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Parkar N, Spencer NJ, Wiklendt L, Olson T, Young W, Janssen P, McNabb WC, Dalziel JE. Novel insights into mechanisms of inhibition of colonic motility by loperamide. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1424936. [PMID: 39268036 PMCID: PMC11390470 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1424936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that opiates slow gastrointestinal (GI) transit, via suppression of enteric cholinergic neurotransmission throughout the GI tract, particularly the large intestine where constipation is commonly induced. It is not clear whether there is uniform suppression of enteric neurotransmission and colonic motility across the full length of the colon. Here, we investigated whether regional changes in colonic motility occur using the peripherally-restricted mu opioid agonist, loperamide to inhibit colonic motor complexes (CMCs) in isolated mouse colon. Methods High-resolution video imaging was performed to monitor colonic wall diameter on isolated whole mouse colon. Regional changes in the effects of loperamide on the pattern generator underlying cyclical CMCs and their propagation across the full length of large intestine were determined. Results The sensitivity of CMCs to loperamide across the length of colon varied significantly. Although there was a dose-dependent inhibition of CMCs with increasing concentrations of loperamide (10 nM - 1 μM), a major observation was that in the mid and distal colon, CMCs were abolished at low doses of loperamide (100 nM), while in the proximal colon, CMCs persisted at the same low concentration, albeit at a significantly slower frequency. Propagation velocity of CMCs was significantly reduced by 46%. The inhibitory effects of loperamide on CMCs were reversed by naloxone (1 μM). Naloxone alone did not change ongoing CMC characteristics. Discussion The results show pronounced differences in the inhibitory action of loperamide across the length of large intestine. The most potent effect of loperamide to retard colonic transit occurred between the proximal colon and mid/distal regions of colon. One of the possibilities as to why this occurs is because the greatest density of mu opioid receptors are located on interneurons responsible for neuro-neuronal transmission underlying CMCs propagation between the proximal and mid/distal colon. The absence of effect of naloxone alone on CMC characteristics suggest that the mu opioid receptor has little ongoing constitutive activity under our recording conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Parkar
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luke Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Janssen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Xu X, Taha R, Chu C, Xiao L, Wang T, Wang X, Huang X, Jiang Z, Sun L. Indirubin mediates adverse intestinal reactions in guinea pigs by downregulating the expression of AchE through AhR. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:83-94. [PMID: 38164702 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2297745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Indirubin is the main component of the traditional Chinese medicine Indigo naturalis (IN), a potent agonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). In China, IN is used to treat psoriasis and ulcerative colitis, and indirubin is used for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. However, IN and indirubin have adverse reactions, such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and intussusception, and their specific mechanism is unclear.The purpose of our research was to determine the specific mechanism underlying the adverse effects of IN and indirubin. By tracking the modifications in guinea pigs after the intragastric administration of indirubin for 28 days.The results demonstrate that indirubin could accelerate bowel movements and decrease intestinal acetylcholinesterase (AchE) expression. Experiments with NCM460 cells revealed that indirubin significantly reduced the expression of AchE, and the AchE levels were increased after the silencing of AhR and re-exposure to indirubin.This study showed that the inhibition of AchE expression by indirubin plays a key role in the occurrence of adverse reactions to indirubin and that the underlying mechanism is related to AhR-mediated AchE downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Xu
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Reham Taha
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenghan Chu
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Elfers K, Watanangura A, Hoffmann P, Suchodolski JS, Khattab MR, Pilla R, Meller S, Volk HA, Mazzuoli-Weber G. Fecal supernatants from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy activate enteric neurons. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1281840. [PMID: 38356649 PMCID: PMC10864448 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1281840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiome have been reported in idiopathic epilepsy (IE), however, interactions of gut microbes with the enteric nervous system (ENS) in this context require further study. This pilot study examined how gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM), their metabolites, and nutrients contained in intestinal contents communicate with the ENS. Methods Fecal supernatants (FS) from healthy dogs and dogs with IE, including drug-naïve, phenobarbital (PB) responsive, and PB non-responsive dogs, were applied to cultured myenteric neurons to test their activation using voltage-sensitive dye neuroimaging. Additionally, the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the FS were quantified. Results Our findings indicate that FS from all examined groups elicited neuronal activation. Notably, FS from PB non-responsive dogs with IE induced action potential discharge in a higher proportion of enteric neurons compared to healthy controls, which exhibited the lowest burst frequency overall. Furthermore, the highest burst frequency in enteric neurons was observed upon exposure to FS from drug-naïve dogs with IE. This frequency was significantly higher compared to that observed in PB non-responsive dogs with IE and showed a tendency to surpass that of healthy controls. Discussion Although observed disparities in SCFA concentrations across the various FS samples might be associated with the induced neuronal activity, a direct correlation remains elusive at this point. The obtained results hint at an involvement of the ENS in canine IE and set the basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Elfers
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antja Watanangura
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Veterinary Research and Academic Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pascal Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Khattab
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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Mazzoni M, Cabanillas L, Costanzini A, Caremoli F, Million M, Larauche M, Clavenzani P, De Giorgio R, Sternini C. Distribution, quantification, and characterization of substance P enteric neurons in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the porcine colon. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 395:39-51. [PMID: 37982872 PMCID: PMC10774220 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The pig is an important translational model for studying intestinal physiology and disorders for its many homologies with humans, including the organization of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the major regulator of gastrointestinal functions. This study focused on the quantification and neurochemical characterization of substance P (SP) neurons in the pig ascending (AC) and descending colon (DC) in wholemount preparations of the inner submucosal plexus (ISP), outer submucosal plexus (OSP), and myenteric plexus (MP). We used antibodies for the pan-neuronal marker HuCD, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), markers for excitatory and inhibitory transmitters, for multiple labeling immunofluorescence and high-resolution confocal microscopy. The highest density of SP immunoreactive (IR) neurons was in the ISP (222/mm2 in the AC, 166/mm2 in the DC), where they make up about a third of HuCD-IR neurons, compared to the OSP and MP (19-22% and 13-17%, respectively, P < 0.001-0.0001). HuCD/SP/ChAT-IR neurons (up to 23%) were overall more abundant than HuCD/SP/nNOS-IR neurons (< 10%). Most SP-IR neurons contained ChAT-IR (62-85%), whereas 18-38% contained nNOS-IR with the highest peak in the OSP. A subpopulation of SP-IR neurons contains both ChAT- and nNOS-IR with the highest peak in the OSP and ISP of DC (33-36%) and the lowest in the ISP of AC (< 10%, P < 0.001). SP-IR varicose fibers were abundant in the ganglia. This study shows that SP-IR neurons are functionally distinct with variable proportions in different plexuses in the AC and DC reflecting diverse functions of specific colonic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luis Cabanillas
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anna Costanzini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Caremoli
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Current address: San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mulugeta Million
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catia Sternini
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Herath M, Cho E, Marklund U, Franks AE, Bornstein JC, Hill-Yardin EL. Quantitative Spatial Analysis of Neuroligin-3 mRNA Expression in the Enteric Nervous System Reveals a Potential Role in Neuronal-Glial Synapses and Reduced Expression in Nlgn3R451C Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1063. [PMID: 37509099 PMCID: PMC10377306 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) gene are implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, but cellular Nlgn3 expression in the enteric nervous system remains to be characterised. We combined RNAScope in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence to measure Nlgn3 mRNA expression in cholinergic and VIP-expressing submucosal neurons, nitrergic and calretinin-containing myenteric neurons and glial cells in both WT and Nlgn3R451C mutant mice. We measured Nlgn3 mRNA neuronal and glial expression via quantitative three-dimensional image analysis. To validate dual RNAScope/immunofluorescence data, we interrogated available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNASeq) data to assess for Nlgn3, Nlgn1, Nlgn2 and their binding partners, Nrxn1-3, MGDA1 and MGDA2, in enteric neural subsets. Most submucosal and myenteric neurons expressed Nlgn3 mRNA. In contrast to other Nlgns and binding partners, Nlgn3 was strongly expressed in enteric glia, suggesting a role for neuroligin-3 in mediating enteric neuron-glia interactions. The autism-associated R451C mutation reduces Nlgn3 mRNA expression in cholinergic but not in VIPergic submucosal neurons. In the myenteric plexus, Nlgn3 mRNA levels are reduced in calretinin, nNOS-labelled neurons and S100 β -labelled glia. We provide a comprehensive cellular profile for neuroligin-3 expression in ileal neuronal subpopulations of mice expressing the R451C autism-associated mutation in Nlgn3, which may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of GI dysfunction in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushani Herath
