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Agac A, Kolbe SM, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF. Host Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37896776 PMCID: PMC10611157 DOI: 10.3390/v15101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.); (S.M.K.); (M.L.); (A.D.M.E.O.); (R.M.)
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2
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Moin AT, Ullah MA, Patil RB, Faruqui NA, Araf Y, Das S, Uddin KMK, Hossain MS, Miah MF, Moni MA, Chowdhury DUS, Islam S. A computational approach to design a polyvalent vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9702. [PMID: 37322049 PMCID: PMC10272159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), responsible for infecting people from all age groups-a majority of which comprises infants and children. Primarily, severe RSV infections are accountable for multitudes of deaths worldwide, predominantly of children, every year. Despite several efforts to develop a vaccine against RSV as a potential countermeasure, there has been no approved or licensed vaccine available yet, to control the RSV infection effectively. Therefore, through the utilization of immunoinformatics tools, a computational approach was taken in this study, to design a multi-epitope polyvalent vaccine against two major antigenic subtypes of RSV, RSV-A and RSV-B. Potential predictions of the T-cell and B-cell epitopes were followed by extensive tests of antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, conservancy, homology to human proteome, transmembrane topology, and cytokine-inducing ability. The peptide vaccine was modeled, refined, and validated. Molecular docking analysis with specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) revealed excellent interactions with suitable global binding energies. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation ensured the stability of the docking interactions between the vaccine and TLRs. Mechanistic approaches to imitate and predict the potential immune response generated by the administration of vaccines were determined through immune simulations. Subsequent mass production of the vaccine peptide was evaluated; however, there remains a necessity for further in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate its efficacy against RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Tayab Moin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nairita Ahsan Faruqui
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Sowmen Das
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Khaza Md Kapil Uddin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Faruque Miah
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Bone Biology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dil Umme Salma Chowdhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Saiful Islam
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chattogram Laboratories, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
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Khodakhah F, Tahamtan A, Marzban M, Shadab A, Tavakoli-Yaraki M, Hashemi SM, Mokhatri-Azad T, Nakstad B, Salimi V. Hyperglycemia results in decreased immune cell infiltration and increased viral load in the lung in a mouse model of RSV infection. Cytokine 2021; 143:155539. [PMID: 33893002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a feared disease in vulnerable populations with impaired immune responses. There is currently no vaccine against RSV and young children along with elderly people are at increased risk of severe or sometimes life-threatening RSV infection. Hyperglycemia with immunomodulatory patterns can impact on infectious disease outcomes and immune system responses in diabetic patients. Even though research continues to uncover the complex mechanisms underlying RSV immunopathogenesis and diabetes mellitus disease separately, limited information is available about interaction between these two phenomena. Here, we evaluated the influence of hyperglycemia as the hallmark of diabetes mellitus disease on the pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of RSV in a mouse model. In this experiment, hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ), and after diabetes confirmation, mice were infected with RSV-A2, and the immune responses were followed for 5 days until the mice were sacrificed. Analyses on airway immune cell influx, T-Lymphocyte subtypes, cytokines secretion, lung histopathology, and viral load were conducted. Our results showed that hyperglycemia resulted in reduced lung immune cells infiltration totally and it was associated with decreased pathological damage of the lung. Following RSV infection in hyperglycemic mice, the ratio of CD4/CD8 T-Lymphocytes due to CD8+ depletion, increased. Furthermore, the level of IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines decreased, whereas IL-10 showed an upward trend and the viral load increased in hyperglycemic mice compared with normoglycemic mice. In conclusion, these findings indicate that hyperglycemia can ameliorate and downregulate RSV-induced inflammatory and antiviral responses, and result in increment of viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Khodakhah
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mona Marzban
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Shadab
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhatri-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Britt Nakstad
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 22F infection in respiratory syncytial virus infected neonatal lambs enhances morbidity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0235026. [PMID: 33705390 PMCID: PMC7951856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of viral bronchiolitis resulting in hospitalization and a frequent cause of secondary respiratory bacterial infection, especially by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) in infants. While murine studies have demonstrated enhanced morbidity during a viral/bacterial co-infection, human meta-studies have conflicting results. Moreover, little knowledge about the pathogenesis of emerging Spn serotype 22F, especially the co-pathologies between RSV and Spn, is known. Here, colostrum-deprived neonate lambs were divided into four groups. Two of the groups were nebulized with RSV M37, and the other two groups were mock nebulized. At day three post-RSV infection, one RSV group (RSV/Spn) and one mock-nebulized group (Spn only) were inoculated with Spn intratracheally. At day six post-RSV infection, bacterial/viral loads were assessed along with histopathology and correlated with clinical symptoms. Lambs dually infected with RSV/Spn trended with higher RSV titers, but lower Spn. Additionally, lung lesions were observed to be more frequent in the RSV/Spn group characterized by increased interalveolar wall thickness accompanied by neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration and higher myeloperoxidase. Despite lower Spn in lungs, co-infected lambs had more significant morbidity and histopathology, which correlated with a different cytokine response. Thus, enhanced disease severity during dual infection may be due to lesion development and altered immune responses rather than bacterial counts.
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He L, Yang L, Zhang H, Luo Q. Efficacy and safety of interferon on neonates with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:220. [PMID: 33193835 PMCID: PMC7646691 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality among neonates worldwide, and there are currently no specific clinical treatments for RSV infection. Interferons (IFNs) possess broad-spectrum antiviral properties, and the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IFN-α1b for the treatment of neonatal RSV pneumonia. Neonates with RSV pneumonia were divided into the treatment (126 neonates) and control (160 neonates) groups, the former of which were treated with IFN. Aside from IFN administration, both groups received the same routine treatments. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the two groups. All neonates in the two groups displayed symptoms such as a cough (93.0%), tachypnea (90.1%), perilabial cyanosis (67.8%), choking on milk (62.9%) and moist rales (58.4%), and no significant differences in the occurrence of these symptoms were observed between the groups (P>0.05). The percentage of cases with bacterial co-infection was 66.8% (191/286), and the bacterial species in the spectrum primarily included Escherichia coli (21.5%), Klebsiella pneumonia (20.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.2%), Acihetobacter baumanii (13.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.9%). There were no significant differences in the co-infection rate or bacterial spectrum between the two groups. The remission time of cough, tachypnea, choking on milk, perilabial cyanosis, moist rales and oxygen inhalation in the treatment group was significantly lower compared with the control group (P<0.05). Although the hospitalization time in the treatment group was shorter compared with the control group, the difference was not significant. There were two patients in the treatment group that developed fever within 2-6 h after receiving IFN-α1b, though no other adverse effects were observed. In conclusion, IFN-α1b treatment improved the symptoms associated with neonatal RSV pneumonia with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun He
- Scientific Research and Education Section, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China.,Neonatal Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyriod Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Scientific Research and Education Section, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China
| | - Qian Luo
- Scientific Research and Education Section, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China
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van Erp EA, Feyaerts D, Duijst M, Mulder HL, Wicht O, Luytjes W, Ferwerda G, van Kasteren PB. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infects Primary Neonatal and Adult Natural Killer Cells and Affects Their Antiviral Effector Function. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:723-733. [PMID: 30252097 PMCID: PMC6376914 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants. Natural killer (NK) cells are important antiviral effector cells that likely encounter RSV in the presence of virus-specific (maternal) antibodies. As NK cells potentially contribute to immunopathology, we investigated whether RSV affects their antiviral effector functions. Methods We assessed the phenotype and functionality of primary neonatal and adult NK cells by flow cytometry after stimulation with RSV or RSV-antibody complexes. Results We demonstrate for the first time that RSV infects neonatal and adult NK cells in vitro. Preincubation of virus with subneutralizing concentrations of RSV-specific antibodies significantly increased the percentage of infected NK cells. Upon infection, NK cells were significantly more prone to produce interferon-γ, while secretion of the cytotoxicity molecule perforin was not enhanced. Conclusions Our findings suggest that (antibody-enhanced) RSV infection of NK cells induces a proinflammatory rather than a cytotoxic response, which may contribute to immunopathology. Considering that most RSV vaccines currently being developed aim at inducing (maternal) antibodies, these results highlight the importance of understanding the interactions between innate effector cells and virus-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien Feyaerts
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Duijst
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - H Lie Mulder
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Oliver Wicht
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
- Correspondence: P. B. van Kasteren, PhD, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Infectious Diseases Control, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands ()
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7
