in the inflammatory response. All cells of the immune system are governed by a complex and ever-changing gene expression program that is regulated through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. LncRNAs regulate gene expression within the cell nucleus by influencing transcription or through post-transcriptional processes that affect the splicing, stability, or translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Recent studies in immunology have revealed substantial alterations in the expression of lncRNAs during the activation of the innate immune system as well as the development, differentiation, and activation of T cells. These lncRNAs regulate key aspects of immune function, including the manufacturing of inflammatory molecules, cellular distinction, and cell movement. They do this by modulating protein-protein interactions or through base pairing with RNA and DNA. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanism of action of lncRNAs as novel immune-related regulators and their impact on physiological and pathological processes related to the immune system, including autoimmune diseases. We also highlight the emerging pattern of gene expression control in important research areas at the intersection between immunology and lncRNA biology.

Development and characterization of pH-sensitive zerumbone-encapsulated liposomes for lung fibrosis via inhalation route

Zerumbone (ZER), a compound derived from the rhizome of Zingiber Zerumbet (L.) Smith, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties but suffers from poor water solubility, limiting its clinical application. While ZER's effects on lung inflammation are known, its role in lung fibrosis remains unexplored. Herein, ZER was encapsulated in pH-sensitive liposomes formulated with oleic acid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol to enhance ZER solubility and delivery to the acidic environment of lung fibrosis. The liposomes were optimized using Box-Behnken design, resulting in an average diameter of 87.8 ± 3.5 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.16 ± 0.2, and a zeta potential of -24 ± 0.32 mV. ZER release from the carrier followed zero-order kinetics and showed higher release in acidic settings. Cascade impactor and HPLC analyses confirmed that ZER liposome powder produced by freeze-drying reached stage 7, indicating effective delivery to deep lung regions. The uptake of ZER liposomes was concentration and pH-dependent, being higher in acidic conditions and greater in MRC-5 cells compared to A549 cells. Notably, ZER liposomes reduced cell migration and downregulated fibrotic markers such as fibronectin, MMP-2, and α-SMA in MRC-5 and A549 cells. This study suggests that ZER liposomes hold promise for treating lung fibrosis and merit further investigation.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Ferulic Acid and Quinic Acid on Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by oxidative stress and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ferulic acid and quinic acid, two phenolic compounds, are thought to have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of ferulic acid and quinic acid in rats with acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis. To this end, 64 Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups, each consisting of eight rats. AA was administered intrarectally to induce ulcerative colitis. Ferulic acid (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg), quinic acid (10, 30, 60, and 100 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) were received daily for five consecutive days. Then, the macroscopic and histopathological changes in the colon tissue were examined. Finally, the tissue levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) mRNA expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were measured using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, respectively. AA-induced ulcerative colitis in rats was associated with edema and severe damage to the epithelium, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the presence of ulcers in the colon tissue. The results showed that rats who were administered AA showed a decrease in the expression of HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 and increased protein levels of TNF-α and IL-1β than the control group. Rats were administered ferulic acid, quinic acid and, dexamethasone significantly improved histopathological indices. The expression of HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 were upregulated by 60 mg/kg of ferulic acid, 60 and100 mg/kg of quinic acid and, 2 mg/kg of dexamethasone treatment compared to the ulcerative colitis group. The protein levels of TNF-α and IL-1β dose-dependently decreased by ferulic acid and quinic acid treatment compared to the ulcerative colitis group. Ferulic acid and quinic acid effectively reduce inflammation and mucosal damage in rats with ulcerative colitis, especially when administered in high doses. The possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory response by ferulic acid and quinic acid may involve the activating of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Kaempferol: Unveiling its anti-inflammatory properties for therapeutic innovation

Inflammation, driven by various stimuli such as pathogens, cellular damage, or vascular injury, plays a central role in numerous acute and chronic conditions. Current treatments are being re-evaluated, prompting interest in naturally occurring compounds like kaempferol, a flavonoid prevalent in fruits and vegetables, for their anti-inflammatory properties. This study explores the therapeutic potential of kaempferol, focusing on its ability to modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and its broader effects on inflammatory signaling pathways. Comprehensive reviews of in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Kaempferol effectively inhibits the production of key inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and enzymes such as COX-2 and iNOS, while also targeting oxidative stress pathways like Nrf2 activation. The compound demonstrated protective effects in various inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune conditions, by modulating pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and STAT. Despite its promise, kaempferol's clinical application faces challenges related to its bioavailability and stability, underscoring the need for advanced formulation strategies. These findings position kaempferol as a promising candidate for anti-inflammatory therapy, with the potential to improve patient outcomes across a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Further clinical studies are required to validate its efficacy, optimize dosage, and address pharmacokinetic limitations.