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ellie Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ulrika Marklund
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ashley E Franks
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Ma T, Xue X, Tian H, Zhou X, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wang M, Song J, Feng R, Li L, Jing C, Tian F. Effect of the gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility and its underlying mechanisms. J Transl Med 2023; 21:349. [PMID: 37237321 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is closely related to human health and disease because, together with their metabolites, gut microbiota maintain normal intestinal peristalsis. The use of antibiotics or opioid anesthetics, or both, during surgical procedures can lead to dysbiosis and affect intestinal motility; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. This review aims to discuss the effect of gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility, focusing on regulating the enteric nervous system, 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmitter, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- TianRong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - XiaoLei Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - XinXiu Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - JunKe Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - ZhiWen Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - MingFei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - JiYuan Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - RenXiang Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Leping Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Changqing Jing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. The enteric nervous system. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1487-1564. [PMID: 36521049 PMCID: PMC9970663 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss 1) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion and 2) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota, and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include a new understanding of the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS, and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells, and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Almannai M, AlAbdi L, Maddirevula S, Alotaibi M, Alsaleem BM, Aljadhai YI, Alsaif HS, Abukhalid M, Alkuraya FS. KIF26A is mutated in the syndrome of congenital hydrocephalus with megacolon. Hum Genet 2023; 142:399-405. [PMID: 36564622 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human disorders of the enteric nervous system (ENS), e.g., Hirschsprung's disease, are rarely associated with major central nervous system involvement. We describe two families each segregating a different homozygous truncating variant in KIF26A with a unique constellation of severe megacolon that resembles Hirschsprung's disease but lacks aganglionosis as well as brain malformations that range from severe to mild. The intestinal phenotype bears a striking resemblance to that observed in Kif26a-/- mice where KIF26A deficiency was found to cause abnormal GDNF-Ret signaling resulting in failure to establish normal neuronal networks despite myenteric neuronal hyperplasia. Very recently, a range of brain developmental phenotypes were described in patients and mice with KIF26A deficiency and were found to result from abnormal radial migration and increased apoptosis. Our report, therefore, reveals a recognizable autosomal-recessive human KIF26A deficiency phenotype characterized by severe ENS dysfunction and a range of brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Genetics and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Collage of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alotaibi
- Department of Genetics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr M Alsaleem
- Gastroenterology Division, Intestinal Failure Rehabilitation Program, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser I Aljadhai
- Department of Neuroimaging and Intervention, Medical Imaging Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hessa S Alsaif
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad Abukhalid
- Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Salami AT, Oyagbemi AA, Alabi MV, Olaleye SB. Naringenin modulates Cobalt activities on gut motility through mechanosensors and serotonin signalling. Biomarkers 2023; 28:11-23. [PMID: 36250715 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2137235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IntroductionCobalt chloride-(CoCl2) exerts beneficial and toxic activities depending on dose however Naringenin-(Nar) a flavonoid, chelates heavy metals. Absorption of ingested heavy metals, or chelates are dependent on gut motility (gastric emptying and intestinal transit time) and mechanosensor regulation. Literature is vague on CoCl2 activities on gut motility and mechanosensor nor probable chelating actions with naringenin which was investigated in this study.MethodOne hundred male Wistar rats were grouped viz; A to D (25, 62, 150 and 300 mg/kg CoCl2), E to H doses of CoCl2+Nar (50 mg/kg), I-Narigenin and J-Control. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit time were evaluated by day eight, intestinal tissue assayed for biochemical, histological and immunohistochemistry reactivity.ResultCoCl2 significantly increased Gastric emptying (150 and 300 mg/kg) and Intestinal transit time unlike Naringenin. CoCl2 (150 mg/kg) significantly increased Catalase and Nitric oxide but ameliorated by Naringenin. ATPase activities significantly increased in 150 mg/kg-CoCl2 but ameliorated by Naringenin. Carbonyl levels increased in all CoCl2+Nar groups. High Enterochromaffin-cell count in 25 and 62 mg/kg-CoCl2 were ameliorated by Naringenin. Serotonin immunoreactivity increased in CoCl2 (25, 62, 300 mg/kg) but reduced in CoCl2+Nar groups.ConclusionCobalt chloride enhanced gastric motility via increased mechanosensor activities and serotonin expression at low doses. Naringenin ameliorated toxicity of high cobalt chloride via metal-flavonoid chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Temitope Salami
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokubo Oyagbemi
- Cardiorenal Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Moyosore Victoria Alabi
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Li T, Morselli M, Su T, Million M, Larauche M, Pellegrini M, Taché Y, Yuan PQ. Comparative transcriptomics reveals highly conserved regional programs between porcine and human colonic enteric nervous system. Commun Biol 2023; 6:98. [PMID: 36693960 PMCID: PMC9872754 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine gut is increasingly regarded as a useful translational model. The enteric nervous system in the colon coordinates diverse functions. However, knowledge of the molecular profiling of porcine enteric nerve system and its similarity to that of human is still lacking. We identified the distinct transcriptional programs associated with functional characteristics between inner submucosal and myenteric ganglia in porcine proximal and distal colon using bulk RNA and single-cell RNA sequencing. Comparative transcriptomics of myenteric ganglia in corresponding colonic regions of pig and human revealed highly conserved programs in porcine proximal and distal colon, which explained >96% of their transcriptomic responses to vagal nerve stimulation, suggesting that porcine proximal and distal colon could serve as predictors in translational studies. The conserved programs specific for inflammatory modulation were displayed in pigs with vagal nerve stimulation. This study provides a valuable transcriptomic resource for understanding of human colonic functions and neuromodulation using porcine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell, & Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Trent Su
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, & Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA.
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA.
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11
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Morishita R, Yoshimura R, Sakamoto H, Kuramoto H. Localization of substance P (SP)-immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus of the rat esophagus. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:7-21. [PMID: 35507035 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present immunohistochemical study was performed to examine the number, distribution, and chemical coding of intrinsic substance P (SP) neurons and nerve fibers within the esophagus and discuss their functional roles. Many SP neurons and nerve fibers were found in the myenteric plexus, and the SP neurons gradually decreased from the oral side toward the aboral side of the esophagus. Double-immunolabeling showed that most SP neurons were cholinergic (positive for choline acetyltransferase), and few were nitrergic (positive for nitric oxide synthase). Some cholinergic SP nerve terminals surrounded cell bodies of several myenteric neurons. In the muscularis mucosa and lower esophageal sphincter, and around blood vessels, numerous SP nerve endings were present, and many of them were cholinergic. Also, SP nerve endings were found on only a few motor endplates of the striated muscles, and most of them were calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive. Retrograde tracing using Fast Blue (FB) showed that numerous sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and nodose ganglion (NG) projected to the esophagus, and most FB-labeled SP neurons were CGRP-positive. These results suggest that the intrinsic SP neurons in the rat esophagus may play roles as, at least, motor neurons, interneurons, and vasomotor neurons, which are involved in local regulation of smooth muscle motility, neuronal transmission, and blood circulation, respectively. Moreover, SP nerve endings on only a minority of motor endplates may be extrinsic, derived from DRGs or NG, and possibly detect chemical circumstances within motor endplates to modulate esophageal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Morishita
- Cell Function Division, Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yoshimura
- Cell Function Division, Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health Science University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kuramoto
- Cell Function Division, Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.