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Schmidt ME, Oomens AGP, Varga SM. Vaccination with a Single-Cycle Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Immunogenic and Protective in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3234-3245. [PMID: 31004010 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, but no vaccine is currently available. Live-attenuated vaccines represent an attractive immunization approach; however, balancing attenuation while retaining sufficient immunogenicity and efficacy has prevented the successful development of such a vaccine. Recently, a recombinant RSV strain lacking the gene that encodes the matrix (M) protein (RSV M-null) was developed. The M protein is required for virion assembly following infection of a host cell but is not necessary for either genome replication or gene expression. Therefore, infection with RSV M-null produces all viral proteins except M but does not generate infectious virus progeny, resulting in a single-cycle infection. We evaluated RSV M-null as a potential vaccine candidate by determining its pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and protective capacity in BALB/c mice compared with its recombinant wild-type control virus (RSV recWT). RSV M-null-infected mice exhibited significantly reduced lung viral titers, weight loss, and pulmonary dysfunction compared with mice infected with RSV recWT. Despite its attenuation, RSV M-null infection induced robust immune responses of similar magnitude to that elicited by RSV recWT. Additionally, RSV M-null infection generated serum Ab and memory T cell responses that were similar to those induced by RSV recWT. Importantly, RSV M-null immunization provided protection against secondary viral challenge by reducing lung viral titers as efficiently as immunization with RSV recWT. Overall, our results indicate that RSV M-null combines attenuation with high immunogenicity and efficacy and represents a promising novel live-attenuated RSV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Antonius G P Oomens
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Canedo-Marroquín G, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Andrade-Parra C, Gómez-Santander F, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Cytokines to Tissue Damage During Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936869 PMCID: PMC6431622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains one of the leading pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children younger than 2 years old, worldwide. Hospitalizations during the winter season due to hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and pneumonia increase every year. Despite this, there are no available vaccines to mitigate the health and economic burden caused by hRSV infection. The pathology caused by hRSV induces significant damage to the pulmonary epithelium, due to an excessive inflammatory response at the airways. Cytokines are considered essential players for the establishment and modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, which can either be beneficial or harmful for the host. The deleterious effect observed upon hRSV infection is mainly due to tissue damage caused by immune cells recruited to the site of infection. This cellular recruitment takes place due to an altered profile of cytokines secreted by epithelial cells. As a result of inflammatory cell recruitment, the amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and CCL5 are further increased, while IL-10 and IFN-γ are decreased. However, additional studies are required to elicit the mediators directly associated with hRSV damage entirely. In addition to the detrimental induction of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory tract caused by hRSV, reports indicating alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) have been published. Indeed, elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL2, and CCL4 have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with severe bronchiolitis and hRSV-associated encephalopathy. In this review article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the role of cytokines secreted upon hRSV infection and their potentially harmful contribution to tissue damage of the respiratory tract and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S. Pizarro-Ortega
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gómez-Santander
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wang D, Bai S, Cui Y, Zhao N, Qi F, Liu J, Zeng S, Xu L, Hu H, Liu B. Respiratory syncytial virus prevents the subsequent development of ovalbumin-induced allergic responses by inhibiting ILC2 via the IL-33/ST2 pathway. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:1065-1076. [PMID: 30027786 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM How respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) influences the development of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma remains elusive. As potent T helper (Th)2 cytokine producers, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are known to serve important functions in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. However, how RSV infection affects innate immunity, especially with regard to the function of ILC2s in OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation, is largely unknown. MATERIALS & METHODS RSV was used to infect adult BALB/c mice intranasally prior to sensitization and subsequent challenge with OVA. ILC2 frequencies and Th2 cytokine production by ILC2s were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were detected both by real-time PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Previous infection with RSV attenuated airway inflammation and decreased Th2 cytokine production in mice sensitized and challenged with OVA. Furthermore, previous infection with RSV inhibited the influx of ILC2s into the lung, and constrained their Th2 cytokine production. Adoptive transfer of ILC2s increased asthma-associated airway inflammation in mice previously infected with RSV. These results indicate that previous infection with RSV prevents OVA-induced asthma development via inhibition of ILC2s. Previous infection with RSV attenuated IL-33 production in lung tissue and reduced relative ST2L expression in lung ILC2s, meaning that previous infection with RSV may alter ILC2 function via the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that previous infection with RSV attenuates OVA-induced airway inflammation by inhibiting the recruitment and Th2 cytokine production of ILC2s via the IL-33/ST2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, PR China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Song Bai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Yulin Cui
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Beixing Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
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10
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Schmidt ME, Varga SM. Cytokines and CD8 T cell immunity during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Cytokine 2018; 133:154481. [PMID: 30031680 PMCID: PMC6551303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants. In spite of the enormous clinical burden caused by RSV infections, there remains no efficacious RSV vaccine. CD8 T cells mediate viral clearance as well as provide protection against a secondary RSV infection. However, RSV-specific CD8 T cells may also induce immunopathology leading to exacerbated morbidity and mortality. Many of the crucial functions performed by CD8 T cells are mediated by the cytokines they produce. IFN-γ and TNF are produced by CD8 T cells following RSV infection and contribute to both the acceleration of viral clearance and the induction of immunopathology. To prevent immunopathology, regulatory mechanisms are in place within the immune system to inhibit CD8 T cell effector functions after the infection has been cleared. The actions of a variety of cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-4, play a critical role in the regulation of CD8 T cell effector activity. Herein, we review the current literature on CD8 T cell responses and the functions of the cytokines they produce following RSV infection. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of CD8 T cell activation and effector functions through the actions of various cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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11
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Engystol reduces onset of experimental respiratory syncytial virus-induced respiratory inflammation in mice by modulating macrophage phagocytic capacity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195822. [PMID: 29672626 PMCID: PMC5909611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or rhinovirus are one of the major causes for respiratory tract infections causing common cold disease. Respiratory viral infections range from mild symptoms in adults to serious illness especially in the very young or elderly as well as patients suffering from lung diseases or being immunocompromised due to other reasons. Engystol (EGY-2) is a multicomponent, multitarget preparation consisting of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria and Sulfur in various dilutions. The study objective was to test the effect of EGY-2 on the innate immune response during the early onset of respiratory viral infection in vivo as exemplified in a mouse model of RSV-induced respiratory inflammation. Methods Naïve BALB/c mice were infected with 1x106 infectious units RSV A2 intranasally to cause a mild respiratory infection. EGY-2 was administered daily per oral gavage starting seven days prior to RSV infection at doses of 0.4 to 5.1 tablets/kg. Control groups received placebo treatment. Animals were sacrificed 1 to 3 days post infection (p.i.) to analyse the infection and induced immune response in the lung. Viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung homogenate was determined by TCID50 assay as well as immunofluorescence staining of BALF cells using anti-RSV antibody and microscopic analysis. The RSV induced immune response was assessed by evaluation of BALF differential cell count, BALF cytokine secretion and analysis of the phagocytic capacity of alveolar macrophages. Results EGY-2 significantly reduced the RSV induced neutrophil and early lymphocyte influx on day 1 p.i. in BALF. EGY-2 treatment significantly diminished the RSV induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, KC and TNF-α at day 1. EGY-2 treatment was not protective for RSV infection per se, as no alteration in the viral load in lung and BALF was detected. Enhanced numbers of phagocytic-active macrophages were observed in EGY-2 treated animals on day 1 and this macrophage population showed strongly enhanced phagocytic activity on day 1 and day 3. Conclusion The data suggest a beneficial immunomodulatory effect of EGY-2 during early onset of respiratory viral infection in vivo, mediated by stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis, resulting in a reduced innate inflammatory response in terms of neutrophil and early lymphocyte infiltration as well as reduced inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Memory CD8 T cells mediate severe immunopathology following respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006810. [PMID: 29293660 PMCID: PMC5766251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells can provide protection from re-infection by respiratory viruses such as influenza and SARS. However, the relative contribution of memory CD8 T cells in providing protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is currently unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we utilized a prime-boost immunization approach to induce robust memory CD8 T cell responses in the absence of RSV-specific CD4 T cells and antibodies. Unexpectedly, RSV infection of mice with pre-existing CD8 T cell memory led to exacerbated weight loss, pulmonary disease, and lethal immunopathology. The exacerbated disease in immunized mice was not epitope-dependent and occurred despite a significant reduction in RSV viral titers. In addition, the lethal immunopathology was unique to the context of an RSV infection as mice were protected from a normally lethal challenge with a recombinant influenza virus expressing an RSV epitope. Memory CD8 T cells rapidly produced IFN-γ following RSV infection resulting in elevated protein levels in the lung and periphery. Neutralization of IFN-γ in the respiratory tract reduced morbidity and prevented mortality. These results demonstrate that in contrast to other respiratory viruses, RSV-specific memory CD8 T cells can induce lethal immunopathology despite mediating enhanced viral clearance. Memory CD8 T cells have been shown to provide protection against many respiratory viruses. However, the ability of memory CD8 T cells to provide protection against RSV has not been extensively examined. Unexpectedly, mice with pre-existing CD8 T cell memory, in the absence of memory CD4 T cells and antibodies, exhibited exacerbated morbidity and mortality following RSV infection. We demonstrate that the immunopathology is the result of early and excessive production of IFN-γ by memory CD8 T cells in the lung. Our research provides important new insight into the mechanisms of how memory T cells induce immunopathology. In addition, our findings serve as an important cautionary tale against the use of epitope-based T cell vaccines against RSV.