Associations between neonicotinoids and inflammation in US adults using hematological indices: NHANES 2015-2016

Background

Toxicological studies suggest neonicotinoids increase oxidative stress and inflammation, but few epidemiological studies have explored these effects.

Methods

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 data were used to estimate associations between neonicotinoid exposure and inflammatory markers, including the C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte count ratio (CLR), monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (dNLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) using linear and multinomial logistic regression models. Sex was evaluated as a potential modifier.

Results

Detection of any parent neonicotinoid (β = -0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.98, -0.26) and imidacloprid (β = -0.48, 95% CI = -0.87, -0.10) was associated with decreased CLR. Clothianidin was linked to reduced MLR (β = -0.04, 95% CI = -0.07, -0.02), but increased lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (β = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.77). Higher dNLR (β = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.26, 1.43) was noted with detection of any neonicotinoid metabolite. Moderately high PLR was observed with detection of any neonicotinoid metabolite (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.27, 2.09) or 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid (RRR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.40, 3.41). Sex-modified analyses showed positive associations in males and inverse associations in females for MHR (P int = 0.099, clothianidin), PLR (P int = 0.026, clothianidin), and SII (P int = 0.056, any parent neonicotinoid; P int = 0.002, clothianidin), while the opposite pattern was noted with CLR (P int = 0.073, any parent neonicotinoid) and NLR (P int = 0.084, clothianidin).

Conclusion

Neonicotinoids may be associated with inflammatory changes, with potential sexual dimorphism. Further studies are required to explore these findings.

Effects of D3K2 With Periodontal Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus and Stage I-II Periodontitis Patients

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to look into the clinical and biochemical outcomes of D3K2 supplementation in addition to nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) for patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis.

METHODS

Thirty-eight participants with DM and periodontitis were randomized into two different groups. The test group provided NSPT with D3K2 whereas the control group received NSPT with placebo. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded and serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were sampled at baseline and at the third and the sixth months after treatment. Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 25(OH)D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) values were determined in blood samples. GCF and serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

All clinical periodontal parameters were importantly decreased at the third and sixth months after treatment compared to baseline in both groups. At the sixth month, 25(OH)D3 levels in the test group were observed to be statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.02). Serum IL-1β showed a statistically significant decrease at the sixth month compared to baseline and the third month in control group.

CONCLUSION

According to this study, there is limited additional benefit of D3K2 given with NSPT in individuals with DM and periodontitis.

Potent phytoceuticals cocktail exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity on LPS-triggered RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro

Chronic inflammatory conditions, which include respiratory diseases and other ailments, are characterized by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress, and represent a significant health burden, often inadequately managed by current therapies which include conventional inhaled bronchodilators and oral or inhaled corticosteroids in the case of respiratory disorders. The present study explores the potential of Vedicinals®9 Advanced, a polyherbal formulation, to mitigate LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. The cells were pre-treated with Vedicinals®9 Advanced, followed by exposure to LPS to induce an inflammatory response. Key experimental outcomes were assessed, including nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related genes and proteins. Vedicinals®9 Advanced significantly reduced LPS-induced NO and ROS production, indicating strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Additionally, the formulation downregulated the LPS-upregulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and CXCL1, and oxidative stress markers, including GSTP1 and NQO1. Furthermore, Vedicinals®9 Advanced downregulated the LPS-induced protein expression of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL6, the LPS co-receptor, CD14, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines G-CSF and IL-1β. These findings highlight the potential of Vedicinals®9 Advanced as a therapeutic option for managing CRDs and other inflammatory conditions. The formulation's ability to simultaneously target inflammation and oxidative stress suggests it may offer advantages over existing treatments, with potential for broader application in inflammatory diseases.

Repositioning anthelmintics for the treatment of inflammatory-based pathological conditions