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12
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Hamnett R, Dershowitz LB, Sampathkumar V, Wang Z, Gomez-Frittelli J, De Andrade V, Kasthuri N, Druckmann S, Kaltschmidt JA. Regional cytoarchitecture of the adult and developing mouse enteric nervous system. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4483-4492.e5. [PMID: 36070775 PMCID: PMC9613618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The organization and cellular composition of tissues are key determinants of their biological function. In the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the enteric nervous system (ENS) intercalates between muscular and epithelial layers of the gut wall and can control GI function independent of central nervous system (CNS) input.1 As in the CNS, distinct regions of the GI tract are highly specialized and support diverse functions, yet the regional and spatial organization of the ENS remains poorly characterized.2 Cellular arrangements,3,4 circuit connectivity patterns,5,6 and diverse cell types7-9 are known to underpin ENS functional complexity and GI function, but enteric neurons are most typically described only as a uniform meshwork of interconnected ganglia. Here, we present a bird's eye view of the mouse ENS, describing its previously underappreciated cytoarchitecture and regional variation. We visually and computationally demonstrate that enteric neurons are organized in circumferential neuronal stripes. This organization emerges gradually during the perinatal period, with neuronal stripe formation in the small intestine (SI) preceding that in the colon. The width of neuronal stripes varies throughout the length of the GI tract, and distinct neuronal subtypes differentially populate specific regions of the GI tract, with stark contrasts between SI and colon as well as within subregions of each. This characterization provides a blueprint for future understanding of region-specific GI function and identifying ENS structural correlates of diverse GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hamnett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lori B Dershowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vandana Sampathkumar
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julieta Gomez-Frittelli
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vincent De Andrade
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Narayanan Kasthuri
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Shaul Druckmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Feng G, Sun Y. The Polycomb group gene rnf2 is essential for central and enteric neural system development in zebrafish. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:960149. [PMID: 36117635 PMCID: PMC9475114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.960149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) is under precise and strict control in vertebrates. Whether and how the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is involved in it remain unclear. To investigate the role of PRC1 in the nervous system development, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we have generated mutant zebrafish lines for the rnf2 gene which encodes Ring1b, the enzymatic component of the PRC1 complex. We show that rnf2 loss of function leads to abnormal migration and differentiation of neural crest and neural precursor cells. rnf2 mutant embryos exhibit aganglionosis, in which the hindgut is devoid of neurons. In particular, the formation of 5-HT serotonin neurons and myelinating glial cells is defective. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ENS marker genes is observed in forebrain of rnf2 mutant embryos. These findings suggest that the rnf2 gene plays an important role in the migration and differentiation of neural precursor cells, and its absence leads to abnormal development of ENS and CNS in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Feng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Feng,
| | - Yuhua Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yuhua Sun,
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14
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Computational simulations and Ca2+ imaging reveal that slow synaptic depolarizations (slow EPSPs) inhibit fast EPSP evoked action potentials for most of their time course in enteric neurons. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009717. [PMID: 35696419 PMCID: PMC9232139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission between neurons in the extensive enteric neural networks of the gut involves synaptic potentials with vastly different time courses and underlying conductances. Most enteric neurons exhibit fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) lasting 20–50 ms, but many also exhibit slow EPSPs that last up to 100 s. When large enough, slow EPSPs excite action potentials at the start of the slow depolarization, but how they affect action potentials evoked by fast EPSPs is unknown. Furthermore, two other sources of synaptic depolarization probably occur in enteric circuits, activated via GABAA or GABAC receptors; how these interact with other synaptic depolarizations is also unclear. We built a compartmental model of enteric neurons incorporating realistic voltage-dependent ion channels, then simulated fast EPSPs, slow EPSPs and GABAA or GABAC ligand-gated Cl- channels to explore these interactions. Model predictions were tested by imaging Ca2+ transients in myenteric neurons ex vivo as an indicator of their activity during synaptic interactions. The model could mimic firing of myenteric neurons in mouse colon evoked by depolarizing current during intracellular recording and the fast and slow EPSPs in these neurons. Subthreshold fast EPSPs evoked spikes during the rising phase of a slow EPSP, but suprathreshold fast EPSPs could not evoke spikes later in a slow EPSP. This predicted inhibition was confirmed by Ca2+ imaging in which stimuli that evoke slow EPSPs suppressed activity evoked by fast EPSPs in many myenteric neurons. The model also predicted that synchronous activation of GABAA receptors and fast EPSPs potentiated firing evoked by the latter, while synchronous activation of GABAC receptors with fast EPSPs, potentiated firing and then suppressed it. The results reveal that so-called slow EPSPs have a biphasic effect being likely to suppress fast EPSP evoked firing over very long periods, perhaps accounting for prolonged quiescent periods seen in enteric motor patterns. The gastrointestinal tract is the only organ with an extensive semi-autonomous nervous system that generates complex contraction patterns independently. Communication between neurons in this “enteric” nervous system is via depolarizing synaptic events with dramatically different time courses including fast synaptic potentials lasting around 20–50 ms and slow depolarizing synaptic potentials lasting for 10–120 s. Most neurons have both. We explored how slow synaptic depolarizations affect generation of action potentials by fast synaptic potentials using computational simulation of small networks of neurons implemented as compartmental models with realistic membrane ion channels. We found that slow synaptic depolarizations have biphasic effects; they initially make fast synaptic potentials more likely to trigger action potentials, but then actually prevent action potential generation by fast synaptic potentials with the inhibition lasting several 10s of seconds. We confirmed the inhibitory effects of the slow synaptic depolarizations using live Ca2+ imaging of enteric neurons from mouse colon in isolated tissue. Our results identify a novel form of synaptic inhibition in the enteric nervous system of the gut, which may account for the vastly differing time courses between signalling in individual gut neurons and rhythmic contractile patterns that often repeat at more than 60 s intervals.
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15
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Wattchow DA, Smolilo D, Hibberd T, Spencer NJ, Brookes SJ, De Giorgio R, Heitmann PT, Costa M, Dinning PG. The human enteric nervous system. Historical and modern advances. Collaboration between science and surgery. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:1365-1370. [PMID: 35403788 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are considerable advantages and opportunities for surgeons and trainee surgeons in conducting a period of research allied with basic scientists. Such clinicians are well placed to define relevant clinical questions, provide human material (tissue, biopsy and blood) and translate the techniques derived in experimental animals to human subjects. METHODS This small review explores research conducted on the nervous system of the intestines, with an emphasis on the translation of findings from animal to human. RESULTS This work shows that new techniques of immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing, developed in animal tissue, have greatly expanded our knowledge of the structure of the human enteric nervous system. CONCLUSIONS Such findings have sparked therapeutic trials for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wattchow
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Smolilo
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tim Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Jh Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paul T Heitmann
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Departments of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Morphologies, dimensions and targets of gastric nitric oxide synthase neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:19-32. [PMID: 35146560 PMCID: PMC8976817 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the distributions and targets of nitrergic neurons in the rat stomach, using neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry. Nitrergic neurons comprised similar proportions of myenteric neurons, about 30%, in all gastric regions. Small numbers of nitrergic neurons occurred in submucosal ganglia. In total, there were ~ 125,000 neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) neurons in the stomach. The myenteric cell bodies had single axons, type I morphology and a wide range of sizes. Five targets were identified, the longitudinal, circular and oblique layers of the external muscle, the muscularis mucosae and arteries within the gastric wall. The circular and oblique muscle layers had nitrergic fibres throughout their thickness, while the longitudinal muscle was innervated at its inner surface by fibres of the tertiary plexus, a component of the myenteric plexus. There was a very dense innervation of the pyloric sphincter, adjacent to the duodenum. The muscle strands that run between mucosal glands rarely had closely associated nNOS nerve fibres. Both nNOS immunohistochemistry and NADPH histochemistry showed that nitrergic terminals did not provide baskets of terminals around myenteric neurons. Thus, the nitrergic neuron populations in the stomach supply the muscle layers and intramural arteries, but, unlike in the intestine, gastric interneurons do not express nNOS. The large numbers of nNOS neurons and the density of innervation of the circular muscle and pyloric sphincter suggest that there is a finely graded control of motor function in the stomach by the recruitment of different numbers of inhibitory motor neurons.
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17
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Okamoto SI, Hatta K. Ca 2+-imaging and photo-manipulation of the simple gut of zebrafish larvae in vivo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2018. [PMID: 35132112 PMCID: PMC8821699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish larval gut could be considered as an excellent model to study functions of vertebrate digestive organs, by virtue of its simplicity and transparency as well as the availability of mutants. However, there has been scant investigation of the detailed behavior of muscular and enteric nervous systems to convey bolus, an aggregate of digested food. Here we visualized peristalsis using transgenic lines expressing a genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor in the circular smooth muscles. An intermittent Ca2+ signal cycle was observed at the oral side of the bolus, with Ca2+ waves descending and ascending from there. We also identified a regular cycle of weaker movement that occurs regardless of the presence or absence of bolus, corresponding likely to slow waves. Direct photo-stimulation of circular smooth muscles expressing ChR2 could cause local constriction of the gut, while the stimulation of a single or a few neurons could cause the local induction or arrest of gut movements. These results indicate that the larval gut of zebrafish has basic features found in adult mammals despite the small number of enteric neurons, providing a foundation for the study, at the single-cell level in vivo, in controlling the gut behaviors in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Kohei Hatta
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan.