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Rajan D, Chinnadurai R, O'Keefe EL, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd SO, Hartert TV, Galipeau J, Anderson LJ. Protective role of Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in Respiratory Syncytial Virus associated immune response in airway epithelial cells. Virology 2017; 512:144-150. [PMID: 28963880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RSV is a major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and young children. With no vaccine yet available, it is important to clarify mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Since indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunomodulatory enzyme and is upregulated with RSV infection, we studied it in vivo during infection of BALB/c mice and in vitro in A549 cells. RSV infection upregulated IDO transcripts in vivo and in vitro. IDO siRNA decreased IDO transcripts ~2 fold compared to control siRNA after RSV infection but this decrease did not affect RSV replication. In the presence of IFN-γ, siRNA-induced a decrease in IDO expression that was associated with an increase in virus replication and increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10 and CCL4. Thus, our results show IDO is upregulated with RSV infection and this upregulation likely participates with IFN-γ in inhibition of virus replication and suppression of some host cell responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Rajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raghavan Chinnadurai
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evan L O'Keefe
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Sean O Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Medicine & Public Health, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Pereiro P, Forn-Cuni G, Figueras A, Novoa B. Pathogen-dependent role of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) interferon-gamma. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:25-35. [PMID: 27742586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma has been typically described as a pro-inflammatory cytokine playing an important role in the resolution of both viral and bacterial diseases. Nevertheless, some anti-inflammatory functions are also attributed to this molecule. In this work we have characterized for the first time the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) interferon-gamma gene (ifng) and its expression pattern under basal conditions, after type I IFNs administration, and viral and bacterial infection. The intramuscular injection of an expression plasmid encoding turbot Ifng (pMCV1.4-ifng) was not able to affect the transcription of numerous immune genes directly related to the activity of IFN-gamma, with the exception of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (csf1). It was also unable to reduce the mortality caused by a Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) or Aeromonas salmonicida challenge. Interestingly, at 24 h post-infection, turbot previously inoculated with pMCV1.4-ifng and infected with VHSV showed an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs compared to those fish not receiving expression plasmid, indicating a synergic effect of Ifng and VHSV. On the other hand, some macrophage markers, such as the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (marco), were down-regulated by Ifng during the viral infection. Ifng had the opposite effect in those turbot infected with the bacteria, showing a reduction in the transcription of pro-inflammatory and type I IFNs genes, and an increase in the expression of genes related to the activity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Gabriel Forn-Cuni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Homma T, Kato A, Bhushan B, Norton JE, Suh LA, Carter RG, Gupta DS, Schleimer RP. Role of Aspergillus fumigatus in Triggering Protease-Activated Receptor-2 in Airway Epithelial Cells and Skewing the Cells toward a T-helper 2 Bias. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:60-70. [PMID: 26072921 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0062oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) infection and sensitization are common and promote Th2 disease in individuals with asthma. Innate immune responses of bronchial epithelial cells are now known to play a key role in determination of T cell responses upon encounter with inhaled pathogens. We have recently shown that extracts of AF suppress JAK-STAT signaling in epithelial cells and thus may promote Th2 bias. To elucidate the impact of AF on human bronchial epithelial cells, we tested the hypothesis that AF can modulate the response of airway epithelial cells to favor a Th2 response and explored the molecular mechanism of the effect. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were treated with AF extract or fractionated AF extract before stimulation with poly I:C or infection with human rhinovirus serotype 16 (HRV16). Expression of CXCL10 mRNA (real-time RT-PCR) and protein (ELISA) were measured as markers of IFN-mediated epithelial Th1-biased responses. Western blot was performed to evaluate expression of IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3), NF-κB, and tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11), which are other markers of Th1 skewing. Knockdown experiments for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) and PTPN11 were performed to analyze the role of PAR-2 in the mechanism of suppression by AF. AF and a high-molecular-weight fraction of AF extract (HMW-AF; > 50 kD) profoundly suppressed poly I:C- and HRV16-induced expression of both CXCL10 mRNA and protein from NHBE cells via a mechanism that relied upon PAR-2 activation. Both AF extract and a specific PAR-2 activator (AC-55541) suppressed the poly I:C activation of phospho-IRF-3 without affecting activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, HMW-AF extract enhanced the expression of PTPN11, a phosphatase known to inhibit IFN signaling, and concurrently suppressed poly I:C-induced expression of both CXCL10 mRNA and protein from NHBE cells. These results show that exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to AF extract suppressed poly I:C and HRV16 signaling via a mechanism shown to involve activation of PAR-2 and PTPN11. This action of AF may promote viral disease exacerbations and may skew epithelial cells to promote Th2 inflammation in allergic airway disorders mediated or exacerbated by AF, such as asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Homma
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- 3 Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - James E Norton
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lydia A Suh
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roderick G Carter
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dave S Gupta
- 4 Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Association of Nrf2 with airway pathogenesis: lessons learned from genetic mouse models. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1931-57. [PMID: 26194645 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a key transcription factor for antioxidant response element (ARE)-bearing genes involved in diverse host defense functions including redox balance, cell cycle, immunity, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and carcinogenesis. Nrf2 in the airways is particularly essential as the respiratory system continuously interfaces with environmental stress. Since Nrf2 was determined to be a susceptibility gene for a model of acute lung injury, its protective capacity in the airways has been demonstrated in experimental models of human disorders using Nrf2 mutant mice which were susceptible to supplemental respiratory therapy (e.g., hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation), cigarette smoke, allergens, virus, environmental pollutants, and fibrotic agents compared to wild-type littermates. Recent studies also determined that Nrf2 is indispensable in developmental lung injury. While association studies with genetic NRF2 polymorphisms supported a protective role for murine Nrf2 in oxidative airway diseases, somatic NRF2 mutations enhanced NRF2-ARE responses, and were favorable for lung carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Bioinformatic tools have elucidated direct Nrf2 targets as well as Nrf2-interacting networks. Moreover, potent Nrf2-ARE agonists protected oxidant-induced lung phenotypes in model systems, suggesting a therapeutic or preventive intervention. Further investigations on Nrf2 should yield greater understanding of its contribution to normal and pathophysiological function in the airways.
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Barroso SPC, Nico D, Nascimento D, Santos ACV, Couceiro JNSS, Bozza FA, Ferreira AMA, Ferreira DF, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Souza TML, Gomes AMO, Silva JL, Oliveira AC. Intranasal Immunization with Pressure Inactivated Avian Influenza Elicits Cellular and Humoral Responses in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128785. [PMID: 26056825 PMCID: PMC4461174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses pose a serious global health threat, particularly in light of newly emerging strains, such as the avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 viruses. Vaccination remains the primary method for preventing acquiring influenza or for avoiding developing serious complications related to the disease. Vaccinations based on inactivated split virus vaccines or on chemically inactivated whole virus have some important drawbacks, including changes in the immunogenic properties of the virus. To induce a greater mucosal immune response, intranasally administered vaccines are highly desired as they not only prevent disease but can also block the infection at its primary site. To avoid these drawbacks, hydrostatic pressure has been used as a potential method for viral inactivation and vaccine production. In this study, we show that hydrostatic pressure inactivates the avian influenza A H3N8 virus, while still maintaining hemagglutinin and neuraminidase functionalities. Challenged vaccinated animals showed no disease signs (ruffled fur, lethargy, weight loss, and huddling). Similarly, these animals showed less Evans Blue dye leakage and lower cell counts in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with the challenged non-vaccinated group. We found that the whole inactivated particles were capable of generating a neutralizing antibody response in serum, and IgA was also found in nasal mucosa and feces. After the vaccination and challenge we observed Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion with a prevalence of IFN-γ. Our data indicate that the animals present a satisfactory immune response after vaccination and are protected against infection. Our results may pave the way for the development of a novel pressure-based vaccine against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana P. C. Barroso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, WHO/NIC, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941–590, Brazil
| | - Danielle Nascimento
- Fundação de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara V. Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Nelson S. S. Couceiro
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941–590, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Bozza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fundação de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M. A. Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941–590, Brazil
| | - Davis F. Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941–590, Brazil
| | - Clarisa B. Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941–590, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, WHO/NIC, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre M. O. Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson L. Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa C. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Challenges and future in vaccines, drug development, and immunomodulatory therapy. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11 Suppl 4:S201-10. [PMID: 25148426 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201401-036pl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases and infections are among the top contributors to human morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite the successful history of vaccines and antimicrobial therapeutics, infectious disease still presents a significant threat to human health. Effective vaccines are frequently unavailable in developing countries, and successful vaccines have yet to be developed for major global maladies, such as tuberculosis. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance poses a growing threat to human health. The "Challenges and Future in Vaccines, Drug Development, and Immunomodulatory Therapy" session of the 2013 Pittsburgh International Lung Conference highlighted several recent and current studies related to treatment and prevention of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, highly pathogenic influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and tuberculosis. Research presented here focused on novel antimicrobial therapies, new vaccines that are either in development or currently in clinical trials, and the potential for immunomodulatory therapies. These studies are making important contributions to the areas of microbiology, virology, and immunology related to pulmonary diseases and infections and are paving the way for improvements in the efficacy of vaccines and antimicrobials.