Acute, uncontrolled and/or long-lasting inflammation causes a breakdown in immunological tolerance, leading to chronicity and contributing to a series of significant local or systemic tissue changes. Anti-inflammatory efficacy, fewer adverse effects, improved selectivity, and curative action are imminent issues for patients suffering from chronic inflammation-related pathologies. Then, we performed a complete and critical review about anthelmintics, discussing the main classes and the available preclinical evidence on repurposing to treat inflammation-based conditions. Despite low bioavailability, many benzimidazoles (albendazole and mebendazole), salicylanilides (niclosamide), macrocyclic lactones (avermectins), pyrazinoisoquinolones (praziquantel), thiazolides (nitazoxanide), piperazine derivatives, and imidazothiazoles (levamisole) indicate that repositioning is a promising strategy. They may represent a lower cost and time-saving course to expand anti-inflammatory options. Although mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated and well-delineated, in general, anthelmintics disrupt mitogen-activated protein kinases, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-γ), the migration and infiltration of leukocytes, and decrease COX-2 expression, which impacts negatively on the release of prostanoids and leukotrienes. Moreover, some of them reduce nuclear accumulation of NF-κB (niclosamide, albendazole, and ivermectin), levels of nitric oxide (nitazoxanide and albendazole), and mucus, cytokines, and bronchoconstriction in experimental inflammatory pulmonary diseases (ivermectin and niclosamide). Considering the linking between cytokines, bradykinin, histamine, and nociceptors with algesia, anthelmintics also stand out for treating inflammatory pain disorders (ivermectin, niclosamide, nitazoxanide, mebendazole, levamisole), including for cancer-related pain status. There are obstacles, including the low bioavailability and the first-pass metabolism.

A Panel of Diverse Inflammatory Biomarkers Is Not Associated with BMI-Calibrated Obesity nor with Dyslipidemia or Dysglycemia in Clinically Healthy Adults Aged 20 to 40 Years

OBJECTIVES

Low-grade metabolic inflammation is associated with several chronic metabolic disorders, including obesity. However, no concrete evidence that supports obesity as a direct cause of chronic inflammation. This study aims to identify the association of inflammation with obesity in apparently healthy adults.

METHODS

In this study, 162 seemingly healthy volunteers, aged between 20 and 40 years, of comparable sex ratio, were recruited and categorized based on their body mass index (BMI) into four obesity scales: normal (N), overweight (OW), obese (OB), and severely obese (SOB). After clinical examination, fasting blood samples were collected from the study subjects for glycemic (fasting blood glucose-FBG, and HbA1c) and lipid (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triacyl glycerides -TAG) profile analysis. In addition, plasma levels of a panel of diverse inflammatory biomarkers, IL6, IL8, procalcitonin (PCT), TREM1, and uPAR were analyzed by sandwich ELISA.

RESULTS

The results showed that LDLC, TAG, FBG, and HbA1c were significantly higher in the obese (OB and SOB) group, compared to the non-obese (N and OW) group, while HDLc was significantly lower. The biomarker levels were not correlated with age or significantly differed between males and females. Importantly, levels of all assessed inflammatory biomarkers were comparable between the obesity classes. Moreover, the assessed biomarkers in subjects with dyslipidemia or dysglycemia were comparable to those with normal profiles. Finally, the biomarker levels were not correlated with the obesity, glycemic, or lipidemic parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

After correction for age and co-morbidities, our results deny the association of discrete obesity, probably dyslipidemia, and dysglycemia with systemic chronic inflammation. Further studies of local and systemic inflammation in non-elderly, healthy obese subjects are needed.

Chemical diversity of the herbal decoction of Plectranthus ornatus and its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in zebrafish models

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Plectranthus ornatus is a medicinal plant originally from Africa but adapted to Brazil's climate conditions. It is recognized for its therapeutic properties, particularly for treating liver and stomach diseases, gastritis control, heartburn, and hangover. Therefore, studies on its chemical composition and pharmacological evaluation are important for the safe use of the plant.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of leaf decoction of P. ornatus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The lyophilized herbal decoction from P. ornatus leaves was extracted with MeOH (methodology A), and CHCl3 and n-BuOH (methodology B). The compounds were isolated using chromatographic techniques. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR, IR, and HRESIMS) and comparison with published data. The lyophilized herbal decoctions DPO A (decoction from methodology A) and DPO B (methodology B), and compounds 8, 9, 15, and 16 (4, 20, and 40 mg/kg) were evaluated for their toxicity, anti-nociceptive, and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) models.

RESULTS

The present study focused on the CHCl3 and MeOH soluble fractions from the lyophilized leaf decoction leading to the isolation of five new diterpenes (1, 4-7) and two new glucuronide flavonoid derivatives (2 and 3). In addition, four diterpenes (14-17), two glucuronide flavonoid derivatives (10 and 11), three phenolics (8, 12, and 13), and one disaccharide (9) previously reported were also isolated. In zebrafish essays, all samples showed no toxicity and exhibited an anti-nociceptive effect in at least one of the tested doses: 9, 15, 16, and DPO B (4 mg/kg), 8 (20 mg/kg), and DPO A (40 mg/kg). Moreover, the compounds 15 (4, 20, and 40 mg/kg) and 16 (4, 20, and 40 mg/kg) exhibited anti-inflammatory effects.