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18
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Schonkeren SL, Küthe TT, Idris M, Bon-Frauches AC, Boesmans W, Melotte V. The gut brain in a dish: Murine primary enteric nervous system cell cultures. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14215. [PMID: 34236124 PMCID: PMC9285479 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive neural network embedded in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates digestive function and gastrointestinal homeostasis. The ENS consists of two main cell types; enteric neurons and enteric glial cells. In vitro techniques allow simplified investigation of ENS function, and different culture methods have been developed over the years helping to understand the role of ENS cells in health and disease. PURPOSE This review focuses on summarizing and comparing available culture protocols for the generation of primary ENS cells from adult mice, including dissection of intestinal segments, enzymatic digestions, surface coatings, and culture media. In addition, the potential of human ENS cultures is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Schonkeren
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tara T Küthe
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Musa Idris
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana C Bon-Frauches
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Perez-Medina A, Galligan JJ. Nitrergic and Purinergic Nerves in the Small Intestinal Myenteric Plexus and Circular Muscle of Mice and Guinea Pigs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:33-43. [PMID: 36587144 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ATP is an excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter, while nitric oxide (NO) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system (ENS). We used a vesicular nucleotide transporter (SLC17A9, VNUT) antibody and a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antibody to identify purinergic and nitrergic nerves in mouse and guinea ileum. Mouse: VNUT-immunoreactivity (ir) was detected in nerve fibers in myenteric ganglia and circular muscle. VNUT-ir fibers surrounded choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and calretinin-ir neurons. VNUT-ir nerve cell bodies were not detected. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir nerves were detected in myenteric ganglia and the tertiary plexus. Guinea pig: VNUT-ir was detected in neurons and nerves fibers and did not overlap with NOS-ir nerve fibers. VNUT-ir was detected in nerve fibers in ganglia but not nerve cell bodies. VNUT-ir nerve fibers surrounded NOS-ir and NOS- neurons. NOS-ir and VNUT-ir nerve fibers did not overlap in myenteric ganglia or circular muscle. VNUT-ir nerves surrounded some ChAT-ir neurons. VNUT-ir and ChAT-ir were detected in separate nerves in the CM. VNUT-ir nerve fibers surrounded calretinin-ir neurons.Conclusions: VNUT-ir neurons likely mediate purinergic signaling in small intestinal myenteric ganglia and circular muscle. ATP and NO are likely released from different inhibitory motorneurons. VNUT-ir and ChAT-ir interneurons mediate cholinergic and purinergic synaptic transmission in the myenteric plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perez-Medina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,The Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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20
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Tarif AMM, Islam MN, Jahan MR, Yanai A, Nozaki K, Masumoto KH, Shinoda K. Immunohistochemical expression and neurochemical phenotypes of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in the myenteric plexus of mouse gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:533-558. [PMID: 34665322 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a neural huntingtin interactor and being considered as a core molecule of stigmoid body (STB). Brain/spinal cord regions with abundant STB/HAP1 expression are usually spared from neurodegeneration in stress/disease conditions, whereas the regions with little STB/HAP1 expression are always neurodegenerative targets. The enteric nervous system (ENS) can act as a potential portal for pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. However, ENS is also a neurodegenerative target in these disorders. To date, the expression of HAP1 and its neurochemical characterization have never been examined there. In the current study, we determined the expression of HAP1 in the ENS of adult mice and characterized the morphological relationships of HAP1-immunoreactive (ir) cells with the markers of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons in the myenteric plexus using Western blotting and light/fluorescence microscopy. HAP1-immunoreaction was present in both myenteric and submucosal plexuses of ENS. Most of the HAP1-ir neurons exhibited STB in their cytoplasm. In myenteric plexus, a large number of calretinin, calbindin, NOS, VIP, ChAT, SP, somatostatin, and TH-ir neurons showed HAP1-immunoreactivity. In contrast, most of the CGRP-ir neurons were devoid of HAP1-immunoreactivity. Our current study is the first to clarify that HAP1 is highly expressed in excitatory motor neurons, inhibitory motor neurons, and interneurons but almost absent in sensory neurons in myenteric plexus. These suggest that STB/HAP1-ir neurons are mostly Dogiel type I neurons. Due to lack of putative STB/HAP1 protectivity, the sensory neurons (Dogiel type II) might be more vulnerable to neurodegeneration than STB/HAP1-expressing motoneurons/interneurons (Dogiel type I) in myenteric plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Md Mamun Tarif
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Md Nabiul Islam
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Mir Rubayet Jahan
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Akie Yanai
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
- Department of Basic Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozaki
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Masumoto
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koh Shinoda
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
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21
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Wang L, Challis C, Li S, Fowlkes CC, Kumar SR, Yuan PQ, Taché YF. Multicolor sparse viral labeling and 3D digital tracing of enteric plexus in mouse proximal colon using a novel adeno-associated virus capsid. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14014. [PMID: 33094876 PMCID: PMC8568587 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) can be used as a noninvasive approach to trace neuronal morphology and links. AAV-PHP.S is a variant of AAV9 that effectively transduces the peripheral nervous system. The objective was to label randomly and sparsely enteric plexus in the mouse colon using AAV-PHP.S with a tunable two-component multicolor vector system and digitally trace individual neurons and nerve fibers within microcircuits in three dimensions (3D). METHODS A vector system including a tetracycline inducer with a tet-responsive element driving three separate fluorophores was packaged in the AAV-PHP.S capsid. The vectors were injected retro-orbitally in mice, and the colon was harvested 3 weeks after. Confocal microscopic images of enteric plexus were digitally segmented and traced in 3D using Neurolucida 360, neuTube, or Imaris software. KEY RESULTS The transduction of multicolor AAV vectors induced random sparse spectral labeling of soma and neurites primarily in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon, while neurons in the submucosal plexus were occasionally transduced. Digital tracing in 3D showed various types of wiring, including multiple conjunctions of one neuron with other neurons, neurites en route, and endings; clusters of neurons in close apposition between each other; axon-axon parallel conjunctions; and intraganglionic nerve endings consisting of multiple nerve endings and passing fibers. Most of digitally traced neuronal somas were of small or medium in size. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The multicolor AAV-PHP.S-packaged vectors enabled random sparse spectral labeling and revealed complexities of enteric microcircuit in the mouse proximal colon. The techniques can facilitate digital modeling of enteric micro-circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Taman Manoukisan Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Medicine, Taman Manoukisan Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Taman Manoukisan Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yvette F. Taché
- Department of Medicine, Taman Manoukisan Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Elfers K, Armbrecht Y, Mazzuoli-Weber G. Good to Know: Baseline Data on Feed Intake, Fecal Pellet Output and Intestinal Transit Time in Guinea Pig as a Frequently Used Model in Gastrointestinal Research. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1593. [PMID: 34071498 PMCID: PMC8227794 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs are a traditional and frequently used species in gastrointestinal research. Comprehensive knowledge of basic parameters connected with their intestinal function, such as feed intake, fecal pellet output and gastrointestinal transit time, is important for evaluating results from basic gastrointestinal research that may be applied to practical problems in human and veterinary medicine, for example, when establishing diagnostic tools. Our study revealed that over a 24-h period, single-housed guinea pigs showed a continual but day-accentuated feeding activity, consuming 57% of the total feed during the light period, with pronounced peaks of feed intake during the beginning and end of the light period. This was mirrored by fecal pellet output during the light period and almost no defecation during the dark period, while potential coprophagy not measured in this study needs to be considered. A highly comparable feeding activity was recorded in pair-housed guinea pigs, with 60% of overall feed intake within the light period, indicating that such differences in housing conditions did not influence guinea pigs' feeding behavior. Intestinal transit time was successfully recorded by oral administration of carmine red and counted 5 h on average. Hence, this study provides important information on the basic functional parameters of guinea pigs' gastrointestinal tract physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Elfers
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (Y.A.); (G.M.-W.)
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Nitrergic and Substance P Immunoreactive Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System of the Bottlenose Dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus) Intestine. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041057. [PMID: 33918065 PMCID: PMC8069003 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gastrointestinal tract of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) differs structurally and functionally from that of terrestrial mammals. In particular, the intestine does not show any macroscopic subdivision and lacks a caecum. In addition, the histological aspect of the intestine is relatively constant, without marked differences between the anterior and posterior parts. Although the intestine of these cetaceans presents differences in comparison with terrestrial mammals, little information is currently available on their enteric nervous system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological and quantitative aspects of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and Substance P (SP) in the intestine of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). In these dolphin specimens, a smaller number of nNOS-IR neurons in the submucosal plexus and a larger number of SP-IR neurons in the myenteric plexus were observed compared to other mammals. Interestingly, no co-localization between nNOS- and SP-IR neurons was detected in either of the plexuses, suggesting the existence of two completely distinct functional classes of neurons in the intestine of the bottlenose dolphin. Abstract Compared with other mammals, the digestive system of cetaceans presents some remarkable anatomical and physiological differences. However, the neurochemical features of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in these animals have only been described in part. The present study gives a description of the nitrergic and selected peptidergic systems in the myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) of the intestine of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The distribution and morphology of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and Substance P (SP) were immunohistochemically studied in formalin-fixed specimens from the healthy intestine of three animals, and the data were compared with those described in the literature on other mammals (human and non-human). In bottlenose dolphins, the percentages of nitrergic neurons (expressed as median and interquartile range—IQR) were 28% (IQR = 19–29) in the MP and 1% (IQR = 0–2) in the SMP, while the percentages of SP-IR neurons were 31% (IQR = 22–37) in the MP and 41% (IQR = 24–63) in the SMP. Although morphological features of nNOS- and SP-IR neurons were similar to those reported in other mammals, we found some noticeable differences in the percentages of enteric neurons. In fact, we detected a lower proportion of nNOS-IR neurons in the SMP and a higher proportion of SP-IR neurons in the MP compared to other mammals. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the first description and quantification of nNOS-IR neurons and the first quantification of SP-IR neurons in the intestine of a cetacean species. As nNOS and SP are important mediators of intestinal functions and the nitrergic population is an important target for many neuroenteropathies, data obtained from a healthy intestine provide a necessary basis to further investigate and understand possible functional differences and motor intestinal dysfunctions/alterations in these special mammals.