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Moreno-Solís G, Torres-Borrego J, de la Torre-Aguilar M, Fernández-Gutiérrez F, Llorente-Cantarero F, Pérez-Navero J. Analysis of the local and systemic inflammatory response in hospitalized infants with respiratory syncitial virus bronchiolitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2015; 43:264-71. [PMID: 24985791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus acute bronchiolitis (RSV-AB) is a major cause of hospital admission among our infants. The immune and inflammatory mechanisms involved in the RSV-AB and factors influencing severity have not been clearly established, although an imbalanced Th1 and Th2 response seems to be crucial. OBJECTIVES To assess the local and systemic inflammatory response in RSV-AB. To find a possible marker of clinical severity and/or oxygen requirements. PATIENTS AND METHODS Levels of nine cytokines were measured in nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and peripheral blood (PB) of 45 infants with RSV-AB and 27 peer controls, including IFNγ, TNFα, VEGF, interleukins 4, 6 and 10, and chemokines (IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1-α and 1-β). RESULTS The levels of the analyzed cytokines and chemokines were significantly higher in the NPA of RSV-AB group, with a decrease in IL-4/IFNγ ratio. IL-6 and MIP-1β levels in NPA were directly correlated to oxygen therapy. PB showed an increase in IL-8 and a decrease in MIP-1α and MIP-1β in the RSV-AB group (only MIP-1β associated to the need for oxygen therapy). No correlation was found between cytokines and chemokines levels in NPA and PB. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that RSV triggers an inflammatory response fundamentally at the respiratory level, with scant systemic repercussion. This local response is characterized by an increase in Th1 and Th2 cytokines, although with a relative predominance of Th1. The determination upon patient admission of IL-6 and MIP-1β levels in NPA, and of MIP-1β in PB could help predict severe forms and the need for oxygenotherapy.
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Simões EAF, DeVincenzo JP, Boeckh M, Bont L, Crowe JE, Griffiths P, Hayden FG, Hodinka RL, Smyth RL, Spencer K, Thirstrup S, Walsh EE, Whitley RJ. Challenges and opportunities in developing respiratory syncytial virus therapeutics. J Infect Dis 2015; 211 Suppl 1:S1-S20. [PMID: 25713060 PMCID: PMC4345819 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two meetings, one sponsored by the Wellcome Trust in 2012 and the other by the Global Virology Foundation in 2013, assembled academic, public health and pharmaceutical industry experts to assess the challenges and opportunities for developing antivirals for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. The practicalities of clinical trials and establishing reliable outcome measures in different target groups were discussed in the context of the regulatory pathways that could accelerate the translation of promising compounds into licensed agents. RSV drug development is hampered by the perceptions of a relatively small and fragmented market that may discourage major pharmaceutical company investment. Conversely, the public health need is far too large for RSV to be designated an orphan or neglected disease. Recent advances in understanding RSV epidemiology, improved point-of-care diagnostics, and identification of candidate antiviral drugs argue that the major obstacles to drug development can and will be overcome. Further progress will depend on studies of disease pathogenesis and knowledge provided from controlled clinical trials of these new therapeutic agents. The use of combinations of inhibitors that have different mechanisms of action may be necessary to increase antiviral potency and reduce the risk of resistance emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A F Simões
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - John P DeVincenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee School of Medicine Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics and the Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul Griffiths
- Centre for Virology, University College London Medical School
| | - Frederick G Hayden
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Richard L Hodinka
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rosalind L Smyth
- Department of Pediatrics, University College London Institute of Child Health
| | | | - Steffen Thirstrup
- NDA Advisory Services Ltd, Leatherhead, United Kingdom Department of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Rochester General Hospital, New York
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Maltby S, Hansbro NG, Tay HL, Stewart J, Plank M, Donges B, Rosenberg HF, Foster PS. Production and differentiation of myeloid cells driven by proinflammatory cytokines in response to acute pneumovirus infection in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4072-82. [PMID: 25200951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections are often pathogenic, driving severe inflammatory responses. Most research has focused on localized effects of virus infection and inflammation. However, infection can induce broad-reaching, systemic changes that are only beginning to be characterized. In this study, we assessed the impact of acute pneumovirus infection in C57BL/6 mice on bone marrow hematopoiesis. We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokine production in the lung upregulates myeloid cell production in response to infection. We demonstrate a dramatic increase in the percentages of circulating myeloid cells, which is associated with pronounced elevations in inflammatory cytokines in serum (IFN-γ, IL-6, CCL2), bone (TNF-α), and lung tissue (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, CCL2, CCL3, G-CSF, osteopontin). Increased hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell percentages (Lineage(-)Sca-I(+)c-kit(+)) were also detected in the bone marrow. This increase was accompanied by an increase in the proportions of committed myeloid progenitors, as determined by colony-forming unit assays. However, no functional changes in hematopoietic stem cells occurred, as assessed by competitive bone marrow reconstitution. Systemic administration of neutralizing Abs to either TNF-α or IFN-γ blocked expansion of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow and also limited virus clearance from the lung. These findings suggest that acute inflammatory cytokines drive production and differentiation of myeloid cells in the bone marrow by inducing differentiation of committed myeloid progenitors. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms via which innate immune responses regulate myeloid cell progenitor numbers in response to acute respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maltby
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Hock L Tay
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Jessica Stewart
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Maximilian Plank
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Bianca Donges
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
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Borchers AT, Chang C, Gershwin ME, Gershwin LJ. Respiratory syncytial virus--a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 45:331-79. [PMID: 23575961 PMCID: PMC7090643 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. The major histopathologic characteristics of RSV infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal occlusion by cellular debris of sloughed epithelial cells mixed with macrophages, strands of fibrin, and some mucin. There is a single RSV serotype with two major antigenic subgroups, A and B. Strains of both subtypes often co-circulate, but usually one subtype predominates. In temperate climates, RSV infections reflect a distinct seasonality with onset in late fall or early winter. It is believed that most children will experience at least one RSV infection by the age of 2 years. There are several key animal models of RSV. These include a model in mice and, more importantly, a bovine model; the latter reflects distinct similarity to the human disease. Importantly, the prevalence of asthma is significantly higher amongst children who are hospitalized with RSV in infancy or early childhood. However, there have been only limited investigations of candidate genes that have the potential to explain this increase in susceptibility. An atopic predisposition appears to predispose to subsequent development of asthma and it is likely that subsequent development of asthma is secondary to the pathogenic inflammatory response involving cytokines, chemokines and their cognate receptors. Numerous approaches to the development of RSV vaccines are being evaluated, as are the use of newer antiviral agents to mitigate disease. There is also significant attention being placed on the potential impact of co-infection and defining the natural history of RSV. Clearly, more research is required to define the relationships between RSV bronchiolitis, other viral induced inflammatory responses, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA
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Kitazawa H, Villena J. Modulation of Respiratory TLR3-Anti-Viral Response by Probiotic Microorganisms: Lessons Learned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. Front Immunol 2014; 5:201. [PMID: 24860569 PMCID: PMC4026741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. Host immune response is implicated in both protective and immunopathological mechanisms during RSV infection. Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 in innate immune cells by RSV can induce airway inflammation, protective immune response, and pulmonary immunopathology. A clear understanding of RSV–host interaction is important for the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies. Several studies have centered on whether probiotic microorganisms with the capacity to stimulate the immune system (immunobiotics) might sufficiently stimulate the common mucosal immune system to improve defenses in the respiratory tract. In this regard, it was demonstrated that some orally administered immunobiotics do have the ability to stimulate respiratory immunity and increase resistance to viral infections. Moreover, during the last decade scientists have significantly advanced in the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effect of immunobiotics in the respiratory tract. This review examines the most recent advances dealing with the use of immunobiotic bacteria to improve resistance against viral respiratory infections. More specifically, the article discuss the mechanisms involved in the capacity of the immunobiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 to modulate the TLR3-mediated immune response in the respiratory tract and to increase the resistance to RSV infection. In addition, we review the role of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 in the immunoregulatory effect of the CRL1505 strain that has been successfully used for reducing incidence and morbidity of viral airways infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group , Tucuman , Argentina ; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET) , Tucuman , Argentina