CONCLUSION

The lyophilized decoctions (DPO A and DPO B) including the compounds 8, 9, 15, and 16 exhibited significant anti-nociceptive effects in adult zebrafish and showed no toxicity. Since pain can be a symptom of liver, stomach, and gastrointestinal disorders, and all the samples proved to be non-toxic, the herbal decoction of P. ornatus leaf could be considered a potential therapeutic option in pain management, supporting the ethnopharmacological use of the plant.

Bioguided isolation of anti-inflammatory and anti-urolithiatic active compounds from the decoction of Cissus gongylodes leaves

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Cissus gongylodes has traditionally been used in the diet of indigenous people in Brazil and in traditional medicine for kidney stone removal and inflammatory diseases. The active compounds responsible for these pharmacological activities are unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to isolate, for the first time, the compounds in the decoction of C. gongylodes leaves responsible for their anti-inflammatory and anti-urolithiatic ethnopharmacological properties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The most active fractions of the C. gongylodes leaf decoction were fractionated using SPE-C18 and the compounds were purified through HPLC-UV-DAD. The decoction fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-urolithiatic activities. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using an ex vivo assay in human blood induced by LPS and calcium ionophore, measuring inflammatory mediators, PGE2 and LTB4. The anti-urolithiatic activity was evaluated using an in vitro experimental model with human urine to determine the dissolution of the most recurrent calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Additionally, the decoction was chemically characterized through metabolomic analysis using UHPLC-ESI-HRMS.

RESULTS

The isolated compounds from the decoction of C. gongylodes, including rutin, eriodictyol 3'-O-glycoside, and isoquercetin, have demonstrated significant multi-target actions. These components act as anti-inflammatory agents by inhibiting the release of main inflammatory mediators, PGE2 and LTB4. Additionally, they exhibit anti-urolithiatic properties, promoting the dissolution of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Furthermore, the characterization of the decoction by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS revealed a high content of flavonoids, mainly glycosylated flavonoids.

CONCLUSIONS

The results support the traditional use of C. gongylodes decoction, identifying the compounds responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-urolithiatic effects. The decoction fractions and isolated compounds exhibited dual anti-inflammatory activity, effectively inhibiting key inflammatory pathways and potentially presenting fewer adverse effects while also promoting the dissolution of CaOx crystals associated with urolithiasis. The multi-target action displayed by C. gongylodes is particularly desirable in the treatment of urolithiasis, as inflammation and PGE2 production precede and contribute to the formation of CaOx crystals in the kidneys. Based on these actions, C. gongylodes emerges as a potent source of active compounds for the development of new treatments for urolithiasis.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis with 472,819 individuals identifies 32 novel risk loci for psoriasis

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a common chronic, recurrent, immune-mediated disease involved in the skin or joints or both. However, deeper insight into the genetic susceptibility of psoriasis is still unclear.

METHODS

Here we performed the largest multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association study including 28,869 psoriasis cases and 443,950 healthy controls.

RESULTS

We identified 74 genome-wide significant loci for psoriasis. Of 74 loci, 32 were novel psoriasis risk loci. Across 74 loci, 801 likely causal genes are indicated and 164 causal genes are prioritized. SNP-based heritability analyses demonstrated that common variants explain 15% of genetic risk for psoriasis. Gene-set analyses and the genetic correlation revealed that psoriasis-related genes have the positive correlations with autoimmune diseases such as ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and Crohn's disease. Gene-drug interaction analysis suggested that psoriasis-associated genes overlapped with targets of current medications for psoriasis. Finally, we used the multi-ancestry meta-analysis to explore drug repurposing and the potential targets for psoriasis.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified 74 genome-wide significant loci for psoriasis. Based on 74 loci, we provided new biological insights to the etiology of psoriasis. Of clinical interest, we gave some hints for 76 potential targets and drug repurposing for psoriasis.

Elucidation of the mechanism of the Yinhua Miyanling Tablet against urinary tract infection based on a combined strategy of network pharmacology, multi-omics and molecular biology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yinhua Miyanling Tablet (YMT), a traditional Chinese medicine consisting of 10 herbs, has been widely used clinically to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), however, its therapeutic mechanism is not fully understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the mechanism of YMT in treating UTIs through network pharmacology, multi-omics and experimental validation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinically, blood and urine samples from YMT-treated UTI patients were collected for transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Computationally, compounds that are related to YMT were obtained from the databases, relevant targets were identified, and UTI-related targets were analyzed to determine the core signaling pathways. Subsequently, an integrated approach combining multi-omics and network pharmacology assisted in identifying the key pathways underlying therapeutic effects of YMT on UTI. Finally, a mouse model of UTI was established using uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and the therapeutic mechanism of YMT on UTI was validated by ELISA, qRT-PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

After taking YMT, patients showed reduced levels of urinary bacteria, white blood cells, and serum inflammatory factors (CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α). Multi-omics analysis combined with network pharmacology demonstrated that YMT significantly inhibited the TLR/MAPK/NFκB signaling pathway. In vivo experiments confirmed that YMT attenuated UPEC-induced pathological changes in bladder structural, reduced the expression of bladder proteins (TLR4, MyD88, p-p38 MAPK and p-p65 NFκB), increased protein expression of IκB-α, and attenuated the release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in mice.