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Yuan PQ, Bellier JP, Li T, Kwaan MR, Kimura H, Taché Y. Intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon revealed using CLARITY, three-dimensional (3D) imaging, and a novel anti-human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14030. [PMID: 33174295 PMCID: PMC8126258 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the specificity of a novel anti-human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum for immunostaining of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the human colon. In this study, we investigate 3D architecture of intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon and the relationship with nitrergic neurons in the enteric plexus. METHODS We developed a modified CLARITY tissue technique applicable for clearing human sigmoid colon specimens and immunostaining with hpChAT antiserum and co-labeling with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody. The Z-stack confocal images were processed for 3D reconstruction/segmentation/digital tracing and computational quantitation by Imaris 9.2 and 9.5. KEY RESULTS In the mucosa, a local micro-neuronal network formed of hpChAT-ir fibers and a few neuronal cell bodies were digitally assembled. Three layers of submucosal plexuses were displayed in 3D structure that were interconnected by hpChAT-ir fiber bundles and hpChAT-ir neurons were rarely co-labeled by nNOS. In the myenteric plexus, 30.1% of hpChAT-ir somas including Dogiel type I and II were co-labeled by nNOS and 3 classes of hpChAT-ir nerve fiber strands were visualized in 3D images and videos. The density and intensity values of hpChAT-ir fibers in 3D structure were significantly higher in the circular than in the longitudinal layer. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon was demonstrated layer by layer for the first time in 3D microstructures. This may open a new venue to assess the structure-function relationships and pathological alterations in colonic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tao Li
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary R. Kwaan
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Fujii K, Nakajo K, Egashira Y, Yamamoto Y, Kitada K, Taniguchi K, Kawai M, Tomiyama H, Kawakami K, Uchiyama K, Ono F. Gastrointestinal Neurons Expressing HCN4 Regulate Retrograde Peristalsis. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2879-2888.e3. [PMID: 32130893 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peristalsis is indispensable for physiological function of the gut. The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating peristalsis. While the neural network regulating anterograde peristalsis, which migrates from the oral end to the anal end, is characterized to some extent, retrograde peristalsis remains unresolved with regards to its neural regulation. Using forward genetics in zebrafish, we reveal that a population of neurons expressing a hyperpolarization-activated nucleotide-gated channel HCN4 specifically regulates retrograde peristalsis. When HCN4 channels are blocked by an HCN channel inhibitor or morpholinos blocking the protein expression, retrograde peristalsis is specifically attenuated. Conversely, when HCN4(+) neurons expressing channelrhodopsin are activated by illumination, retrograde peristalsis is enhanced while anterograde peristalsis remains unchanged. We propose that HCN4(+) neurons in the ENS forward activating signals toward the oral end and simultaneously stimulate local circuits regulating the circular muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Fujii
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakajo
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan; Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuya Kitada
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Masaru Kawai
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Hideki Tomiyama
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Uchiyama
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Fumihito Ono
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.
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May-Zhang AA, Tycksen E, Southard-Smith AN, Deal KK, Benthal JT, Buehler DP, Adam M, Simmons AJ, Monaghan JR, Matlock BK, Flaherty DK, Potter SS, Lau KS, Southard-Smith EM. Combinatorial Transcriptional Profiling of Mouse and Human Enteric Neurons Identifies Shared and Disparate Subtypes In Situ. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:755-770.e26. [PMID: 33010250 PMCID: PMC7878294 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The enteric nervous system (ENS) coordinates essential intestinal functions through the concerted action of diverse enteric neurons (ENs). However, integrated molecular knowledge of EN subtypes is lacking. To compare human and mouse ENs, we transcriptionally profiled healthy ENS from adult humans and mice. We aimed to identify transcripts marking discrete neuron subtypes and visualize conserved EN subtypes for humans and mice in multiple bowel regions. METHODS Human myenteric ganglia and adjacent smooth muscle were isolated by laser-capture microdissection for RNA sequencing. Ganglia-specific transcriptional profiles were identified by computationally subtracting muscle gene signatures. Nuclei from mouse myenteric neurons were isolated and subjected to single-nucleus RNA sequencing, totaling more than 4 billion reads and 25,208 neurons. Neuronal subtypes were defined using mouse single-nucleus RNA sequencing data. Comparative informatics between human and mouse data sets identified shared EN subtype markers, which were visualized in situ using hybridization chain reaction. RESULTS Several EN subtypes in the duodenum, ileum, and colon are conserved between humans and mice based on orthologous gene expression. However, some EN subtype-specific genes from mice are expressed in completely distinct morphologically defined subtypes in humans. In mice, we identified several neuronal subtypes that stably express gene modules across all intestinal segments, with graded, regional expression of 1 or more marker genes. CONCLUSIONS Our combined transcriptional profiling of human myenteric ganglia and mouse EN provides a rich foundation for developing novel intestinal therapeutics. There is congruency among some EN subtypes, but we note multiple species differences that should be carefully considered when relating findings from mouse ENS research to human gastrointestinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A May-Zhang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Austin N Southard-Smith
- Epithelial Biology Center and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Karen K Deal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph T Benthal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mike Adam
- University of Cincinnati Children's Medical Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alan J Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R Monaghan
- Northeastern University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brittany K Matlock
- Office of Shared Resources, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David K Flaherty
- Office of Shared Resources, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S Steven Potter
- University of Cincinnati Children's Medical Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Effects of Coffee and Its Components on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain-Gut Axis. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010088. [PMID: 33383958 PMCID: PMC7824117 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide. Roasted coffee is a complex mixture of thousands of bioactive compounds, and some of them have numerous potential health-promoting properties that have been extensively studied in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, with relatively much less attention given to other body systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract and its particular connection with the brain, known as the brain–gut axis. This narrative review provides an overview of the effect of coffee brew; its by-products; and its components on the gastrointestinal mucosa (mainly involved in permeability, secretion, and proliferation), the neural and non-neural components of the gut wall responsible for its motor function, and the brain–gut axis. Despite in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies having shown that coffee may exert multiple effects on the digestive tract, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects on the mucosa, and pro-motility effects on the external muscle layers, much is still surprisingly unknown. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of certain health-promoting properties of coffee on the gastrointestinal tract and to transfer this knowledge to the industry to develop functional foods to improve the gastrointestinal and brain–gut axis health.
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Simulations of Myenteric Neuron Dynamics in Response to Mechanical Stretch. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 2020:8834651. [PMID: 33123188 PMCID: PMC7582074 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8834651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Intestinal sensitivity to mechanical stimuli has been studied intensively in visceral pain studies. The ability to sense different stimuli in the gut and translate these to physiological outcomes relies on the mechanosensory and transductive capacity of intrinsic intestinal nerves. However, the nature of the mechanosensitive channels and principal mechanical stimulus for mechanosensitive receptors are unknown. To be able to characterize intestinal mechanoelectrical transduction, that is, the molecular basis of mechanosensation, comprehensive mathematical models to predict responses of the sensory neurons to controlled mechanical stimuli are needed. This study aims to develop a biophysically based mathematical model of the myenteric neuron with the parameters constrained by learning from existing experimental data. Findings. The conductance-based single-compartment model was selected. The parameters in the model were optimized by using a combination of hand tuning and automated estimation. Using the optimized parameters, the model successfully predicted the electrophysiological features of the myenteric neurons with and without mechanical stimulation. Conclusions The model provides a method to predict features and levels of detail of the underlying physiological system in generating myenteric neuron responses. The model could be used as building blocks in future large-scale network simulations of intrinsic primary afferent neurons and their network.
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Mazzoni M, Caremoli F, Cabanillas L, de Los Santos J, Million M, Larauche M, Clavenzani P, De Giorgio R, Sternini C. Quantitative analysis of enteric neurons containing choline acetyltransferase and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the porcine colon. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:645-654. [PMID: 32965550 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls gastrointestinal functions. In large mammals' intestine, it comprises an inner (ISP) and outer (OSP) submucous plexus and a myenteric plexus (MP). This study quantifies enteric neurons in the ISP, OSP, and MP of the pig ascending (AC) and descending colon (DC) using the HuC/D, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) neuronal markers in whole mount preparations with multiple labeling immunofluorescence. We established that the ISP contains the highest number of HuC/D neurons/mm2, which were more abundant in AC vs. DC, followed by OSP and MP with similar density in AC and DC. In the ISP, the density of ChAT immunoreactive (IR) neurons was very similar in AC and DC (31% and 35%), nNOS-IR neurons were less abundant in AC than DC (15% vs. 42%, P < 0.001), and ChAT/nNOS-IR neurons were 5% and 10%, respectively. In the OSP, 39-44% of neurons were ChAT-IR in AC and DC, while 45% and 38% were nNOS-IR and 10-12% were ChAT/nNOS-IR (AC vs. DC P < 0.05). In the MP, ChAT-IR neurons were 44% in AC and 54% in DC (P < 0.05), nNOS-IR neurons were 50% in both, and ChAT/nNOS-IR neurons were 12 and 18%, respectively. The ENS architecture with multilayered submucosal plexuses and the distribution of functionally distinct groups of neurons in the pig colon are similar to humans, supporting the suitability of the pig as a model and providing the platform for investigating the mechanisms underlying human colonic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Caremoli
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Luis Cabanillas
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Janira de Los Santos
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catia Sternini
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Spencer NJ, Hu H. Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:338-351. [PMID: 32152479 PMCID: PMC7474470 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the only internal organ to have evolved with its own independent nervous system, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). This Review provides an update on advances that have been made in our understanding of how neurons within the ENS coordinate sensory and motor functions. Understanding this function is critical for determining how deficits in neurogenic motor patterns arise. Knowledge of how distension or chemical stimulation of the bowel evokes sensory responses in the ENS and central nervous system have progressed, including critical elements that underlie the mechanotransduction of distension-evoked colonic peristalsis. Contrary to original thought, evidence suggests that mucosal serotonin is not required for peristalsis or colonic migrating motor complexes, although it can modulate their characteristics. Chemosensory stimuli applied to the lumen can release substances from enteroendocrine cells, which could subsequently modulate ENS activity. Advances have been made in optogenetic technologies, such that specific neurochemical classes of enteric neurons can be stimulated. A major focus of this Review will be the latest advances in our understanding of how intrinsic sensory neurons in the ENS detect and respond to sensory stimuli and how these mechanisms differ from extrinsic sensory nerve endings in the gut that underlie the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Many studies highlighted that a bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) exists. A vigorous immune response to antigens must be avoided, and pathogenic organisms crossing the gut barrier must be detected and killed. For this reason, the immune system developed fine mechanisms able to maintain this delicate balance. The microbiota is beneficial to its host, providing protection against pathogenic bacteria. It is intimately involved in numerous aspects of host physiology, from nutritional status to behavior and stress response. In the last few years, the implication of the gut microbiota and its bioactive microbiota-derived molecules in the progression of multiple diseases, as well as in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, gained increasing attention. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the gut microbiota with particular attention toward neurological disorders and mast cells. Relevant roles are played by the mast cells in neuroimmune communication, such as sensors and effectors of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In this context, the intake of beneficial bacterial strains as probiotics could represent a valuable therapeutic approach to adopt in combination with classical therapies. Further studies need to be performed to understand if the gut bacteria are responsible for neurological disorders or if neurological disorders influence the bacterial profile.