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Jorquera PA, Oakley KE, Tripp RA. Advances in and the potential of vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 7:411-27. [PMID: 23964629 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2013.814409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious lower respiratory track illness causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in infants and the elderly. Despite decades of research there is no licensed RSV vaccine. To enable the development of RSV vaccines, several major obstacles must be overcome including immature and waning immunity to RSV infection, the capacity of RSV to evade immunity and the failure of RSV infection to induce robust enduring immunity. Since the failure of the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine trial, more cautious and deliberate progress has been made toward RSV vaccine development using a variety of experimental approaches. The scientific rational and the state of development of these approaches are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Animal Health Research Center, 111 Carlton Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Zeng S, Wu J, Liu J, Qi F, Kimura Y, Cao Y, Liu B. Infection with respiratory syncytial virus influences FasL-mediated apoptosis of pulmonary γδ T cells in a murine model of allergen sensitization. J Asthma 2014; 51:360-5. [PMID: 24564286 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.878954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that adoptive transfer of γδ T cells increases the cellular infiltration, especially eosinophils, in the lungs of allergic mice, suggesting that γδ T cells may play a proinflammatory role in allergic airway inflammation. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can decrease the number of Th2-type γδ T cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with RSV before or after sensitization to OVA. The amounts of Th1/Th2 cytokines as well as the levels of specific antibodies were determined by ELISA. The apoptotic death of pulmonary γδ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Adoptive transfer of γδ T cells increased the production of Th2 cytokines in the lungs and allergy-related antibodies in the serum, further confirming that γδ T cells act as pro-inflammatory cells or a promoter for the development of allergic asthma. RSV infection before sensitization to OVA enhanced apoptotic death of pulmonary γδ T cells. The percentage and absolute number of FasL-expressing γδ T cells in the lungs of allergic mice were elicited significantly by prior RSV infection. Blocking FasL with monoclonal antibody diminished apoptotic death of γδ T cells, suggesting that FasL is important for RSV-induced apoptosis of pulmonary γδ T cells. CONCLUSIONS This work provides evidence that RSV infection suppresses the subsequent development of OVA-induced allergic responses partly by enhancing FasL-mediated apoptosis of pulmonary γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
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Kayser O, Masihi KN, Kiderlen AF. Natural products and synthetic compounds as immunomodulators. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 1:319-35. [PMID: 15482127 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.1.2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on immunomodulation by natural products or synthetic derivatives is of key interest for anti-infective therapy for a number of reasons. Many plant remedies well-known in traditional medicine or refined natural products in clinical use exert their anti-infective effects not only (if at all) by directly affecting the pathogen. At least part of their effect is indirect, by stimulating natural and adaptive defense mechanisms of the host. These findings have now given many empirical therapies a rationale, scientific basis and thereby a means for 'intelligent' improvement. In discovering the molecular mechanisms by which known remedies exert their effects, chosen elements further down the 'chain of command' might be synthesized and applied directly for more rapid and selective cure, omitting unwanted side effects. The direct use of recombinant cytokines, often in combination with antibiotics, is one consequence of this rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kayser
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
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Neonatal antibody responses are attenuated by interferon-γ produced by NK and T cells during RSV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5576-81. [PMID: 23509276 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214247110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects most children in the first year of life and is a major single cause of hospitalization in infants and young children. There is no effective vaccine, and antibody generated by primary neonatal infection is poorly protective against reinfection even with antigenically homologous viral strains. Studying the immunological basis of these observations in neonatal mice, we found that antibody responses to infection were low and unaffected by CD4 depletion, in contrast with adult mice, which had stronger CD4-dependent antibody responses. Natural killer cell depletion or codepletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells during neonatal RSV infection caused a striking increase in anti-RSV antibody titer. These cells are major sources of the cytokine IFN-γ, and blocking IFN-γ also enhanced RSV-specific antibody responses in neonates. In addition, infection with a recombinant RSV engineered to produce IFN-γ reduced antibody titer, confirming that IFN-γ plays a pivotal role in inhibition of antibody responses after neonatal infection. These unexpected findings show that the induction of a strong cellular immune response may limit antibody responses in early life and that vaccines that induce IFN-γ-secreting cells might, in some situations, be less protective than those that do not.
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Rosenberg HF, Domachowske JB. Inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and the development of immunomodulatory pharmacotherapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:1424-31. [PMID: 22360479 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799828346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Pneumovirus) is a major respiratory pathogen of infants and children and an emerging pathogen of the elderly. Current management of RSV disease includes monoclonal antibody prophylaxis for infants identified as high risk and supportive care for those with active infection; there is no vaccine, although several are under study. In this manuscript, we review published findings from human autopsy studies, as well as experiments that focus on human clinical samples and mouse models of acute pneumovirus infection that elucidate basic principles of disease pathogenesis. Consideration of these data suggests that the inflammatory responses to RSV and related pneumoviral pathogens can be strong, persistent, and beyond the control of conventional antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies, and can have profound negative consequences to the host. From this perspective, we consider the case for specific immunomodulatory strategies that may have the potential to alleviate some of the more serious sequelae of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Han ER, Choi IS, Choi HG, Kim HJ. Therapeutic effects of mycobacterial secretory proteins against established asthma in BALB/c mice. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:214-21. [PMID: 22754715 PMCID: PMC3378928 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Live/killed mycobacteria and culture supernatants can suppress asthmatic reactions. This study investigated whether mycobacterial secretory proteins have therapeutic effects on asthma. Methods Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG; 2×105 CFUs) and mycobacterial secretory proteins (Ag85 complex, 38-kDa protein or MPB70; 4 or 20 µg) were administered intraperitoneally to female BALB/c mice with established airway hyperresponsiveness. One week after treatment, the mice underwent a methacholine challenge test, and then inflammatory cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and around bronchi (<500 µm), and cytokine levels in splenocyte supernatants, were assessed. Results BCG and all of the tested secretory proteins significantly improved airway sensitivity compared to baseline values (P<0.05). The secretory protein Ag85 complex significantly suppressed airway reactivity also (P<0.05), while 38-kDa protein significantly suppressed reactivity and maximal narrowing (P<0.05). The number of eosinophils in BAL and around bronchi, and the goblet cell proportion, were also significantly reduced in mice in both the BCG and secretory protein groups compared to the asthma control group. IFN-γ/IL-5 ratios were significantly higher in mice treated with BCG, 4 µg MPB70 or 4 µg 38-kDa protein than in asthma control mice (P<0.05), and were negatively associated with airway hyperresponsiveness, peribronchial eosinophil numbers and goblet cell proportion (all P<0.05). IL-17A was positively correlated with IL-5 (r=0.379, P<0.001), maximal airway narrowing, peribronchial eosinophil numbers and goblet cell proportion (all P<0.05). Conclusions Secretory proteins from BCG and M. tuberculosis and live BCG were effective against established asthma, their effects being accompanied by increased IFN-γ/IL-5 ratios. Thus, allergic asthma could be effectively treated with mycobacterial secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Ryoung Han
- Department of Allergy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Airway IFN-γ production during RSV bronchiolitis is associated with eosinophilic inflammation. Lung 2011; 190:183-8. [PMID: 22160185 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-011-9349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the possible role of IFN-γ in eosinophil degranulation that occurs during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. METHODS Sixty-seven infants, 2-24 months old and hospitalized with their first episode of acute RSV bronchiolitis, were selected for this study. Eosinophil-active cytokine and chemokine profiles in nasal lavage supernatants taken within the first 48 h of admission were determined by a multiplex bead array system (Luminex). Comparisons were made with control (Control group) subjects (n = 20). RESULTS Nasal IFN-γ levels were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in RSV bronchiolitis (median = 4.4 pg/ml) infants compared to controls (0.0 pg/ml). IFN-γ levels correlated significantly with the levels of nasal eotaxin (r = 0.566, P < 0.0001), RANTES (r = 0.627, P < 0.0001), GM-CSF (r = 0.849, P < 0.0001), and EDN (r = 0.693, P < 0.001). Nasal interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were below sensitivity levels in most RSV bronchiolitis and control subjects. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IFN-γ may play an important role in eosinophilic inflammation in RSV bronchiolitis.