CONCLUSION

YMT is effective in treating UTI by down-regulating the TLR4/p38MAPK/p65NFκB pathway, thereby providing a scientific basis for its clinical application.

Mechanism of Jizhi syrup's prevention and treatment of acute bronchitis based on LPS-iNOS inflammatory mediators' signalling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Jizhi syrup (JZTJ) is composed of eight medicinal herbs, including Houttuynia cordata, Fagopyrum dibotrys, Ilex chinensis, Ephedra sinica, Aster tataricus, Peucedanum praeruptorum, Citrus aurantium and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It is mainly used for coughing caused by exogenous wind heat. Symptoms include fever, aversion to cold, chest and diaphragm tightness, cough and sore throat; and acute bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis with the above symptoms.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to preliminary analyse the chemical components in the liposoluble part of JZTJ, evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of JZTJ by using six animal and cell models and predict the target and mechanism of acute bronchitis prevention and treatment with JZTJ.

METHODS

The chemical components in the liposoluble fraction of JZTJ (extracted by cyclohexane) were quantitatively analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Classic non-specific inflammation models and acute bronchitis models were established to systematically evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of JZTJ. The anti-inflammatory intensity and characteristics of three doses of JZTJ were comprehensively compared on the basis of principal component analysis method at the cellular and overall animal levels. By using lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) as modelling factors, a RAW264.7 macrophage inflammatory response model and a rat acute bronchitis model were created to study the effect of JZTJ on the in-vitro and - vivo LPS-iNOS-inflammatory mediators' inflammatory signalling pathway to reveal the mechanism of acute bronchitis prevention and treatment by JZTJ at the levels of genes, proteins, and inflammatory mediators.

RESULTS

Seventeen alkane and ester compounds were preliminarily qualitatively identified from the lipid soluble fraction of JZTJ: dibutyl phthalate, tetradecane, ridecane, n-hexadecanoic acid, pentadecane, n-decanoic acid, 2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-(all-E)-; phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-; hexadecane. JZTJ has a significant inhibitory effect on acute non-specific inflammation, specifically inhibiting 'xylene-induced ear swelling in mice', 'acetic acid-induced increased permeability of abdominal capillaries in mice' and 'egg white-induced foot swelling in rats'. The above effects are most evident in high doses, followed by medium doses, whereas low doses have poorer or no effects. JZTJ can prevent and treat acute bronchitis induced by LPS in mice and rats, significantly improve the pathological changes in patchy interstitial and alveolar bleeding with excessive neutrophil infiltration and inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators by LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Its mechanism of action may be by downregulating the phosphorylation level of p-ERK1/2 protein, thereby inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA and IL-1β. The expression levels of genes, such as mRNA and IL-6 mRNA, thereby reducing iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β. The expression of proteins in the cytoplasm of lung and bronchial tissue cells reduced the release of downstream inflammatory mediators NO and IL-6.

CONCLUSION

Preliminary analysis of the chemical components in the lipid soluble fraction of JZTJ can lay the foundation for subsequent research on its effective components. Evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of JZTJ is helpful for further research on its mechanism of action. The anti-inflammatory effects are exerted by regulating the inflammatory signalling pathway of LPS-iNOS inflammatory mediators, providing a scientific basis for their clinical application.

Evaluation of the Effects of systemic Therapy on Inflammatory Markers and Disease Severity in Patients with Pemphigus

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, various inflammatory markers that can change in inflammatory states have been investigated. On the basis of these, we thought that inflammatory markers could also be used in the follow-up of pemphigus disease and monitoring its activity.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, our objective was to investigate changes in the inflammatory markers neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), C-reactive protein (CRP) erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which are inflammatory markers, before treatment and during follow-up, and the correlation of disease severity with these markers in patients with pemphigus receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and/or systemic immunosuppressant agents.

METHODS

Seventy-six pemphigus patients (69 had pemphigus vulgaris, 5 had pemphigus foliaceus, 2 had paraneoplastic pemphigus) who received IVIG and/or systemic immunosuppressant agents such as corticosteroids and azathioprine and used these treatments for at least 6 months were included. Changes in NLR, PLR, LMR, MPV, CRP and sedimentation values were examined in patients who received systemic treatment for at least 6 months, before the start of treatment and 3 and 6 months after the start of treatment.