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Parathan P, Wang Y, Leembruggen AJL, Bornstein JC, Foong JPP. The enteric nervous system undergoes significant chemical and synaptic maturation during adolescence in mice. Dev Biol 2020; 458:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
The impact of opioid use on the lower gastrointestinal tract is well described, but recent opioid crisis has caused increased awareness of the detrimental effects of these drugs on esophageal and gastroduodenal motility. Opioid use has been associated with increased incidence of spastic esophageal motility disorders and gastroduodenal dysfunction. Opioid receptors are present with high abundance in the myenteric and submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system. Activation of these receptors leads to suppressed excitability of the inhibitory musculomotor neurons and unchecked tonic contraction of the autogenic musculature (such as the lower esophageal sphincter and the pylorus).
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Manousiouthakis E, Chen Y, Cairns DM, Pollard R, Gerlovin K, Dente MJ, Razavi Y, Kaplan DL. Bioengineered in vitro enteric nervous system. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1712-1723. [PMID: 31278844 DOI: 10.1002/term.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional interactions between the human central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, via the enteric nervous system, are unmapped and central to many human conditions. There is a critical need to develop 3D human in vitro intestinal tissue models to emulate the intricate cell interactions of the human enteric nervous system within the gastrointestinal tract in order to better understand these complex interactions that cannot be studied utilizing in vivo animal models. In vitro systems, if sufficiently replicative of some in vivo conditions, may assist with the study of individual cell interactions. Here, we describe a 3D-innervated tissue model of the human intestine consisting of human-induced neural stem cells differentiated into relevant enteric nervous system neural cell types. Enterocyte-like (Caco-2) and goblet-like (HT29-MTX) cells are used to form the intestinal epithelial layer, and intestinal myofibroblasts are utilized to simulate the stromal layer. In vitro enteric nervous system cultures supported survival and function of the various cell types, with mucosal and neural transcription factors evident over 5 weeks. The human-induced neural stem cells migrated from the seeding location on the peripheral layer of the hollow scaffolds toward the luminal epithelial cells, prompted by the addition of neural growth factor. nNOS-expressing neurons and the substance P precursor gene TAC1 were expressed within the in vitro enteric nervous system to support the utility of the tissue model to recapitulate enteric nervous system phenotypes. This innervated tissue system offers a new tool to use to help in understanding neural circuits controlling the human intestine and associated communication networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Dana M Cairns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Rachel Pollard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Kaia Gerlovin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Michael J Dente
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Yasmin Razavi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA
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Tachibana K, Suzuki H, Yamashita M, Yamamoto T. Distribution, nature, and origin of CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers in rat parotid gland. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:21-27. [PMID: 30930077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and nature of CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers in salivary glands, especially the parotid gland was immunohistochemically investigated. Furthermore, the origin of parotid CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers was determined by retrograde tracing experiments. CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers were localized in the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, particularly in the parotid gland. Double staining using identical sections revealed that a subpopulation of cells neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing fibers was immunopositive for CXCL14 in the parotid gland. In the peripheral regions of acinar cells, CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers tended to coexist with NPY; however, perivascular NPY-immunoreactive fibers tended to be immunonegative for CXCL14. Parotid CXCL14-immunoreactive fibers were immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but immunonegative for choline acetyltransferase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). After injection of horseradish peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in the parotid gland, retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and otic ganglion. Some of the WGA-immunoreactive somata in the SCG were immunopositive for CXCL14; however, no doubly-labeled somata were noted in the otic ganglion. These results indicate that CXCL14-immunoreactive nerve fibers originate in the SCG, and are sympathetic in nature. The coexistence of CXCL14 with NPY/TH suggests that CXCL14 may be associated with NPY/TH functions as a neuromodulatory chemokine in the parotid gland. The localization of CXCL14 nerve fibers around the acinar cells of the parotid gland indicates its involvement in acinar cell function, but not vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Tachibana
- Nittai Healthcare College Yoga 2-2-7, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-0087, Japan
| | - Hirohumi Suzuki
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan; Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Akamabunkyou-machi 1-1, Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4192, Japan
| | - Masako Yamashita
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
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Leembruggen AJL, Balasuriya GK, Zhang J, Schokman S, Swiderski K, Bornstein JC, Nithianantharajah J, Hill-Yardin EL. Colonic dilation and altered ex vivo gastrointestinal motility in the neuroligin-3 knockout mouse. Autism Res 2019; 13:691-701. [PMID: 31002480 PMCID: PMC7317711 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is commonly reported by people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; autism) but the cause is unknown. Mutations in genes encoding synaptic proteins including Neuroligin‐3 are associated with autism. Mice lacking Neuroligin‐3 (Nlgn3−/−) have altered brain function, but whether the enteric nervous system (ENS) is altered remains unknown. We assessed for changes in GI structure and function in Nlgn3−/− mice. We found no significant morphological differences in villus height or crypt depth in the jejunum or colon between wildtype (WT) and Nlgn3−/− mice. To determine whether deletion of Nlgn3 affects enteric neurons, we stained for neural markers in the myenteric plexus. Nlgn3−/− mice had similar numbers of neurons expressing the pan‐neuronal marker Hu in the jejunum, proximal mid, and distal colon regions. We also found no differences in the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS+) or calretinin (CalR+) motor neurons and interneurons between WT and Nlgn3−/− mice. We used ex vivo video imaging analysis to assess colonic motility under baseline conditions and observed faster colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) and an increased colonic diameter in Nlgn3−/− mice, although CMMC frequency was unchanged. At baseline, CMMCs were faster in Nlgn3−/− mice compared to WT. Although the numbers of neuronal subsets are conserved in Nlgn3−/− mice, these findings suggest that Neuroligin‐3 modulates inhibitory neural pathways in the ENS and may contribute to mechanisms underlying GI disorders in autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 691–701. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published byWiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary People with autism commonly experience gut problems. Many gene mutations associated with autism affect neuronal activity. We studied mice in which the autism‐associated Neuroligin‐3 gene is deleted to determine whether this impacts gut neuronal numbers or motility. We found that although mutant mice had similar gut structure and numbers of neurons in all gut regions examined, they had distended colons and faster colonic muscle contractions. Further work is needed to understand how Neuroligin‐3 affects neuron connectivity in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayathri K Balasuriya
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jinghong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shana Schokman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy Swiderski
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Kuramoto H, Yoshimura R, Sakamoto H, Kadowaki M. Regional variations in the number distribution of intrinsic myenteric neurons and coinnervated motor endplates on the striated muscles in the rat esophagus. Auton Neurosci 2019; 219:25-32. [PMID: 31122598 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The roles of intrinsic neurons and the significance of the coinnervated striated muscles in the esophagus are unclear. We examined the number distribution of intrinsic neurons and coinnervated motor endplates on the striated muscles in the rat esophagus using immunohistochemistry to investigate whether these neurons and coinnervated striated muscles may be relevant to the local control of esophageal motility. The number of PGP9.5-positive neurons was higher in the cervical esophagus (segment 1) and gradually decreased toward the aboral, with a moderate increase in the abdominal (segment 5). This pattern was similar to that of NOS-positive neurons, while the number of ChAT-positive neurons decreased toward the aboral, but it was not significantly different among segments 3 to 5. The number of ChAT-positive motor endplates increased toward the aboral, with the highest number in segment 5. The proportion of coinnervated motor endplates was approximately 80% in segments 1 to 4, but approximately 66% in segment 5. NPY-IR was localized in some nerve terminals among the smooth muscles of the muscularis mucosa and some NOS- or ChAT-positive esophageal intrinsic neurons. ENK-8-IR was found in some NOS- or ChAT-positive intrinsic neurons, and nerve terminals surrounding intrinsic neurons in the esophagus, but not in motor neurons at the NA or DMV. This study suggests that regional variations in the number of intrinsic neurons and coinnervated striated muscles in the rat esophagus may be involved in local regulations of esophageal motility, and that the rat esophageal intrinsic neurons may contain, at least, motor neurons and interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kuramoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health Science University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Kadowaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Li Z, Hao MM, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, Boesmans W, Vanden Berghe P. Regional complexity in enteric neuron wiring reflects diversity of motility patterns in the mouse large intestine. eLife 2019; 8:42914. [PMID: 30747710 PMCID: PMC6391068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system controls a variety of gastrointestinal functions including intestinal motility. The minimal neuronal circuit necessary to direct peristalsis is well-characterized but several intestinal regions display also other motility patterns for which the underlying circuits and connectivity schemes that coordinate the transition between those patterns are poorly understood. We investigated whether in regions with a richer palette of motility patterns, the underlying nerve circuits reflect this complexity. Using Ca2+ imaging, we determined the location and response fingerprint of large populations of enteric neurons upon focal network stimulation. Complemented by neuronal tracing and volumetric reconstructions of synaptic contacts, this shows that the multifunctional proximal colon requires specific additional circuit components as compared to the distal colon, where peristalsis is the predominant motility pattern. Our study reveals that motility control is hard-wired in the enteric neural networks and that circuit complexity matches the motor pattern portfolio of specific intestinal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Li