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Cormier SA, You D, Honnegowda S. The use of a neonatal mouse model to study respiratory syncytial virus infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 8:1371-80. [PMID: 21133663 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most significant cause of viral death in infants worldwide. The significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disease underscores the urgent need for the development of an RSV vaccine. The development of an RSV vaccine has been hampered by our limited understanding of the human host immune system, which plays a significant role in RSV pathogenesis, susceptibility and vaccine efficacy. As a result, animal models have been developed to better understand the mechanisms by which RSV causes disease. Within the past few years, a revolutionary variation on these animal models has emerged--age at time of initial infection--and early studies in neonatal mice (aged <7 days at time of initial infection) indicate the validity of this model to understand RSV infection in infants. This article reviews available information on current murine and emerging neonatal mouse RSV models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Blanco JCG, Boukhvalova MS, Shirey KA, Prince GA, Vogel SN. New insights for development of a safe and protective RSV vaccine. HUMAN VACCINES 2010; 6:482-92. [PMID: 20671419 PMCID: PMC2965816 DOI: 10.4161/hv.6.6.11562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and children <1 year old, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is currently no RSV vaccine. In the 1960s, a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trial led to exacerbated disease upon natural infection of vaccinees, including two deaths. The causes involved in the disastrous results of these vaccine trials are still unclear but they remain the engine for searching new avenues to develop a safe vaccine that can provide long-term protection against this important pathogen. This article reviews some of the early history of RSV vaccine development,as well as more recent information on the interaction between RSV and the host innate and adaptive immune responses. A safe and efficacious vaccine for RSV will require "re-education" of the host immune response against RSV to prevent vaccine-enhanced or severe RSV disease.
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Nrf2 protects against airway disorders. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 244:43-56. [PMID: 19646463 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a ubiquitous master transcription factor that regulates antioxidant response elements (AREs)-mediated expression of antioxidant enzyme and cytoprotective proteins. In the unstressed condition, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) suppresses cellular Nrf2 in cytoplasm and drives its proteasomal degradation. Nrf2 can be activated by diverse stimuli including oxidants, pro-oxidants, antioxidants, and chemopreventive agents. Nrf2 induces cellular rescue pathways against oxidative injury, abnormal inflammatory and immune responses, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Application of Nrf2 germ-line mutant mice has identified an extensive range of protective roles for Nrf2 in experimental models of human disorders in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, airway, kidney, brain, circulation, and immune or nerve system. In the lung, lack of Nrf2 exacerbated toxicity caused by multiple oxidative insults including supplemental respiratory therapy (e.g., hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation), cigarette smoke, allergen, virus, bacterial endotoxin and other inflammatory agents (e.g., carrageenin), environmental pollution (e.g., particles), and a fibrotic agent bleomycin. Microarray analyses and bioinformatic studies elucidated functional AREs and Nrf2-directed genes that are critical components of signaling mechanisms in pulmonary protection by Nrf2. Association of loss of function with promoter polymorphisms in NRF2 or somatic and epigenetic mutations in KEAP1 and NRF2 has been found in cohorts of patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome or lung cancer, which further supports the role for NRF2 in these lung diseases. In the current review, we address the role of Nrf2 in airways based on emerging evidence from experimental oxidative disease models and human studies.
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Trias EL, Hassantoufighi A, Prince GA, Eichelberger MC. Comparison of airway measurements during influenza-induced tachypnea in infant and adult cotton rats. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9:28. [PMID: 19515232 PMCID: PMC2706213 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) is frequently observed as a clinical sign of influenza pneumonia in pediatric patients admitted to the hospital. We previously demonstrated that influenza infection of adult cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) also results in tachypnea and wanted to establish whether this clinical sign was observed in infected infant cotton rats. We hypothesized that age-dependent differences in lung mechanics result in differences in ventilatory characteristics following influenza infection. Methods Lung tidal volume, dynamic elastance, resistance, and pleural pressure were measured in a resistance and compliance system on mechanically-ventilated anesthestized young (14–28 day old) and adult (6–12 week old) cotton rats. Animals at the same age were infected with influenza virus, and breathing rates and other respiratory measurements were recorded using a whole body flow plethysmograph. Results Adult cotton rats had significantly greater tidal volume (TV), and lower resistance and elastance than young animals. To evaluate the impact of this increased lung capacity and stiffening on respiratory disease, young and adult animals were infected intra-nasally with influenza A/Wuhan/359/95. Both age groups had increased respiratory rate and enhanced pause (Penh) during infection, suggesting lower airway obstruction. However, in spite of significant tachypnea, the infant (unlike the adult) cotton rats maintained the same tidal volume, resulting in an increased minute volume. In addition, the parameters that contribute to Penh were different: while relaxation time between breaths and time of expiration was decreased in both age groups, a disproportionate increase in peak inspiratory and expiratory flow contributed to the increase in Penh in infant animals. Conclusion While respiratory rate is increased in both adult and infant influenza-infected cotton rats, the volume of air exchanged per minute (minute volume) is increased in the infant animals only. This is likely to be a consequence of greater lung elastance in the very young animals. This model replicates many respiratory features of humans and consequently may be a useful tool to investigate new strategies to treat respiratory disease in influenza-infected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elman L Trias
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Reed JL, Brewah YA, Delaney T, Welliver T, Burwell T, Benjamin E, Kuta E, Kozhich A, McKinney L, Suzich J, Kiener PA, Avendano L, Velozo L, Humbles A, Welliver RC, Coyle AJ. Macrophage impairment underlies airway occlusion in primary respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2009; 198:1783-93. [PMID: 18980502 DOI: 10.1086/593173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most important cause of bronchiolitis in infants, the pathogenesis of RSV disease is poorly described. We studied histopathologic changes in a panel of lung tissue specimens obtained from infants with fatal cases of primary RSV infection. In these tissues, airway occlusion with accumulations of infected, apoptotic cellular debris and serum protein was consistently observed. Similar observations were found after RSV infection in New Zealand black (NZB) mice, which have constitutive deficiencies in macrophage function, but not in BALB/c mice. A deficiency in the number of alveolar macrophages in NZB mice appears to be central to enhanced disease, because depletion of alveolar macrophages in BALB/c mice before RSV exposure resulted in airway occlusion. In mice with insufficient numbers of macrophages, RSV infection yielded an increased viral load and enhanced expression of type I interferon-associated genes at the height of disease. Together, our data suggest that innate, rather than adaptive, immune responses are critical determinants of the severity of RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Reed
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
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Cho HY, Imani F, Miller-DeGraff L, Walters D, Melendi GA, Yamamoto M, Polack FP, Kleeberger SR. Antiviral activity of Nrf2 in a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:138-50. [PMID: 18931336 PMCID: PMC2633060 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200804-535oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of significant lower respiratory illness in infants and young children, but its pathogenesis is not fully understood. The transcription factor Nrf2 protects lungs from oxidative injury and inflammation via antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated gene induction. OBJECTIVES The current study was designed to determine the role of Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective mechanisms in murine airway RSV disease. METHODS Nrf2-deficient (Nrf2(-/-)) and wild-type (Nrf2(+/+)) mice were intranasally instilled with RSV or vehicle. In a separate study, Nrf2(+/+) and Nrf2(-/-) mice were treated orally with sulforaphane (an Nrf2-ARE inducer) or phosphate-buffered saline before RSV infection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS RSV-induced bronchopulmonary inflammation, epithelial injury, and mucus cell metaplasia as well as nasal epithelial injury were significantly greater in Nrf2(-/-) mice than in Nrf2(+/+) mice. Compared with Nrf2(+/+) mice, significantly attenuated viral clearance and IFN-gamma, body weight loss, heightened protein/lipid oxidation, and AP-1/NF-kappaB activity along with suppressed antioxidant induction was found in Nrf2(-/-) mice in response to RSV. Sulforaphane pretreatment significantly limited lung RSV replication and virus-induced inflammation in Nrf2(+/+) but not in Nrf2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support an association of oxidant stress with RSV pathogenesis and a key role for the Nrf2-ARE pathway in host defense against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Cho
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.