RESULTS

Significant changes in inflammatory markers and correlation values were found in all patients.

CONCLUSIONS

We think that neutrophil, platelet, NLR and PLR values can be used to monitor the response to treatment in pemphigus, since they show a significant decrease with treatment and are significantly positively correlated with Pemphigus Disease Area Index, which indicates the severity of the disease. LMR values were indicators of a poor prognosis. We found that the duration of remission was longer in the group receiving IVIG. Although there was no difference between the treatments in terms of disease recovery, only IVIG prolonged the duration of remission.

Medical Nutrition Therapy and Physical Exercise for Acute and Chronic Hyperglycemic Patients with Sarcopenia

A wide range of factors contribute to the overlap of hyperglycemia-acute or chronic-and sarcopenia, as well as their associated adverse consequences, which can lead to impaired physical function, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality risk. These factors include malnutrition (both overnutrition and undernutrition) and low levels of physical activity. Hyperglycemia and sarcopenia are interconnected through a vicious cycle of events that mutually reinforce and worsen each other. To explore this association, our review compiles evidence on: (i) the impact of hyperglycemia on motor and muscle function, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying biochemical changes in the muscles of individuals with or at risk of diabetes and sarcopenia; (ii) the importance of the clinical assessment and control of sarcopenia under hyperglycemic conditions; and (iii) the potential benefits of medical nutrition therapy and increased physical activity as muscle-targeted treatments for this population. Based on the reviewed evidence, we conclude that a regular intake of key functional nutrients, together with structured and supervised resistance and/or aerobic physical activity, can help maintain euglycemia and improve muscle status in all patients with hyperglycemia and sarcopenia.

Phyto-Fingerprinting of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Leaf Extract and its In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Putranjiva roxburghii is an important medicinal plant utilized for remedy of female reproductive ailments. Its seed extract is being used as a uterine health booster due to the presence of several pharmaceutically important phytochemicals. However, the presence of phytochemicals in its leaf is still unexplored. The present study was designed to explore phytochemical finger printing and assessment of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of P. roxburghii (HALEPR). The qualitative, quantitative phytochemical of flavonoid, phenol and HRA-MS analysis of HALEPR carried out along with antioxidant and in vitro membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assay of anti-inflammatory activity were have been analyzed. Results of qualitative phytochemical screening of HALEPR denotes the existence of phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, steroids, saponins, tannins, anthroquinone and carbohydrates. The quantitative phytochemical of flavonoid and phenol was done which revealed the presents of total phenol and flavonoid. High resolution accurate-mass spectrometry (HRA-MS) study was also done for the identification of bioactive compounds from the HALEPR, which showed the presence of various phytochemicals such as luteolin 3'- (3″-acetylglucuronide), luteolin 4'-methyl ether 7-glucoside, quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, 8-hydroxyluteolin 4'-methyl ether 8-glucuronide, quercetin 3-xylosyl- (1- > 2) -rha mnosyl- (1- > 6) -glucoside, quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, myricetin 3- (3-6-diacetylglucosyl) - (1- > 4) - (2″,3″-diacetylrhamnoside), apigetrin, isorhamnetin, catechin 7,3'-Di-O-β-D glucopyranoside, luteolin 7-methylglucuronide, apigenin-8-C-α -l-arabinopyranoside, naringenin 7- O-β-D-glucoside 6″-acetate,ohobanin, shogaol, ginkgetin and amoritin. The HELPER is shown to have the presence of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as demonstrated by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl) and membrane lysis assays. Our findings reveal the presence of phytochemicals in HALEPR that have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The bioactivities were identified using chemical characterization like HRA/MS and biological assessments like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant assays. Future research may focus on isolating specific molecules, conducting in vivo tests, and creating HALEPR-based formulations for clinical application as anti-inflammatory drugs.

Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns regarding its potential impact on premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). This overview examines the possible interactions between COVID-19 and POI, while also suggesting preventive measures. The viral infection's inflammatory response and immune dysregulation may adversely affect ovarian tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. Additionally, alterations in vascular function could impair ovarian blood flow and hormonal imbalances may disrupt normal ovarian function. Long-term health effects, such as "long COVID," may exacerbate these issues through chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Public health measures, such as vaccination and home isolation, may indirectly protect ovarian health by reducing systemic inflammation. Vaccines could mitigate the severity of COVID-19's impact on ovarian function, while isolation may reduce stress and inflammation. However, further research is needed to validate these mechanisms.

Ziziphus jujube promotes fertility and pregnancy outcomes in Rat model of uterine adhesions

Introduction

The therapeutic efficacy of oral administration of Ziziphus jujube in the context of uterine adhesion (UA) and its impact on pregnancy outcomes was investigated.