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Smolilo DJ, Costa M, Hibberd TJ, Brookes SJH, Wattchow DA, Spencer NJ. Distribution, projections, and association with calbindin baskets of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons in guinea-pig distal colon. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1140-1158. [PMID: 30520048 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Normal gut function relies on the activity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) found within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The structural and functional organization of the ENS has been extensively studied in the guinea pig small intestine, but less is known about colonic circuitry. Given that there are significant differences between these regions in function, observed motor patterns and pathology, it would be valuable to have a better understanding of the colonic ENS. Furthermore, disorders of colonic motor function, such as irritable bowel syndrome, are much more common. We have recently reported specialized basket-like structures, immunoreactive for calbindin, that likely underlie synaptic inputs to specific types of calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea-pig colon. Based on detailed immunohistochemical analysis, we postulated the recipient neurons may be excitatory motor neurons and ascending interneurons. In the present study, we combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry to examine the projections of circular muscle motor neurons, myenteric interneurons, and putative sensory neurons. We focused on neurons with immunoreactivity for calbindin, calretinin and nitric oxide synthase and their relationship with calbindin baskets. Retrograde tracing using indocarbocyanine dye (DiI) revealed that many of the nerve cell bodies surrounded by calbindin baskets belong to motor neurons and ascending interneurons. Unique functional classes of myenteric neurons were identified based on morphology, neuronal markers and polarity of projection. We provide evidence for three groups of ascending motor neurons based on immunoreactivity and association with calbindin baskets, a finding that may have significant functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smolilo
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - M Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - T J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - S J H Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - D A Wattchow
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - N J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
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Pannemans J, Corsetti M. Opioid receptors in the GI tract: targets for treatment of both diarrhea and constipation in functional bowel disorders? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:53-58. [PMID: 30189347 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioids have been used for centuries, mostly as a sedative and to treat pain. Currently, they are used on a global scale for the treatment of acute and chronic pain in diseases as osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and low back pain. Binding of opioids on opioid receptors can cause a range of different effects such as changes in stress response, analgesia, motor activity and autonomic functions. This review provide a synthetic summary of the most recent literature on the use of drugs acting on mu-receptors to treat two prevalent functional bowel disorders, presenting with opposite bowel habit. Eluxadoline and naloxegol, methylnaltrexone and naldemedine are recently FDA and/or EMA approved drugs demonstrated to be effective and safe for treatment respectively of irritable bowel syndrome subtype diarrhea and opioid induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pannemans
- Catholic University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Corsetti
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Uemura N, Yagi H, Uemura MT, Hatanaka Y, Yamakado H, Takahashi R. Inoculation of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the mouse gastrointestinal tract induces Lewy body-like aggregates in the brainstem via the vagus nerve. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:21. [PMID: 29751824 PMCID: PMC5948849 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraneuronal α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates known as Lewy bodies (LBs) and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Braak's hypothesis based on autopsy studies suggests that Lewy pathology initially occurs in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and then travels retrogradely to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (dmX), proceeding from there in a caudo-rostral direction. Recent evidence that α-Syn aggregates propagate between interconnected neurons supports this hypothesis. However, there is no direct evidence demonstrating this transmission from the ENS to the dmX and then to the SNpc. METHODS We inoculated α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into the mouse gastric wall and analyzed the progression of the pathology. RESULTS The mice inoculated with α-Syn PFFs, but not with PBS, developed phosphorylated α-Syn (p-α-Syn)-positive LB-like aggregates in the dmX at 45 days postinoculation. This aggregate formation was completely abolished when vagotomy was performed prior to inoculation of α-Syn PFFs, suggesting that the aggregates in the dmX were retrogradely induced via the vagus nerve. Unexpectedly, the number of neurons containing p-α-Syn-positive aggregates in the dmX decreased over time, and no further caudo-rostral propagation beyond the dmX was observed up to 12 months postinoculation. P-α-Syn-positive aggregates were also present in the myenteric plexus at 12 months postinoculation. However, unlike in patients with PD, there was no cell-type specificity in neurons containing those aggregates in this model. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that α-Syn PFF inoculation into the mouse gastrointestinal tract can induce α-Syn pathology resembling that of very early PD, but other factors are apparently required if further progression of PD pathology is to be replicated in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Kyoto, Sakyoku, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Yagi
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Maiko T Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Kyoto, Sakyoku, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hatanaka
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Kyoto, Sakyoku, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Kyoto, Sakyoku, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Kyoto, Sakyoku, 606-8507, Japan.
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Smolilo DJ, Costa M, Hibberd TJ, Wattchow DA, Spencer NJ. Morphological evidence for novel enteric neuronal circuitry in guinea pig distal colon. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1662-1672. [PMID: 29574743 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is unique compared to all other internal organs; it is the only organ with its own nervous system and its own population of intrinsic sensory neurons, known as intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). How these IPANs form neuronal circuits with other functional classes of neurons in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is incompletely understood. We used a combination of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to examine the topographical distribution of specific classes of neurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig colon, including putative IPANs, with other classes of enteric neurons. These findings were based on immunoreactivity to the neuronal markers, calbindin, calretinin and nitric oxide synthase. We then correlated the varicose outputs formed by putative IPANs with subclasses of excitatory interneurons and motor neurons. We revealed that calbindin-immunoreactive varicosities form specialized structures resembling 'baskets' within the majority of myenteric ganglia, which were arranged in clusters around calretinin-immunoreactive neurons. These calbindin baskets directly arose from projections of putative IPANs and represent morphological evidence of preferential input from sensory neurons directly to a select group of calretinin neurons. Our findings uncovered that these neurons are likely to be ascending excitatory interneurons and excitatory motor neurons. Our study reveals for the first time in the colon, a novel enteric neural circuit, whereby calbindin-immunoreactive putative sensory neurons form specialized varicose structures that likely direct synaptic outputs to excitatory interneurons and motor neurons. This circuit likely forms the basis of polarized neuronal pathways underlying motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smolilo
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - T J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D A Wattchow
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hirschsprung disease - integrating basic science and clinical medicine to improve outcomes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:152-167. [PMID: 29300049 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease is defined by the absence of enteric neurons at the end of the bowel. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system of the bowel and regulates most aspects of bowel function. When the ENS is missing, there are no neurally mediated propulsive motility patterns, and the bowel remains contracted, causing functional obstruction. Symptoms of Hirschsprung disease include constipation, vomiting, abdominal distension and growth failure. Untreated disease usually causes death in childhood because bloodstream bacterial infections occur in the context of bowel inflammation (enterocolitis) or bowel perforation. Current treatment is surgical resection of the bowel to remove or bypass regions where the ENS is missing, but many children have problems after surgery. Although the anatomy of Hirschsprung disease is simple, many clinical features remain enigmatic, and diagnosis and management remain challenging. For example, the age of presentation and the type of symptoms that occur vary dramatically among patients, even though every affected child has missing neurons in the distal bowel at birth. In this Review, basic science discoveries are linked to clinical manifestations of Hirschsprung disease, including partial penetrance, enterocolitis and genetics. Insights into disease mechanisms that might lead to new prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies are described.