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Age-associated aggravation of clinical disease after primary metapneumovirus infection of BALB/c mice. J Virol 2009; 83:3323-32. [PMID: 19144706 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02198-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is associated with respiratory tract infections among children and adults. Because hMPV induces significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly, a model of hMPV infection in aged BALB/c mice was established. Young (8 weeks old) and aged (18 months old) mice were intranasally inoculated with hMPV. The infected mice showed respiratory dysfunction, as measured by plethysmography, a marked loss in weight (up to 24%), and severe histopathological abnormalities including bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. However, clinical severity was far higher in the aged mice, and none of the young infected mice died. Although virus replication in the lung was greater in the older mice, clearance of virus was not delayed compared to young mice. Production of virus-specific antibody as well as neutralizing antibody was lower. Gamma interferon and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly lower in older mice, whereas interleukin-6 and interleukin-4 levels were significantly higher. We observed by flow cytometry a significant increase in the CD4(+) T lymphocytes (P<0.05) of the aged mice and no difference in CD8(+) T-cell recruitment to the respiratory tract between the two groups. The present study investigated the effects of aging on the immunopathogenesis of hMPV infection and suggests that CD4(+) T lymphocytes, the cytokine response, or a defect in humoral response may be associated with the increased disease severity observed in the aged mice.
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Estripeaut D, Torres JP, Somers CS, Tagliabue C, Khokhar S, Bhoj VG, Grube SM, Wozniakowski A, Gomez AM, Ramilo O, Jafri HS, Mejias A. Respiratory syncytial virus persistence in the lungs correlates with airway hyperreactivity in the mouse model. J Infect Dis 2009; 198:1435-43. [PMID: 18828742 DOI: 10.1086/592714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies in mice showed that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was associated with RSV RNA persistence. This study was designed to characterize the significance of RSV RNA persistence and its relation to RSV-induced chronic airway disease. METHODS Mice were inoculated with live RSV, UV light-treated RSV, heat-inactivated RSV, or medium. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained and lung specimens were harvested on days 1, 5, and 42 after inoculation to assess lung inflammation, lung mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-15, and interferon (IFN)-gamma; RSV loads were assessed by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and correlated with pulmonary function. RESULTS During the acute phase of infection, RSV loads as indicated by culture and PCR were significantly higher in mice inoculated with live RSV. On day 42, RSV RNA remained detectable only in mice inoculated with live or UV light-treated RSV. Lung inflammation, IFN-gamma:IL-4 mRNA expression ratios, airway obstruction (AO), and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) were significantly increased in mice inoculated with live RSV. AO on day 5 and AHR on day 42 were significantly correlated with RSV RNA copy number in lung samples. CONCLUSIONS Infection with live RSV induced acute and chronic airway disease that was associated with a predominantly Th-1 immune response and RSV RNA persistence that significantly correlated with pulmonary function abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Estripeaut
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA
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Watanabe W, Shimizu T, Hino A, Kurokawa M. Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 26:315-319. [PMID: 21791381 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE), a representative brominated flame retardant ubiquitous in the environment, is suspected of being hazardous to humans. We evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of DBDE by an assay system using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in offspring mice. Pregnant mice were continuously exposed to DBDE (10, 100, 1000, or 10,000ppm) in the diet from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. Offspring mice born to these dams were intranasally infected with RSV. Virus titers in the lungs of RSV-infected offspring exposed perinatally to DBDE increased dose-dependently compared with the control. The level of interferon-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and gene expression of the chemokine RANTES in the lungs were also significantly elevated in offspring mice exposed to DBDE. Histopathological analysis revealed that pneumonia in the lungs of offspring mice exposed to 10,000ppm of DBDE was exacerbated compared with the control. These results indicate that DBDE is a developmental immunotoxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Yoshino 1714-1, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Hashimoto K, Ishibashi K, Gebretsadik T, Hartert TV, Yamamoto A, Nakayama T, Ohashi K, Sakata H, Kawasaki Y, Katayose M, Sakuma H, Suzuki H, Hosoya M, Peebles RS, Suzutani T. Functional polymorphism of the promoter region of the prostacyclin synthase gene and severity of RSV infection in hospitalized children. J Med Virol 2008; 80:2015-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Welliver RC. The immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: friend or foe? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 34:163-73. [PMID: 17985249 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has fascinated and frustrated investigators for decades. After adverse responses to early attempts at vaccination, it became popularly held that disease following infection was related to overly aggressive immune responses. However, recent data illustrate that severe forms of disease are related to inadequate, rather than hyperresponsive, adaptive immune reactions. Thus, recovery from primary (and perhaps later) RSV infection is dependent on the quality of innate immune responses. These findings should have enormous significance to the development of vaccines and antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Welliver
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Hansbro NG, Horvat JC, Wark PA, Hansbro PM. Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: new therapeutic directions. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:313-53. [PMID: 18234348 PMCID: PMC7112677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating disease that has substantially increased in prevalence in Western Societies in the last 2 decades. Respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are widely implicated as common causes of the induction and exacerbation of asthma. These infections in early life are associated with the induction of wheeze that may progress to the development of asthma. Infections may also promote airway inflammation and enhance T helper type 2 lymphocyte (Th2 cell) responses that result in exacerbations of established asthma. The mechanisms of how RSV and RV induce and exacerbate asthma are currently being elucidated by clinical studies, in vitro work with human cells and animal models of disease. This research has led to many potential therapeutic strategies and, although none are yet part of clinical practise, they show much promise for the prevention and treatment of viral disease and subsequent asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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43
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Hirose H, Matsuse H, Tsuchida T, Fukahori S, Fukushima C, Mizuta Y, Kohno S. Cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of mite allergen-sensitized atopic adults stimulated with respiratory syncytial virus and mite allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008; 146:149-55. [PMID: 18204281 DOI: 10.1159/000113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between viral respiratory tract infection and allergen sensitization in allergic asthma is unclear. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has attracted attention as an important lower respiratory pathogen during childhood, while recent evidence indicates that RSV is also an important lower respiratory pathogen for adults. Immunity against RSV differs between children and adults. Several reports suggest that RSV infection in children results in a Th2-skewed immune response. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of RSV infection in adults who had previously been sensitized with a common aeroallergen. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 9 mite-sensitized atopic subjects and 11 healthy nonatopic subjects were exposed to live or UV-inactivated RSV concomitant to incubation with or without mite allergen, and the subsequent production of cytokines - interleukin (IL)-5, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-10 and IL-12p70 - was measured. RESULTS Mite allergen significantly increased IL-5 production in atopic PBMCs. RSV infection significantly increased IFN-gamma production from healthy and atopic PBMCs; the levels of IFN-gamma were significantly higher for atopic PBMCs. Live RSV infection significantly attenuated IL-5 production from mite allergen-stimulated atopic PBMCs. UV-inactivated RSV, but not live RSV, significantly enhanced allergen-specific IL-10 production in atopic PBMCs. IL-12 could not be detected in the present study. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that RSV infection did not simply enhance allergen-specific Th2-like response in atopic adults. Live RSV-induced IFN-gamma and RSV protein-induced IL-10 appear to play important roles in the regulation of allergic airway inflammation in atopic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hirose
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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Watanabe W, Shimizu T, Hino A, Kurokawa M. A new assay system for evaluation of developmental immunotoxicity of chemical compounds using respiratory syncytial virus infection to offspring mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 25:69-74. [PMID: 21783838 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), an anti-thyroid agent, on developmental immunity using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection to offspring mice as a new risk assessment for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), because some BFRs are suspected of affecting the thyroid system. Pregnant mice were exposed to PTU in drinking water from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. Their offspring mice were infected intranasally with RSV. Exposure of 100ppm PTU significantly increased virus titers in the lungs of RSV-infected offspring compared with the control, and the 10ppm also elevated levels of interferon-γ, a marker of pneumonia, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of offspring. Histopathological analysis revealed that PTU-exposure exacerbated pneumonia in RSV-infected offspring. Thus, exacerbation of RSV infection suggested PTU-exposure of dams elicited developmental immune disorder in the offspring. The murine RSV infection model may be useful to evaluate the developmental immunotoxicity of BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Yoshino 1714-1, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Differential role of gamma interferon in inhibiting pulmonary eosinophilia and exacerbating systemic disease in fusion protein-immunized mice undergoing challenge infection with respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 2007; 82:2196-207. [PMID: 18094193 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01949-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can lead to immunopathology and enhanced disease in vaccinated individuals. Vaccination with individual RSV proteins influences the type of secondary RSV-specific immune response that develops upon challenge RSV infection, as well as the extent of immunopathology. RSV-specific memory CD4 T cells can directly contribute to immunopathology through their cytokine production. Immunization of BALB/c mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) expressing the attachment (G) protein of RSV results in pulmonary eosinophilia upon RSV challenge, whereas immunization of mice with a vv expressing the fusion (F) protein does not. We analyzed the CD4 T-cell response to an I-E(d)-restricted CD4 T-cell epitope within the F protein of RSV corresponding to amino acids 51 to 66 in an effort to better understand the similarities and differences in the immune response elicited by the G versus the F protein. Vaccination with the G protein induces a mixture of RSV G-specific Th1 and Th2 cells with a restricted T-cell receptor repertoire. In contrast, we demonstrate here that immunization with the F protein elicits a broad repertoire of RSV F-specific CD4 T cells that predominantly exhibit a Th1 phenotype. However, in the absence of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), RSV F(51-66)-specific CD4 T cells secreted interleukin-5, and mice developed pulmonary eosinophilia after RSV challenge. IFN-gamma-deficient mice exhibited decreased weight loss compared to wild-type controls, suggesting that IFN-gamma exacerbates systemic disease. These data demonstrate that IFN-gamma can have both beneficial and detrimental effects during a secondary RSV infection.