Methods

In a rat UA model, Z. jujube was evaluated for its ability to mitigate injury-induced uterine adhesion bands, uterine shortening, and enhance endometrial regeneration. The assessment included analysis of gland numbers, uterine endometrial thickness, and regulation of inflammatory cytokines. The antioxidant properties of Z. jujube were also studied through antioxidant enzyme activity in uterine tissue homogenates. Fibrotic changes were examined through histological Trichrome staining and analysis of pro-fibrotic factors.

Results

Treatment with Z. jujube resulted in a significant reduction in uterine tissue fibrosis, as evidenced by histological evaluation and reduced expression of fibrotic markers. The intervention demonstrated positive outcomes in embryonic development, pregnancy rates, and pregnancy outcomes. Z. jujube effectively inhibited the formation of extra-uterine adhesion bands to internal organs. No toxicity-related morphological changes were observed in vital organs of the Z. Jujube-treated group.

Discussion

The results collectively indicate that Z. jujube is a safe and potent natural product with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, highlighting its potential as a novel candidate for clinical studies targeting UA in patients.

Unveiling the biological activities of Heliotropium indicum L. plant extracts: anti-inflammatory activities, GC-MS analysis, and in-silico molecular docking

Heliotropium indicum is well-known for its diverse medicinal properties, traditionally utilized to treat ailments such as diabetes, obesity, bacterial infections, inflammation, and diarrhea. This study aims to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract using in vitro methods and to assess its drug-likeness potential using docking, PASS and ADME. Fractionations of crude methanol extract (CME) were undertaken in n-hexane (NHF), chloroform (CHF), and ethyl acetate (EAF). GC-MS analysis was conducted using Agilent technologies. All fractions were evaluated for radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Molecular docking was performed with PyRx and Biovia Discovery Studio, followed by drug-likeness analysis using Swiss ADME. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50: 4.3 μg/ml), followed by chloroform (CHF, IC50: 12.95 μg/ml) and n-hexane fractions (NHF, IC50: 17.6 μg/ml). Catechin had an IC50 of 3.5 μg/ml. EAF and CHF also exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (51.69 μg/ml). EAF demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting heat-induced hemolysis (71.90%), hypotonicity-induced hemolysis (67.18%), and AAPH-induced hemolysis (72.52%) at 400 μg/ml. Six major phytoconstituents in EAF, identified by GC-MS, were docked with COX-2. ADME and drug-likeness evaluations using the Lipinski's "rule of five" confirmed all compounds had acceptable pharmacokinetic properties to fulfill the pharmaceutical formulations requirement. The study depicts the first and novel report of GC-MS compounds on in silico analysis. Both EAF and CHF exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity, indicating their potential as a source for developing new therapeutic agents for treating inflammation.

Identification of AKNA Gene and Its Role for Genetic Susceptibility in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

AKNA is identified as a gene that regulates inflammation, immune response, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), which plays an important role in the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer. In this study, we analyzed the genotype and allele distribution as well as 3D modeling of one of the AKNA rs10817595 (-1372 C>A). The distribution of genotypes and alleles was analyzed using the T-ARMS PCR method on 63 ovarian cancer samples and 65 controls. AKNA mRNA expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR on 35 low-grade and 28 high-grade samples. Fifteen low-grade and 12 high-grade samples were analyzed for AKNA protein levels using immunohistochemistry. A 3D model of protein structure was constructed using AlphaFold. Significant differences in AKNA protein levels were found. However, no significant correlation was found for relative AKNA mRNA expression with protein levels. This result is thought to be related to decreased immune system response, increased inflammation, and increased EMT in epithelial ovarian cancer. AKNA gene variant (-1372 C>A) can cause a decrease in mRNA and protein levels in the low-grade and high-grade groups, so it has the potential as a genetic susceptibility factor in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Sleep deprivation-induced shifts in gut microbiota: Implications for neurological disorders

Sleep deprivation is a prevalent issue in contemporary society, with significant ramifications for both physical and mental well-being. Emerging scientific evidence illuminates its intricate interplay with the gut-brain axis, a vital determinant of neurological function. Disruptions in sleep patterns disturb the delicate equilibrium of the gut microbiota, resulting in dysbiosis characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function. This dysbiosis contributes to the exacerbation of neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline through multifaceted mechanisms, including heightened neuroinflammation, disturbances in neurotransmitter signalling, and compromised integrity of the gut barrier. In response to these challenges, there is a burgeoning interest in therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring gut microbial balance and alleviating neurological symptoms precipitated by sleep deprivation. Probiotics, dietary modifications, and behavioural strategies represent promising avenues for modulating the gut microbiota and mitigating the adverse effects of sleep disturbances on neurological health. Moreover, the advent of personalized interventions guided by advanced omics technologies holds considerable potential for tailoring treatments to individualized needs and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Interdisciplinary collaboration and concerted research efforts are imperative for elucidating the underlying mechanisms linking sleep, gut microbiota, and neurological function. Longitudinal studies, translational research endeavours, and advancements in technology are pivotal for unravelling the complex interplay between these intricate systems.