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Hibberd TJ, Travis L, Wiklendt L, Costa M, Brookes SJH, Hu H, Keating DJ, Spencer NJ. Synaptic activation of putative sensory neurons by hexamethonium-sensitive nerve pathways in mouse colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G53-G64. [PMID: 28935683 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00234.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains its own independent population of sensory neurons within the gut wall. These sensory neurons have been referred to as intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) and can be identified by immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in mice. A common feature of IPANs is a paucity of fast synaptic inputs observed during sharp microelectrode recordings. Whether this is observed using different recording techniques is of particular interest for understanding the physiology of these neurons and neural circuit modeling. Here, we imaged spontaneous and evoked activation of myenteric neurons in isolated whole preparations of mouse colon and correlated recordings with CGRP and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, post hoc. Calcium indicator fluo 4 was used for this purpose. Calcium responses were recorded in nerve cell bodies located 5-10 mm oral to transmural electrical nerve stimuli. A total of 618 recorded neurons were classified for CGRP or NOS immunoreactivity. Aboral electrical stimulation evoked short-latency calcium transients in the majority of myenteric neurons, including ~90% of CGRP-immunoreactive Dogiel type II neurons. Activation of Dogiel type II neurons had a time course consistent with fast synaptic transmission and was always abolished by hexamethonium (300 μM) and by low-calcium Krebs solution. The nicotinic receptor agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (during synaptic blockade) directly activated Dogiel type II neurons. The present study suggests that murine colonic Dogiel type II neurons receive prominent fast excitatory synaptic inputs from hexamethonium-sensitive neural pathways. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myenteric neurons in isolated mouse colon were recorded using calcium imaging and then neurochemically defined. Short-latency calcium transients were detected in >90% of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive neurons to electrical stimulation of hexamethonium-sensitive pathways. Putative sensory Dogiel type II calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive myenteric neurons may receive widespread fast synaptic inputs in mouse colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hibberd
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Lee Travis
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Simon J H Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University , Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Damien J Keating
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
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Suzuki H, Yamada K, Matsuda Y, Onozuka M, Yamamoto T. CXCL14-like Immunoreactivity Exists in Somatostatin-containing Endocrine Cells, and in the Lamina Propria and Submucosal Somatostatinergic Nervous System of Mouse Alimentary Tract. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:149-158. [PMID: 29343878 PMCID: PMC5765215 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the distribution of CXCL14 immunoreactive endocrine cells and neurons in mouse alimentary tract by immunohistochemistry. CXCL14 immunoreactive endocrine cells were found as closed-type cells in the stomach and open-type cells in the small intestine. The immunostaining of these endocrine cells corresponded with that of the somatostatin-containing endocrine cells. Only a few CXCL14 immunoreactive endocrine cells were seen in the large intestine. CXCL14 immunoreactive fibers were observed in the muscular layer from the stomach to the rectum with most abundance in the rectum. Many CXCL14 immunoreactive fibers were observed in the lamina propria and submucosal layer from the duodenum to the rectum with most abundance in the rectum; these fibers corresponded to the somatostatin-containing nerve fibers. Some CXCL14 immunoreactive neuronal somata that were also immuno-positive for somatostatin, were noted in the submucosal layer of the rectum. However, the remaining parts of the alimentary tract presented with almost negligible immunoreactive somata. The co-localization of CXCL14 and somatostatin suggests that CXCL14 contributes to the function of somatostatin, which include the inhibition of other endocrine and exocrine cells and the enteric nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohumi Suzuki
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
- Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Akamabunkyo-machi 1–1, Munakata, Fukuoka 811–4192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuda
- Nittai Jyudo Therapeutic College, 2–2–7 Yoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158–0087, Japan
| | - Minoru Onozuka
- Nittai Jyudo Therapeutic College, 2–2–7 Yoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158–0087, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238–8580, Japan
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Imam MZ, Kuo A, Ghassabian S, Smith MT. Progress in understanding mechanisms of opioid-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects and respiratory depression. Neuropharmacology 2017; 131:238-255. [PMID: 29273520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioids evoke analgesia through activation of opioid receptors (predominantly the μ opioid receptor) in the central nervous system. Opioid receptors are abundant in multiple regions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system including enteric neurons. Opioid-related adverse effects such as constipation, nausea, and vomiting pose challenges for compliance and continuation of the therapy for chronic pain management. In the post-operative setting opioid-induced depression of respiration can be fatal. These critical limitations warrant a better understanding of their underpinning cellular and molecular mechanisms to inform the design of novel opioid analgesic molecules that are devoid of these unwanted side-effects. Research efforts on opioid receptor signalling in the past decade suggest that differential signalling pathways and downstream molecules preferentially mediate distinct pharmacological effects. Additionally, interaction among opioid receptors and, between opioid receptor and non-opioid receptors to form signalling complexes shows that opioid-induced receptor signalling is potentially more complicated than previously thought. This complexity provides an opportunity to identify and probe relationships between selective signalling pathway specificity and in vivo production of opioid-related adverse effects. In this review, we focus on current knowledge of the mechanisms thought to transduce opioid-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects (constipation, nausea, vomiting) and respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zafar Imam
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andy Kuo
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sussan Ghassabian
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Fujinaga Y, Popoff MR. Translocation and dissemination of botulinum neurotoxin from the intestinal tract. Toxicon 2017; 147:13-18. [PMID: 29074396 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent toxins which induce flaccid paralysis by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions. They associate with non-toxic proteins (ANTPs or NAPs) to form complexes of various sizes which are resistant to acidic pH and protease degradation. BoNT trafficking from the digestive tract to the target neurons is still a matter of debate. BoNTs use different strategies to pass through the intestinal barrier including passage of BoNT complexes containing hemagglutinins (HAs) via M cells, HA-dependent perturbation of E-cadherin intercellular junctions between enterocytes and paracellular passage of BoNT complexes, and transcytosis of BoNT free of NAPs through certain intestinal epithelial cells. Then, BoNTs target neuronal cells, preferentially cholinergic neurons, in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. The precise mode of BoNT dissemination until the final target neuro-muscular junctions is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Bhave S, Gade A, Kang M, Hauser KF, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. Connexin-purinergic signaling in enteric glia mediates the prolonged effect of morphine on constipation. FASEB J 2017; 31:2649-2660. [PMID: 28280004 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601068r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of pain. However, side effects, including persistent constipation and antinociceptive tolerance, limit its clinical efficacy. Prolonged morphine treatment results in a "leaky" gut, predisposing to colonic inflammation that is facilitated by microbial dysbiosis and associated bacterial translocation. In this study, we examined the role of enteric glia in mediating this secondary inflammatory response to prolonged treatment with morphine. We found that purinergic P2X receptor activity was significantly enhanced in enteric glia that were isolated from mice with long-term morphine treatment (in vivo) but not upon direct exposure of glia to morphine (in vitro). LPS, a major bacterial product, also increased ATP-induced currents, as well as expression of P2X4, P2X7, IL6, IL-1β mRNA in enteric glia. LPS increased connexin43 (Cx43) expression and enhanced ATP release from enteric glia cells. LPS-induced P2X currents and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression were blocked by the Cx43 blockers Gap26 and carbenoxolone. Likewise, colonic inflammation related to prolonged exposure to morphine was significantly attenuated by carbenoxolone (25 mg/kg). Carbenoxolone also prevented gut wall disruption and significantly reduced morphine-induced constipation. These findings imply that enteric glia activation is a significant modulator of morphine-related inflammation and constipation.-Bhave, S., Gade, A., Kang, M., Hauser, K. F., Dewey, W. L., Akbarali, H. I. Connexin-purinergic signaling in enteric glia mediates the prolonged effect of morphine on constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhada Bhave
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Aravind Gade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Minho Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - William L Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hamid I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
AbstractBornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the anterior stomach — the proventriculus. The disease is thus known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is characterized by extreme proventricular dilatation, blockage of the passage of digesta and consequent death by starvation. There are few clinical resemblances between this and the bornaviral encephalitides observed in mammals. Nevertheless, there are common virus-induced pathogenic pathways shared across this disease spectrum that are explored in this review. Additionally, a review of the literature relating to gastroparesis in humans and the control of gastric mobility in mammals and birds points to several plausible mechanisms by which bornaviral infection may result in extreme proventricular dilatation.
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Rodriguez-Tapia ES, Naidoo V, DeVries M, Perez-Medina A, Galligan JJ. R-Type Ca 2+ channels couple to inhibitory neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle in the guinea-pig ileum. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:299-313. [PMID: 28008669 DOI: 10.1113/ep086027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Subtypes of enteric neurons are coded by the neurotransmitters they synthesize, but it is not known whether enteric neuron subtypes might also be coded by other proteins, including calcium channel subtypes controlling neurotransmitter release. What is the main finding and its importance? Our data indicate that guinea-pig ileum myenteric neuron subtypes may be coded by calcium channel subtypes. We found that R-type calcium channels are expressed by inhibitory but not excitatory longitudinal muscle motoneurons. R-Type calcium channels are also not expressed by circular muscle inhibitory motoneurons. Calcium channel subtype-selective antagonists could be used to target subtypes of neurons to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders. There is evidence that R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to synaptic transmission in the myenteric plexus. It is unknown whether R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to neuromuscular transmission. We measured the effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-l-arginine (NLA), Ca2+ channel blockers and apamin (SK channel blocker) on neurogenic relaxations and contractions of the guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (LMMP) in vitro. We used intracellular recordings to measure inhibitory junction potentials. Immunohistochemical techniques localized R-type Ca2+ channel protein in the LMMP and circular muscle. Cadmium chloride (pan-Ca2+ channel blocker) blocked and NLA and NiCl2 (R-type Ca2+ channel blocker) reduced neurogenic relaxations in a non-additive manner. Nickel chloride did not alter neurogenic cholinergic contractions, but it potentiated neurogenic non-cholinergic contractions. Relaxations were inhibited by apamin, NiCl2 and NLA and were blocked by combined application of these drugs. Relaxations were reduced by NiCl2 or ω-conotoxin (N-type Ca2+ channel blocker) and were blocked by combined application of these drugs. Longitudinal muscle inhibitory junction potentials were inhibited by NiCl2 but not MRS 2179 (P2Y1 receptor antagonist). Circular muscle inhibitory junction potentials were blocked by apamin, MRS 2179, ω-conotoxin and CdCl2 but not NiCl2 . We conclude that neuronal R-type Ca2+ channels contribute to inhibitory neurotransmission to longitudinal muscle but less so or not all in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- The Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Matthew DeVries
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Alberto Perez-Medina
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- The Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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