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Liu B, Kimura Y. Respiratory syncytial virus protects against the subsequent development of Japanese cedar pollen-induced allergic responses. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1600-5. [PMID: 17705182 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for the development of allergy and asthma, but epidemiologic studies in humans still remain inconclusive. The association between RSV infection and allergic diseases may be dependent on atopic background and previous history of RSV infection. In this study, the influence of the timing of RSV infection on the development of Japanese cedar pollen (JCP)-induced allergic responses was examined. BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with RSV before or after sensitization to JCP. Production of cytokines in the culture fluid of lung parenchyma cells and the level of antigen-specific antibodies in the serum were determined. It became clear that JCP was a strong inducer for the elicitation of Th2-type responses, characterized by production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 in the lung and JCP-specific IgE antibody in the serum. RSV infection, however, suppressed JCP-induced allergic responses by decreasing the production of Th2-like cytokines and Th2-type antibodies. This phenomenon was observed more clearly in the groups that were infected with RSV, 2 weeks or 2 days before sensitization to JCP. The inhibitory mechanism of RSV infection seems to be due to RSV-induced Th1 type dominant environment, which down-regulated the Th2-type responses subsequently induced by allergen sensitization. On the other hand, JCP-inoculation altered RSV-induced immune responses to shift from Th1- to Th2-type dominance, by inhibiting RSV-induced Th1-like cytokine production. These data provide evidence that under a certain condition, RSV infection may play a protective role in JCP-induced allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixing Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui University School of Medicine, Fukui, Japan
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Lee YM, Miyahara N, Takeda K, Prpich J, Oh A, Balhorn A, Joetham A, Gelfand EW, Dakhama A. IFN-gamma production during initial infection determines the outcome of reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:208-18. [PMID: 17962634 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200612-1890oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis has been associated with deficient IFN-gamma production in humans, but the role of this cytokine in determining the outcome of reinfection is unknown. OBJECTIVES To define the role of IFN-gamma in the development of RSV-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung histopathology in mice. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and IFN-gamma knockout mice were infected with RSV in the newborn or weaning stages and reinfected 5 weeks later. Airway responses were assessed on Day 6 after the primary or secondary infection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both WT and IFN-gamma knockout mice developed similar levels of AHR and airway inflammation after primary infection. After reinfection, IFN-gamma knockout mice, but not WT mice, developed AHR, airway eosinophilia, and mucus hyperproduction. Intranasal administration of IFN-gamma during primary infection but not during reinfection prevented the development of these altered airway responses on reinfection in IFN-gamma knockout mice. Adoptive transfer of WT T cells into IFN-gamma knockout mice before primary infection restored IFN-gamma production in the lungs and prevented the development of altered airway responses on reinfection. Treatment of mice with IFN-gamma during primary neonatal infection prevented the enhancement of AHR and the development of airway eosinophilia and mucus hyperproduction on reinfection. CONCLUSIONS IFN-gamma production during primary RSV infection is critical to the development of protection against AHR and lung histopathology on reinfection. Provision of IFN-gamma during primary infection in infancy may be a potential therapeutic approach to alter the course of RSV-mediated long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mok Lee
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Motavizumab, a neutralizing anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Rsv) monoclonal antibody significantly modifies the local and systemic cytokine responses induced by Rsv in the mouse model. Virol J 2007; 4:109. [PMID: 17961258 PMCID: PMC2222633 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Motavizumab (MEDI-524) is a monoclonal antibody with enhanced neutralizing activity against RSV. In mice, motavizumab suppressed RSV replication which resulted in significant reduction of clinical parameters of disease severity. We evaluated the effect of motavizumab on the local and systemic immune response induced by RSV in the mouse model. Balb/c mice were intranasally inoculated with 106.5 PFU RSV A2 or medium. Motavizumab was given once intraperitoneally (1.25 mg/mouse) as prophylaxis, 24 h before virus inoculation. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum samples were obtained at days 1, 5 (acute) and 28 (long-term) post inoculation and analyzed with a multiplex assay (Beadlyte Upstate, NY) for simultaneous quantitation of 18 cytokines: IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, KC (similar to human IL-8), IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, RANTES, IFN-gamma and GM-CSF. Overall, cytokine concentrations were lower in serum than in BAL samples. By day 28, only KC was detected in BAL specimens at low concentrations in all groups. Administration of motavizumab significantly reduced (p < 0.05) BAL concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha on day 1, and concentrations of IFN-gamma on days 1 and 5 compared with RSV-infected untreated controls. In the systemic compartment, the concentrations of IL-10, IFN-gamma and KC were significantly reduced in the motavizumab-treated mice compared with the untreated controls. In summary, prophylactic administration of motavizumab was associated with significant reductions on RSV replication and concentrations of cytokine and chemokines, which are likely related to the improvement observed in clinical markers of disease severity.
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Rothenbacher D, Weyermann M, Fantuzzi G, Brenner H. Adipokines in cord blood and risk of wheezing disorders within the first two years of life. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1143-9. [PMID: 17651143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines are involved in the regulation of many inflammatory processes and are present at very high concentrations in cord blood of term infants. OBJECTIVE We analysed data of a large prospective birth cohort study to examine whether adiponectin and leptin concentration in cord blood are determinants of wheezing disorders in children within the first 2 years of life. METHODS Seven hundred and forty mothers and their newborns were included in this analysis. Adiponectin and leptin concentrations were measured in cord blood. The cumulative incidence of physician-reported asthma or obstructive bronchitis was recorded during a 2-year follow-up. RESULTS During the first 2 years of life, asthma or obstructive bronchitis was reported by the caring paediatricians for 157 (19.6%) of the children. We found a strong interaction of cord blood adiponectin and history of atopic disease in the mother with respect to the risk of physician-reported asthma or obstructive bronchitis (P=0.006). Compared with children with cord blood levels in the middle quintile (reference category), the odds ratios for physician-reported asthma or obstructive bronchitis in the bottom quintile and top quintile were 0.14 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02-0.90] and 2.12 (95% CI 0.67-6.66), respectively (P for trend=0.0003), among children of mothers with a history of atopy. This association was independent of other established risk factors. Leptin levels in cord blood were not associated with risk of asthma or obstructive bronchitis. CONCLUSIONS In children of mothers with a history of atopy, concentrations of adiponectin in cord blood could play an important role in determining risk of wheezing disorders in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rothenbacher
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, The German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sigaud S, Goldsmith CAW, Zhou H, Yang Z, Fedulov A, Imrich A, Kobzik L. Air pollution particles diminish bacterial clearance in the primed lungs of mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 223:1-9. [PMID: 17561223 PMCID: PMC2075081 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal increased incidence of lung infection when air pollution particle levels are increased. We postulate that one risk factor for bacterial pneumonia, prior viral infection, can prime the lung for greater deleterious effects of particles via the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) characteristic of successful host anti-viral responses. To test this postulate, we developed a mouse model in which mice were treated with gamma-interferon aerosol, followed by exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) collected from urban air. The mice were then infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae and the effect of these treatments on the lung's innate immune response was evaluated. The combination of IFN-gamma priming and CAPs exposure enhanced lung inflammation, manifest as increased polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) recruitment to the lung, and elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs. Combined priming and CAPs exposure resulted in impaired pulmonary bacterial clearance, as well as increased oxidant production and diminished bacterial uptake by alveolar macrophages (AMs) and PMNs. The data suggest that priming and CAPs exposure lead to an inflamed alveolar milieu where oxidant stress causes loss of antibacterial functions in AMs and recruited PMNs. The model reported here will allow further analysis of priming and CAPs exposure on lung sensitivity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sigaud
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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