Molecular profiling of neuronal extracellular vesicles reveals brain tissue specific signals

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by neurons (nEVs) provide an opportunity to measure biomarkers from the brain circulating in the periphery. No study yet has directly compared molecular cargo in brain tissue to nEVs found in circulation in humans. We compared the levels microRNAs and environmental chemicals because microRNAs are one of the most studied nEV cargoes and offer great potential as biomarkers and environmental chemical load in nEVs is understudied and could reveal levels of chemicals in the brain. To do so, we leveraged matched sets of brain tissue and serum, and isolated serum total EVs and serum nEVs. We also generated and compared metabolomic profiles in a different set of matched serum, serum total EVs, and serum nEVs since metabolite cargo in nEVs is also understudied but could offer potential biomarkers. Highly expressed brain tissue miRNAs showed stronger correlations with nEVs than serum or total EVs. We detected several environmental chemical pollutant classes in nEVs. The chemical pollutant concentrations in nEVs were more strongly correlated with brain tissue levels than those observed between brain tissue and serum or total EVs. We also detected several endogenous metabolite classes in nEVs. Compared to serum and total EVs, there was enrichment of metabolites with known signaling roles, such as bile acids, oleic acid, phosphatidylserine, and isoprenoids. We provide evidence that nEV cargo is closely correlated to brain tissue content, further supporting their utility as a brain liquid biopsy.

The Impact of Maternal Chronic Inflammatory Conditions on Breast Milk Composition: Possible Influence on Offspring Metabolic Programming

Breastfeeding is the best way to provide newborns with crucial nutrients and produce a unique bond between mother and child. Breast milk is rich in nutritious and non-nutritive bioactive components, such as immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, hormones, fatty acids, and other constituents. Maternal effects during gestation and lactation can alter these components, influencing offspring outcomes. Chronic inflammatory maternal conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, impact breast milk composition. Breast milk from obese mothers exhibits changes in fat content, cytokine levels, and hormonal concentrations, potentially affecting infant growth and health. Similarly, diabetes alters the composition of breast milk, impacting immune factors and metabolic markers. Other pro-inflammatory conditions, such as dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome, have been barely studied. Thus, maternal obesity, diabetes, and altered tension parameters have been described as modifying the composition of breast milk in its macronutrients and other important biomolecules, likely affecting the offspring's weight. This review emphasizes the impact of chronic inflammatory conditions on breast milk composition and its potential implications for offspring development through the revision of full-access original articles.

Synergistic attenuation of complete freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation in mice using shinbaro-pelubiprofen: a novel therapeutic complex

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is a critical protective response in the body, essential for combating infections and healing injuries. However, chronic inflammation can be harmful and significantly contribute to the development and progression of chronic diseases, with macrophage-mediated responses being central to these processes. This study presents "SBR-Pel," a new therapeutic blend of Shinbaro tab (SBR), a traditional herbal formula, and pelubiprofen (Pel), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and investigated their combined anti-inflammatory effects to create a treatment that both improves efficacy and reduces side effects.

METHODS

To this end, we performed both in vitro and in vivo analyses, utilizing a mouse model of inflammation. Viability and cytotoxicity assays, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, nociception assays, writhing tests, and blood biochemical analyses were performed.

RESULTS

In vitro, SBR-Pel synergistically reduced the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SBR-Pel also significantly attenuated paw edema in vivo in a Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation model in adult mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses showed that treatment with SBR-Pel reduced both the infiltration of CD68+ macrophages and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflamed tissues. Additionally, compared with individual treatment alone, SBR-Pel enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines CD206, TGF-β, and IL-10, indicating a synergistic effect. Our research demonstrates that SBR-Pel effectively diminishes inflammatory pain by reducing macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Additionally, while 1.5 mg/kg of Pel alone increases levels of liver and kidney toxicity markers, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine, combining it with SBR at a reduced dosage of 0.5 mg/kg maintains these markers at normal levels.

CONCLUSIONS

This combined effect highlights SBR-Pel's potential as an effective treatment for inflammatory diseases driven by heightened macrophage activity, while also minimizing side effects by reducing the Pel dosage.